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IN  THE  COMMERCIAL  DEPARTMENT 


IT  IS  A  FACT 

THAT  MODERN 
ILLUSTRATIVE 
BOOKKEEPING 

Ib  the  latest  and  one  of  the  best  sys- 
tems of  bookkeeping  published  for 
Commercial  Colleges  and  High 
Schools.  This  work  combines  all 
the  advantages  of  the  other  book- 
keeping systems  in  the  Williams 
&  Rogers'  Series,  besides  many  new 
and  valuable  features  not  found  in 
any  other  system.  It  iB  the  nearest 
approach  to  the  ideal  course  in  book- 
keeping that  has  yet  appeared.  The 
opinions  of  representative  educators 
and  descriptive  circular  regarding 
this  popular  work  will  be  mailed  on 
request. 


YOU  SHOULD  KNOW 

OF    MODERN 

ILLUSTRATIVE 

BANKING 

It  is  a  brief,  simple  and  yet  thor- 
oughly practical,  up-to-date  course 
in  banking  and  bank  accounting,  de- 
signed for  use  in  business  schools 
and  in  the  commercial  department 
of  high  schools.  It  contains  a  clear 
and  concise  explanation  of  the  or- 
ganization of  national,  state  and 
private  banks,  a  full  treatment  of 
banking  customs,  and  numerous 
illustrations  of  bank  forms  and 
books  of  account.  $1.25  is  the  list 
price  of  the  outfit,  consisting  of 
text,  vouchers,  forms,  and  blank 
bonks. 


BEFORE  TOO  LATE 

SELECT  MODERN 

BUSINESS 

PENMANSHIP 

For  your  writing  classes.  This  work 
is  a  series  of  muscular  movement 
exercises  and  lessons  in  practical 
writing,  based  on  the  natural  slant, 
for  use  in  commercial  schools  and 
departments.  The  copies  are  photo- 
engraved  reproductions  of  actual 
pen-writing,  and  are  accompanied  by 
clear  and  concise  instructions  to  the 
student.  The  list  price  of  the  work 
is  30  cents.  Specimen  pages  sent  on 
application. 


AMERICAN   BOOK  COMPANY 


NEW  YORK 


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tangible  shorthand  ^f"\^^Ko< 

Expresses  more  sounds  with  fewer  strokes 
than  can  be  done  with  other  leading  systems 
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with  nine  rule  90X90=8100.  8100X9=72900 
combinations.  72900^3=24300  words  as  a 
working  vocabulary  by  simple  combination. 


The    Only' [True    System 
from    Start   to    Finish     & 

We  aim  to  prove  every  claim  we  have 
made  and  are  anxious  to  put  our  system  to 
any  test  that  you  may  name. 


Retail    Price 
of  Book, 

$2.00 

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The  above  outfits  are  the  biggest  value  ever  offered  for  the  money.  As  we  were  the  original 
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that  money  can  buy.     Send  for  our  new  Price  List. 

STOAKES  SHADING  PEN  CO.,   Milan.  Ohio. 


More    Than    10,000 

Remington    Typewriters 

are  used  for  instruction  purposes  in  the  schools  of  the  United 
States  and  Canada,  MORE,  by  over  2,000  machines,  than  all  other 
makes  combined. 


The  Remington  Typewriter  is  constructed  on 
mechanical  principles  which  are  everywhere  rec- 
ognized as  basic  and  fundamental.  It  has  un- 
equaled  strength  and  durability,  and  its  operation 
is  so  simple   that   any  child  can   readily  master   it. 

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ington the  STANDARD  writing  machine. 


Remington  Typewriter  Company,  327  Broadway,  New  York 


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OUR— ^ 
SPECIAL 
—FIELD 


2? 


The 

Shorthand 

Department 


3\  has  been  our  aim  to  complete 
a  list  of  publications  that  Mould 
thoroughly  equip  the  Shorthand 
Department  of  Commercial 
•Schools.  is)e  announce  the  addi- 
tion of  two  other  important  works 
to  this  list— a  new  speller,  and  a 
work  on  Snglish.  Jhese  books 
during  their  preparation  have 
been  tested  thoroughly  in  practi- 
cal work,  and  the  results  have 
been  all  that  we  could  ask  for. 
&)e  believe  they  will  meet  with 
the  entire  approval  of  progres- 
sive teachers  everywhere. 


GREGG  SHORTHAND: 

Leads  everywhere.  The  system  that  "gets 
results  " — and  increases  business.  Ask  those 
who  use  it. 

RATIONAL   TYPEWRITING 

The  book  which  is  rapidly  becoming;  the 
leading-  manual  of  instruction  in  typewriting;. 
Commends  itself  to  every  teacher  on  sight — 
if  he  has  the  true  pedagogical  instinct. 

PUNCTUATION  SIMPLIFIED 

By  J.  Clifford  Kennedy.  This  little  book 
placed  in  the  hands  of  the  shorthand  students, 
with  fifteen  minutes  a  day  devoted  to  the 
subject  for  three  weeks,  solves  the  punctua- 
tion problem. 

ENGLISH: 

Progressive  Studies,  By  Francis  Effinger- 
Raymond.  A  new  presentation  of  English 
as  applied  to  the  practical  needs  of  commer- 
cial schools — a  condensation  of  all  that  is 
needful  to  "  round  out "  and  strengthen  the 
weak  places  in  the  commercial  student's  Eng- 
lish— arranged  on  a  psychological  plan. 

WORDS: 

Their  Spelling,  Pronunciation, 

Definition  and  Application : 

The  speller  that  makes  SPELLERS.  A  pro- 
gressive set  of  lessons  in  spelling — on  the 
from-the-easy-to-the-difficult  plan — that  at- 
tracts, interests,  and  ENLISTS  the  student 
from  the  start.  It  makes  the  rough  road  to 
correct  spelling  easier  and  surer. 


If  you  are  interested,  write  to  us  and  we  will  tell  you  more  about  these  books  and  send  you  copies  for  examina- 
tion.    Even  if  you  do  not  care  to  change  text-books  this  year,  you  will  gain  a  great  deal  of  valuable 
information  from  them,  as  they  are  full  of  up-to-date  ideas 

THE  GREGG  PUBLISHING  COMPANY, 

=^=^=  CHICAGO.  === 


<3he  ^vUlitc^j  £cU&&a?toF   & 


&Ae  Isaac  Pitman  Shorthand 

Will    be  Introduced   September,  1903,  into  the 

Brooklyn  Commercial  High  School 

Displacing    the    PERN1N    LIGHT-LINE    SYSTEM 

This    high    school    was   one    of   the    first    to    introduce    this    subject    and    has    a    larger    number    of 
Shorthand  students  than  any  other  educational  institution  in  the  United  States. 


SVCCESSFVL    BOOKS. 

Isaac    Pitman's    Shorthand    Instructor.      Revised  Twentieth  Century  edition.     Adopted  by  the   New  York  High 
School  of  Commerce,  and   Girls'  Technical  High  School,  etc.    Cloth,  gilt,  276  pp.    $1.50. 

Twentieth     Century     Business     Dictation     Book.     <BL    Legal     Forms.      Third  edition.      In  ordinary  type,  and 
suitable  for  all  schools  regardless  of  system  of  shorthand  taught.      'ZTl  pages,  boards  and  cloth  back,  10c. 

Dickson's    Manual     of     Modern     Punctuation.       New  edition,  127  pp.,  40c. 

Send  for  sample  of  "Pitman's  Shorthand  Weekly,"  24  page  catalogue,  and  "Reasons  Why." 


Isaac  Pitman  (®L  Sons, 


31  Vnlon    Square   West, 
New   York. 


*»-    Sole    American    Agents    for  Hugo's   "SPANISH,    FRENCH,    GERMAN    AND    ITALIAN    SIMPLIFIED."      Unques- 
tionably the  BEST  instructors  published.      Bound   in  cloth,  each  language  $1.00  postpaid. 


Remember  t  Fall  Classes 


Spencer's 
Commercial  Law 


Nelson's 
Commercial  Arithmetic 


Gilbert's 
Modern  Bookkeeping 


Taylor's 

Natural  Method  o/' Shorthand 


We  want  every  teacher  to  become  acquainted  with  these  excellent  text-books — books 
that  have  been  developed  from  years  of  class-room  experience — books  that  have  stood 
the  test  and  satisfied  every  requirement.  Correspondence  invited. 

U/>e  Bobbs-Merrill  Company,  Publishers,  Indianapolis,  USA 


xpress  prepaid 


■ipt  of  fifty 


DUSINESSLDUGATOR 


Vol.   IX.     No.    1. 


COLUMBUS.  O..  SEPTEMBER,   1903. 


Whole  No.  56 


Salaries. 

Within  the  past  five  years  we  have 
noted  a  gradual  growth  in  the  salar- 
ies of  commercial  teachers.  What 
are  the  reasons  for  this  increase  ? 

The  first  cause,  though  not  the  pri- 
mary one,  is  the  general  prosperity 
that'has  been  and  is  so  prevalent.  If 
this  were  the  chief  cause,  then  the 
compensation  of  commercial  teachers 
would  fluctuate  with  the  times  and 
markets. 

The  second  cause  for  increase  in 
the  wages  of  commercial  teachers  is 
the  popularitv  of  business  education. 
To  its  growth  and  development  is  due 
a  demand  unprecedented  in  educa- 
tional circles.  And  as  we  are  just 
experiencing  the  beginning  of  a  new 
type  of  education  which  is  destined 
to  become  quite  universal,  the  de- 
mand will  continue  indefinitely. 
Wages  for  commercial  teachers  will 
continue  to  increase,  with  a  corres- 
ponding demand  for  increased  abili- 
ty in  the  way  of  more  thorough  prep- 
aration. Half-baked,  partially  pre- 
pared, superficial  ability,  is  receiving 
better  wages  today  than  it  will  to- 
morrow. The  sudden  and  unexpected 
demand  for  commercial  education 
and  educators  has  been  greater  tem- 
porarily than  the  supply,  hence  the 
demand  for  almost  any  kind  of 
abilitv. 

The  third  cause  for  better  pay  for 
commercial  teachers  is  the  growth  of 
the  commercial  department  in  the 
high  school,  and  the  commercial  high 
school.  The  public  always  pays  its 
employes  proportionately  better  than 
does  the  private  employer.  This 
public  school  commercial  work  has 
drawn  from  the  private  business 
schools  many  of  the  best  teachers, 
and  as  a  natural  consequence  private 
schools  have  had  to  increase  wages 
correspondingly. 

The  second  and  third  causes  of 
increase  in  salaries  are  such  as  to 
make  the  outlook  for  the  commercial 
teacher  enviable,  and  therefore  worth 
preparing  for. 

The  Business  Educator  believes 
in  fostering  commercial  education  on 
the  part  of  private  and  public  schools, 
for  education  is  something  more  than 
a  private  matter,  though  it  is  none 
the  less  the  matter  of  private  enter- 
prise  for  being  a  public  one  as  well. 

Here's  to  the  coming  commercial 
teacher — prosperity  seems  to  be  your 
outlook  !  Prepare,  and  you  are  sure 
of  a  good,  desirable  employment,  than 
which  there  is  no  more  honorable  or 
desirable. 


mr.    Huss  and  Itlr.   Trland   Were    Both 
Correct. 

When  the  Salvador  arbitrators  met  in 
Washington  a  year  ago,  to  decide  a  dispute 
between  the  two  countries,  they  were  limit- 
ed as  to  the  time  in  which  the  decision 
should  be  rendered,  according  to  the  terms 
of  the  protocol  under  which  they  were  con- 
vened. The  time  limit  had  nearly  elapsed 
before  a  decision  was  reached.  Under  the 
terms  of  the  protocol  copies  of  the  award 
and  the  opinion  on  which  it  was  based, 
were  to  be  made  for  the  various  parties 
interested. 

At  the  Milwaukee  meetingof  the  National 
Shorthand  Teachers'  Association,  Mr. 
Frederic  Irland,  of  Washington,  made  a 
speech  in  which  he  told  how  the  long  opin- 
ion of  the  arbitrators  was  finished  on  time. 
In  doing  so  he  failed  to  make  any  mention 
of  the  work  of  Mr.  Edward  B.  Russ.  engross- 
ing clerk  of  the  State  Department,  who 
made  the  engrossed  copy  of  the  award  itself 
(not  the  opinion)  that  is  the  official  notice 
to  all  concerned  of  the  decision  of  this 
international  court.  Mr.  Russ,  as  he  had 
stated  in  a  letter  to  this  journal,  worked  all 
night  of  the  last  day  to  engross  the  parch- 
ment ;  and  Mr.  Irland  says  it  was  a  wonder- 
ful piece  of  work.  When  Mr.  Russ  wrote 
the  letter  that  was  published  in  these  col- 
umns, a  copy  of  it  was  sent  to  Mr.  Irland  ; 
but  that  gentleman  was  in  the  Rocky 
Mountains,  and  knew  nothing  of  the  matter 
for  weeks  afterward.  When  he  returned  to 
Washington,  he  and  Mr.  Russ  had  a  talk 
about  the  case,  and  they  join  in  requesting 
the  publication  of  this  statement.  While 
Mr.  Russ  was  working  all  night  to  engross 
the  award,  the  stenographer  to  whom  Mr. 
Irland  referred  was  toiling  over  the  long 
opinion.  Mr.  Irland's  story  related  solely 
to  that,  and  Mr.  Russ  was  quite  right  in 
feeling  that  his  part  of  the  work  deserved 
mentioning  as  well.  Anyone  reading  Mr. 
Irland's  account  and  the  letter  of  Mr.  Russ 
might  suppose  there  was  a  conflict  between 
them.  But  as  one  related  to  one  thing,  and 
the  other  to  another,  both  gentlemen  are 
correct,  and  there  is  no  controversy  between 
them.  Incidentally,  they  state  that  the 
correspondence  was  the  means  of  their  get- 
ting acquainted,  and  they  are  both  glad  of 


Progress  our  Watchword 

This  is  an  active  age.  Doubtless 
the  most  active  since  time  began. 
Change  and  improvement  are  the 
orders  of  the  day.  Few  things  are  as 
they  were  twenty  years  ago.  Those 
that  are  the  same,  are,  as  a  rule, 
twenty  years  behind  the  times.  This 
is  true  of  the  street  car,  the  telephone, 
the  railway  car,  the  typewriter,  the 
electric  light,  and  nearly  everything 
about  us. 

The  art  of  writing  is  subject  to  the 
same  law.  The  styles  taught  twenty 
vears  ago  are  now  largely  obsolete. 
The  methods  then  employed  in  teach- 
ing are  now  much  modified.  Greater 
speed  and  legibility  are  now  de- 
manded. Twenty  years  ago  we  heard 
much  of  beautv  and  accuracy.  Shade 
and  flourish  were  then  sanctioned 
even  in  accounting.  Not  so  today. 
The  rapid,  the  plain,  the  easy,  the 
simple  are  now  in  demand.  Progres- 
sive teachers  everywhere  now  recog- 
nize this.  And  as  a  consequence, 
common  sense  is  now  taking  the 
place  of  one-idea  methods,  ridden-to- 
death  hobbies,  and  superficial  prac- 
tices. 

Yet,  in  spite  of  all  this  push  and 
progress,  now  and  then  we  find  one 
who  is  content  to  preach  and  teach 
the  things  he  advocated  twenty  years' 
ago.  Thev  know  no  change,  no  pro- 
gress. They  face  the  past  rather 
than  the  future. 

The  Business  Educator  believes 
in  progress  and  proposes  to  practice 
that  which  it  preaches.  It  believes 
that  the  art  of  writing  is  better  to- 
day than  ever  before,  and  that  tomor- 
row it  will  be  better  than  it  is  today. 
To  keep  up  with  the  times  we  must 
therefore  meet  the  need  of  the  new 
day  bv  changing  and  improving  and 
discarding  the  old.  By  so  doing  we 
keep  from  becoming  "back  num- 
bers," and  only  by  so  doing. 

If  you  want"  the  best,  the  latest, 
and  the  most  progressive  in  penman- 
ship lines,  keep  your  eye  on  the 
Business  Educator. 


ILiDITEjD     -^ 


ALL  MATTER  FOR  THIS  DEPART?IENT  SHOULD  BE  ADDRESSED  TO  THE  EDITOR. 


The  summer  convention 
Che  of   the  National  Educa- 

Boston  tional  Association  call- 

Conventions      ed    a     great     host    of 

teachers  into  New  En- 
gland, and  the  various  departments 
of  the  splendid  Association  were  well 
attended.  The  Department  of  Busi- 
ness Education  never  before  drew  so 
large  and  lively  an  assemblage  of 
commercial  teachers,  and  we  believe 
that  so  many  public  commercial 
teachers  have  never  before  gathered 
in  any  convention.  This  is  all  very- 
encouraging  for  those  who  have  the 
best  interests  of  the  cause  at  heart. 
The  meeting  of  the  Private  School 
Managers,  following  the  sessions  of 
the  X.  E.  A.,  was  not  well  attended, 
owing  possibly  to  the  fact  that 
proprietors  of  commercial  schools  at 
this  time  of  the  year  are  very  closely 
engaged  in  getting  out  advertising 
matter  and  planning  the  campaign 
for  the  coming  year's  business;  and, 
possibly,  too,  to  the  fact  that  they 
attend  the  regular  meetings  of  the 
two  large  Commercial  Teachers'  As- 
sociations, besides,  in  manv  in- 
stances, local  state  conventions.  To 
most  commercial  school  men  this  is 
a  sufficient  draft  in  time  and  money, 
for  the  average  proprietor  of  a  com- 
mercial school  is  neither  a  man  of 
leisure  nor  a  man  of  wealth.  A  re- 
port of  the  meeting  of  the  New  Eng- 
land High  School  Commercial  Teach- 
ers' Association  appears  on  another 
page. 

Che  Onward      In    the   high  schools  in 
march  of  all  parts  of  the  country 

Business  there  is  undeniable  evi- 

Cducation  dence     of    the    onward 

and  upward  march  of 
commercial  education,  and  every- 
where new  commercial  departments 
are  being  opened  in  literary  institu- 
tions, former  commercial  depart- 
ments are  being  enlarged  and 
Strengthened,  and  greater  consider- 
ation than  ever  before  is  being  given 
to  this  phase  of  educational  work. 

Not  only  are  new  commercial  de- 
partments being  established  in  all 
classes  of  institutions  giving  a  gen- 
eral training,  but  commercial  teach- 


ers are  in  great  demand,  and  salaries 
have  risen  so  much  that  what  form- 
erly was  considered  a  princely  salary 
is  now  looked  on  as  common.  One 
of  the  most  aggressive  private  school 
managers  said  recently,  in  speaking 
of  this  feature  of  the  question,  that 
the  high  wages  and  more  attractive 
conditions  offered  by  the  public 
schools  were  drawing  from  the  pri- 
vate schools  so  many  of  the  best 
teachers  that  it  took  a  very  good 
salary  to  obtain  high-class  men. 
This  is  an  unexpected  effect  of  the 
addition  of  commercial  courses  to 
high  school  teaching;  but  the  move- 
ment has  merely  begun,  and  no  ade- 
quate method  of  increasing  the  sup- 
ply of  well-trained  teachers  has  yet 
been  put  into  operation.  With  an 
active  demand  and  a  limited  supply, 
the  wage  question  is  sure  to  become 
a  serious  one,  for  the  best  teachers 
in  all  parts  of  the  country,  we  happen 
to  know,  are  ready  to  step  from  the 
private  into  the  public  school  work. 

Commercial  J^t  'east  one  of  the  State 
Courses  in  Normal  Schools  in  each 
normal  of  the  states  should  have 

Schools  a  commercial  course  so 

arranged  that  trained  teachers,  or 
those  who  are  training  to  become 
teachers,  may  receive  thorough  in- 
struction in  the  technical  commercial 
subjects  and  in  the  best  methods  of 
presenting  these  subjects  to  classes. 
A  large  proportion  of  the  teachers 
in  the  private  commercial  schools 
got  their  training  by  main  strength 
and  awkwardness.  They  remind  one 
of  Dr.  Hewitt's  expert  oculist,  who, 
in  admitting  his  skill,  said,  "Yes, 
but  I  spoiled  a  hatful  of  eyes."  How- 
ever, better  teachers  of  their  special 
subjects  cannot  be  found  in  anyclass 
of  schools  than  are  to  be  found  in  the 
best  private  commercial  schools,  for 
they  are  the  result  of  a  process  of 
selection,  having  been  chosen,  gen- 
erally, from  among  the  students,  be- 
cause of  favorable  qualities ;  and 
then  allowed  to  assist  in  teaching, 
gradually  being  advanced  until  they 
were  made  independent  teachers, 
and  finally  heads  of  departments, 
principals  of  schools,  or  founders  of 


schools  of  their  own.  But  this  pro- 
cess is  too  slow  for  the  requirements 
of  the  period  through  which  we  are 
passing,  and  therefore  we  are  glad  to 
note  that  here  and  there  a  State  Nor- 
mal School  has  prepared  to  do 
pioneer  work  along  this  line.  Dr. 
Theodore  C.  Noss,  of  the  California 
(Pa.)  State  Normal  School,  will  open 
a  Commercial  Department  in  that 
school  this  month.  It  will  be  in 
charge  of  Mr.  C.  E.  Sisson,  who  last 
year  directed  the  commercial  work  of 
the  Warren  (Pa.)  High  School.  We 
shall  look  with  interest  for  the  re- 
sults of  the  work  in  this  school  and 
for  the  influence  of  the  movement  on 
other  similar  institutions. 

The  Indiana  (Pa.)  State  Normal 
School  has  also  been  doing  good 
work  in  this  direction,  we  learn, 
under  the  guidance  of  S.  L.  Lowrey, 
who  has  charge  of  the  Commercial 
Department.  If  there  are  others,  we 
should  be  glad  to  announce    the  fact. 

The  establishment  of 
Our  new  distinct   departments 

Departments     for  the  consideration  of 

matter  and  methods  re- 
lating to  the  principal  commercial 
subjects  is  a  movement  without  a 
precedent  among  papers  commonly 
read  by  commercial  teachers  ;  but  we 
believe  that  not  only  teachers  but 
students  also  can  be  greatly  bene- 
fited by  this  specialization,  and  we 
trust  that  teachers  of  commercial 
law,  commercial  geography,  com- 
mercial arithmetic,  commercial  En- 
glish and  office  practice,  will  freely 
submit  suggestions,  criticisms,  and 
questions.  The  editors  of  these  de- 
partments are  trained  teachers  among 
the  most  successful  in  their  respect- 
ive lines  of  work,  and  they  earnestly 
desire  the  co-operation  of  their  fellow 
teachers  in  order  that  their  several 
departments  may  be  made  as  useful 
as  possible. 

We  were  unable  to  announce,  in  our 
June   number,  the  editor  of   the   De- 

Eartment  of  Commercial  Geography, 
ut  we  can  assure  our  readers  that  in 
Mr.  Frank  O.  Carpenter  we  have  se- 
cured a  man  of  experience  and  schol- 
arship, a  resourceful,  enthusiastic 
specialist,  who  will  make  his  depart- 
ment of  great  practical  value  to  all 
who  are  interested  in  commercial 
geography,  whether  as  teachers  or  as 
students. 


SFve  @ufefcrfce&>  &U*&€i£ot  <$> 


DEPARTMENT    OF 


Cornrqercial  GeoigfajDijy. 


Frank   O.  Carpenter. 


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Srlt'Kil.  Bnstou.  .Muss  .  />»t  eommunfcafio ris  requiring  a  reply  must  in  all  cases 

'»■■/"><    <■>  '"'  "  y.M-M./.   /..  iiisiiir  .1/  entinn. 


Fcrc^word. 

In  taking  up  the  pleasant  duty,  which,  by 
the  invitation  of  the  publishers  of  THE 
Business  Educator,  the  editor  of  this 
department  is  permitted  to  do,  a  few  words 
of  explanation  seem  desirable. 

The  subject  of  Commercial  Geography  is 
so  new  in  the  schools,  and  the  field  that  it 
covers  is  so  wide,  that  no  method  of  teach- 
ing is  yet  complete  or  can  be  called  the 
best,  as  all  are  still  in  the  experimental 
stage  and  are  being  tested  by  scores  of  keen- 
brained  teachers, new  to  the  subject  though 
skilled  in  other  lines  of  teaching.  The  edi- 
tor, therefore,  wishes  to  say  that  it  is  a9  a 
fellow  student  rather  than  as  a  guide  that 
he  will  present  various  facts  for  the  consid- 
eration of  the  readers  of  this  magazine. 

From  this  standpoint,  the  opinions  of 
other  men  are  as  valuable  as  his  own,  and 
he  will  welcome  any  criticism  or  suggestion 
which  may  point  out  an  error  or  show  a 
better  way. 

It  is  the  intention  of  this  department  to 
discuss  in  this  and  later  numbers  of  this 
magazine:  The  scope  of  the  science  of 
Commercial  Geography  and  the  methods 
of  study,  Outlines  of  work  for  short  and 
long  courses.  The  collection  and  use  of 
specimens  of  commercial  products.  The  use 
of  government  publications,  etc.  The  bibli- 
ography of  useful  books  and  magazine 
articles  will  be  continued  with  a  brief 
review  of  the  most  important  ones  of  special 
value  to  teachers. 

SCOPE  OF  THE  SUBJECT. 

The  Science  of  Commercial  Geog- 
raphy was  put  into  the  schools  a  few 
years  ago,  without  any  clear  idea  as 
to  its  scope  or  value.  It  is  still 
taught  in  most  schools  in  a  hap-haz- 
ard  way,  and  covers  a  wide  range  of 
subjects  varying  with  the  fancies  of 
the  teacher  from  botany  to  economics. 

Considered  carefully,  however, 
its  proper  field  is  seen  to  be  the  study 
of  those  commercial  products  which 
man  needs  for  his  existence  and  the 
various  forms  of  labor  and  industry 
by  which  men  earn  their  living. 

The  subject  should  be  properly 
called  the  "  Science  of  Commerce  and 
Industry,"  and  this  title  is  already 
used  in  some  schools,  but  the  name 
"  Commercial  Geography"  is  the  one 
by  which  the  subject  is  generally 
known,  and  for  that  reason  only  will 
be  used  here. 

The  science  comprises  several  dif- 
ferent branches: 

1.  The  study  of  raw  materials  of 
commerce  and  the  way  they  are  pro- 
duced, the  manufacturing  processes 
through  which  they  pass,  and  the  fin- 
ished products  with  their  use  to  man- 
kind. 

2.  The    way    these,   products    are 


transported  by  sea  and  land  over  the 
world  to  the  consumer,  and  the  means 
of  communication,  such  as  the  postal 
service,  telegraph,  telephone,  etc. 

3.  The  mechanism  of  trade  as 
banks,  credit,  clearing  houses,  mar- 
kets, by  which  the  great  masses  of 
productions  are  handled  and  the 
money  in  payment  for  them  returned 
to  the'  producer. 

4.  The  comparative  study  of  the 
nations  of  the  world  with  regard  to 
their  productions  and  manufacture, 
their  commercial  importance  in  the 
world,  their  rivalry  with  each  other 
and  their  need  of  each  other  as 
markets  or  sources  of  supplv. 

This  is  really  Commercial  Geog- 
raphy, and  that  name  should  be  re- 
stricted to  this  topic  only. 

5.  The  History  of  Commerce,  show- 
ing the  steps  by  which  modern  condi- 
tions of  trade  have  been  brought 
about,  and  that  the  conquests  of 
trade  and  work  form  the  real  epochs 
of  history  and  civilization,  not  those 
of  war. 

6.  The  Economics  of  Commerce, 
which  shows  the  position  of  man  in 
regard  to  productions,  commerce, 
trade  and  industries,  and  how  they 
are  essential  to  his  welfare  and  hap- 
piness. 

All  these  branches  make  up  the 
science  of  "  Commerce  and  Industry," 
or  commercial  geography,  so-called, 
and  it  is  a  science  as  distinct  as  any, 
with  laws  as  precise  and  unerring  as 
chemistry,  botany  or  phvsics.  It 
might  be  well  called  the  Master  Sci- 
ence of  all,  because  its  scope  is 
broader  and  includes  the  others.  For 
example,  take  the  subject  of  wheat: 

Botany  shows  the  growth  of  the 
plant. 

Chemistry,  the  nature  of  the  soils 
and  the  food  substances  in  the  grain. 

Engineering  and  Physics  are  de- 
manded in  the  transportation  and 
milling  of  the  wheat  berry  into  flour. 

Finance  deals  with  the  marketing 
and  payment. 

Physiology  shows  the  effect  of 
wheat  on  the  body. 

Each  of  these"  six  sciences  deals 
with  a  single  phase  of  the  wheat 
question,  but  the  greater  science  of 
Commerce  and  Industry  treats  wheat 
as  a  whole  and  shows  how  men  use 
wheat  for  their  labor,  food,  civiliza- 
tion. 

The  courses  dealing  with  these 
branches  of  the  science  should  extend 
through  three  years,  and  should  be 
divided  as  follows: 

First  Year.  a.  Raw  materials  of 
commerce  and  their  manufacture. 

b.  Transportation  of  raw  products 
and  finished  goods  over  the  world, 
and  their  distribution  to  the  con- 
sumer. 

c.  Means  of  Communication ,  like  the 
telegraph,  postal  service,  etc. 


d.  Aids  to  commerce  and  industry, 
as  lighthouses,  pilots,  weather  bur- 
eau, irrigation,  etc. 

Second  Year.  a.  Mechanism  of 
Trade,  as  banks,  credit,  clearing 
house,  markets,  stock  and  produce 
exchanges,  boards  of  trade,  "  trusts," 
etc. 

b.  Commercial  Geography  I  in  its 
true  sense  as  explained  above  i  i.  e., 
the  study  of  the  nations  of  the  world 
and  their  commercial  activities. 

Third  Year.  a.  The  History  of 
Commerce,  showing  the  development 
of  commerce  from  early  times  to  the 
present — the  trade'guilds  of  the  mid- 
dle ages,  the  rise  of  banks,  the  origin 
of  commercial  paper,  the  commercial 
causes  of  the  great  westward  move- 
ment of  emigration  during  the  cen- 
turies. 

b.  The  Economics  of  Commerce, 
dealing  with  commercial  production 
and  distribution,  tariffs  and  direct 
taxes,  co-operative  industries,  gov- 
ernmental ownership  of  railroads, 
mines,  etc. 

If  school  committees  now  realized 
that  these  subjects  were  worth  the 
time  of  three  years  the  task  of  arrang- 
ing a  detailed  course  would  be  easy, 
but  in  most  cases  the  subject  is  con- 
fined to  a  single  year  and  often  to  a 
half  year's  course. 

It  is  for  such  limited  courses  that 
this  department  will  present  a  plan 
of  work  in  a  later  issue  of  this  maga- 
zine. The  teacher  of  this  science, 
enthusiastic  and  eager  to  go  ahead, 
who  finds  himself  restrained  and  dis- 
appointed by  the  scant  courtesy  and 
shorter  hours  allowed  by  his  super- 
iors, must  remember  that  in  this  as 
all  other  subjects  a  certain  amount  of 
evolution  is  necessary :  the  points 
presented  are  seen  but  a  kind  of  men- 
tal digestion  of  them  must  take  place 
before  they  become  recognized  truths. 
First  prove  to  the  school  authorities 
that  the  new  educational  infant  is  of 
the  same  rank  as  the  others,  sturdy 
and  promising,  and  they  will  provide 
food,  clothing,  shelter  and  other 
necessaries  which  are  required. 

METHODS    OF    STUDY. 

There  are  three  methods  of  study 
of  this  science.  The  first  two  are  in 
common  use,  the  third,  although 
new,  is  the  most  scientific  and  satis- 
factory.    They  are  as  follows  : 

1st.     The  Geographical  method. 

In  this  the  pupil  begins  with  a 
nation,  the  United  States,  for  exam- 
ple, and  studies  its  productions,  its 
industries,  its  commercial  activities, 
etc.  Then  a  second  country  is  stud- 
ied in  the  same  way,  as  England,  her 
colonies,  France,  Germany,  Russia, 
etc.,  until  all  the  important  nations 
of  the  world  have  been  passed  in 
review. 

This  method  is  not  scientific,  and 
the  results  are  not  valuable.  The 
chief  fault  lies  in  the  fact  that  the 
knowledge  of  the  pupil  is  a  mass  of 
facts  separate,  without  any  syste- 
matic relation  to  each  other,  often 
antagonistic  as  they  appear  in  differ- 
ent nations  and  varied  conditions  of 
existence.  The  effect  on  the  pupil's 
mind  is  confused,  as  from  a  panor- 
ama which  passes  too  quickly  for  any 
picture  to  be  clearlv  seen. 

2nd.     The  "  Philadelphia  Method." 


*/|ve£ivU*utc^£clu,cu,tor   #> 


This  method  successfully  used  by 
Dr.  Herrick,  of  the  Central  High 
School,  in  Philadelphia,  follows  a 
classification  similar  to  the  census 
bureau,  and  studies  groups  of  miner- 
als, vegetable  productions,  animal 
products,  fisheries,  mining  indus- 
tries, manufacturing  industries,  etc., 
in  their  application  to  the  needs  and 
uses  of  commerce  and  industry,  that 
is,  their  human  use. 

This  is  scientific  in  many  ways  and 
is  the  best  method  which  is  as  yet  in 
common  use. 

Its  faults  seem  to  be  that  however 
clear  the  knowledge  of  the  groups, 
they  are  also  unrelated  and  stand  as 
separate  masses  of  fact  to  be  held  by- 
sheer  force  of  memory,  and  when 
committed  to  memory  seem  to  have 
no  definite  use  or  purpose. 
3d.  The  "  Boston  Method." 
This  method  begins  with  man  and 
his  needs,  and  considers  the  products 
of  human  industry  valuable  in  so  far 
as  they  are  useful  to  man.  For  ex- 
ample,' man  needs  first  food  and 
drink,  then  clothing,  then  shelter, 
fuel  and  lights,  mechanical  power, 
etc. 

The  pupil  following  this  order, 
studies  first,  the  food-cereals,  as 
wheat,  corn,  rice;  next,  fruits,  nuts, 
sugar,  tea,  coffee  and  chocolate. 
After  the  vegetable  productions,  the 
animal  ones  are  studied,  as  cattle 
raising,  beef  and  pork  packing.  In 
the  same  way  the  pupil  studies  textile 
fibres  from  raw  materials  to  the  fin- 
ished goods,  then  building  materials, 
etc.  In  each  of  these  subjects  the 
question  is  asked,  "  What  use  are 
these  things  to  man,  what  can  he  do 
with  them  ?"  How  do  they  serve  him 
for  life  or  for  trade  ?  The'superiority 
of  this  method  lies  in  the  fact  that  all 
these  subjects,  in  themselves  widely 
different,  are  joined  in  a  harmonious 
system  based  upon  one  central  idea, 
—  the  benefit  to  man,  and  each  takes 
its  proper  place  in  the  science. 

Equally  important  with  this  point 
of  view  in  this  method  is  the  idea 
that  from  tbe  very  first  the  study  of 
this  subject  should  be  based  upon 
the  observation  and  handling  of  act- 
ual specimens  of  the  products  stud- 
ied, and  that  the  industries  should  be 
seen  in  actual  operation  whenever 
possible, and  shown  by  lantern  slides 
and  photographs  in  all  other  cases. 

A  collection  of  specimens  or  a 
museum  of  commercial  products  is 
then  as  necessary  as  a  library,  if  this 
siience  is  to  be' taught  in  the  right 
way  to  produce  the  best  results. 

The  way  to  obtain  such  a  collection 
of  specimens  for  actual  use  and  the 
way  to  use  it  will  be  discussed  in  a 
future  issue  of  this  magazine. 

A  line  of  work  considered  abso- 
lutely necessary  in  this  science  by 
the  teachers  of  both  the  Philadelphia 
and  Boston  methods,  is  the  study  of 
the  governmental  publications,  census 
reports,  and  other  original  sources  bv 
the  pupil  himself,  and  the  expression 
of  the  information  thus  gained  bv 
charts,  maps,  diagrams,  etc.  The 
writing  of  theses  or  reports  upon  dif- 
ferent commercial  staples  or  indus- 
tries from  the  pupils  own  study  and 
research  is  rightly  regarded  in  both 
systems  as  the  most  valuable  work 
which  the  student  can  do. 


DEPARTMENT     OF 


Practical  fcflatrjerrjatics. 

GEORGE    E.    KIXG, 
Cedar  Rapids  Business  College,  Cedar  Rapids,  Iowa. 


Business  Arithmetic 

In  this  series  of  five  articles  on 
Business  Arithmetic,  our  aim  will  be 
to  give  not  only  methods  of  teaching 
this  important  subject,  but  also  a 
variety  of  drills  for  classroom  use. 
We  shall  assume  that  the  majority  of 
the  students  who  come  under  your 
tuition  have  studied  Arithmetic  and 
understand  fairlv  well  the  four  fun- 
damental operations  in  whole  num- 
bers and  fractions,  but  that  many  of 
them  need  a  review  of  these  subjects 
and,  therefore,  our  methods  will  be 
directed  to  this  particular  class  of 
pupils,  rather  than  to  those  who  are 
in  the  primary  grades. 

In  the  review  lessons  in  Arithmetic 
some  attention  should  be  given  to 
the  definitions  of  such  terms  as 
Arithmetic,  concrete  and  abstract 
numbers,  odd  and  even  numbers, 
notation  and  numeration.  I  think  a 
thorough  knowledge  of  the  meaning 
of  these  terms  will  be  of  much  aid  in 
our  work  later  on.  In  my  experience 
I  have  found  that  the  subjects  of 
notation  and  numeration  need  special 
emphasis.  Numeration  is  the  art  of 
reading  numbers,  and,  as  an  intro- 
duction to  the  drill  in  reading  num- 
bers, I  should  give  special  attention 
to  the  two  values  which  each  of  the 
nine  digits  has.  The  "one."  known 
as  the  "simple  value"  which  is  the 
value  of  the  digit  when  standing 
alone;  as,  "9"  equals  nine  units; 
and  the  "local  value,"  which  is  the 
value  of  the  digit,  depending  upon 
its  location  in  the  number;  as,  "9" 
in  the  number  90  stands  for  9  tens  or 
90  units. 

READING  numbers 

I  should  explain  that  in  the  Arabic 
notation,  which  is  in  general  use,  it 
takes  ten  units  of  a  lower  order  to 
make  one  of  the  next  higher,  and 
vice  versa,  that  one  of  the  higher 
order  equals  ten  of  the  next  lower. 
Take  the  number  089;  this  number  is 
composed  of  one  period  of  three  fig- 
ures ;  the  right  hand  order  being 
units,  the  second  from  the  right, 
tens,  and  the  next  hundreds.  A  very 
common  way  of  reading  this  number 
is  to  read  it  six  hundred  and  eighty- 
nine.  The  "and,"  however,  should 
not  be  inserted  in  reading  the  integral 
numbers,  and  this  number  should  be 
read  "six  hundred  eightv-nine." 
Take  the  number  24,723  ;  this  number 
should  be  read  "  twenty-four  thous- 
seven  hundred  twenty-three,"  and 
not  "twenty-four  thousand  seven 
hundred  ff;/(/*twentv-three." 

The  teacher  should  be  on  the  alert 
to  criticise  errors  in  reading  numbers. 
The  question  may  arise  in  the  minds 
of  the  students  as  to  why  the  "  and  " 
should  not  be  inserted.  "This  may  be 


explained  that  first  from  a  grammati- 
cal standpoint  the  "and"  does  not 
belong  there,  and  secondly,  by  illus- 
tration in  writing  decimals.  For 
instance,  take  the  mixed  decimal 
700.042  and  the  simple  decimal  .742; 
if  the  simple  decimal,  the  last  named, 
is  read  with  the  "  and  "  between  the 
seven  and  the  four,  we  have  seven 
hundred  and  forty-two  thousandths, 
and  we,  therefore,  should  be  unable 
to  tell  whether  we  mean  700.042  or 
simply  the  decimal  .742. 

After  giving  these  reasons,  I  think 
none  of  your  pupils  will  question  the 
correctness  of  the  omission  of  "  and  " 
in  reading  integral  numbers.  The 
following  is,  I  believe,  an  excellent 
guide  in  the  use  of  "  and  "  in  reading 
numbers. 

In  reading  numbers  use  "and" 
only  between  the  whole  number  and 
the  fraetion,  or  between  the  different 
denominations. 

ADDITION 

Addition,  which  is  the  process  of 
finding  one  number  equal  to  two  or 
more  numbers  of  the  same  kind,  is  one 
of  the  most  important  of  the  four  fun- 
damental operations,  and  with  a 
knowledge  of  addition  one  can  sub- 
tract,  multiply,  and  divide.  In  avery 
large  part  of  the  bookkeeper's  work 
computations  are  mainly  in  addition. 
Whenever  he  balances  his  Cash  Book, 
he  hasacolumnof  figures  which  must 
be  added  correctly ;  whenever  he  bal- 
ances a  ledger  account  or  takes  a 
trial  balance,  he  has  addition  to  do, 
which  must  be  performed  accurately  ;' 
else  his  books  will  not  exhibit  the 
proper  results.  In  every  problem  in 
addition  there  must  be  a't  least  three 
terms  or  numbers.  Two  of  them  are 
called  addends,  which  are  the  num- 
bers to  be  added,  and  the  third  is 
called  the  sum  or  amount,  which  is 
the  result  obtained  by  adding  the 
addends.  The  two  addends  and  the 
sum  are  so  related  that  if  any  two  of 
them  are  given,  the  third  may  be 
found.  If  the  sum  and  one  addend 
are  given,  subtract  the  given  addend 
from  the  sum  to  find  the  other. 

CONDUCTING    CLASS  DRILL  IN  ADDITION 

In  evervwell-conducted  commercial 
school  at  least  from  fifteen  to  thirty 
minutes  ought  to  be  given  daily  to 
the  subject  of  addition,  coupled  per- 
haps with  short  methods  in  multipli- 
cation, division,  interest,  etc.  This 
drill  can  be  conducted  very  advan- 
tageously by  having  the  "students 
write  the  numbers  on  paper  while  the 
teacher  reads  them,  and,  at  the  same 
time,  places  the  numbers  on  the 
blackboard.  For  beginning  classes, 
I  should  give  the  first  set  of  numbers 
only  two  columns  in  width,  as 
follows  : 


£7Fve  kitUUve^  &<JA.Mi,\Xvr  ^ 


72 
45 
61 
26 
37 
46 
26 
75 

388 

And  as  soon  as  the  last  number, 
75,  is  dictated,  have  all  the  pupils  add 
the  numbers  on  their  paper,  request- 
ing that  as  soon  as  they  have  finished 
the  addition,  they  call  out  the  result 
or  say  "check."  Then  add  in  con- 
cert the  numbers  placed  upon  the 
board,  calling  special  attention  to 
the  combinations  of  two  figures 
adjacent  to  each  other  which  will 
make  ten,  and  as  there  are  only  the 
following  combinations  of  two  fig- 
ures which  will  make  ten,  it  is  a  very 
simple  matter  for  the  pupils  to  com- 
mit to  memory  these  combinations, 
nine  plus  one,  eight  plus  two,  seven 
plus  three,  six  plus  four,  and  five 
plus  five.  Other  combinations  may 
be  introduced  later.  In  fact,  for  the 
sake  of  speed,  any  two  or  three  fig- 
ures adjacent  to  each  other  whose 
sum  is  ten  or  less,  should  be  added 
as  a  single  figure,  but  in  adding  in 
concert  from  the  blackboard,  it  is 
advisable,  I  think,  not  to  bring  in  too 
many  of  these  combinations ;  how- 
ever, I  should  insist  upon  the  combi- 
nations stated  above,  which  can  be 
added  as  ten,  very  rapidly. 

In  adding  the  numbers  given  above, 
begin  at  the  top  of  the  rii;ht-hand 
column  with  7,  8,  14,  21,  27,  33,  38, 
write  down  the  eight  and  carry  the 
three  to  the  second  column,  and  in 
carrying  from  one  column  to  the 
next  in  addition,  always  add  to  the 
first  number  in  the  next  column  the 
number  to  be  carried,  instead  of 
adding  it  after  having  found  the  sum 
of  the  figures  in'  that  column  ;  as,  3 
and  7  are  10,  the  6  and  4  should  (add- 
ing from  the  top  down  in  the  second 
column)  be  combined  and  added  as 
10,  making20.  It  makes  a  combina- 
tion, then,  of  22,  25,  29,  31,  and  38, 
making  the  total  of  the  numbers 
given,  388.  These  numbers  may  also 
be  added  in  the  reverse  order,  as  a 
means  of  proving  the  accuracy  of  the 
addition. 

HORIZONTAL    ADDING 

Afterward  I  should  give  them  a 
drill  in  giving  the  sum  of  the  lines, 
as  the  sum  of  the  figures  in  the  first 
number  in  the  set  given  above,  7  and 
2,  equals  9;  the  next,  4  and  5,  equals 
9  also ;  and  thus  rapidly  down  the 
column,  giving  the  sum  ;  as,  7,  8,  10, 
10,  8,  12.  These  should  be  pointed  to 
very  rapidly  and  gone  over  again  and 
again  on  each  set  of  numbers  dic- 
tated, until  the  students  can  read  the 
sum  of  the  figures  as  easily  as  they 
could  read  a  line  in  a  newspaper  or  a 
book  ;  and,  as  in  reading  from  a  book 
or  a  paper,  one  glances  ahead  three 
or  four  words,  so  in  adding  a  column 
of  figures,  one  should  glance  ahead 
three  or  four  figures,  that  he  may  be 
prepared  to  give  the  difficult  combi- 
nations ;  because  if  one  does  not 
glance  ahead  in  this  way,  the  addi- 
tions will  be  spasmodic  and  much  is 
lost  in  speed. 


It  is  a  good  drill,  also,  to  have  the 
pupils  refrain  from  looking  at  the 
board  when  adding  the  last  three  or 
four  figures  in  a  column  ;  thus  neces- 
sitating their  glancing  ahead  in  order 
to  be  prepared  to  give  the  combina- 
tions without  being  confined  to  the 
figures,  as  the}- see  them  on  the  board. 

AUXILIARY       PRACTICE        IN      MULTIPLI- 
CATION 

As  a  further  drill  with  the  same 
set  of  figures,  the  student  may  be 
required  to  give  the  product  of  the 
two  right  hand  figures  in  any  given 
set  of  figures  to  be  added,  as  in  the 
set  given  above,  we  have  7  times  2 
are  14,  4  times  5  are  20,  and  then 
down  the  column  rapidlv,  giving  the 
product  only,  as  6,12,21,24,  12  and  35. 

EXERCISE    IN    MAKING    CHANGE 

Also  as  a  further  exercise  with  the 
same  figures  as  they  stand  on  the 
blackboard,  require  "the  students  to 
give  the  difference  between  the  two 
figures ;  as,  the  difference  between 
7  and  2  is  5,  and  the  next,  1,  and  then 
down  the  column  rapidlv,  as  5,  4,  4, 

2,  4,  and  2. 

Also  drill  in  giving  the  complement 
of  each  figure  in  the  right-hand 
column ;  that  is,  the  difference  be- 
tween that  number  and  10;  as,  2  from 
10  leaves  8,  and  then  down  the  col- 
umn   giving  the  results   only,  5,  9,  4, 

3,  4,  4,  5,  and  as  a  still  further  drill, 
take  the  two  right-hand  figures  and 
give  the  complements  of  the  numbers 
expressed  by  them,  that  is  the  differ- 
ence between  these  numbers  and  100 ; 
as,  72  from  100  leaves  28,  and  then 
down  the  column,  giving  the  results 
rapidlv;  as,  55,  39,  74,  63,  54,  74  and 
25.  This  last  will  be  quite  difficult 
at  first,  but  if  much  practice  is  given 
in  giving  these  complements,  you 
will  be  surprised  at  the  rapidity  with 
which  the  pupils  will  give  the  results. 
This  drill  may  also  be  extended  to 
numbers  of  three  figures  each,  ex- 
pressing the  answer  as  dollars  and 
c 'nts  and  subtracting  the  amount 
from  ten  dollars;  as,  $3.75  from  $10 
leaves  $6.25,  $4.76  from  $10  leaves 
$5.24 ;  and  in  the  column  of  three 
figures,  beginning  at  the  top  of  the 
colufhn  give  the  complements  ex- 
pressing the  answer  in  dollars  and 
cents.  This  drill  is  of  very  great 
value  to  cashiers,  who  are  required 
to  make  change  rapidly. 

RATES    OF    SPEED 

After  drilling  upon  sets  of  two  and 
three  columns  in  width,  and  seven  or 
eight  in  depth,  I  should  then  give 
more  difficult  sets  of  numbers,  mak- 
ing them  four,  five,  and  six  columns 
in  width  and  ten  or  more  numbers  in 
depth.  I  should  also,  during  the  first 
week  of  school,  give  a  set  of  numbers, 
five  columns  in  width,  and  ten  in 
depth  ;  and  note  the  time  required  for 
the  students  to  add  the  set  of  num- 
bers ;  and  then,  weekly,  I  should  give 
similar  sets  of  50  figures,  taking  the 
time  and  noting  the  gain  in  speed. 
This  interests  the  pupils  and  shows 
them  the  gain  which  they  make  in 
speed  from  week  to  week.  After 
three  or  four  months'  drill  of  from 
15  to  30  minutes  daily,  many  of  your 
pupils  should  be  able  to  add  a  set  of 


50  figures  in  from  12  to  20  seconds, 
and  perhaps  a  few  will  be  able  to 
add  such  sets  in  eight  or  nine  sec- 
onds, and  add  them  correctly.  I 
have  had  students  who,  after  six  or 
seven  months'  practice,  have  been 
able  to  add,  accurately,  sets  of  mis- 
cellaneous numbers,  five  columns  in 
width  and  ten  in  depth,  in  six  or  seven 
seconds. 

HOW    TO    CREATE    INTEREST 

For  the  purpose  of  creating  interest 
in  the  rapid  calculation  class,  cipher- 
ing tests  may  be  given  from  time  to 
time.  In  conducting  these  ciphering 
tests,  select  two  pupils  who  have 
about  the  same  speed  in  adding  and 
let  them  choose  sides.  Prepare  a  list 
of  those  chosen  on  each  side,  in  the 
order  in  which  they  were  chosen,  and 
have  them  arranged  so  that  those 
who  are  on  the  same  side  will  sit  in 
one  division  of  the  recitation  room, 
and  those  who  are  on  the  other  side 
will  occupy  places  in  the  other  divis- 
ion. Then  let  the  two  who  are  last 
chosen,  (because  they  presumably 
are  the  slowest  adders)  one  on  each 
side,  cipher  against  each  other. 
Dictate  a  set  of  numbers  to  be  added, 
having  the  entire  class  copy  the  num- 
bers and  add  them,  but  have  only  the 
two  contestants  call  out  the  result, 
and  the  one  first  calling  out  the  cor- 
rect result  will  have  ciphered  the 
other  down.  Then  let  this  one  cipher 
against  the  next  one  on  the  side  on 
which  the  person  was  ciphered  down. 
Dictate  another  set  of  numbers  hav- 
ing the  entire  class  copy  them  and 
add,  but  no  one  to  call  out  the  result 
excepting  the  two  contestants.  The 
one  first  calling  the  correct  result 
will  have  ciphered  the  other  down, 
and  he  will  cipher  against  the  next 
one  on  the  opposite  side.  The  object 
is  to  see  which  side  will  cipher  the 
opposite  side  down  first.  I  have 
found  that  this  is  very  interesting 
and  that  the  students  usually  enjoy 
it  as  much  as  they  do  a  spelling 
match,  or  even  more.  Instead  of  giv- 
ing all  of  the  problems  in  addition, 
problems  in  subtraction,  multiplica- 
tion, interest,  etc.,  may  also  begiven. 

SUBTRACTION 

In  taking  up  the  subject  of  sub- 
traction in  the  class,  I  should  give 
considerable  attention  to  the  defini- 
tions of  these  three  terms  :  minuend, 
which  is  the  number  from  which  we 
subtract ;  subtrahend,  or  the  number 
to  be  subtracted,  and  the  difference, 
or  remainder,  which  is  the  result 
obtained  by  the  subtraction.  Then, 
as  in  the  case  of  addition,  I  should 
drill  again  and  again  upon  the  rela- 
tion of  these  three  terms:  showing 
that  if  any  two  of  them  are  given, 
the  third  may  be  found;  for  instance, 
to  find  the  difference,  or  remainder, 
when  the  minuend  and  the  subtra- 
hend are  given,  subtract  the  subtra- 
hend from  the  minuend.  To  find  the 
minued  when  the  subtrahend  and  the 
difference  are  given,  add  the  differ- 
ence to  the  subtrahend  and  the  sum 
should  equal  the  minuend;  to  find 
the  subtrahend  when  the  difference 
and  the  minuend  are  given,  subtract 
the  difference  from  the  minuend  and 
the  result  will  be  the  subtrahend. 

Illustration :     Minuend   24,    subtra- 


#he©ubiri?4^£d^&fcfcWr   #► 


hend  18,  to  find  difference:  We  have 
24  minus  18  equals  6,  or  the  difference. 
18,  the  subtrahend,  6,  the  difference, 
to  find  the  minuend  :  Add  the  18  and 
6,  which  gives  the  minuend,  24. 
Again,  the  minuend,  24,  and  the  dif- 
ference, 6,  to  find  the  subtrahend. 
We  have  24  minus  the  difference,  6, 
equals  the  subtrahend,  18. 

In  placing  special  emphasis  upon 
the  relationship  of  these  parts  to 
each  other,  show  the  application 
which  we  make  of  this  in  the  more 
advanced  work  in  Arithmetic:  For 
instance,  in  percentage,  we  have  the 
base  plus  the  percentage  equals  the 
amount.  Then,  if  amount  and  per- 
centage are  given,  to  find  the  base, 
simply  refer  the  student  to  the  prin- 
ciples' governing  the  relationship  of 
the  three  terms  in  subtraction,  and 
he  will  readily  see  why  we  subtract 
the  percentage  from  the  amount  to 
find  the  base.  Many  a  time  I  have 
known  students  to  fail  in  the  solution 
of  problems  because  they  did  not 
understand  or  apply  the  principles 
governing  the  relationship  of  minu- 
end, subtrahend,  and  difference.  If 
there  are  those  of  the  class  who  do 
not  understand  thoroughly  about 
borrowing  in  the  minuend,  when  the 
figure  of  the  same  order  in  the  sub- 
trahend is  greater  than  the  figure  in 
the  minuend,  some  time  should  be 
given  to  the  explanation  of  this. 

Illustration:  4208  minus  2349.  In 
this  number  you  notice  that  the 
unit's  figure  in  the  subtrahend  is 
greater  than  the  unit's  figure  in  the 
minuend,  and  that  as  we  cannot  sub- 
tract the  9  from  the  8,  we  must  bor- 
row from  the  orders  to  the  left  in  the 
minuend.  We  pass  to  the  ten's  order 
in  the  minuend,  and  we  find  that 
there  are  no  tens  which  we  can  bor- 
row. We  next  pass  to  the  hundred's 
order  and  from  the  two  hundreds 
borrow  one  hundred,  which  leaves 
one  in  hundred's  order  and_  equals 
ten  in  ten's  order.  Borrowing  one 
from  the  tens  in  ten's  order  leaves 
9  in  ten's  order,  and  the  1  borrowed 
from  that  order  equals  ten  in  unit's 
order,  which  added  to  the  8  gives  18 
units  in  the  minuend.  Then  9  from 
18  leaves  9.  Passing  to  the  ten's 
order  in  subtracting,  we  have  4  in  the 
subtrahend  and  9  in  the  minuend. 
Subtracting  the  4  from  the  9  leaves 
5.  Then  passing  to  the  hundred's 
order  we  have  3  in  the  subtrahend 
and  only  1  in  the  minuend,  as  we  had 
previously  borrowed  1  from  2.  Since 
we  cannot  take  3  from  1,  we  must 
borrow  1  from  the  next  higher  order 
in  the  minuend,  which  is  the  4  thous- 
and. Taking  1  thousand  from  the 
4  thousand  leaves  3  thousand  and, 
since  one  of  a  higher  order  equals 
ten  of  the  next  lower,  we  add  the  ten 
to  the  one  in  hundred's  order,  mak- 
ing 11,  and  3  from  11  leaves  8.  Pass- 
ing to  the  thousand's  order,  we  have 
'J  in  tin-  subtrahend  to  be  subtracted 
from  3  in  the  minuend,  for  we  had 
previously  borrowed  1  from  the  4. 
This  leaves  1  as  the  difference  in  the 
thousand's  order,  making  the  differ- 
ence between  the  numbers  1859. 

{Continued  in  October.) 


BEPHWTMENT     OF 

£^  % 

Cornntjerciai    Lau). 

W^^jr 

J.    C.    BARBER, 

W 

Bryant  &  stratton  Business  College,  Providence,  R.  I. 

ESSENTIAL     ELEMENTS    OF     A     BINDING 
CONTRACT— REVIEW. 

In  previous  issues  we  have  seen 
that  an  agreement,  in  order  to  result 
in  a  contract  enforceable  at  law,  must 
have  certain  elements.  It  must  be  an 
agreement  between  persons  (parties) 
whom  the  law  deems  competent  to 
make  a  contract ;  it  must  be  an 
agreement  to  do  or  not  to  do  some 
definite  thing  (subject  matter)  which 
is  lawful  and  possible  to  be  done, 
and  which  is  not  compulsory  at  law  ; 
there  must  be  some  benefit  to  the 
promisor  or  detriment  to  the  promisee 
(consideration)  ;  the  agreement  must 
be  a  real  agreement — each  party  must 
give  his  consent  (mutual  consent)  to 
all  the  terms  of  the  agreement  ;  and 
the  time  in  which  the  contract  is  to 
be  performed  is  either  expressed  in 
the  contract,  or,  if  not,  it  will  be 
taken  for  granted  (implied)  that  the 
parties  intended  that  the  contract 
should  be  performed  within  a  reason- 
able time.  We  have  learned  that  par- 
ties who  are  of  sufficient  age  and  of 
sound  mind  are,  with  some  excep- 
tions, considered  competent  to  make 
contracts  which  will  be  binding  upon 
them.  We  have  also  learned  that 
minors,  insane  persons,  etc.,  may, 
under  certain  circumstances,  be 
bound  for  necessaries  actually  fur- 
nished them.  Let  us  now  consider 
the  subject-matter  of  the  agreement. 

SUBJECT-MATTER. 

By  the  subject  matter,  we  mean  the 
thing  to  be  done  or  not  to  be  done. 
Any  possible  act  or  forbearance, 
definitely  agreed  upon,  which  is  law- 
ful and  moral,  not  compulsory  and 
not  of  a  strictly  social  nature,  maybe 
the  subject-matter  of  a  contract. 

WHAT     MAY      NOT      BE      THE       SUBJECT- 
MATTER  OF  A  CONTRACT. 

From  the  above  it  follows  that  what 
is  illegal,  immoral,  impolitic  or  fraud- 
ulent, cannot  be  the  subject  of  a  bind- 
ing agreement.  Neither  can  any 
agreement  be  enforced  which  has 
for  its  object  the  obstruction  of  pub- 
lic justice. 

Illegal  Subject-Matter.  It  is  plain 
to  see  that  courts  cannot  enforce  or 
even  recognize  any  agreement  to  break 
the  law,  otherwise  the  law  would 
have  no  force  whatever.  Therefore, 
any  agreement  to  commit  crime,  to 
print  and  publish  libel,  to  slander 
another,  or  to  do  any  act  which  the 
law  expressly  forbids,  is  void.  If 
anvthing  has  been  done  or  any  money 

?>aid  under  such  an  agreement,  the 
aw  generally  leaves  the  parties  where 
it  finds  them,  neither  allowing  the 
one  to  collect   payment,  for  what  he 


may  have  done,  nor  the  other  to  re- 
cover any  money  he  may  have  paid  in 
advance. 

Impolitic  Subject-Matter.  It  is  a 
settled  principle  of  the  law  not  to 
enforce  any  agreement,  which,  if  car- 
ried out,  would  work  injury  to  the 
public  welfare.  Agreements  to  re- 
frain from  following  one's  trade  or 
profession,  and  agreements  to  refrain 
from  marrying  are  deemed  to  be 
injurious  to  the  public  welfare  (im- 
politic). However,  reasonable  con- 
tracts in  partial  restraint  of  trade  or 
of  marriage  are  recognized  by  courts. 

If  John  Smith  should  sell  out  his 
business  and  agree  not  to  enter  into 
that  business  again,  such  an  agree- 
ment would  be  void  as  being  in  gen- 
eral restraint  of  trade.  Should  he 
agree  not  to  engage  in  that  same 
business  within  certain  reasonable 
limits,  he  would  be  bound.     VVhy  ? 

Limiting  the  time  without  limiting 
the  space  would  not  make  a  valid 
contract.  For  example,  if  Smith 
should  agree  not  to  engage  in  the 
same  business  anywhere  within  the 
next  ten  years, he  would  not  be  bound. 

Any  agreement  not  to  marry  some 
certain  person  or  an  agreement  by  a 
widow  not  to  marry  again  is  consid- 
ered binding  as  being  only  in  partial 
restraint  of  marriage. 

Immoral  Subject-Matter.  Anything 
which  is  against  good  morals  is  cer- 
tainly against  the  public  welfare 
(impolitic)  and  cannot  be  the  subject- 
matter  of  a  binding  agreement. 

Obstruction  of  Public  Justice.  Any- 
thing which  tends  to  obstruct  public 
justice  or  any  trafficking  in  public 
office  certainly  works  against  both 
the  law  and  the  body  politic.  Any 
agreement  by  a  juror  to  effect  the 
acquittal  (or  the  conviction)  of  a  per- 
son on  trial,  or  any  agreement  by 
another  to  bribe  a  juror  or  in  any 
way  interfere  with  the  working  of  the 
law  or  the  course  of  justice,  is  abso- 
lutelv  void. 

It  has  been  said  "The  law  cannot 
be  invoked  to  defeat  its  own  ends." 

Fraudulent  Subject-Matter.  "The 
law  abhors-  fraud."  The  law  does 
not  enforce  agreements  made  between 
persons  for  the  purpose  of  defraud- 
ing a  third  person.  However,  the 
person  or  persons  who  have  acted 
fraudulentlv  will  not  be  allowed  to 
take  advantage  of  their  own  wrong 
doing.  If  A  sells  to  B  to  defraud  C, 
a  creditor,  as  between  A  and  B,  the 
sale  is  binding,  but  as  to  C  it  is 
otherwise,  provided  B  knows  the  cir- 
cumstances. Also  if  one  makes  an 
assignment  of  property  for  the  pur- 
pose of  defrauding  creditors,  the 
courts  will  not  recognize  such  an 
assignment. 

If  each  of  the  parties  to  a  contract 
has  acted  fraudulently,  that  is  if  each 
has    deceived    the    other,    the    courts 


9R©  &\*Jtifhebb  £cU*&(*tar  ^ 


will  generally  leave  them  as  it  finds 
them,  offering  no  relief  to  either. 
But  if  one  party  commits  a  fraud  on 
the  other  party,  who  is  innocent,  the 
injured  party  may  elect  whether  he 
will  rescind  the  contract  and  seek  to 
recover  what  he  has  parted  with,  or 
hold  the  other  party  to  the  contract 
and  sue  for  damages.  A  person  who 
is  induced  through  by-bidders  at 
auction  to  bid  more  than  he  other- 
wise would,  will  be  allowed  to  avoid 
the  contract  on  the  ground  of  fraud. 
However,  he  must  have  been  bidding 
directly  against  the  by-bidder  or 
have  been  influenced  by  his  represen- 
tatives. For  example,  A  who  is  em- 
ployed as  a  by-bidder  at  an  auction, 
makes  a  bid  after  which  X  bids,  then 
Y  bids,  and  the  article  is  struck  off 
to  Y.  Y  is  bidding  against  X  and  is 
bound  by  his  bid. 

Sunday  Contracts.  As  to  whether 
or  not  a  contract  made  on  Sunday  is 
illegal  depends  upon  statute  law, 
which  is  somewhat  different  in  differ- 
ent States. 

The  matter  of  illegal  contract  has 
been  treated  briefly  because  students 
generally  have  less  trouble  with  it 
than  with  many  other  features  of  con- 
tracts. Following  are  some  problems 
which  should  be  worked  out. 

PRACTICAL  LAW  PROBLEMS  FOR  CLASS 

USE. 

1.  A  agrees  to  pay  B,  the  publisher 
of  a  newspaper,  $50  to  print  and  pub- 
lish libelous  matter  concerning  C.  If 
B  publishes  the  libel  can  he  collect 
from  A? 

2.  X  and  Y  meet  on  Sunday.  X 
offers  Y  $250  for  his  horse.  Y  imme- 
diately delivers  the  horse  and  receives 
the  money.  The  statutes  of  that 
State  make  Sunday  contracts  void. 
Can  Y  have  an  action  to  recover  pos- 
session of  the  horse  by  offering  to 
return  the  money  he  obtained  from 
X? 

3.  On  Sunday,  A  agrees  to  buy 
certain  goods  of  B.  On  Monday  the 
goods  are  delivered  and  A  accepts 
them.  The  statutes  make  Sunday 
contracts  void.  -  Has  A  ratified  his 
Sunday  contract  by  accepting  the 
goods  ?  Can  B  recover  on  any  other 
grounds  ? 

4.  Suppose  A  sells  out  his  business 
to  B,  and  agrees  not  to  engage  in  that 
business  again.  Is  such  agreement 
binding  on  A  ? 

5.  Suppose  A  sells  out  and  agrees 
not  to  engage  in  that  business  for  the 
space  of  two  years,  is  he  bound  by 
his  agreement? 

6.  How  will  it  be  if  A  sells  out  and 
agrees  not  to  engage  in  the  same 
business  again  in  that  State? 

7.  Is  every  agreement  in  restraint 
of  marriage  Void  ? 

8.  A  promises  B  that  if  B  will  vote 
for  him  as  a  member  of  the  legisla- 
ture, he  (A)  will  see  that  B  is  ap- 
pointed clerk  of  a  certain  court.  B 
performs  his  part  of  the  agreement 
but  A  procures  the  appointment  of  C 
to  the  clerkship?  What  redress  has 
B? 

9.  A,  for  the  purpose  of  defrauding 
his  creditors,  sells  and  delivers  cer- 
tain property  to  B  for  cash.  B  is  in- 
nocent of  any  wrong.  Is  this  a  valid 
sale  ? 

( Continued  on  Page  41.) 


BEPBBTMENT     OF 


Corprnercial  Efjglislj. 

DR.  JOHN  S.  BURTON', 
The  Eagan  School,  Hoboken,  N.  J. 


Uocabulary-Buildina. 

The  material  basis  of  language  is 
vocabulary.  In  the  technical  mean- 
ing of  the' term  as  an  alphabetic  list 
of  words,  there  is  little  reason  for 
consideration,  but  in  its  usual  sig- 
nificance as  the  stock  of  words  at 
one's  command  and  in  actual  use,  it 
is  of  great  moment. 

There  can  be  no  question  that  the 
form  or  structure  of  language  is  far 
more  important  than  its  verbage, 
and,  in  fact,  that  words  exist  for  form 
rather  than  form  for  words.  Yet, 
while  this  is  true,  it  is  impossible 
that  there  should  be  a  fitting  form 
without  an  appropriate  and  apt  selec- 
tion of  words.  In  the  hands  of  a 
genius,  poor  material  may  speak  a 
striking  language,  but  good  material 
may  unfold  an  exalted  theme. 

THE    CONQUEST   OF    A    WORD. 

A  limited  or  improper  vocabulary 
is  to  the  extent  of  its  limitation  a 
marring  or  a  hindrance  to  the  noblest 
speech.  It  is  a  fact  of  common 
knowledge  that  the  masters  of  style 
and  thought  have  earnestly  sought  to 
broaden  the  range  of  words  at  their 
call.  Oftentimes  their  efforts  have 
been  toilsome  and  tedious,  but  always 
unrelenting.  The  addition  of  one 
word  that  gives  a  shade  of  color  or  an 
incisiveness  of  expression  has  always 
been  to  a  great  writer  a  source  of 
deepest  gratification.  Rufus  Choate, 
than  whom  there  has  been  none 
greater  in  a  versatile  and  comprehen- 
sive use  of  words,  was  fairly  vorac- 
ious for  new  terms.  They  seemed  to 
be  his  meat  and  drink.  It  is  only  the 
weak  or  narrow  man  that  is  satisfied 
with  a  present  sense  of  power,  and 
looks  no  farther ;  but  the  accom- 
plished workman  must,  at  hazard  of 
added  exertion,  discover  or  invent 
words  that  live  and  glow. 

THE  VALUE  OF  READINESS  WITH  WORDS 

A  wide-spreading  vocabulary  re- 
moves the  hesitation  that  is  always 
a  sense  of  embarrassment  and  an  ele- 
ment of  weakness.  The  moment 
thought  lags  to  catch  an  evasive,  de- 
linquent word,  that  moment  its  power 
is  weakened.  The  pain  of  a  bearing 
thought  that  lingers  is  a  bitter  exper- 
ience of  every  sensitive,  great-souled 
man.  Thought-hesitation  is  thought- 
hindrance,  and  this  is  the  missing  of 
the  mark.  It  is  the  inward  sorrow  of 
the  outreaching  mind  that  calls  for  the 
widest  sweep  of  language. 

Then,  every  man  is  sensible  of  a 
peculiar  power  in  a  many-sided  and 
accurate  speech.  The  most  unlearned 
knows  and  acknowledges  its  regnant 
influence.  Sometimes,  however,  that 
true  wealth  of  language  that  woos 
and  wins  because  it  is  broadly  wise  is 
confused  with  a  seeming  worth  more 


fictitious  than  real.  When  terms  are 
thrust  upon  us  as  strange  and  un- 
sightly specters,  uncanny  and  mon- 
strous, we  may  wonder  amazed  but 
go  away  to  weep  at  the  folly  of  ignor- 
ance. 

It  is  probably  safe  to  say,  in  this 
matter  of  fact  world,  that  the  vocab- 
ulary desired  is  a  working  one.  This 
thought  is  true,  yet  liable  to  the  mis- 
apprehension that  in  order  to  be  a 
working  language  it  must  be  a  narrow 
one.  Perhaps  we  might  state  the 
whole  position  thus  :  The  most  effec- 
tive vocabulary  is  the  one  exhaustive 
along  many  lines.  One  may  be  con- 
tent to  employ  the  range  of  words  of 
a  longshoreman,  another  that  of  the 
captain  of  the  ocean  grey-hound  ;  but 
the  captaincy  of  language  demands 
not  only  the  terms  of  the  ship's  crew 
but  the  language  of  all  on  board. 

A  working  language  must  be  effec- 
tive. The  marshalling  of  the  proper 
kind  of  troops  for  the  specific  attack 
is  good  generalship.  Cavalry  has  its 
field  of  activity,  not  to  give  place 
to  infantry,  though  it  may  receive 
its  support.  So  words  of  a  class  are  to 
troop  together  to  make  warfare  against 
the  strongholds  of  thought.  Proper 
words  under  proper  leadership  make 
martial  warriors.  A  man,  then,  must 
master  the  words  of  his  own  trade  or 
profession  in  order  to  speak  with 
vigor.  When  good  progress  has  been 
made  along  the  line  of  one's  special 
field  of  activity,  it  then  becomes  im- 
portant to  broaden  out  the  domains 
of  speech.  It  never  lessens  the  com- 
mercial force  of  the  merchant  to  be 
able  to  meet  men  of  other  occupa- 
tions on  their  own  ground,  not  presum- 
ing upon  his  exceptional  ability,  but 
modestly  claiming  the  privilege  to 
think  with,  if  not  to  think  tor,  another. 
Here  one  needs  stimulus  or  the  right 
view-point.  If  a  meager  success  is 
all  that  is  to  be  desired  or  sought— 
the  narrow  policy  of  knowing  little 
and  little  knowing— then  we  are  aside 
from  the  point  ;  but  if  a  broad  plan 
is  to  be  followed,  there  will  be  the 
necessity  to  know  one  thing  thor- 
oughly and  many  things  at  least 
moderately  well. 

HOW  TO  ACQUIRE  A  GOOD  VOCABULARY 

Granting  then  the  desirability  and 
great  value  of  a  large  and  varied 
vocabulary,  it  is  urgent  to  consider 
by  what  means  it  is  to  be  acquired. 
For  an  untechnical  word^mastery, 
very  simple  means  are  within  the 
reach  of  all.  Work,  however,  plod- 
ding work,  is  the  only  way. 

The  scholar's  method  of  self- 
improvement  in  this  particular  is 
wide  and  exhaustive  reading,  includ- 
ing the  study  of  foreign  languages. 
This  is  impossible  to  the  average 
man,  and  especially  to  the  student  of 

{Continued  on  Page  41.) 


dfKe  &tUlrw^>  ^eUt&ci*tor   & 


superficial,  study.  Without  much 
question  the  first  book  for  language 
is  the  one  that  will  seldom  be  used 
for  downright  language  study.  Fur- 
thermore, we  doubt  the  advisability 
of  so  studying  it  until  the  maturer 
years.  Some  books  ought  never  to  be 
subordinated  to  secondary  purposes 
until  the  primary  objects  have  been 
achieved.  The  book  to  which  we 
refer  is  the  English  Scriptures.  So, 
as  we  think,  we  must  put  aside  this 
book  for  this  specific  purpose. 

The  other  book,  the  one  that  is 
always  advocated  as  the  book  of 
books  for  pure,  graphic,  brilliant 
Englishes  the  book  of  Shakespeare's 
writings.  We  advisedly  regard  these 
writings  as  one.  It  is  our  opinion 
that  whatever  advice  may  be  given  to 
young  men,  whether  of  business 
schools  or  of  universities,  to  read 
this  author,  such  counsel  will  not  be 
followed.  Whatever  may  be  said  by 
a  lover  of  our  greatest  writer,  men  do 
not  and  will  not  study  Shakespeare. 
The  form  of  his  works  does  not 
appeal  to  the  average  man.  We 
assert  this  as  observation  in  and  out 
of  school.  So  we  must  put  aside  this 
hope  of  language-building. 

SCHOOLROOM    METHODS. 

What,  then,  shall  we  do?  There 
are,  doubtless,  many  ways  left  us. 
Let  us  indicate  several.  The  teacher 
may  help  a  little.  Let  him  make 
words  interesting  by  selecting  those 
that  have  a  noble  origin  or  an  attrac- 
tive history. 

I.  Take  the  following  as  sugges- 
tive : 

1.  heathen,  from  heath  or  country. 
A  man  of  the  heath  ;  so,  away  from 
civilization. 

2.  pagan,  from  pagus,  woods.  A 
man  from  the  woods  ;  so,  rude. 

3.  villain,  from  villa.  A  man  from 
the  village  ;  so,  less  refined. 

4.  urbanity,  nibs,  city.  One  hav- 
ing the  culture  of  the  city. 

II.  Group  words  in  this  manner: 

1.  regicide,  killing  of  king. 

2.  parricide,  killing  of  father. 

3.  homicide,  killing  of  man  (not 
murder.) 

4.  suicide,  killing  of  self. 

III.  At  all  times  spring  upon  the 
class  synonyms  and  antonyms  : 

1.  science,  art.  1.    notoriety,  privacy 

2.  practicable,  practical.  2.    nominal,  real 

3.  reputation,  character.  3.  neutral, avowed 

4.  slander,  calumny.  4.  libel,  eulogy 

IV.  Select  words  to  be  looked  up 
out  of  class,— dictionary  habit.  Try 
these : 

1.  penurious      5.  precedent      9.  capiice 

2.  capricious     6.  tangible       10.  promiscuous 

3.  verbatim       7.  grotesque    11  deteriorate 

4.  insinuate      8.  celebrity     12.  superstition 

V.  Assign  special  work  to  stu- 
dents. Refer  them  to  a  particular 
book.  The  following  is  a  sample  of 
what  has  been  done  by  a  student. 
Student's  arrangement. 

Polite,  civil. 

Polite,  well-bred. 

Civil,  relating  to  the  government. 
Populace,  population. 

Populace,  common  and  vulgar  peo- 
ple in  a  country. 

Population,  the  whole  number  of 
people  in  a  country. 

VI.  Distribute  in  the  class,  books 
of    good    authors.       Name   a  certain 

i  Continued  on  page  41 . ) 


Office  TraifUfjg 

fls  a  Part  of  the  Coromercial  Course. 

H.  S.  HOOKLAND, 
banks  Business  College,  Philadelphia,  Pa. 


In  setting  apart  a  few  columns  each 
month,  during  the  school  year  just 
beginning,  for  subjects  relating  to 
office  practice  as  a  part  of  commercial 
education,  The  Business  Educator 
is  recognizing  a  need,  long  felt  in  the 
profession,  of  a  medium  for  the  ex- 
pression of  views  and  ideas  on  a 
subject  constantly  growing  in  inter- 
est. This  departure,  which  has  been 
taken  with  a  view  to  encouraging  the 
newer  and  more  practical  training  in 
our  schools,  is,  in  the  estimation  of 
the  writer,  a  long  step  in  advance, 
and  should  give  the  Educator  an 
increased  value  and  usefulness  in 
promoting  the  cause  of  business 
education.  In  order  that  this  liberal 
appropriation  of  space  may  serve  its 
intended  use,  it  is  hoped  that  every 
teacher  interested  in  business  prac- 
tice or  office  training  will  give  his 
fullest  co-operation,  and  contribute, 
from  time  to  time,  such  information, 
material,  or  articles  as  he  may  be 
able  to  supply. 

Before  entering  upon  any  discus- 
sion of  details,  methods,  or  plans, 
relating  to  the  work,  it  may  be  in- 
structive to  take  a  general  view  of 
the  field,  to  ascertain,  (1)  the  relative 
importance  of  the  subject,  (2)  the 
nature  and  extent  to  which  it  enters 
into  courses  at  present  existing  in 
public  and  private  schools,  (3) 
the  objects  to  be  kept  in  mind 
toward  which  efforts  should  be 
directed  in  the  construction  of  sys- 
tems, (4)  the  difficulties  met  with  in 
the  introduction  or  carrying  out  of 
office  work,  and  (5)  the  possibilities 
of  accomplishing  the  results  demand- 
ed by  the  growing  exactions  of  the 
business' public. 

OFFICE    WORK    WILL   NOT    RUN    ITSELF. 

In  considering  the  relative  import- 
ance of  office  training  to  other  sub- 
jects in  the  commercial  course,  we 
must  eliminate,  from  the  very  begin- 
ning, that  kind  of  office  practice 
which  lacks  the  element  of  training. 
Office  work,  done  without  detailed 
examination  and  constant  supervis- 
ion by  experienced  and  practical 
instructors,  often  does  more  harm 
than  good,  and  schools  permitting 
this  work  to  be  carried  out  in  a  hap- 
hazard or  go-as-you-please  manner, 
would  be  Detter  off  by  confining 
themselves  strictly  to  theory  or 
voucher  texts  or  systems.  It  would 
be  as  unfair  to  base  conclusions  with 
respect  to  the  relative  value  of  office 
training  to  arithmetic,  for  instance, 
on  such  unbusiness-like  practice,  as 
it  would  be  to  compare  undirected 
work  in  arithmetic  with  a  well-con- 
ducted course  in  some  other  subject. 
Taking  it  for  granted  that  the  course 
is  well  planned,  carried  out  on  busi- 
ness principles,  and  supervised  by 
instructors    who    exercise    the    same 


care  in  the  conduct  of  the  work  as  is 
given  to  other  subjects,  the  course 
assumes  a  very  important  position  in 
its  relation  to  other  branches  in  the 
commercial  curriculum.  It  becomes 
the  place  for  summing  up  what  has 
been  gathered  from  instruction  in 
arithmetic,  commercial  law,  book- 
keeping, penmanship,  letter  writing, 
spelling,  and  grammar,  in  direct 
application  to  business  transactions, 
and  the  training  of  the  students  in 
those  processes  and  habits  which 
they  will  meet  on  the  threshold  of  the 
actual  business  life  to  follow. 

OFFICE    TRAINING    A    SUBSTITUTE    FOR 
APPRENTICESHIP. 

But  this  course  assumes  an  added 
importance  when  viewed  in  its  rela- 
tion to  the  employing  public.  We  are 
living  in  an  intensely  practical  com- 
mercial age.  Hair-splitting  theories 
and  sophistries  have  long  since  been 
buried  in  the  archives  of  scholasti- 
cism, and  living  issues  of  commercial 
values  have  taken  their  places. 
Whether  product  of  brawn  or  brain, 
it  must  pass  the  test  of  immediate 
utility  to  claim  the  attention  of  men 
who  handle  the  business  of  the  world. 
Organization  is  the  order  of  the  day; 
and  the  "soulless  corporations"  do 
not  do  business  for  charity's  sake, 
nor  for  the  purpose  of  benefitting  any 
particular  individual,  except  their 
investors.  This,  in  connection  with 
the  close  competition  which  has  fol- 
lowed and  the  trimming  down  of 
profits  outside  of  these  grasping  cor- 
porations, has  led  to  a  spirit  of  selec- 
tiveness,  both  as  to  material  and 
service,  which  appropriates  and  uses 
only  that  which  is  immediately  the 
most  economic.  Persons  who  are 
seeking  employment  in  business 
offices  must,  therefore,  be  familiar 
with,  and  somewhat  experienced  in, 
the  technique  of  office  work,  and  must 
be  able  to  do  at  once  that  for  which 
they  are  employed.  It  is  the  effort  to 
provide  a  training  that  will  meet 
these  conditions  and  requirements 
that  gives  to  the  office  course  its  com- 
mercial value  and  importance  when 
looked  at  from  the  point  of  view  of 
the  business  public. 

THE     OFFICE     COURSE       A      RESULT     OF 
CRITICISM. 

One  consideration  which  has  urged 
forward  the  development  of  the  office 
course,  and  which  illustrates  its  im- 
portance and  its  necessity  in  main- 
taining the  respect  of  the  general 
public  for  schools  professing  to  edu- 
cate men  and  women  for  business,  is 
the  bitter  criticism  of  the  results  pro- 
duced by  mere  theoretic  instruction. 
The  writer  has  often  heard  remarks 
from  men  who  have  employed  busi- 
ness  school   graduates,  or  who  have 


9H&  kivuuvejj  Cclu^ctlor  ^ 


themselves  attended  business  schools 
in  years  past,  to  the  effect  that  the 
education  given  in  these  schools  is 
faulty  and  impractical  ;  that  the  con- 
ceptions formed  of  conditions  in  the 
business  world,  are  erroneous ;  and 
that  students  graduating  from  com- 
mercial courses  fail  to  realize  due 
responsibility  when  placed  in  charge 
of  actual  work.  With  a  mere  rudi- 
mentary knowledge  of  the  principles 
of  journalizing,  and  of  a  few  books, 
some  of  which  are  obsolete,  and  with 
only  half-formed  ideas  of  the  value, 
use,  and  governing  rules  of  commer- 
cial paper,  they  graduate,  they  say, 
from  these  institutions  and  are  given 
diplomas  which  certify  that  their 
knowledge  is  complete,  and  so  enter 
business  offices  with  the  proverbial 
"swelled  head,"  making  them  unfit 
and  undesirable  for  ordinary  office 
work.  That  there  is  a  basis  of  truth 
back  of  these  criticisms,  no  fair- 
minded  person  will  deny,  although 
the  criticisms  are  often  overdrawn 
and  generally  based  on  work  done  in 
business  schools  which  are  unworthy 
of  the  name.  Whatever  may  be  the 
facts  in  the  case,  they  have  served 
the  purpose  of  pointing  theway  to  a 
more  practical  education,  in  which, 
after  the  rudiments  have  been  mas- 
tered, the  emphasis  is  placed  on  skill 
in  the  execution  of  office  work,  accur- 
acy in  computation  and  the  recording 
of  transactions,  a  sense  of  responsi- 
bilitv  in  performance  of  duties,  and  a 
development  of  such  habits  of 
thought  and  traits  of  character  as  are 
most  conducive  to  success. 

THE     PRESENT        STATUS      OF       SCHOOL 
COURSES  IN  OFFICE  TRAINING. 

Admitting  the  importance  of  office 
training,  let  us  next  inquire  into  the 
nature  and  extent  of  the  work  carried 
on  in  our  schools  at  the  present  time. 

The  character  of  the  office  course  in 
any  particular  school  depends  largely 
on  the  text  or  system  used  in  the  be- 
ginning work  in  bookkeeping.  Some 
schools  are  of  the  opinion  that  theor- 
etic instruction,  to  be  thorough,  must 
be  disconnected  from  practice. 
These  may  be  divided  into  two 
classes;  namely,  (1)  those  who  for 
reasons  of  convenience  or  conviction 
attach  very  little  importance  to  busi- 
ness, practice  and  so  confine  them- 
selves either  entirely  to  text-book 
work,  or  give  only  a  smattering  of 
practice  at  the  end  of  the  course ;  and 
(2)  those  who,  believing  in  the  im- 
portance of  theory  work  at  the  begin- 
ning, are  convinced  that  a  practice 
course  is  a  good  thing,  and  endeavor 
to  give  as  much  of  it  as  possible.  In 
either  case,  where  practice  work  is 
done,  the  school  is  divided  into  a 
theoretic  department  which  is  large 
at  the  beginning  of  the  year  and 
small  at  the  end,  and  a  practice 
department  which  is  small,  if  there  is 
any  at  all,  at  the  beginning  of  the 
year,  and  large,  often  clogged,  at  the 
close.  As  a  rule,  the  work  in  the 
practice  department  of  these  schools 
covers  only  the  most  ordinary  trans- 
actions and  the  simplest  forms  of 
books,  special  features  being  intro- 
duced in  the  offices,  by  way  of  books 
and  intercommunication  with  other 
schools,  in  proportion  to  the  length 
of  the  practice  course  and  the  import- 


ance ascribed  to  the  matter  of  train- 
ing. 

Another  class  of  schools  places  the 
principal  stress  on  practice,  and  has 
shoved  this  feature,  in  some  form  or 
other,  back  to  the  beginning  of  the 
commercial  course.  This  class  may 
also  be  divided  into  two  groups: 
First,  those  who  present  transactions 
principally  through  vouchers,  bearing 
names  of  fictitious  persons  or  linns, 
and  those  who  have  the  business 
done  in  an  actual  way  with  firms  rep- 
resented bv  offices.  In  the  former 
case,  the  office  work  is  cut  down  to  a 
minimum ;  while  in  the  latter,  it 
reaches  the  maximum.  Where  fixed 
dates  are  used,  the  work  in  the 
offices  assumes  more  or  less  the 
nature  of  routine  work  for  the  accom- 
modation and  convenience  of  students 
outside  in  carrying  out  their  transac- 
tions; where  current  dates  are  used, 
the  effort  is  more  toward  the  develop- 
ment of  systematic  training  along  the 
line  of  actual  business  requirements. 

OBJECTS   TO  KEEP  IN  MIND  IN  FRAMING 
AN    OFFICE    COURSE. 

In  the  development  of  systems  of 
bookkeeping  and  office  training  for 
the  future,  there  is  no  doubt  that 
some  plan  will,  sooner  or  later, 
be  hit  upon  that  will  crystallize  the 
widely  divergent  ideas,  methods,  and 
plans  of  this  transition  period  into  a 
well-rounded  and  balanced  scheme, 
in  which  the  elements  of  the  various 
texts  and  systems  used  today  will 
become  component  parts.  In  our 
efforts  in  this  direction,  we  must  keep 
our  eye  constantly  on  the  goal.  What 
is  demanded  at  our  hands  is  a  train- 
ing, not  merely  an  education.  Young 
people  take  our  courses,  not  for  men- 
tal development,  although  they 
receive  this  in  the  bargain,  but  with  a 
view  to  fitting  themselves  for  busi- 
ness life.  The  door  to  business  for 
most  of  them,  is  an  office  position, 
and  the  passport  to  office  positions  is 
abilitv  to  do.  Our  courses  should 
therefore  be  so  framed  and  conducted 
as  to  give  a  mastery  of  principles  and 
elements  ;  a  knowledge  of  forms  and 
uses  of  books  and  up-to-date  devices 
for  recording  transactions ;  a  famil- 
iarity with  methods  of  filing  bills, 
vouchers,  and  documents ;  skill  in 
the  writing  of  orders,  bills,  checks, 
notes,  and  other  commercial  paper; 
caution  in  the  performance  of  duties 
involving  responsibility;  ability  to 
comprehend  systems  and  grasp  situ- 
ations so  as  to  facilitate  aptness  in 
adaptation  to  particular  systems; 
and,  above  all,  a  disposition  and 
character  that  will  stand  the  test  of 
confidence  by  business  men. 

PUBLIC    SCHOOL    IMPEDIMENTS. 

In  the  construction  of  courses  for 
the  accomplishment  of  these  objects, 
many  difficulties  are  encountered. 
These  are  especially  pronounced  in 
the  publie  schools.  The  trend  of  ed- 
ucation in  these  schools  has,  until  a 
comparatively  recent  date,  been 
almost  exclusively  toward  the  profes- 
sions, or  the  furnishing  of  a  basis  for 
a  higher  education.  The  nearest 
approach  to  a  business  education  has 
been  a  study  of  the  general  proposi- 
tions and  deductions  of  social,  indus- 
trial, and  political  economy,  and 
commercial     geography.        However 


valuable  these  subjects  may  be  to 
those  who  have  the  time  and  disposi- 
tion to  pursue  them,  or  who  may  be 
fortunate  enough  to  become  the 
"captains  of  industry,"  they  deal 
with  generalities  above  the  masses, 
and  do  not  come  down  to  the  details 
with  which  a  young  man  must  begin 
his  business  career.  This  tendency 
in  public  school  education  has  been 
intensified  by  the  superior  dignity 
assumed  by  the  school  men  in  the 
"higher  walks,"  and  their  conde- 
scending attitude  toward  those  whose 
business  it  is  to  instruct  in  essentials 
of  commercial  science.  With  this 
spirit  prevailing  and  with  no  personal 
knowledge  of  methods  employed  or 
objects  sought  in  commercial  depart- 
ments, it  is  not  to  be  expected  that 
Boards  of  Education  should  in  a  day 
adjust  themselves  to  the  require- 
ments of  a  business  education. 

The  first  element  which  retards 
progress  in  commercial  work  in  pub- 
lic schools  is  the  lack  of  proper 
accommodations.  Very  little  can  be 
done  along  the  line  of  orderly 
arrangement  of  details  and  the  hand- 
ling of  transactions  in  business  fash- 
ion without  proper  desks  and  office 
equipment.  In  schools  where  these 
have  been  furnished,  advancement 
has  been  very  rapid,  and  the  work 
done  in  some  of  them  is  on  a  par  with 
that  found  in  the  best-equipped  bus- 
iness schools.  The  lack  of  equip- 
ment, however,  should  not  be  per- 
mitted to  stand  in  the  way  of  attempts 
in  the  right  direction.  Business 
offices  may  be  improvised  from  ordin- 
ary  school  desks  or  tables,  and  a 
beginning  made  that  will  emphasize 
the  need  and  eventually  result  in 
producing  the  required  accommoda- 
tions. 

The  second  element  in  this  problem 
is  that  of  time.  The  time  usually 
allotted  to  a  class  in  the  public 
schools  is  from  forty-five  to  sixty 
minutes,  and  this  is  generally  the 
time  allowed  for  bookkeeping.  Where 
the  course  in  the  one  subject  extends 
through  two  or  threeyears.it  is  often 
the  case  that  this  period  is  given  to 
the  work  only  two  or  three  times  a 
week.  Where  merely  theory  work  is 
done,  this  arrangement,  undoubtedly, 
proves  quite  satisfactory ;  and  this 
may  be  the  case,  as  far  as  desk  work 
is  concerned,  even  where  transactions 
are  carried  out  with  offices,  although 
the  interest  and  enthusiasm  accom- 
panving  continued  and  uninterrupted 
work  would  naturally  be  wanting. 
Any  one  familiar  with  office  work, 
however,  will  readily  appreciate  the 
disadvantages  to  which  students  in 
the  offices  are  subjected  by  such  a 
schedule.  Here  the  element  of  time 
plays  a  very  important  part,  as  pro- 
vision must  be  made,  not  only  for 
handling  the  business  created  in  the 
department,  but  also  for  rounding 
out  the  work  and  striking  balances 
after  the  close  of  class  periods. 

OBSTACLES     IN     PRIVATE     BUSINESS 
SCHOOLS. 

In  business  schools,  the  difficulties 
met  with  are  of  a  quite  different 
nature  from  those  encountered  in  the 
public  schools.  Business  schools  de- 
pend for  maintenance  and  profit,  on 
tuitions  paid  by  their  patrons.  This 
has    the    advantage,    it    is    true,    of 


PICTORIAL  POINTERS.— Tr 
high.    It  is  supplied  with  steam  heat,  wate 
their  stav  in  school,  a  moder-    ' 
this  splendid  institution  are 
penditure  of  $100,000. 


table,  healthful  I 
keeping  with  the  high 


•  Gem  City  Business  College,  I 
passenger  elevator.  One  th 
ne.  The  interior  finish,  the  fur 
,f  the  founder  of  this  well-knowi 


y,  111.  It  is  51  x  188  feet,  five  stories 
isand  students  can  find  here,  during 
shing,  and  the  special  equipment  of 
school.    This  plant  represents  an  ex- 


bringing  forward  the   particular  sub- 
jects of  education  having  a  commer- 
cial value,  and   of   eliminating  those 
less    essential.       It  also   injects   into 
the  spirit  of  the  institution,  the  ele- 
ment of  business,  which,  if  directed 
along  channels  of  honesty,  industry, 
and    fair  dealing,    cannot    fail  to   be 
helpful  to  those  seeking  direction  for 
a  successful  business  career.     But,  as 
in  all  other  businesses  for  profit,  there 
have  always  been  in  the  profession, 
ambitious  upstarts,  who  throw  integ- 
rity to  the  winds,  and  who  say  or  do 
anything  to   secure  business.     They 
lure    undiscerning    youths   into  their 
schools,  on  glittering  promises,  with 
the  assurance  that  they  will  complete 
the  course,  without  regard  to  previous 
education  or  innate  ability,  in  a  few 
weeks  or  months,  according  to  what 
will  best  suit  the  convenience  of  their 
pocketbooks.     The  result  has  been  to 
create  in  the  public  mind  the  impres- 
sion   that     schools     which     continue 
students  in  their  courses  longer  than 
six  months,  are  doing  so  for  revenue 
and  not  for  the  good  of  their  patrons. 
This    is    a    great     hindrance    in    the 
development  of  the  office  course,  as 
the  element  of  time  generally  enters 
into  the  problem  when   the  students 
are  engaged  in  this  work.     In  order 
to      overcome      this      difficulty,     the 
schools  owe  it  to  themselves,  as  well 
as  to  the  public,  to  urge  the  necessity 
of     thorough    qualifications,   and    to 
disregard,    as    far    as    possible,   the 
time   element  in  the  construction  of 
their  courses.     The  prophecy  may  be 
ventured   that    the    long   commercial 
courses  maintained  by  public  schools 
will  eventually  be  the  means  of  cor- 
recting public  views  on  this  subject, 
and  of  bringing  about  a  demand  for 
courses   In   business    schools    suffic- 
iently extended  to  cover  the  ground 


required    for    a   broad,   well-rounded 
education  and  training. 

Another  obstacle  in  the  way  of  pro- 
gress is  the  lack  of  appreciation  by 
some  business  school  proprietors  of 
the  real  purpose  of  the  office  course. 
There  is  always  a  temptation,  in  close 
competition,  to  make  a  display  of 
furniture,  and  elaborate  office  fixtures 
are  often  provided,  solely  for  adver- 
tising purposes,  without  considering 
the  particular  requirements  of  the 
business  to  which  they  should  be 
adapted.  In  employing  instructors, 
and  outlining  the  work,  no  thought 
is  taken  of  the  needs  of  the  offices, 
and  no  provision  is  made  for  their 
supervision.  To  employ  an  instruc- 
tor, or  instructors,  especially  for  this 
work  is  considered  superfluous  and 
an  unnecessary  expense.  The  result 
is  that  under  the  stress  of  work  reg- 
ularly provided  for,  no  time  can  be 
spared  for  office  supervision,  and  the 
students  are  left  to  shift  for  them- 
selves. Of  course,  no  progress  can 
be  made  under  such  conditions. 
Would  it  not  be  reasonable  to  suggest 
that  in  laving  out  the  work  of  the 
department,  chief  consideration 
should  be  given  to  that  part  of  the 
course  which  has  the  most  to  do  with 
the  qualifying  of  the  student  for  a 
successful  entrance  upon  the  duties 
of  a  business  position  ? 

In  concluding  this  article,  it  may 
not  be  amiss"  to  suggest  that  the 
problems  confronting  us  will  not  be 
solved  whollv  in  the  school-room,  nor 
by  book-worms  or  text-slaves.  We 
are  dealing  with  real  things  of  every- 
day concern,  not  with  hypotheses  and 
theories.  To  endeavor  to  construct  a 
business  course  from  no  other  mater- 
ial than  that  gathered  from  text -books 

and    schoolroom,  is    like  building    a 
(  Continued  on  page  41 '.) 


Row  1  Advertise  and  Conduct  a 
"Country  Business  College " 

Editor  business  Educator: 

You  asked  me  to  write  you  a  letter  and 
tell  you  what  I  know  about  how  to  advertise 
and  conduct  a  "  Country  Business  College." 
Certainly  I  cannot  claim  entire  ignorance 
along  this  line  as  I  have  been  principal  of  a 
"Rural  Business  College"  for  the  past 
tlurdof  a  century.  But,  after-a  hard  day's 
work  with  the  mercury  rambling  around  one 
hundred  in  shady  places,  one's  thoughts  are 
more  apt  to  concentrate  upon  the  theme, 
"  How  to  conduct  a  commercial  school  and 
'  cut  out '  the  summer  session." 

Nearly  all  successful  enterprises  have 
had  small  beginnings;  and  every  well 
established  business  college  in  city  and 
country  is  the  result  of  many  years  of 
careful,  thoughtful  labor.  Genuine  success 
does  not  come  by  accident.  A  successful 
business  college  can  not  be  built  in  a  day. 
It  is  like  character— a  growth— and  requires 
many  years  of  toil  and  energy  to  establish 
it.  Money  alone  will  not  build  a  college, 
commercial  or  literary;  and  the  millions  of 
a  Rockefeller  is  not  conclusive  evidence 
that  any  college  he  may  endow  and  chap 
erone  will  be  lasting  and  a  power  for  good. 
Time  only  will  establish  such  a  result. 
Harvard,  Yale,  and  Princeton  are  examples 
of  growth  established  upon  merit. 

The  largest  banking  institution  in  Illinois 
outside  of  Chicago  — The  Kicker  National 
Bank  of  Quincy  — was  started  in  the  back 
part  of  a  small  store  conducted  by  "  Uncle" 
Joe  Ricker,  who  is  still  at  its  head.  This 
bank  is  the  result  of  the  honesty,  integrity, 
and  business  sagacity  of  Mr.  Ricker  — the 
result  of  the  growth  of  nearly  forty  years. 

I  had  the  honor  of  educating  Orville  M. 
Powers  in  penmanship  and  for  commercial 
teaching,  and  he  taught  for  me  a  year  in 
Quincy  before  going  to  Chicago  to  establish 
the    Metropolitan   Business  College,  which 


£/he  JdtUirw^  Ctlu.ou.tgr  ^ 


he  did  before  reaching  his  majority  That 
his  great  institution  had  a  small  beginning 
may  be  inferred  from  his  good  old  father's 
reply  when  I  asked  him  how  Orville  was 
getting  along  with  his  school  in  Chicago 
aftera  threeor  four  years'  trial.  His  answer 
was,  "I  think  he  is  doing  better  now,  as  he 
has  not  sent  to  me  for  any  money  this 
year."  Mr.  Powers  has  now  one  of  the 
great  business  colleges  of  America  and  is 
worth  probably  half  a  million  dollars  in  his 
own  right,  the  result  of  a  quarter  of  a  cen- 
tury's growth. 

How  would  I  advertise  and  conduct  a 
Country  Commercial  School?  It  is  well 
you  designate  a  country  business  college 
for  I  know  but  little  about  how  to  build  a 
school  in  the  city,  and  methods  that  are 
successful  in  Quincy  would  be  a  failure  in 
Chicago,  Boston  or  New  York.  It  has  re- 
quired a  third  of  a  century  to  build  the 
Gem  City  Business  College  to  its  present 
enrollment  and  standing,  and  during  this 
entire  time  I  have  been  its  principal. 

I  am  a  firm  believer  in  advertising  — 
"judicious"  advertising  as  it  is  called  — 
and  this  reminds  me  of  some  "judicious" 
advertising  I  attempt  occasionally,  that 
does  not  show  results.  A  new  scheme  or 
plan  comes  to  my  mind  which  I  think  will 
make  a  great  "  hit,"  and  at  a  small  cost.  I 
spend  $500  or  $1,000^ on  the  venture  and  it 
falls  flat,  and  I  am  poorer  but  wiser  for  the 
effort.  One  may  have  a  long  and  success- 
ful experience  in  advertising  and  yet  many 
pet  notions  in  advertising  do  not  turn  to 
much  account.  The  successful  advertiser, 
however,  is  the  one  whose  discretion  and 
good  judgment  enable  him  to  make  the 
fewest  failures  in  his  schemes  and  methods. 
Straightforward,  honest  advertising  is  the 
best,  but  the  manner  of  presenting  one's 
claims  for  patronage  is  the  difficult  prob- 
lem to  solve. 

My  first  year  spent  in  business  college 
work  was  with  the  Eastman  at  Chicago, 
following  the  close  of  the  Civil  War,  in  '65. 
I  taught  and  assisted  in  the  advertising 
and  correspondence  and  was  much  im- 
pressed with  the  College  Journal  system  of 
advertising  so  extensively  used  by  Mr.  H. 
G.  Eastman  in  his  schools  at  Chicago  and 
Poughkeepsie  at  that  time.  I  still  continue 
the  use  of  the  College  Journal  in  my  adver- 
tising, mailing  about  200,000  College  Journals 
annually.  The  main  difficulty  at  this  time 
about  the  use  of  the  College  Journal  is,  the 
government  requirement  of  one  cent  each 
in  mailing;  thus  in  the  July  edition  of 
100,000  recently  mailed  by  me,  the  postage 
cost  us  $1000,  which  together  with  the  cost 
of  the  Journal,  wrappers,  addressing,  mail- 
ing, etc..  made  a  total  expense  of  about 
$2000,  and  I  am  not  sure  but  that  the  same 
amount  of  money  might  not  have  been 
expended  in  newspaper  or  other  methods  of 
advertising  to  a  better  advantage. 

We  publish  an  illustrated  college  cata- 
logue for  use  in  our  correspondence,  and 
print  and  distribute  many  thousands  of 
booklets  and  circulars  annually.  We  em- 
ploy the  services  of  several  hundred  news- 
papers every  year,  and  have  experimented 
considerably  with  traveling  solicitors.  The 
past  year  we  enrolled  1163  students;  per- 
haps a  hundred  oi  more  of  these  were  from 
Quincy  and  immediate  vicinity,  and  one- 
thousand  from  as  many  as  thirty  different 
states  and  territories.  You  can  readily  see 
that  when  our  patronage  is  scattered  over 
so  vast  a  territory  that  it  is  not  practicable 
to  cover  so  large  a  scope  of  country  with 
canvassers.  Many  other  smaller  country 
business  colleges,  however,  may  be  able  to 
canvass  their  entire  patronizing  territory 


with  profit,  which  would  be  more  local  than 
ours." 

After  all  is  said,  the  fact  remains  that  the 
best  advertisement  any  school  can  have  is 
the  good-will  of  its  students.  If  a  student 
has  found  the  school  to  be  as  represented, 
and  the  teachers,  course  of  instruction  and 
equipment  satisfactory,  he  will,  no  doubt, 
meet  with  success  when  he  graduates  and 
goes  out  into  business  life,  and  will  con- 
tinue a  walking  advertisement  for  his 
Alma  Mater. 

HOW  DO  I  CONDUCT  A  "COUNTRY  BUSI- 
NESS COLLEGE?" 

The  Gem  City  Business  College  was 
started  in  1870  with  three  students.  It  was 
the  outgrowth  of  the  old  Bryant,  Stratton 
&  Bell  Business  College.  At  the  end  of  the 
first  year  the  attendance  was  thirty-three 
students.  By  diligent,  honest  effort  the 
school  gradually  increased  in  numbers 
from  year  to  year.  In  the  early  years  of 
the  school  we  received  young  pupils  as 
well  as  older  students,  and  provided  En- 
glish branches  for  those  too  young  to  enter 
upon  the  business  course.  However,  eigh- 
teen or  twenty  years  since  we  decided  to 
conduct  the  school  as  a  purely  business 
college  for  men  and  women,  and  to  elimi- 
nate the  kindergarten  feature,  thereafter 
receiving  no  students  under  sixteen  years 
of  age,  and  discarding  the  English  depart- 
ment. The  school  flourished  better  under 
the  new  regime,  and  we  have,  ever  since, 
held  to  the  plan,  except  in  a  very  few 
instances  receiving  bright  misses  under 
the  prescribed  age,  for  shorthand  and  type- 
writing. I  think  our  students  will  average 
nineteen  or  twenty  years  of  age. 

We  conduct  three  separate  departments: 
The  business  department,  the  shorthand 
and  typewriting  department,  and  the 
normal  penmanship  department.  Pictures 
illustrating  some  of  these  departments, 
taken  from  photographs,  will,  I  presume, 
appear  in  this  issue  of  THE  EDUCATOR.  The 
business  and  shorthand  departments  are 
sufficiently  large  in  attendance  to  classify 
the  work.  In  the  business  department  we 
have  four  divisions:  Introductory,  book- 
keeping, advanced  bookkeeping,  and  actual 
business  practice.  A  large  lecture  room  is 
also  provided  with  a  special  teacher  de- 
voting   his    time    in    teaching   classes    in 


Business  Arithmetic,  Commercial  Law, 
Business  Letter  Writing,  etc.  No  teacher  in 
charge  of  a  study  room,  leaves  that  room  to 
hear  recitations,  as  his  classes  are  especially 
provided  for.  We  have  no  night  school  and 
hold  no  Saturday  session.  Teachers  do  no 
canvassing  but  are  required  to  meet  Satur- 
days, at  9  a.  m.,  for  consultation.  Business 
penmanship  is  taught  one  hour  per  day  by 
each  teacher  in  charge  of  his  room. 

vStudents  are  promoted  from  one  book- 
keeping department  to  next  advanced  until 
t  hey  reach  the  actual  business  and  banking 
department,  which  is  in  session  the  entire 
vear  with  an  average  daily  attendance  of 
at  least  one  hundred  students,  and  which 
department  is  a  sort  of  miniature  business 
world,  with  four  banks,  wholesale  and 
commercial  offices,  and  retail  desks  for 
more  than  one  hundred  students.  Two 
teachers  handle  this  department,  where  the 
work  is  made  up  from  real  transactions 
among  the  students  themselves  under  the 
direction  of  the  teachers  and  without  text- 
books. The  student  thus  becomes  both 
merchant  and  bookkeeper.  The  attendance 
is  sufficiently  large  in  this  department 
that  we  do  not  need  to  employ  the  cor- 
respondence method  with  other  schools. 

Written  examinations  are  held  in  all  the 
branches  comprising  the  business  course, 
and  while  a  grade  of  85  per  cent,  will  secure 
the  general  business  diploma,  very  few 
students  fall  below  90  per  cent.  Those 
reaching  a  grade  of  95  percent,  or  above  in 
each  of  the  branches  required,  receive  the 
degree  Master  of  Accounts,  which  we  have 
authority   to  issue   under  our  state  charter. 

Our  normal  penmanship  department  is 
presided  over  by  a  specialist  who  devotes 
his  whole  time  and  talents  to  that  depart- 
ment alone,  thus  enabling  us  to  qualify  a 
goodly  number  of  teachers  each  year  for 
this  line  of  work. 

The  shorthand  and  typewriting  depart- 
ment has  a  daily  attendance  of  from  150  to 
250  students,  employing  six  and  seven 
teachers.  It  is  divided  into  two  sections  or 
rooms— introductory  and  advanced— with 
a  principal  teacher  with  assistants  for  each 
room.  We  have  separate  dictation  rooms 
as  well  as  typewriting  rooms  and  a  special 
teacher  of  typewriting,  devoting  her  full 
time  to  instructions  in  typewriting,  mimeo- 
graphing, tabulating,  manifolding,  etc. 
We  employ  one  hundred  typewriting 
machines  and  give  the  students  at  least 
two  hours'  daily  practice. 

As  previously  stated,  the  G.  C.  B.  C.  has 
been  in  operation  one-third  of  a  century 
and  all  this  time  under  the  same  principal- 
ship.  For  several  years  past  it  has  occupied 
its  own  elegant  building,  one  of  the  finest 
in  the  country  erected  for  business  college 
work,  (juincv  has  now  a  population  of 
40,000,  having  doubled  its  population  since 
the  school  started  in  1S70.  It  is  a  beautiful, 
healthful  town— an  ideal  spot  for  a  success- 
ful "Country  Commercial  College. 

D.  L.  MUSSELMAN. 


PICTORIAL  POINTERS.— Private  Office  of  President  D.  L.  Musselman,  Gem  City  Busi. 
ness  College,  Quincy,  111.     President  Musselman  dictating. 


^Ivc£}u^uve^£clu,ccacr   <$> 


The  Gre§§  Shorthand  Convention 

Grand  liapids,  Mich.,  July  6-IO 


The  Third  Annual  Convention  of  the 
Gregg  Shorthand  Association  met  in  the 
Grand  Rapids  Business  University,  JulySto 
10th,  with  a  representative  attendance  from 
many  different  states,  both  far  and  near. 
The  daily  sessions  closed  at  one  o'clock, 
thus  dividing  the  time  between  business 
and  pleasure,  the  afternoons  and  evenings 
being  devoted  to  sightseeing  and  pleasure 
trips.  One  of  the  most  striking  features  of 
the  convention  was  the  attendance  of 
typewriter  men,  which  comprised  the  fol- 
lowing: Mr.  Van  Buskirk,  Chicago;  Mr. 
Crean,  New  York  City;  Mr.  Conyne,  De- 
troit; Mr.  Hewitt,  Kalamazoo,  of  the  Rem- 
ington Company;  Mr.  Gleazen,  New  York 
City;  Mr.  Bartlett,  Detroit ;  Mr.  Humphrey, 
Chicago,  of  the  Smith  Premier;  Mr.  Neahr, 
New  Y'ork  City,  and  Mr.  Clark  of  the  Under- 
wood; Mr.  Hamilton  of  the  Fox  Company, 
Grand  Rapids,  and  Mr.  Middendorf  and 
Miss  Lewis,  expert  operators  of  the  Rem- 
ington and  Smith,  respectively  One  of  the 
leading  men  above  mentioned  stated  that 
this  was  the  first  convention,  not  even 
excepting  the  National  Shorthand  and 
Commercial  Teacher's  Federation,  in  which 
every  typewriter  company  was  represented 
by  at  least  one  of  its  leading  representa- 
tives. These  gentlemen,  on  behalf  of  the 
companies  they  represented,  spared  no 
efforts  to  entertain  the  Association  in  var- 
ious and  appropriate  ways.  First  came  the 
Smith  Premier  boat  trip  and  trolley  ride, 
not  omitting  to  mention  the  G.  S.  A  badges 
presented  to  every  one  present  ;  then  the 
presentation,  on  behalf  of  the  Remington 
Company  by  Mr.  Van  Buskirk,  of  a  photo- 
graph of  the  convention  to  every  one  pres- 
ent ;  followed  by  an  invitation  from  the  Fox 
Company  to  visit  their  factory  and  have 
refreshments  and  lunch  there.  Every  one 
making  this  visit  received  a  copy  holder 
from  the  Fox  Company.     The  Underwood 


Company  contributed  their  share  by  the 
presentation  of  the  new  Underwood 
machine,  stand  and  chair,  as  a  prize  in  the 
typewriting  contest. 

Other  social  and  interesting  features  in- 
cluded the  informal  reception  Monday 
evening,  the  trolley  ride  extended  by  the 
Board  of  Trade  Tuesday  afternoon,  Mr. 
Ferris'  talk  on  the  Teaching  of  English, 
Tuesday  evening,  which  no  one  would  have 
missed  ;  and  the  general  pleasure  trips 
during  the  remaining  time. 

Telegrams  and  letters  were  received  from 
the  following:  Walter  Rasmussen,  St. 
Paul,  Minn.;  C.  E.  Howard,  San  Francisco, 
Cal.;  Nellie  C.Collins.  Galesburg,  111.;  W.  H. 
Crandall,  Monarch  Typewriter  Company, 
New  York  City;  Harriet  P.  Guild,  Dresden, 
Germany;  Sidney  L.  Daily,  Aurora,  111.; 
George  P.  Lord,  Salem,  Mass.;  The  Dens- 
more  Typewriter  Company,  Chicago,  and 
others. 

Such  a  variety  of  subjects  was  dealt  with 
that  they  furnished  valuable  information 
to  every  writer,  teacher  and  school  proprie- 
tor alike,  both  in  the  high  school  and  busi- 
ness college.  The  most  valuable  work  in 
shorthand  department  was  contributed 
during  the  "One  Hour  of  Theory"  periods, 
a  new  and  popular  feature.  Six  teachers 
were  each  assigned  one  lesson  to  discuss  for 
ten  minutes  during  this  period,  showing 
manner  of  presentation,  blackboard  illustra- 
tions, and  individual  emphasis  on  necessary 
points.  These  discussions  were  followed 
by  "Comments  and  Suggestions"  by  Mr. 
Gregg,  who  expressed  himself,  however,  as 
a  "friendly  critic."  The  explanations  of 
the  various  methods  of  presentation  adopt- 
ed by  different  and  experienced  teachers, 
together  with  the  salient  points  brought 
out  in  these  methods,  were  helpful  and 
instructive  to  all  present.  The  following 
were  assigned  lessons  for  discussion:    Wal- 


PlCTORIAL  POINTERS.— Mailing  Room,  Gem  City 

their  supporters  permit  the  force  of  the  Gem  City  Bui 
man  Publishing  Company  to  cease  writing  receipts,  1 
Mr.  D.  L.  Musselman,  Jr..  who  stands  at  the  left,  is  "a 
is  right  in  his  element  when  directing  the  operations 


iusiness  College,  Quincy,  111.  When 
ness  College  and  the  D.  L.  Mussel- 
lese  concerns  send  out  a  few  letters. 
:hip  off  the  old  block,"  and  therefore 
if  his  force  of  handsome  assistants. 


J.  CLIFFORD  KENNEDY, 

Springfield,  Mass.    President  1903. 

ter  E.  Ingersoll,  Salem,  Mass.;  J.  Walter 
Ross,  Charleston,  W.  Va.;  H.  C.  Rowland, 
Columbus,  Ohio;  Harriet  Rymal,  Hamilton, 
Ontario;  C.  A.  Passell,  Pontiac,  Mich.; 
Florence  A.  Chase,  Chicago;  Mrs.  Jessie  C. 
Reed,  Louisville,  Ivy.;  Garnett  R.  Hall, 
Quincy,  111.;  Pearl  A.  Power,  Chicago  ;  Mrs. 
John  M.  Hill,  Sedalia  Mo.;  Cora  E.  Holland, 
Meyersdale,  Pa ;  C.  Maude  Mettler,  Mar- 
shalltown,  Iowa;  Minnie  C.  Pratt,  New 
Y'ork  City;  Margaret  E.  King,  Bloomington, 
111;  W.  A.  Jensen,  Logan,  Utah;  Frank 
Maupin,  Eureka,  111;  E.J.Norton,  Pocatello, 
Idaho;  Nettie  M.  Huff,  Chicago.  There  was 
no  general  discussion  of  these  lessons,  as 
all  questions  were  reserved  for  the  Question 
Box  period  at  the  close  of  each  session. 

Original  and  inspiring  penmanship  drills 
were  given  by  Mr.  Gregg  and  Mr.  Garnett 
R.  Hal] ;  a  model  dictation  class  was  con- 
ducted by  Mr.  J.  Clifford  Kennedy;  the 
"Day's  Work,"  handled  by  Miss  C.Maude 
Mettler  and  Miss  Hortense  L.  Allen,  Deca- 
tur, 111.;  the  Correcting  and  Grading  of 
Pupils'  Work,  by  Mrs.  Francis-Effinger  Ray- 
mond, Chicago;  the  "  Model  Office,"  by  Mr. 
John  M.  Hill,  Sedalia,  Mo.,  and  Mr.  Ken- 
nedy; Mail  Instruction  by  Miss  Pearl  A. 
Power.  Chicago,  and  the  subject  of  "  Short- 
hand in  the  High  School,"  by  Miss  Letta  V. 
Wheeler,  Wausau,  Wis.  This  covered  the 
most  particular  work  in  shorthand. 

In  typewriting,  Mr.  W.  H.  Howard  read  a 
most  carefully  prepared  and  able  paper  on 
"Methods  of  Securing  Results  in  Teaching 
Typewriting,"  the  discussion  being  opened 
by  Mrs.  Ida  McLenan  Cutler,  Dubuque,  la., 
and  Miss  Jennie- Y'ates  Brown,  Sioux  City, 
la., and  participated  in  by  almost  every  one 
in  attendance,  it  being  one  of  the  longest 
sessions  of  the  week.  The  Question  Box  lead 
to  discussions  on  touch,  erasing,  tabulating, 
speed,  etc.,  covering  every  phase  of  the  work. 

English,  Spelling  and  Punctuation,  three 
important  auxiliary  branches,  were  credit- 
ably handled  by  Mrs.  Frances-Effinger  Ray- 
mond, Mrs.  Jennie  Yates  Brown  and  Mr.  J. 
Clifford  Kennedy.  Mrs.  Raymond's  paper 
will  be  particularly  remembered  for  its 
clear,  forcible  and  attractive  style,  result- 
ing from  her  long  experience  with  educa- 
tional work.  Mrs.  Brown's  spelling  class 
was  a  most  interesting  means  of  explaining 
her  methods  to  the  convention,  and  Mr. 
Kennedy's  talk  on  punctuation,  which  was 
confined  chiefly  to  his  new  book,  "  Punctu- 
ation Simplified,"  la  copy  of  which  was 
presented  to  every  one  present)  was  char- 
acteristic and  most  interesting.    The  salary 


9he  fsivL^Uvcj^  £clu^ccWr  #> 


The  Boston  Convention  of  the  N.  E.  A. 


GAKMSTT  K.   HALL, 

Quincy,  111.    President  1904. 


question  received  due  attention  in  a  long 
discussion  opened  by  Mr.  R.  E.  Gallagher, 
Hamilton,  Ontario,  following  Mr.  Parish's 
remarks  on  "  Methods  of  Securing  Positions 
for  Students,"  the  latter  containing  some 
excellent  suggestions  for  school  proprie- 
tors. The  subject  of  general  office  training, 
hours,  business  habits,  etc.,  was  covered  in 
the  model  office  discussion.  Another  most 
important  topic  was  "Practical  Applica- 
tion of  Card  Systems  in  Keeping  School 
Records  and  Follow-up  Methods  for 
Schools,"  by  Fred  Macey  of  the  Fred  Macey 
Company, Grand  Rapids.  Exhibit  material 
was  sent  by  Mr.  Macey,  together  with  an 
invitation  to  visit  his  establishment,  but 
Mr.  Macey  could  not  be  present  personally. 

Probably  the  most  noticeable  and  inter- 
esting results  were  those  obtained  in  the 
shorthand  and  typewriting  contests.  The 
prize  of  an  Underwood  typewriter,  chair 
and  stand,  was  won  by  Miss  Marie  Thede, 
Grand  Rapids,  for  the  best  record  in  com- 
bined speed  and  accuracy,  with  Mr.  Ray- 
mond P.  Kelley,  Chicago,  a  close  second. 
The  shorthand  prize  of  $50  offered  by  Mr. 
Gregg,  "  if  the  record  of  last  year  (225  words) 
is  exceeded,"  was  awarded  to  Mr.  R.  P. 
Kelley,  Chicago,  who  attained  a  speed  of 
235  w,ords  a  minute.  Miss  Pearl  A.  Power, 
Chicago,  stood  second,  with  a  speed  of  225 
words  a  minute. 

On  retiring  from  the  teaching  field,  to 
enter  the  typew-riting  profession,  Mr.  J. 
Clifford  Kennedy,  ex-president  of  the  Asso- 
ciation, was  presented  with  a  handsome 
gold  watch,  properly  inscribed,  as  an  ex- 
pression of  regard  from  the  Association, 
and  regret  that  he  was  leaving  their  field 
of  work. 

The  convention  closed  on  Friday,  July 
10th,  at  the  end  of  a  most  successful  and 
happy  week,  with  an  enrollment  of  25ti  paid 
memberships.  The  new  officers  were  elect- 
ed as  follows:  President,  Garnett  R.Hall, 
Quincy,  111.;  Vice-President,  Mr.  Charles  B. 
Hall,  Yonkers,  X.  Y.;  Secretary  Treasurer, 
Mrs.  Frances  Effinger-Raymoiid,  Chicago. 
The  following  Executive  Committee  was 
appointed:  Mr.  John  M.  Hill,  Sedalia,  Mo.; 
Miss  Harriet  Kymol.  Hamilton,  Ontario; 
Mr.  Stephen  Dwan,  Burlington,  Iowa.  The 
place  of  meeting  will  be  decided  by  the 
Executive  Committee,  either  a--  Quincy  or 
St.  Louis.  The  records  made  in  shorthand 
will  be  an  inspiration  to  every  writer  and 
teacher  of  the  system,  and  the  general 
results  to  all  in  attendance  can  best  be 
evidenced  by  the  improvement  of  their 
work  the  coming  year. 


In  the  past,  New  England  has  had 
the  unenviable  name  of  furnishing 
the  least  support  to  the  National 
Educational  Association,  of  any  sec- 
tion of  our  country,  in  proportion  to 
population.  But  this  year  she  has 
royally  maintained  her  credit  for 
being  the  educational  center  of  the 
nation.  Boston  saw  an  enrollment  of 
32,500,  while  the  high-water  mark  of 
all  other  such  conventions  was 
reached  at  Los  Angeles,  in  1899, 
with  an  enrollment  of  13,656. 

A  committee  of  Boston's  foremost 
citizens  worked  faithfully  and  intelli- 
gently to  provide  for  every  require- 
ment of  the  visiting  host,  and  they 
were  eminently  successful  in  all  re- 
spects save  one.  They  forgot  to  pla- 
cate the  weather  man,  and,  just  to 
show  his  autocratic  eccentricity,  he 
opened  the  valve  of  his  caloric  reser- 
voir and  let  out  a  blast  such  as  Bos- 
ton had  not  experienced  for  many 
years,  the  only  weather  this  year  that 
could  even  by  courtesy  be  called 
warm.  The  teachers  took  it  all  in 
good  spirit,  however,  assuming  that 
it  was  all  a  part  of  Boston's  plan  to 
give  them  "a  hot  time." 

They  crowded  the  numerous  halls 
during  the  morning  section  meetings, 
and  they  fairly  stampeded  into  the 
great  auditorium  of  Mechanics'  Hall 
at  the  general  meetings  in  the  even- 
ing. During  the  afternoons,  not- 
withstanding the  heat,  they  made 
enthusiastic  pilgrimages  to  the  places 
of  literary  and  historic  interest  in 
and  about  Boston,  Concord,  Ply- 
mouth, Salem,  Amesbury,  Cam- 
bridge—with its  Harvard,  Mt.  Auburn 
Cemetery,  homes  of  Lowell  and 
Longfellow,  Washington  Elm,  etc.— 
and  Charlestown. 

They  looked  on  the  venerable  face 
of  Edward  Everett  Hale,  appearing, 
for  all  the  world,  like  a  character  of 
colonial  days  suddenly  translated  to 
this  modern  scene,  and  they  heard 
his  rich  tones  roll  through  the  great 
hall  where  they  met  on  the  opening 
evening,  more  nearly  filling  it  than 
any    other    of   the    famous    speakers 


there  assembled.  They  walked 
through  the  rooms  in  the  Lowell 
house,  the  first  time  it  has  ever  been 
thrown  open  to  the  public ;  and 
doubtless  they  thought  of  "The 
Children's  Hour"  as  "  grave  Alice  " 
welcomed  them  to  her  father's  home 
— Craigie  House.  They  stood  in 
Emerson's  library,  sat  in  Whittier's 
"Garden  Room,"  peered  through  the 
decaying  windows  of  Louisa  M. 
Alcott's  house,  looked  wistfully  down 
the  avenue  of  elms  toward  "  The  Old 
Manse,"  wishing  the  inmate6  would 
invite  them  nearer,  and  finally,  per- 
haps, ate  a  basket  dinner  on  the 
banks  of  pretty  little  Lake  Walden, 
hard  by  the  cairn  that  marks  the 
site  of  Thoreau's  cottage. 

It  was  a  glorious  mental  feast  for 
the  thousands  of  hungry  teachers, 
and  the  influence  will  be  felt  to 
Uncle  Sam's  very  finger  tips,  for 
years  to  come.  There  were  but  three 
sessions  of  the  Department  of  Busi- 
ness Education,  and  one  of  these  was 
not  officially  a  Department  Session, 
but  rather  a  special  meeting  of  the 
Committee  of  Nine,  to  listen  to  sug- 
gestions and  to  answer  questions 
regarding  the  tentative  course  of 
study  that  they  submitted. 

More  teachers  attended  these  meet- 
ings than  were  ever  present  before 
since  the  organization  of  this  depart- 
ment of  the  N.  E.  A.,  and  the  excel- 
lent program  was  well  carried  out. 
Very  few  private  school  teachers 
were  present,  and  it  was  evident 
that  this  Association  is  destined 
to  become  as  distinct  a  representa- 
tive of  public  commercial  teaching 
as  the  National  Commercial  Teachers' 
Federation  is  representative  of  pri- 
vate or  proprietary  commercial  teach- 
ing. The  Department  honored  itself 
in  its  choice  of  officers,  and  the  next 
meeting,  under  such  leadership,  is 
sure  to  surpass  even  the  record 
breaking  Boston  meeting.  We  are 
indebted  to  Mr.  M.  D.  Fulton,  the 
popular  treasurer  of  the  E.  C.  T.  A., 
for  the  interesting  detailed  report 
that  follows. 


PlCTOk'lAL  Pointers.  —  Principal  Shorthand  Room  of  the  Gem  City  Business  College. 
It  is  an  inspiration  to  step  into  this  busy  hive  during  the  school  season.  There  is  nothing 
of  the  "solitary  equine  affair"  about  this.  It  almost  makes  one  want  to  take  his  course 
over  again,  just  to  get  the  stimulation  that  accompanies  numbers. 


Igtt.  : Jl-u .  ,LX  Bl '.  1  Tmi  i  i»  B 

1  fc|f"i 

~f'  -.  '      -7-           "ity        '              tits." 

>> 

9he>  fsitUuvej<>  £cUvwuXcrr  #> 


Co  Emerson's  Chair 

C.  C.  MARSHALL,  CEDAR  RAPIDS,  IOWA 

Editorial  Note— This  poem  is  indica- 
tive of  the  rare  influence  of  the  atmosphere 
of  Concord.  Someone  has  said  that  in  such 
surroundings  anyone  with  an  v  imagination 
should  be  able  to  write  poetry.  That  may 
be  true,  but  it  takes  a  man  with  vivid 
imagination,  no  small  degree  of  learning, 
and  a  keen  sympathy  with  the  purpose  of 
the  great  philosopher  who  has  made  Con- 
cord immortal  to  write  such  a  poem  as  Mr. 
Marshall  has  here  written.  The  inspiration 
came  to  him  while  sitting  in  the  famous 
Dr.  Riplev  chair,  in  the  rooms  of  the  Anti- 
quarian "Society  at  Concord,  last  June. 
Dr.  Riplev's  chair  came  into  the  possession 
of  Ralph  Waldo  Emerson,  who  used  it  while 
writing  "Nature"  and  others  of  his  great 
works.  The  "stand"  mentioned  in  the 
second  stanza  refers  to  a  broad  arm  on 
which  Mr.  Emerson's  manuscript  rested 
while  he  wrote,  the  arrangement  being 
much  like  that  often  seen  at  the  present 
time  in  the  lecture  rooms  of  our  schools. 

Quaint-fashioned  relic  of  a  bygone 
time. 

What  homely,  sacred  privilege  was 
thine! 

To  hold  in  restful  ease  the  fragile 
frame 

Of  that  far-visioned  seer,  whose  hal- 
lowed name 

Is  writ  upon  the  lasting  scroll  of 
fame. 

Smooth-worn,  the  fibre  of  thy  oaken 

stand 
By   the  swift    passing   of   the  gentle 

hand, 
Weaving  a  fabric  from  that  prescient 

brain 
That  all  the  world  might    see   sweet 

truth  again, 
Re-clad  in  garments  free  from  error's 

stain. 

Though   all   undecked  with  gems  or 

velvets  rare, 
Beyond    all    kingly   thrones    I    honor 

thee,  old  chair! 
The    throne    of     Genius,    thou!     An 

Emperor  of  Light 
Hath   rested   in   thine  arms,   and  for 

the  Truth  and  Right 
Hath  launched  a  deathless  beam  into 

the  night. 


Department  of  Business  6duca= 
Hon,  n.  €.  fl. 

reported  by  m.  d.  fulton,  auburn,  r.  i. 
New  Officers 

President  -  -  -  Dr.  C.  A.  HERRICK 
Central  High  School,  Philadelphia. 

Vice-President  -  -  -  H.  B.  BROWN 
Valparaiso  College,  Valparaiso,  Ind. 

Secretary       -       -       -      THOS.  H.  H.  Knight 
Girls'  High  School,  Boston. 

The  Department  of  Business  Education 
convened  according  to  program,  Tuesday, 
July  7.  President  J.  H.  Francis,  of  Los 
Angeles,  Calif.,  was  not  present,  but  the 
chair  was  very  acceptably  filled  by  Vice- 
President  Templeton  P.  Twiggs,  of  Detroit, 
Mich. 

The  topic  announced  for  the  President's 
address —  "  Commercial  Education:  Cultu- 
ral or  Vocational,  Which  ?  "  was  very  ably 
presented  by  Vice-President  Twigg9. 

He  called  attention  to  the  fact  that  the 
Commercial  Course,  as  arranged  in  our 
best  high  schools,  tends  to  the  cultural.  It 
was    expected    at    first    that    its    influence 


would  be  toward  the  elimination  of  cultural 
studies,  but,  instead,  it  is  accepting  as  its 
own  subsidiary  disciplinary  studies  of  the 
other  courses. 

The  commercial  high  school  aims  to  do 
morethan  make  good  clerksor  bookkeepers. 
It  aims  to  lay  the  foundation  of  a  mental 
equipment  that  shall  make  the  future 
officers  of  the  industrial  army. 

The  successful  man  in  commercial  fields 
is  the  one  with  the  special  business  train- 
ing united  to  a  broad  all-round  intelligence. 
So  the  commercial  training  becomes  both 
cultural  and  vocational. 

The  next  number  on  the  program— "Com- 
mercial Education  and  College  Entrance 
Requirements  "  —  was  to  have  been  pre- 
sented by  Dr.  W.  A  Scott,  director  of  the 
School  of  Commerce,  University  of  Wis- 
consin, Madison,  Wis.  Owing  to  Mr.  Scott's 
absence,  this  was  omitted. 

It  would  have  been  a  most  appropriate 
and  profitable  order  of  things  had  the  next 
number  scheduled  —  "  The  Disciplinary 
Value  of  Bookkeeping  as  a  Study,"  by  Mr. 
Enos  Spencer,  President  of  Spencerian 
Business  College,  Louisville,  Ky.  —  been 
presented  next.  Mr.  Spencer's  views  con- 
trasted with  thoseof  Vice-President  Twiggs 
would  have  brought  out  in  bold  relief  both 


TEMPLETON    I'.  TWIGGS,  L.L.B. 
Detroit,  Mich.,  who  presided  at  the  Depart- 
ment of  Business  Education  of  the 
X.  E.  A.  at  Boston. 

lines  of  argument  and  made  lasting  im- 
pressions of  the  same  upon  the  minds  of 
the  hearers.  But  misfortune  was  again 
our  lot.  We  are  not  authoritatively  in- 
formed, but  it  appears  that  Mr.  Spencer's 
manuscript  was  either  so  extremely  valu- 
able a  burden  that  it,  like  the  much  revered 
Liberty  Bell,  required  a  special  service  of 
transportation  and  a  military  escort,  or  its 
ponderosity  was  so  great  that  it  must 
needs  come  by  freight.  The  weight  of  evi- 
dence favors  the  former  view.  At  any  rate, 
Mr.  Spencer's  number  had  to  be  postponed, 
awaiting  the  arrival  of  the  manuscript. 

Dr.  C.  A.  Herrick's  paper  on  "  History  in 
Commercial  Work"  was,  in  our  judgment, 
one  of  the  strongest  papers  bearing  upon 
commercial  education,  to  which  we  have 
had  the  pleasure  of  listening.  His  plea  for 
systematic  and  connected  work  in  the  his- 
torical field  in  commercial  high  schools 
was  based  on  sound  premises,  and  his 
arguments  and  suggestions  are  the  pro- 
ducts of  masterful  preparation  and  broad 
and  successful  experience. 

History  is  a  wide  9ubject,  leading  the 
student  into  a  largerappreciatiou  and  fuller 


knowledge  of  the  many  and  complex  phases 
of  modern  life  than  any  other  subject  in 
any  school  curriculum.  It  may  be  consid- 
ered as  a  texture  into  which  there  are 
woven  many  threads.  The  history  of  com- 
merce is  but  one  of  these  threads.  It 
serves  as  the  vocational  study  of  history 
for  the  commercial  schools. 

We  shall  not  attempt  a  digest  of  Dr.. 
Herrick's  paper.  We  could  not  do  it  justice 
in  a  brief  outline,  and  it  is  hoped  that  the 
readers  of  THE  BUSINESS  EDUCATOR  may 
have  the  paper  in  full  in  a  future  number. 

I.  U.  Crissy,  Inspector  of  Commercial 
Education  for  the  state  of  New  York,  felt 
that  it  was  unnecessary  to  do  more  than 
commend  the  arguments  put  forth  by  Dr. 
Herrick. 

C.  B.  Ellis,  of  the  Springfield  (Mass.)  High 
School,  believes  that  history  should  be  a 
large  part  of  every  year's  work,  to  the  end 
that  the  student  may  be  a  better  citizen  as 
well  as  a  better  business  man  and  a  sharper 
business  man.  It  tends  to  develop  a  busi- 
ness man. 

Mrs.  Sara  Spencer.of  Washington,  D.  C,  is 
opposed  to  history  in  a  commercial  course, 
Most  histories  are  encyclopedias  of  de- 
struction. It  is  the  purpose  of  commercial 
education  to  teach  how  to  build  up.  Com- 
mercial education  in  high  schools  is  yet  in 
its  infancy  and  has  met  with  strong  oppo- 
sition, but  it  grows  steadily.  Business 
schools  have  been  wise  in  their  views  of 
the  scope  of  the  work.  She  has  thought 
that  the  commercial  high  schools  have 
devoted  too  large  a  part  to  the  cultural 
studies,  tending  to  crowd  out  the  commer- 
cial subjects. 

F.  O.  Carpenter,  English  High  School, 
Boston,  Mass.,  stated  that  the  thought  was 
not  in  their  minds  that  the  bookkeeping 
subjects  are  not  equal  in  every  way  to  the 
old  studies. 

Thos.  H.  H.  Knight,  Girls'  High  School, 
Boston,  felt  that  commercial  geography  has 
not  had  anything  like  the  recognition  it 
ought  to  have.  He  regrets  that  in  Boston 
they  have  only  three  years  for  the  commer- 
cial course;  that  under  such  circumstances 
it  is  impossible  to  give  proper  attention  and 
time  to  these  newer  and  broader  cultural 
subjects. 

W.  C.  Stevenson,  Port  Deposit,  Md.,  re- 
gretted that  the  teachers  have  not  had  the 
broad  and  comprehensive  training  which 
enables  them  to  sift  the  economy  from  the 
historical  matter.  The  economical  phase 
is  not  impossible  in  history.  However, 
there  is  promise  for  the  future  that  minds 
such  as  Doctor  Herrick's  are  engaged  in 
bringing  out  the  sifting  process.  He  looks 
forward  with  interest  for  the  appearance  of 
a  new  book  on  the  subject  by  Doctor  Her- 
rick himself. 

Mr.  Roberts,  of  Cleveland,  gave  a  brief 
outline  of  the  historical  courses  followed 
in  his  school ;  viz.,  the  first  year  they  begin 
with  ancient  history ;  the  second  year  they 
have  mediaeval  and  general  history;  the 
third  year,  practical  economy  and  econom- 
ics; the  fourth  year,  history  of  commerce, 
including  American  history.  The  teachers 
of  history  and  economics  in  other  courses 
are  teaching  these  subjects  to  the  com- 
mercial pupils. 

"Mathematics  in  Commercial  Work,"  by 
E.  L.  Thurston,  of  Washington,  D.  C,  was 
an  exceedingly  able  and  practical  paper. 
It  will  be  given  in  full  in  the  next  number 
of  The  EDUCATOR. 

The  discussions  were  largely  of  the 
nature  of  direct  questions  to  Mr.  Thurston. 

Mrs.  Sara  Spencer,  Washington,  D.  C 
inquired   whether  a  large  part  of  his  time 


9He  @ufetafeeto  (SeUbeGbtov   <S 


Was  not  taken  in  undoing  what  had  been 
done.  Mr.  Thurston  insisted  that  with  them 
the  grammar  and  high  schools  are  in  per- 
fect harmony,  and  they  should  he. 

C.  C.  Marshall,  Cedar  Rapids,  la.,  urged 
the  value  of  the  study  in  elementary  num- 
bers -  numbers  below  one  hundred. 

Another  speaker  believes  that  intellectual 
arithmetic  is  the  most  important  part  of 
arithmetic.  The  Babylonians  learned  the 
multiplication  table  up  to  the  sixties,  but 
we  rarely  go  above  fifteen. 

C.  B.  Ellis,  of  Springfield,  Mass.,  said  that 
we  are  inclined  to  shift  responsibility. 
Seventy-five  per  cent,  of  the  pupils  never 
go  beyond  the  grammar  school;  will  never 
be  called  on  to  multiply  19x19.  We  should 
not  blame  these  schools,  rather  commend 
those  teachers  for  doing  so  much. 

Mrs.  Spencer  insisted  that  snm<  body  is  to 
blame.  It  takes  five  years  to  teach  what 
ought  to  be  done  in  two  years.  Three-fifths 
of  the  time  is  wasted  in  trying  to  learn 
short  methods. 

A  number  of  "ther  speakers  responded  on 
this  topic,  but  we  were  unable  to  get  their 
names.  On  the  whole,  it  was  a  most  lively, 
interesting,  and  profitable  part  of  the  ses- 
sion. 

After  the  appointment  by  the  chair  of  a 
Committee  on  Resolutions,  and  announce- 
ments by  the  Secretary,  the  Department 
adjourned  until  Wednesday-  morning. 

WEDNESDAY    MORNING,  JULY  8. 

Commercial  Geography,  the  New  Science. 
was  presented  in  a  strong  and  convincing 
address  by  Frank  O.  Carpenter.  Master, 
Department  of  Commerce  and  Law.  Eng- 
lish High  School,  Boston,  Mass. 

His  address  was  full  of  enthusiasm  and 
instruction,  replete  with  thrilling  exper- 
iences, and  running  over  with  plausible 
theories  and  practical  suggestions  in  a  new- 
and  boundless  field. 

A  year  ago  it  was  an  unexplored  region 
to  the  English  High  School  of  Boston.  He 
was  told  to  enter  it  and  blaze  his  own  path. 
He  has  done  so, and  will  be  pleased  if  others 
will  walk  in  it. 

He  still  believes  that  the  study. >f  Greek 
and  the  classics  is  necessary  fur  a  full  and 
tine  education,  but  for  the  present  other 
studies  are  more  important. 

The  history  nf  commerce  shows  that  the 
conquests  of  works  are  more  important 
than  the  conquests  of  wars. 

This  new  commercial  education  develops 
a  careful  observation  and  stimulates  the 
imagination;  it  broadens  the  mind;  it  de- 
velops the  memory  by  its  constant  use;  it 
matures  the  judgment ;  it  creates  a  respect 
for  a  locomotive,  for  a  dynamo;  it  excites 
ambition.  It  seems  that  the  question  of 
cultural  value  is  answered. 

The  Greeks  said  the  proper  study  of  man- 
kind is  man.  The  teacher  of  commerce  and 
industry  must  be  a  man  of  affairs  as  well 
as  a  man  of  books.  He  must  turn  his  study- 
to  man.  He  should  spend  sooie  moments 
in  a  bank,  in  a  department  store,  etc.  Is 
this  too  much  to  ask  of  the  teacher?  Cer- 
tainly not.  This  knowledge  will  be  incan- 
descent and  not  a  reflected  light. 

Mr.  Carpenter  suggested  the  following 
methods  of  taking  up  and  conducting  the 
work: 

1.  Begin  with  the  study  of  the  United 
States  and  then  pass  to  Europe. 

2.  Take  Hie  community  by  groups.  This 
is  at  least  scientific. 

3.  The  pupils  study  the  people  from  the 
standpoint  of  man  himself,  and  his  u-,e  of 
man. 


This  last  is  the  method  in  use  in  the  Bos- 
ton English  High  School.  Our  questions 
are:  What  good  is  it  to  man?  What  can  it 
do  for  man?  It  is  the  human  standpoint. 
That  is  the  main  idea  I  leave  with  you  this 
morning. 

This  study  must  be  with  the  handling  of 
the  actual  specimens,  themselves.  After 
the  specimens  and  the  library,  the  lantern 
slides.    There  are  few  books  of  use. 

All  books  on  the  subject  are  out  of  date  in 
five  years.  Government  reports  are  indis- 
pensable. 

Mr.  Carpenter  called  attention  feelingly  to 
the  opening  of  the  new  Department  of  Com- 
merce. He  said  that  opening  may  well  be 
remembered  as  a  national  holiday.  The 
pupils  will  learn  that  the  builder  of  a  city- 
is  more  powerful  than  he  who  conquers  it. 

The  responses  to  Mr.  Carpenter  were  in- 
variably interrogatory.  Every  one  seemed 
to  be  thirsting,  and  felt  that  here  was  a 
fountain  in  the  desert  from  which  he  could 
drink  deeply. 

Science  in  Commercial  Work,  by  Frank  M. 
Gilley,  instructor  in  Physics  and  Chemis- 
try, High  School,  Chelsea,  Mass.,  was  an 
interesting  and  practical  paper. 

The  idea  of  correlation,  practical  value, 
and  fitness  for  the  pupils'  needs  was  promi- 
nent throughout. 

In  France  the  election  of  courses  comes 
in  the  early  part  of  the  school  life,  and  the 
election  by  subjects  later  on.  Subjects  and 
courses  will  change  more  rapidly  in  the 
future  than  at  present. 

The  success  of  science  teaching  depends 
largely  upon  the  co-operation  of  the  other 
departments.  There  has  been  too  much 
separation  of  chemistry  and  physics.  Sci- 
ence should  be  taught  as  a  whole. 

Mr.  Gilley  stated  that  he  takes  a  stand 
against  pure  science  in  any  high  school. 
Of  what  use  is  it  to  us?  is  the  question  of 
importance.  There  is  nothing  more  dead- 
ening than  to  go  to  a  school  in  which  pure 
science  is  being  taught.  The  boy  wants  to 
know  what  you  are  going  to  use  this  for. 
He  wants  to  seethe  wheels  go  around. 

The  discussions  on  this  paper  were  neces- 
sarily short,  for  want  of  time.  They  indi- 
cated a  general  agreement  with  the  attitude 
taken  by  Mr.  Gilley. 

Vice-President  Twiggs  next  announced 
the  happy  intelligence  that  Mr.  Spencer's 
manuscript  ha  .  arrived  and  that  the  De- 
partment would  next  receive  Mr.  Spencer's 
contribution. 

Mr.  Spencer  believes  that  it  is  the  province 
of  puplic  schools  alone  to  give  a  general 
education. 

He  would  encourage  general  education, 
that  its  possessor  may  make  the  world  bet- 
ter and  brighter  by  reason  of  his  having 
lived  in   it. 

This  is  an  age  of  commercialism.  It  has 
lifted  the  world  to  higher  places  of  honesty 
and  uprightness,  from  principle  and  policy. 

The  study  of  bookkeeping  is  not  intended 
for  mere  disciplinary  effect  but  for  its  prac- 
tical utility.  It  should  be  taken  as  we  take 
our  food.  We  do  not  eat  because  it  gives  us 
physical  training  and  improves  our  table 
manners.  We  eat  because  we  need  the 
food.  Bookkeeping  is  an  essential  in  every- 
day- life,  no  matter  what  our  vocation.  It 
must  not  be  regarded  as  the  horizontal  bar 
of  a  mental  gymnasium  but  as  the  plow- 
handle  of  the  bread-and-butter  phase  of  life. 

Disciplinary  training  should  commence 
with  the  child's  mental  development. 
Make  men  and  women  of  the  boys  and  girls 
who  are  the  charge  of  the  nation.  Do  not 
expect  the  youth  to  put  on  the  cornice  when 


the  walls  are  not  yet  builded.  Readin', 
'ritin',  and  'rithmetic  are  the  three  R's  that 
move  the  world  today,  just  as  they  did  in 
the  time  of  our  fathers  and  the  log  school- 
house.  Here  lies  the  disciplinary  kernel. 
Let  the  young  crack  the  shell  and  dig  it 
out.  In  doing  this  the  child  will  have  the 
mental  development  needed. 

Relative  to  improvements  in  the  public 
school  system,  Mr.  Spencer  said  that  the 
school  boys  and  girls  have  too  much  time 
to  idle  away.  Idleness  is  man's  chief 
enemy.  He  would  make  the  school  day- 
longer,  add  a  day  to  the  school  week,  and 
shorten  the  summer  vacation.  He  would 
have  the  course  so  arranged  that  equal  im- 
portance is  placed  upon  mental  and  physi- 
cal training.  He  would  have  every  child 
thoroughly  trained  and  disciplined  in  the 
fundamentals  before  book-keeping  or  other 
technical  trainingis offered  him.  Hewould 
divide  the  school  day  thus:  One  hour  for 
penmanship;  one  hour  for  reading  and  elo- 
cution; one  hour  for  spelling  and  language; 
one  hour  for  arithmetic  and  mental  drill; 
one  hour  for  geography,  history,  physiolo- 
gy, hygiene  and  the  principles  of  right 
living.  Between  these  hours  intersperse 
recreation  periods  for  physical  culture.  Let 
this  program  be  followed  six  days  in  the 
week.  Let  the  teachers  teach  more  and  ex- 
amine papers  less.  Without  a  mastery  of 
and  thorough  disciplinary  training  in  the 
fundamentals,  the  study  of  technical  sub- 
jects, like  bookkeeping,  is  valueless. 

Bookkeeping  means  the  mere  recording  of 
business  transactions  in  a  systematic  man- 
ner. Three  prime  factors,  and  only  three, 
figure  in  these  accounts,  namely:  English, 
Penmanship,  and  Arithmetic.  Without 
any  of  these,  books  can  not  be  kept.  Prac- 
tice may  breed  accuracy,  neatness,  and 
speed,  but  it  will  not  discipline  him.  The 
bookkeeper  must  come  to  his  work  already- 
disciplined. 

Mr.  Spencer  would  have  every  boy  and 
girl  receive  as  much  general  education  as 
his  or  her  circumstances  will  permit.  The 
world  individually  and  collectively  will  be 
the  better  for  it.  But  he  insists  that  the 
last  of  the  allotted  years  for  schooling  be 
devoted  to  the  practical.  General  training 
makes  the  man  mentally  strong.  Technical 
training  renders  him  capable  of  applying 
his  knowledge. 

With  the  first  lesson  in  business  training 
he  beholds  the  practical  and  realizes  his 
former  dependence  and  his  future  inde- 
pendence. He  finds  himself  against  the 
world  and  bends  his  energy  on  conquering, 
not  alone  for  mere  victory's  sake,  but  for 
life's  sake.  He  must  sink  or  swim.  So  he 
masters  the  technical  and  finds  himself— 
a  citizen. 

The  next  paper  on  the  program  was  pre- 
sented by  Mr.  W.  H.  Wagner,  Instructor  in 
Stenography  and  Typewriting, Commercial 
High  School,  Los  Angeles,  Cal.  Subject: 
The  Disciplinary  Value  of  Stenography  and 
Typewriting  as  Studies. 

Mr.  Wagner  maintains  that  the  prevalent 
idea,  which  has  long  obtained,  that  these 
subjects,  being  practical,  are  not  disciplin- 
ary. That  they  are  mechanical  arts  which 
require  no  great  amount  of  mental  ability 
to  master,  is  being  rapidly  dissipated. 

The  study  of  stenography  develops  the 
mental  faculties  and  also  gives  practical 
training.  Xo  other  subject  in  the  school 
curriculum  can  excel  it  as  a  means  of  cul- 
tivating quickness  of  thought  ami  concen- 
tration of  mind.  From  the  very  first  the 
student  undergoes  mental  gymnastics 
which  are  a  sure  cure  for  sluggish  and 
slovenly  mental  habits. 


&he&\iibir\>ebb&GU*w&>ei?   <S 


The  mental  processes  involved  are  simi- 
lar to  those  in  the  study  of  foreign  lan- 
guages. The  faculties  developed  by  both 
are  reason,  memory,  observation,  compari- 
son, investigation,  judgment  and  conclu- 
sion. ISnth  give  a  better  command  of  the 
mother  tongue  and  a  fuller  knowledge  of 
the  grammatical  laws  of  language. 

One  of  its  chief  values  in  a  broad  school 
curriculum  is  in  its  capability  for  correla- 
tion with  other  subjects,  such  as  English, 
Historv  and  Geography.  It  becomes  sup- 
plementary and  helpful  in  proportion  as  the 
student  is  able  to  write  more  rapidly  and 
cover  more  ground  in  the  study. 

Its  intimate  relation  to  the  study  of  Eng- 
lish is  apparent.  To  pursue  a  course  in 
aphj  without  a  good  knowledge  of 
English  is  like  building  a  house  upon  sand. 
It  is  the  study  of  English  from  the  practical 
side;  it  drills  in  the  groundwork  of  Eng- 
lish; it  emphasizes  thoroughness  in  the 
technique;  it  lavs  a  foundation  for  the 
superstructure.  The  student  gets  to  the 
very  bottom  of  his  English  seriously;  mas- 
ters every  detail  which  makes  up  good 
English  -in  a  measure  he  creates. 

Aside  from  their  disciplinary  and  utili- 
tarian value,  the  study  of  stenography  and 
typewriting  is  severely  corrective  and  posi- 
tively preventive.  It  is  a  sure  antidote  for 
poor  spelling.  It  makes  its  master  his  own 
critic.  It  cultivates  concentration.  Con- 
centration develops  power,  strengthens 
individuality,  and  inspires  self-confidence; 
it  tends  to  create  a  fixedness  of  purpose  and 
the  desire  to  pursue  it.  The  present  ten- 
dency in  school  systems  is  to  scatter.  The 
student  gets  a  little  and  does  a  little  of 
many  things,  and  makes  a  success  of  few. 

Perhaps  the  most  important  educative 
feature  of  the  study  of  stenography  and 
typewriting  is  that  it  teaches  the  student 
to  think.  This-  is  the  first  duty  of  both 
teacher  and  school.  The  teacher  of  stenog- 
ography  has  the  best  possible  means  for 
developing  in  the  student  independence  of 
thought,  self-reliance,  courage,  true  man- 
hood and  womanhood,  and  the  highest 
character  of  citizenship. 

From  the  above  our  readers  may  obtain 
the  most  striking  points  in  Mr.  Wagner's 
paper,  and  see  his  general  line  of  treatment 
of  this  most  interesting  and  popular  topic. 
We  esteem  it  so  highly  that  we  expect  to 
publish  it  in  full  in  an  early  number  of  THE 

Business  Educator. 

business  ?ieeting. 

The  Department  next  went  into  executive 
session  for  business.  The  Committee  on 
Resolutions  submitted  the  following; 

Rksolved,  That  it  is  the  sense  of  the 
members  of  the  Department  of  Business 
Education,  X.  E.  A.,  that  the  commercial 
course  in  the  high  school  should  be  equal  in 
time  of  instruction,  in  educational  content, 
and  in  disciplinary  power,  to  any  course  in 
the  high  school,  and  that  any  commercial 
course  falling  below  this  standard  is  not  to 
be  regarded  by  thisDepartment  as  complete. 

That  we  hail  with  satisfaction  the  in- 
creasing facilities  for  higher  commercial 
education  offered  by  college  and  university, 
which  we  believe  can  not  fail  to  redound  to 
the  prosperity  and  glory  of  the  country. 

That  we  respectfully  and  earnestly  urge 
upon  the  Normal  Schoolsof  the  country  the 
necessity  of  at  once  undertaking  the  prep- 
aration of  commercial  teachers,  to  meet  the 
growing  demand  for  such  teachers,  which 
cannot  even  at  the  present  time  lie  supplied. 

That  we  fully  appreciate  the  value  of  the 
better  class  of  proprietary  business  schools, 
and  recognize  that  they  have  done  and  are 
doing  a  work  which  could  not  be  performed 
by  any  other  existing  institution. 

That  we  congratulate  the  commercial 
schools  and  the  nation  upon  the  establish- 
in,  in  of  the  Department  of  Coinmercein  the 
Cabinet  of  the  President,  in  the  belief  that 
such  establishment  will  prove  of  incalcula- 
ble value  in  improving  our  commercial 
relations  with  all  the  nations  of  the  earth, 
adding  new  dignity  to  commercial  educa- 
tion, and  marking  a  new  epoch  in  our 
national  development. 

That  we  cordially  thank  the  officers  of  the 
Department  for  the  able  manner  in  which 
they  have  done  their  work,  and  that  we 
specially  congratulate  the  Vice  President 
on  the  satisfactory  performance  of  duties 
which  aomewhat  unexpectedly  devolved 
upon  him. 

That  we  tender  to  the  generous  citizens 
of  Boston,  and  especially  to  the  President 
of  the  Association  and  the  local  committees, 
our  thanks  for  the  many  courtesies  by  which 
our  stay  in  their  hospitable  city  has  been 
made  so  notably  pleasant  and  satisfactory. 
I.<>.  CKISSY, 

w.  c.  Stephenson, 

B.  II.  Doxxeii.. 


The  election  of  officers  resulted  in  the 
choice  indicated  above,  and  the  meeting 
was  adjourned.  The  meeting  place  is  de- 
cided by  a  committee  of  the  National  Edu- 
cational Association,  and  its  announce- 
ment will  probably  not  be  made  until  the 
late  fall,  although  it  is  expected  that  the 
next  meeting  will  be  held  in  St.  Louis. 

FRIDAY,  JULY    10. 

D.  W.  Springer,  High  School,  Ann  Arbor, 
Mich.,  Chairman  of  the  Committee  of  Nine, 
called  the  meeting  to  order,  with  about  100 
persons  present.  Mr.  Springer  briefly  re- 
viewed the  history  of  the  appointment  of 
the  Committee,  its  objects,  and  its  work, 
and  then  called  attention  to  the  suggestive 
course  of  study  which  had  been  prepared. 
A  very  animated  and  extended  discussion 
then  followed,  from  which  the  Committee 
were  enabled  to  gather  clear  ideas  of-  the 
difficulty  of  the  task  that  had  been  assigned 
to  them.  Since  this  is  not  the  final 
result  of  the  Committee's  labors,  but  only 
a  tentative  course,  intended  to  "draw  the 
fire."  of  those  interested  in  this  important 
subject,  We  shall  publish  it  in  an  early 
number,  with    explanations   of    its  provis- 


Che  Seventh  Hnmial  meeting  of  the 

Ohio    Commercial    and    Special 
teachers.'  Association 


Met  at  Putin-Bay,  June  the  29th  and  30th, 
(Hotel  Victory). 

The  meeting  opened  in  the  north  parlor  of 
the  hotel  with  a  number  of  commercial  and 
special  teachers  from  different  parts  of  the 
State  present. 

In  the  absence  of  the  president,  Mr.  Rog- 
ers, who  removed  during  the  year  to  Mass- 
achusetts, Mr.  Bert  German  was  chosen  as 
president  pro  tern. 

Great  enthusiasm  and  interest  marked 
each  session,  and  a  very  spirited  discussion 
followed  the  topics  as  outlined  in  the  BUSI- 
NESS Educator. 

The  questions  that  seemed  of  greatest  in- 
terest to  the  assembly  were  "Teaching  of 
color  in  the  grades,  especially  visualization; 
primary  paper  cutting;  commercial  schools, 
and  uniform  examinations  ;  proper  qualifi- 
cations for  a  first-class  stenographer,  etc. 

Very  tastefully  prepared  exhibits  were 
brought  by  Mr.  Rogers,  of  Cleveland, and  by 
Mr.F.  F.  Musrush,  of  Lakewood,  and  others. 

Monday  evening  was  delightfully  spent 
in  renewing  old  acquaintances  and  meeting 
the  superintendents  and  teachers  of  the  O. 
S.  T.  A.  Various  forms  of  amusement  were 
indulged  in.  Music,  games  and  dancing 
being  the  principal  features. 

Tuesday  morning's  session  was  taken  up 
principally  by  discussion  as  to  the  advisa- 
bility of  inviting  the  Manual  Training 
Teachers  to  join  our  association,  and  also 
the  best  methods  of  raising  the  O.  C.  and  S. 
T.  A.  to  a  higher  state  of  proficiency. 

The  committee  on  nomination  appointed 
by  the  chairman  reported  the  following 
officers  for  the  ensuing  year,  which  were 
elected: 

President,  E.  E.  Bush,  Sandusky  ;  vice 
president,  C.  W.  Stevens,  Cleveland  ;  secre- 
tary, Lena  A.  Dickinson,  Elyria;  treasurer, 
Jerome  B.  Howard,  Cincinnati.  Examining 
Committee,  Bert  German,  chairman;  C.  P. 
Zaner,  F.  F.  Musrush. 

On  motion  the  afternoon  session  was  dis- 
pensed with  to  afford  members  an  oppor- 
tunity to  visit  various  parts  of  Put-in-Bay, 
Middle  Bass,  and  other  islands.  The  asso- 
ciation adjourned  to  meet  at  Columbus 
during  the  spring  vacation,  about  April 
2nd  and  3rd,  1901. 

LENA  A.  DICKINSON,   Sec'y., 
E.  E.  Bush,  Pres. 


H.    T.    GOUGH, 

St.  Thomas,  Ont.     President  1903. 

Canadian    Business    educators' 
Convention. 

The  annual  convention  of  the  Business 
Educators'  Association  of  Canada  was  held 
at  St.  Catharines,  Ont.,  on  July  2nd  and  3rd. 
The  convention  opened  at  10  o'clock  in  the 
rooms  of  the  St.  Catharines'  Business  Col- 
lege, President,  H.  T.Gough.of  St. Thomas, 
Out.,  presiding.  The  visiting  educators 
were  accorded  a  hearty  welcome  by  the 
Mayor  of  St.  Catharines.  Among  those 
present  were  the  following  principals  of 
commercial  schools:  H.  T.  Gough,  St. 
Thomas,  Ont.;  J.  W.  Westervelt,  London, 
Ont.;  K.  E.  Gallagher,  Hamilton,  Ont.;  E. 
Kaulbach,  C.  A.,  Halifax,  N.  S.;  R.  Schur- 
man,  C.  A.,  Halifax,  N.  S.;  W.  J.  Osborne, 
Fredericton,  X.  B. ;  W.  E.  Gowling,  Ottawa, 
Out.;  J.  W.  Westervelt,  C.  A., Toronto,  Ont.; 
W,  Brooks,  Toronto,  Ont.;  W.  H.  Shaw,  Tor- 
onto, Ont.;  T.  F.  Wright,  St.  Catharines, 
Out.;  \V.  D.Euler,  Berlin,  Ont.;  R.  W.  Xick- 
erson,  Woodstock,  Out.;  W.  H.  Stapleton, 
Sarnia,  Ont. 

The  Vancouver  Business  College,  Van- 
couver, B.  C„  and  the  Central  Business  Col- 
lege of  Toronto,  were  admitted  to  member- 
ship. The  association  has  now  a  member- 
ship extending  from  the  Atlantic  to  the 
Pacific. 

After  disposing  of  the  financial  business 
of  the  Association,  the  president  appointed 
a  committee  to  bring  in  a  report  on  the 
revision  of  the  curriculum.  The  reports  of 
examiners  for  the  past  year  were  then  re- 
ceived as  follows: 

Correspondence  and  Writing,  J.  W.  Wes- 
tervelt, C.  A. 

Law  and  Forms,  R.  E.  Gallagher. 

Spelling,  R.  W.  Xickerson. 

Bookkeeping,  J.  W.  Westervelt,  C.  A.,  for 
D.  Hoskins,  C.  A. 

Arithmetic  and  Rapid  Calculations,  J.  W. 
Westervelt,  Sr. 

Shorthand  A.,  W.  E.  Gowling. 

Shorthand  B.,  W.  Brooks. 

Typewriting  C.  and  D.,  T.  F.  Wright. 

The  concensus  of  opinion  was  that  the 
papers  set  had  been  generally  satisfactory, 
and  that  the  standard  of  the  Association 
had  been  well  maintained. 

The  afternoon  session  concluded  with  a 
paper  on  "  Our  Examinations;  Satisfaction 
as  to  tests  and  methods  of  Compilation." 
by  J.  W.  Westervelt  of  London,  and  one  on 
"Our  Curriculum,  Its  Efficiency,  Expan- 
sion and  Recommendations,"  by  E.  Kaul- 
bach, C.  A.,  Halifax,  X.  S.     On  motion,  these 


9H&  &\>V*hn>eb b  £clwctklcrr   & 


OOKS,  TOKONTO,  ON']'. 

President  1904. 


papers  were  handed  over  for  the  considera- 
tion of  the  committee  on  the  curriculum. 

The  convention  re-convened  on  Friday 
morning.  Excellent       illustrations        of 

methods  of  teaching  touch  typewriting 
were  given  by  Miss  Johnson, of  London,  and 
Miss  Temple,  of  Toronto.  Miss  Nairn,  of 
Gait,  Miss  Rymal,  of  Hamilton,  and  Miss 
Bowlb>',  of  Brantford,  followed  in  what 
proved  to  be  a  very  lively  and  exceedingly 
interesting  discussion.  A  First  Lesson  in 
Shorthand  was  well  handled  by  Misses  Ry- 
mal and  Bullen.  Mr.  O.  Main,  of  St.  Thomas, 
followed  with  an  admirable  paper  on  Arith- 
metic, and  was  followed  in  discussion  by 
W.  E.  Gowlingof  Ottawa.  Messrs.  Wester- 
velt  and  Schurman  gave  helpful  blackboard 
illustrations  on  the  teaching  of  Rapid  Cal- 
culations. 

Then  followed  what  proved  to  be  the  most 
interesting  feature  of  the  program.  Mr.  C.  P. 
Zaner,  the  well-known  penman  of  Colum- 
bus, Ohio,  who  was  in  the  city  and  was 
present  at  the  convention,  kindly  consented 
to  give  a  lesson  in  penmanship.  His  prac- 
tical methods  in  dealing  with  the  raw, 
muscular,  country  lad  in  a  first  lesson  in 
pennianship  were  much  appreciated.  The 
numerous  questions  put  to  Mr.  Zaner 
showed  that  the  Canadians  know  how  to 
make  the  most  of  their  opportunities.  A 
hearty  vote  of  thanks  was  tendered  Mr. 
Zaner  for  his  presence  at  the  gathering, 
and  the  valuable  services  rendered  to  the 
Association. 

The  committee  on  the  curriculum  then 
reported  recommending  several  changes. 
The  marking  of  examination  papers  was 
re-adjusted.  All  subjects  on  the  curricu- 
lum are  placed  on  an  equalitv,  each  paper 
receiving  the  full  maxim  of  100  marks. 

The  following  examiners  for  the  coming 
year  were  appointed : 

Bookkeeping,  J.  W.  Westervelt,  Jr.,  Tor- 
onto. Arithmetic  and  Rapid  Calculations, 
W.  E.  Gowling,  Ottawa,  Ont.  Law  and 
Forms,  J.  W.  Westervelt,  Sr.,  London.  Pen- 
manship and  Correspondence,  R.  E.  Gal- 
lagher, Hamilton,  Ont.  Spelling,  T.  F. 
Wright,  St.  Catharines,  Ont.  Shorthand  A, 
Miss  H.  Johnston,  London, Ont.  Shorthand 
B,  Miss  H.  A.  Rvmal.  Hamilton,  Ont. 
Typewriting  C  and"  D.  R.  W.  Xiekerson, 
Woodstock,  Ont.  The  Maritime  Kxamina- 
tion  Board  for  the  eastern  provinces  was 
re-appointed. 

The  election  of  officers  resulted  as  follows: 

President,  W.  Brooks,  Toronto.  Vice  Pres- 
ident. W.  J.  Osborne,  Fredericton,  N.  B. 
Secretary  and  Treasurer.  W.  D.  Euler, 
Berlin.  Out.  Registrar,  S.  B.  Westervelt, 
Mount  Forest,  Ont. 

Executive  Committee:  H.  T.  Gough,  St. 
Thomas,  Ont.;  W.  H.  Shaw,  Toronto,  Ont.: 
R.  Schurman,  Halifax,  X.  S. 

The  convention  then   adjourned   to  meet 


next 


Halifax,  X.  S. 


Boston  meeting  of  Private  £om= 

mercial  School  managers' 

Association 

BY  GEO.  P.  LOKD,   SALE?I,   MASS. 

At  nine  o'clock  on  Saturday,  Jul>-  11,1903, 
the  members  of  the  Private  Commercial 
School  Managers*  Association,  who  had 
been  in  attendance  at  the  X.  E.  A.  in  Bos- 
ton, began  to  assemble  in  Burdett  College 
for  what  subsequently  developed  into  the 
most  profitable  meeting  this  organization 
ever  held. 

Messrs.  C.  A.  and  F.  H.  Burdett  greeted 
the  visitors  in  a  most  hospitable  manner 
and  the  time  until  ten  o'clock  was  passed 
in  informally  discussing  matters  to  be 
brought  before  the  meeting— little  round 
tables  as  it  were. 

The  comparatively  small  number  of 
private  school  proprietors  who  were  pres- 
ent at  the  X.  E.  A.  was  augmented  by  the 
-  arrival  of  prominent  school  men  from 
cities  where  the  summer  school  has  come 
to  be  the  custom,  so  that  when  the  meeting 
was  called  to  order  by  President  Spencer  in 
one  of  the  lecture  halls  of  the  college,  it  was 
to  greet  the  largest  number  of  school 
managers  ever  assembled  to  discuss  purely 
business  matters. 

Promptly  at  ten  o'clock  the  President's 
gavel  fell.  The  Secretarj'  was  authorized 
to  call  the  roll,  after  which  an  opportunity 
was  given,  and  taken  advantage  of  by  some 
eight  or  ten  candidates,  to  become  affiliated 
with  the  association.  Those  not  members 
were  then  requested  to  withdraw  and  the 
President  proceeded  to  outline  in  an  able 
address  the  object  of  the  summer  meeting. 
He  urged  the  necessity  of  more  perfect 
coalition  of  the  private  school  interests  of 
the  country  ;  outlined  in  brief  the  work  of 
the  various  standing  committees  for  the 
preceding  year  and  pointed  out  the  lines  of 
discussion  and  work  that,  in  hi-  opinion, 
should  be  followed  in  receiving  and  discuss- 
ing the  reports  of  those  committees.  He 
laid  special  stress  on  the  work  of  the  organ- 
ization committee  asking  that  some  defi- 
nite action  be  taken  on  this  matter. 

The  President's  address  closed  with  the 
recommendation  that  all  meetings  of  the 
association  be  in  executive  session.  As 
this  suggestion  was  accepted,  this  report 
will  deal  with  results  accomplished  in  a 
broad  way  rather  than  with  detailed  de- 
scriptions of  discussions  and  arguments. 

Following  the  President's  address  came 
the  report  of  standing  committees:  First, 
that  of  the  World's  Fair  Exhibit.  This 
committee  made  no  regular  report,  but  was 
represented  by  the  president,  who  ex- 
plained the  plans  that  the  World's  Fair 
Committee,  under  the  management  of 
E.  H.  Fritch,  had  drawn  up. 

Owing  to  the  fact  that  comparatively  few 
schools  seemed  to  be  interested  and  after 
an  extensive  discussion  which  seemed  to 
show  that  the  results  obtained  from  the 
Chicago  World's  Fair  Exhibit  were  by  no 
means  commensurate  with  the  expense 
incurred,  the  association  voted  to  abandon 
the  idea  of  making  an  exhibit  at  St.  Louis, 
and  the  treasurer  was  instructed  to  return 
all  moneys  deposited  with  him  for  that 
purpose. 

The  report  of  the  Legislative  Committee 
showed  that,  while  no  action  had  been 
taken  this  year  with  regard  to  second-class 
postal  privileges,  the  committee  and  its 
legal  representatives  at  Washington  were 
still  on  the  alert  and  that  when  the  time 
comes  proper  action  may  be  expected. 

The  organization  committee  reported  iti 
favor  of  a  plan  suggested  by  Dr.  H.  M. 
Rowe,  of  Marvland,  looking  to  the  organi- 
zation of  an  institution  to  be  known  as  the 
American  Commercial  Schools  Institution, 
This  plan  was  carefullv  explained  in  de- 
tail by  Mr.  Rowe,  who  not  only  read  a 
description  of   his  plan,  form  of  application 


for  charter,  and  extracts,  from  the  laws  of 
the  District  of  Columbia  under  winch  the 
charter  would  be  granted,  but  also  described 
very  minutely  the  working  plan  of  the 
organization.  This  is  not  to  be  an  associa- 
tion but  an  educational  institution  of  uni- 
versity grade  with  power  to  prescribe 
courses,  conduct  examinations  and  award 
diplomas  in  any  schools  that  may  desire  to 
affiliate,  as  well  as  to  conduct  advanced 
courses  in  commercial  science  for  the  pur- 
pose of  training  teachers  and  thus  elevat- 
ing and  maintaining  the  standard  of  com- 
mercial schools  on  a  parity  with  the  other 
great  educational  institutions  of  the 
country. 

When  Dr.  Rowe  had  placed  his  plan 
before  the  members,  it  was  decided  to  post- 
pone discussion  upon  it  until  the  afternoon 
session.  The  report  of  the  secretary  and 
treasurer  was  then  made,  showing  the 
membership  to  be  >>9  members  in  good 
standing  with  a  cash  balance  of  $267.40  iti. I 
practically  no  debts. 

After  the  treasurer's  report  had  been 
accepted,  Mr.  C.  A.  Burdett,  in  behalf  of 
himself  and  brother,  in  a  neatly  turned 
speech,  invited  the  members  aiid  their 
ladies  to  the  Trade  Club  fora  "  light  lunch." 
This  invitation  was  promptly  accepted  and 
the  members  adjourned  to  the  commodious 
rooms  of  Boston's  most  prominent  dining 
club,  where,  in  one  of  the  large  private 
dining  rooms,  the  members  of  the  associa- 
tion and  their  wives  enjoved  the  Messrs. 
Burdett's  "light  luncheon"  which  proved 
to  be  one  of  those  exquisite  Course  lun- 
cheons for  which  the  Trade  Club  is  famous. 

After  an  exceedingly  social  hour  and  a 
half,  the  organization  assembled  for  the 
afternoon  session  which  was  largely  taken 
up  with  discussion  of  Dr.  Rowe's  scheme 
for  organization.  During  the  course  of  this 
discussion  a  memorial  to  Congress  entitled 
"An  Act  to  Promote  Business  and  Com- 
mercial Education "  n  as  introduced  by 
Robert  C.  Spencer,  of  Milwaukee.  The 
purport  of  this  was  to  authorize  the  Com- 
missioner of  Education  and  the  new  Secre- 
tary of  Commerce,  together  with  such 
others  as  they  may  choose,  to  act  as  a  gen- 
eral supervisory  board  for  the  direction  of 
all  commercial  education,  public  and 
private,  in  the  United  States. 

It  was  deemed  wise  that  the  association 
should  proceed  on  a  double  line,  and  R.  C. 
Spencer,  of  Milwaukee,  was  appointed 
chairman,  with  power  to  choose  two  associ- 
ate members  as  a  committee  to  bring  his 
proposed  act  to  the  attention  of  Congress. 

In  connection  with  further  discussion  of 
l>r.  Rowe's  plan,  which  then  proceeded,  Mr. 
Spencer  added  very  considerably  to  the 
interest  of  the  meeting,  and  to  the  general 
fund  of  information  on  the  subject  in  ques- 
tion by  producing  the  outlines  of  a  some- 
what similar  plan  suggested  by  him  more 
than  thirty  years  ago. 

After  a  very  full  discussion  of  the  Ameri- 
can Commercial  Schools  Institution  plan, 
in  which  it  was  decided  to  take  all  the 
necessary  steps  preparatory  to  such  an 
organization  and  a  committee,  under  the 
chairmanship  of  Dr.  Rowe,  to  be  made  up 
of  such  other  members  as  he  may  select, 
was  appointed  to  take  preliminary  st'-ps 
and  make  a  report  at  the  Cincinnati  meet- 
ing of  the  association  to  be  held  during  the 
Christmas  Holidays. 

It  will  be  of  general  interest  to  the  mem- 
bers not  present  to  learn  that  every  mem- 
ber present  expressed  himself  during  dis- 
cussion as  being  heartily  in  favor  of  the 
new  plan. 

Having  disposed  of  this  the  most  import- 
ant subject  of  the  meeting,  the  remainder 
of  the  afternoon  session  was  taken  up  with 
round  table  discussions  along  the  lines 
announced  in  the  advanced  program,  after 
which  the  meeting  adjourned  to  meet  in 
Cincinnati  in  connection  with  the  annual 
meeting  of  the  National  Commercial 
Teachers'  Federation. 

EDITORIAL  XOTE  —  We  tried  to  make  a 
complete  list  of  those  who  attended  the 
Boston  meetingof  the  Private  School  Mao 
agers' Association.  If  the  following  \\>t  i< 
not  complete,  we  shall  be  glad  to  make  cor- 
rections: 

Enos  Spencer,  Louisville;  Leonard  G. 
Spencer;  H.  M.  Rowe,  Baltimore;  Robt. 
C.  Spencer,  Milwaukee;  Mrs.  Sarah  A. 
Spencer.  Washington ;  J.  R.  Anderson,  S1 
Louis:  X.  P.  Heftlev.  Brooklyn;  V,  II.  Bui 
dett,  Boston;  C.  A. "Burdett,  Boston ;  F.  B. 
Richardson,  Boston;  A.  H.  Hinman. 
Worcester;  E.  M.  Huntzinger.  Hartford; 
F.  B.  Moore,  Trenton;  J.  E-  Gill.  Trenton; 
J.  D.  Brunner.  Logansport.  Ind.;  Geo.  P. 
Lord.  Salem,  Mass.;  C.  E.  Pickett.  North 
harnpton,  Mass  ;  J.  11.  Hesser,  Manchester, 
X.  TL;  LeDoit  Kimball.  Lowell.  Mass;  J.  J. 
Kagan,  Hoboken,  \.  1. 


&V\&&\Aj*Lr\ebb&(A*xovi%>QV   ^ 


Wessons  in 

Up  locate  Business  £ 

>enmansfyip 

BY 

S^~-  C^c=^^i--*;z>^^z--^<' 

TROY,  N.  Y. 

Kesolve  to  Succeed  and  you  are  Already  Rait  Successful 


This  course  of  lessons  in  plain,  practical  writing  is  prepared  with  one  object  in  view,  viz.:  to  be  of  use  and  help  to  all  who  are 
striving  to  improve  their  writing.  .Simple,  plain  forms  and  common  sense  instruction  will  be  the  aim  throughout,  and  a  good,  sensible 
handwriting  will  be  the  result  if  you  are  but  willing  to  strive  for  it.  The  common  trials  and  tendencies  of  students  will  be  recalled 
from  time  to  time,  and  suggestions  to  remedy  the  same  will  be  offered.  The  plan  is  to  start  at  the  fundamental  principles  for  the  benefit 
of  beginners,  but  present,  at  the  same  time,  copies  that  can  be  used  by  those  who  already  write  well,  or  by  those  who  are  under  the 
instruction  of  a  professional  teacher. 

Those  who  have  resolved  to  write  better  have  surely  entered  a  worthy  school,  for  the  present  demands,  as  never  before,  good, 
legible,  easy  writing.    I  can  candidly  insure  those  results  if  you  will  follow  closely  and  carefully  the  instruction  given. 

Prepare  and  mail  to  me,  written  as  well  as  you  can,  the  following  words.  "  I  have  to-day  started  to  improve  my  handwriting,  and 
make  it  easily  written  and  legible.  This  I  will  accomplish  if  hard  work  and  perseverance  will  produce  those  results."  Date  specimen 
and  sign  with  your  full  name. 

To  the  student  whose  work  reveals  most  improvement  at  the  conclusion  of  the  course,  a  certificate  to  that  effect  will  be  awarded. 
This  certificate  will  contain  my  very  best  work  in  free-hand  engrossing  throughout.  Other  smaller  prizes  will  be  offered  at  different 
intervals  throughout  the  work  for  the  best  practice  sheets  on  the  various  copies  presented. 

A  good  rosolution  at  the  outset  means  everything  to  you.  Those  who  accomplish  most  along  any  line  of  work  are  those  who  make 
the  best  resolutions  at  the  beginning.  I  would,  therefore,  call  your  attention  to  the  few  words  in  the  headline  of  this  lesson.  Thor- 
oughly digest  these  few  words,  and,  even  without  a  start  in  penmanship  work,  you  have  mastered  a  lesson  that  will  be  a  lasting  one 
to  you  through  life. 

MATERIAL  —  Good  foolscap  paper,  a  cork  grip  holder,  medium  course  pens,  and  free  flowing  ink  are  the  main  requisites  for 
practice.    A  willing  hand,  a  true  eye,  and  the  ability  to  reason  wisely  are  valuable  reinforcements. 

POSITION  is  habit,  which  may  be  either  good  or  bad.  To  be  good  it  must  be  healthful  as  well  as  natural,  easy  and  unrestrained. 
If  bad.it  requires  suppression,  care  and  perseverance  till  the  newly  adopted  becomes  developed.  The  cut  is  presented  for  imitation 
and  study.  Note  that  the  body  is  quite  erect,  neither  resting  against  the  edge  of  the  desk  nor  leaning  back  in  the  chair.  Arms  rest 
naturally  on  the  desk  with  weight  of  body  thrown  slightly  to  the  left.  Elbow  of  right  arm  extends  about  an  inch  over  the  edge  of  the 
desk.    Catch  pen-holder  low  down  and  curve  last  three  fingers  under  the  hand  so  that  right  side  of  little  finger  (near  the  nail)  will  rest 

lightly  on  the  blotter.  Notice  that  the 
thumb  joint  is  well  crooked  which  draws  it 
high  on  the  holder.  This  is  an  important 
point  concerning  how  to  hold  the  holder. 
By  so  doing  only  slight  pressure  of  the 
thumb  is  necessary  to  steady  the  holder  in 
hand.  The  blotter  is  held  with  the  left 
hand.  Paper  is  placed  on  the  desk  so  that 
it  will  be  about  parallel  with  the  right  arm. 
MOVEMENT  must  be  created  before  it  can 
be  utilized.  This  is  a  simple  task,  yet  to 
control  that  which  you  create  will  be  found 
a  more  tedious  undertaking.  Consider  and 
experiment  fully  concerning  position,  es- 
pecially that  of  the  hand  and  arm.  With 
the  latter  resting  on  the  desk  as  illustrated 
in  the  cut,  you  will  find  that  to  roll  it  on  the 
muscle  in  front  of  the  elbow  will  be  a  sim- 
ple undertaking  and  very  quickly  accom- 
plished- Try  this  without  your  holder  and 
with  the  hand  doubled  tightly.  The  move- 
ment thus  created  is  commonly  called 
"  muscular  movement,"  and  is,  in  truth, 
the  main  propelling  force  that  is  necessary 
for  the  accomplishment  of  the  desired  end. 
This  movement  will  be  reinforced  more  or 
less  in  actual  work  by  the  action  of  other 
muscles,  such  as  those  of  the  hand  and 
fingers.  Yet  these  muscles  will  act  uncon- 
sciously and  without  much  effort  when 
occasion  demands  it.  Those  who  plan  out 
the  best  writers  in  the  end  are  those  who 
endeavor  to  use  exclusively,  during  the 
initial  months  of  their  practice,  the  move- 
ment created  by  the  rolling  of  the  arm  on 
this  muscle  in  front  of  the  elbow.  Tight 
clothing  on  the  arm  will  interfere  greatly 
with  freedom  of  movement.  You  should, 
therefore,  guard  against  it. 


^/Ivc  f^itUuvc^jCtUvccttor   & 


Plate  i 

After  carefully  experimenting  with  your  hand  and  arm  as  to  position  and  movement,  prepare  to  commence  practice.  Assume  the 
position  described  above,  and  with  the  little  finger  resting  on  and  gliding  over  the  blotter,  and  with  the  arm  working  directly  in  and  out 
of  the  sleeve,  mark  rapidly  up  and  down  to  produce  the  results  shown  in  exercise  a,  line  1.  Make  it  at  least  as  large  as  it  appears  in  the 
copy.  Be  positive  that  the  whole  arm  does  not  slide.  The  sleeve  should  remain  stationary,  while  the  arm  moves  directly  on  the 
muscle,  as  described  in  paragraph  entitled  "movement."  Make  several  pages  of  this  exercise,  aiming  all  the  time  to  firmly  establish 
and  apply  this  movement.  Exercise  b  is  a  continuation  of  the  work  in  a,  while  c  is  still  more  of  the  same  medicine.  Uniformity  in  size 
and  slant  should  bethought  of  constantly.  In  working  on  the  plain  oval  exercise,  as  illustrated  in  line  2,  bring  the  same  movement  of 
the  arm  into  play,  only  in  a  round  and  rolling  manner.  Moving  down  on  the  left  as  indicated  by  the  arrow,  make  the  exercise  as  large 
as  the  copy.  Roll  the  arm  rapidly,  at  least  150  revolutions  per  minute;  work  earnestly,  thoughtfully,  and  systematically.  Take  one 
exercise  at  a  time  and  prepare  several  pages  of  each.  The  exercises  in  lines  .'1  and  4  are  somewhat  difficult  for  you  at  present,  therefore 
pass  them  by.    We  will  return  to  them  later. 

Plate  2 

Make  several  lines  of  the  first  oval  exercise,  bringing  it  down  to  capital  letter  size.  This  meaus  about  three-eighths  of  an  inch  in 
height.  The  little  loop  at  the  top  of  exercise  2  in  the  same  line  is  formed  by  turning  abruptly  at  the  top  of  the  oval  on  the  last  revolution. 
This  same  idea  applied  on  one  revolution  will  produce  the  capital  O,  as  illustrated  in  the  remainder  of  the  line.  Make  it  quickly  and 
rapidly,  striving  all  the  time  for  perfection  in  that  little  loop  at  the  top.  The  oval  exercise  at  the  beginning  of  line  2  will  develop  a 
movement  for  the  capital  C.  The  little  oval  at  the  top  is  made  first,  then  circle  eight  or  ten  times  to  produce  the  oval  and  end  with  the 
final  stroke  to  complete  the  exercise.  Make  several  pages  of  each  capital.  Note  carefully  that  the  first  stroke  of  the  C  starts  to  the  left 
and  not  directly  downward.  No  aid,  remember,  from  the  finger  joints.  You  will  find  the  capital  E  exercise  quite  difficult  at  first,  yet 
perseverance  will  master  it  in  the  end.  It  is  a  good  one  to  develop  sureness,  for  your  mind  must  not  wander,  else  you  will  stray  entirely 
from  the  path.  The  E  starts  with  a  dot  and  required  the  same  round  and  rolling  motion  of  the  arm  as  was  required  to  produce  the 
O  and  C.  The  little  loop  in  the  center  is  small,  while  the  ending  stroke  corresponds  with  that  of  the  C.  Rotundity  of  movement  is 
necessary  to  produce  satisfactory  results  on  all  three  letters.  Try  the  idea  suggested  in  line  4,  making  the  first  letter  quite  large  and 
gradually  reducing  the  size  to  a  very  small  one.  You  will  find  this  good  practice.  Pencil  them  out  slowly  and  much  larger  to  obtain  a 
correct  idea  of  form,  then  strive  hard  to  produce  that  form  quickly.  Know  positively  what  you  are  shooting  at,  and  if  you  miss,  investi- 
gate to  know  wherein  and  why. 


o>  o 

a  o  o  < 

^oo  a  a  a  o  a  a  a 

*  '@s  0 

@s@s® 

&  Qy&  &&&&&&& 

'  e  o- 

&a  & 

a  &  a  &  o  &  o-  &  o-  & 

-  && 

dy   (2>    (L- 

dscsQO-O-oooo-o 

'  o  o 

o  o  & 

&&&CC&&&& 

'  c  & 

&  (5  <5 

&&&&&&C     C     c 

'    /irdrzr^r^rsnrzrir^  /^^r^ry^r^nr?^ 


Plate  3 

The  first  exercise  in  line  1  requires  a  reverse  motion  of  the  arm  as  was  required  on  former  exercises.  That  is,  in  the  opposite 
direction.  Being  a  small  letter  exercise,  only  a  portion  of  the  amount  of  movement  is  necessary  for  its  production.  Roll  the  arm 
lightly  and  rapidly,  making  the  smalt  loops  very  distinct  and  the  turns  at  the  top  very  round.  This  movement  must  l>e  accompanied  by 
a  swing  of  the  arm  from  the  elbow  which  moves  the  pen  to  the  right.  Study  and  experiment  carefully.  In  line  2  the  loop  is  replaced  by 
an  angle  which  requires  a  more  direct  movement  to  and  from  the  baseline.  Uniformity  should  be  the  end  desired  041  both  exercises. 
Allow  the  little  finger  to  glide  lightly  over  the  paper  at  .all  times.  The  small  11  in  the  last  part  of  line  3  is  composed  of  two  turns  at  the 
top  with  an  angle  and  a  turn  on  the  base  line.    Be  watchful  and   see  that  you  make  it  so.    The  small  in  is  an  extended  n,  being  composed 

of  three  turns  at   the  top  with  two  angles. and  a  turn  at   the  base  line.    These  turns  require  a  round  rolling  moti while  the  angles  need 

a  very  direct  motion.    Make  both  very  quickly.    Try  joining  three  of  each  as  illustrated  in  lines  5  and  6.    Keep  the  letters  correct  in  form, 
spacing  quite  wide  and  uniform  and  practice  sheet  neat  and  systematic. 


Plate  4 

Exercise  1  is  the  reverse  of  line  1  in  plate  3.  The  same  quality  and  quantity  of  movement  is  necessary  for  its  execution,  yet  it  must 
be  in.  the  opposite  direction.  Make  it  small,  too  small  ratherthan  too  large.  The  exercise  in  line  '1  contains  angles  at  the  top  and  turns 
on  the  base  line.  Work-  lightly  but  vigorously.  The  small  i  is  composed  of  one  angle,  one  turn  and  a  dot  directly  above.  Bring  the  down 
stroke  to  the  base  line  before  making  the  turn.  The  1;  is  composed  of  two  angles  at  the  top  and  two  turns  on  the  base  line.  It  is  merely 
a  portion  of  exercise  3.  The  wis  the  17  with  an  addition.  The  peculiar  dot  and  final  stroke  need  close  attention  and  study.  Practice 
\  igorously  when  joining  three  of  these  letters,  and  watch  detail  closely.  Bear  in  mind  that  all  letters  are  different  and  that  no  two  are 
exactly  alike.  Xote  the  difference  between  the  «  and  a  and  see  that  you  produce  that  difference.  Be  certain  as  to  the  correct  form  of 
the  five  small  letters  given  thus  far,  and  then  experiment  with  the  groupings  in  line  6. 


H\xo>  /*>  vujIi  vcj  *>  £clu,cci,lo  r   ^ 


This  plate  contains  simple  combinations  of  the  small  letters  already  given.  It  is.  in  truth,  only  a  continuation  of  the  work  started 
in  the  last  line  of  the  preceding  plate.  Keep  letters  small,  spacing  wide,  turns  very  round  and  angles  very  sharp.  Prepare  several 
pages  of  each  line,  striving  all  the  time  for  freedom  in  execution. 


G     G     G      G     G     G     G    G    G     G 


Plate  b 

Here  we  have  a  general  review  nf  the  lesson,  so  arranged  that  it  will  be  of  great  value  to  you  as  a  copy.  The  main  feature  is  the 
joining  of  capitals  C  and  E  to  the  following  small  letters.  The  styles  presented  in  lines  5  and  6  are  given  only  as  auxiliary  work  and 
should  not  be  attempted  by  beginners.     They  will,  however,  serve  as  a  change  for  those  who  are  well  along  in  the  work. 

CRITICISMS — I  will  gladly  criticise  your  practice  sheets  through  the  columns  of  this  paper  if  you  will  prepare  them  neatly  and 
mail  to  me.  One  page  of  your  best  efforts  on  each  copy  will  be  sufficient.  Don't  forget  regarding  the  specimen  to  file  for  improvement 
at  the  end.    If  you  desire  practice  sheets  returned,  inclose  postage  for  same. 

WARNING— In  giving  instruction  through  journals  or  by  mail,  both  student  and  teacher  are  laboring  under  severe  disadvantages) 
The  latter  gives  his  instruction  and  offers  suggestions,  but  it  remains  entirely  with  the  student  as  to  whether  he  will  respond  or  not. 
Class  work,  where  pupil  and  instructor  come  personally  in  contact  with  each  other  every  day,  permits  of  repetition  of  instruction  until 
the  desired  end  is  accomplished.  But  not  so  when  teaching  in  this  manner.  I  would,  therefore,  sound  a  word  of  warning  lest  you 
untie  rvalue  or  overlook  any  part  of  the  instruction  given  from  month  to  month.  To  practice  from  the  copies  without  carefully  consider- 
ing instruction  matter,  seems  to  be  the  method  pursued  by  a  great  number  who  follow  such  a  course  as  this.  It  is,  however,  entirely 
wrong.    Careful  consideration  of  all  instruction  given  means  attention  to  detail,  and  surely  that  is  a  necessary  essential  to  good  writing. 


£essons  in  Practical  Business  IPritmg 

BY 


<7ls 


ST.  JOHNSBURY,  VERMONT. 
Students'  pro   '  '  ehargi      Specimens  should  be  neat  to  Miss  Hudson,  St.  John 


vi  .  by  tlu  inn,  /, 


Ecsson  4 
id  D'ri,  soberly,  "when  yer  shutin'  a  bear,  ef  ye  want  'im,  don't  never  think  o'  nuthin'  but  the  bear 


D'r 


(1  I. 


PLATE  13.  No.  1.  Make  the  Greek  cross  on  a  slant  and  join  to  the  last  half  of  an  i,  with  more  curve  in  the  beginning  stroke  and 
you  have  an  r.  No.  2.  Pause  after  the  short  retracing  of  the  up-stroke;  also  at  the  shoulder  before  making  the  i  part,  until  you 
can  make  it  without  slighting  any  of  the  turns.  No.  i.  This  r  is  used  with  o,  b.  m,  n  and  ir;  is  like  first  half  of  /;  with  the  m 
ending  stroke. 


X^t^LSts  ^£/^t/^ 


■*£/^s ^t^^t^ty  ^^t^tAy ^^t^£^<. 


>/s-rzs  s^rzs 


s^tsl^rZ/  ^e^Ld^-r' 


^yt^^c^ty  ^€^iyt^-y    --£-^-£7-7*' 


#T%ef^vUlrvc^£d^ou;tor   & 


PLATE  14.  No.  1.  Gradually  extend  the  i  to  one-half  space.  Do  not  have  the  curve  in  the  upstroke  come  so  much  at  the  top 
as  at  the  bottom,  so  that  the  t  will  bend  back  to  the  left.  No.  2.  This  is  a  convenient  form  for  a  final  t.  No  3.  There  is  but  a  short 
retracing  at  the  bottom  of  the  downstroke.  Do  not  curve  the  last  upstroke  too  much  to  the  left.  No.  5.  Another  form  of  t  used 
within  words,  very  convenient,  as  it  does  away  with  the  crossing. 


<U^^^^^>    ^^ 


?//-  ^-   ^  ^-^-^/-    -^i^-  ^e^- 


6Z^£~      <ZL^-      <f?^-        £Z^-^£ 


^  sc  y^  ^1/  ^-^i>^      £    &     £>    /&   ^y  ^  /C  C- 


PLATE  15.  No.  1.  Down-stroke  nearly  like  the  i  except  the  turning  to  the  left  at  the  base.  Do  not  omit  any  of  the  exercises. 
No.  3.  Pis  in  the  main,  a  t  extended  below  the  line  one-fourth  space.  You  may  lift  the  pen  or  not,  as  is  easier,  for  the  last  part  of 
the  p.    Notice  it  is  unlike  the  s  in  its  curve  at  the  top  but  like  it  in  the  curve  at  the  base  line. 

P/ite  /* 


Z^^f^gZ^f 


?v 


^bslfe^fej^ 


5^2^C^2^be?-<2^   ^2-^^2^2^£^^        U^2^2^^€Z^^   ^2^<?^~£^2^-      ^&^2^Z2^L-€~-<£<2ts 

PLATE  16.  No.  1.  D  is  an  extended  a  or  a  t  with  an  additional  down-stroke.  Do  not  have  the  a  part  too  full  or  angular.  Be 
sure  to  keep  it  closed  at  the  top  or  at  its  joining  to  the  upstroke.  No.  2.  Keep  the  a  part  of  d's  and  a's  alike.  No.  3.  Have  the 
slant  of  rf's  and  t's  the  same.  No.  4.  Watch  the  movement  of  the  hand,  ignoring  forms  on  paper.  Remember,  if  you  are  a  home 
student  you  must  do  one  part  of  a  teacher's  work;  you  must  criticise  your  position  and  movement  as  well  as  your  work. 

"PlcLte.   It, 

/    61/  <yt/  CZs   cty    cds    &Ls  CZ^    ds  &C-    Cls   d"   Cls    &C    d-   Cl^-    <CZ^    CZs   <Zs  CZs  6Ls.CZ/  o!s 
Z  C^&L&l/       CZ^Z^CL/         CZ^CZ^tsL/  (<l^Z^>Z^&L/       C^ZZ^Z?L^L^        CtU^^^L^iZ^ 

3   C^d^pU  CtL>£d^  C^C^CL/  (yC^Z^C^s  CZ^CZ^t^^CzCy  CZi^yZy£t-^Z-^C7 

S  CL^^CZstt^^Z^ZZ         Cli<^Z7       s^t-^ZZ       CZ^tyL^Z        CZ^s^lsC?   CZyp-tt^Z?     C^C^ty^t^ 


^iKe/du^irve^£cU&&fcbWr   ^ 


Criticisms 

W.  T.  L.— Be  sure  to  practice  upon  the  copy 
given.  Constant  practice  upon  one  copy  will 
secure  better  results  than  little  work  upon 
many.  Have  more  curve  and  less  length  in  the 
upstroke  of  the  n  and  m.  Keep  an  even  base 
line.  Have  second  stroke  of  the  u  as  high  as 
the  first  stroke.  Do  not  curve  the  first  down 
stroke  Of  ti  as  it  appears  like  the  poor  a.  Notice 
carefully  the  difference  between  i  and  c  in  the 
word'"-'.  Do  not  make  fancy  ending  stroke  to 
iv.  Draw  straight  lines  through  each  letter  of 
your  words  and  observe  the  slant.  Is  it  uni- 
form ? 

L.  R.  N.— Close  the  oval  at  the  top.  You  lack 
control.  Your  motion  is  jerky.  Cultivate  a 
gliding  movement  of  the  hand.  After  making  a 
series  of  small  0*8,  examine  each  one  and  com- 
pare one  with  another.  You  will  see  that  there 
is  little  similarity.  Practice  much  upon  this 
exercise  alone.  Criticisms  are  given  only  upon 
work  upon  the  lessons. 

H  C.  M.  M.-Do  not  slight  the  last  stroke  of  m 
and  n.  Bringdown  strokes  of  u  to  the  base 
line.  Notice  the  spacing  and  height  of  "  and  ffl 
in  copy.  This  exercise  \>ov)  needs  more  prac- 
tice. The  D  and  X  are  good.  Do  not  bring  the 
y  so  far  below  the  baseline.  Cross  the  r  from 
the  base  line  up.  Do  not  lift  the  pen  so  often. 
Too  much  curve  at  top  of  a.  There  is  a  slight 
double  curve  between  0  and  a  The  small  fif 
should  be  an  a  with  a  down  stroke  rather  than 
an  0.  Not  enough  width  between  the  upstroke 
and  second  downstroke  of  the  g  at  base  line. 
Your  work  shows  careful  practice. 

J.  A.  B.— Have  more  of  a  loop  in  the  e.  Keep 
a  double  curve  between  m  and  i.  Have  as  free 
a  motion  the  last  part  of  the  word  "  minimum  " 
as  at  the  first.  Do  away  with  any  extra  flour- 
ishing. Cross  the  .''  from  the  base  line  up  and 
do  not  make  too  quickly.  Have  the  last  stroke 
of  the  D  higher  than  the  first.  Repeat  your 
practice  upon  Plate  10  and  eliminate  all  finger 
movement.  Do  not  make  loops  in  the  top  of 
the  small  o's.  Do  not  curve  the  down  stroke  of 
the  a.  Join  the  g  and  a  at  base  line.  Do  not 
hurry  over  the  last  plates  of  practice.  Your  first 
two  plates  show  much  improvement. 

W.  H.  G.— Your  work  upon  i,  «°  and  c  needs 
little  criticism  Do  not  have  p.  wide  spacing  in 
the  in  and  n  Have  more  curve  in  the  up  stroke. 
Have  a  wider  oval  at  the  top  of  the  E.  It  should 
be  nearly  as  large  as  the  lower  oval  Point  the 
little  loop  downward.  Keep  the  loop  of  the  C 
more  nearly  in  the  centre. 

P.  A.  R.— I  would  advise  you  to  use  an  enamel 
finish  paper.  Your  mistakes  will  not  be  quite 
as  obvious  and  you  will  seemingly  gain  better 
results.  Have  more  curve  in  the  upstroke  of  the 
e  and  less  angle  at  the  bottom  of  the  c.  Keep  the 
e  the  same  height  as  the  other  letters.  The  capi- 
tal C's  and  E's  are  excellent.  Curve  the  down 
stroke  of  0.     Very  good  work. 

A.  B.  C. — You  have  every  reason  to  be  encour- 
aged. Your  work  shows  freedom  of  movement 
and  careful,  critical  practice.  Do  not  curve  the 
first  stroke  of  "  toward  the  second,  giving  the 
appearance  of  an  a.  You  can  overcome  this  by 
having  more  curve  at  the  base  line  of  first  up 
stroke.  Close  the  tracing  oval  at  the  top-  Try 
to  make  the  single  small  o  as  round  or  oval  as 
possible,  so  that  if  any  part  were  token  out,  it 
would  form  a  part  of  a  circle  and  not  a  straight 
line.  *  lose  the  0  at  the  top.  Curve  the  upstroke 
of  n  more.  Keep  the  height  of  small  letters  uni- 
form in  '  one,  onion,"  etc.  Have  more  double 
curve  between  m  and  a,  0  and  x  Keep  base  line 
even.  Draw  a  line  from  the  first  to  the  last  letter 
of  "  senium "  touching  each  letter.  Is  it 
straight  or  wavy  ?  Bring  the  second  stroke  of  u 
higher  than  the  first.  Join  y  and  a  at  base  line, 
also  y,  <?,  y,  X, 

M.  H.  G.— Lesson  3.— Have  more  curve  in  the 
second  upstroke  of  the  n,  and  more  curve  at  the 
top-  Practice  the  n  with  the  u.  Do  not  slight 
the  last  stroke  of  the  m.  In  joining  the  u's  to- 
gether you  fail  to  bring  the  second  stroke  high 
enough,  thus  giving  the  appearance  of  poor  o's. 
You  are  not  careful  enough  in  crossing  the  x's 
Retain  as  nearly  as  possible,  the  same  base 
and  height  as  the  other  minimum  letters.  Stop 
before  lifting  the  pen  in  the  small  g.  Have  more 
opening  at  base  line  between  first  up  and  second 
downnstrokes  of  the  a. 


no  Doubt  About  Tt 

The  Business  Educator  is  line  thi 
month,  and  there  is  no  doubt  as  to  its  bein 
the  leader. 

W.  L.  Thomas. 

Wichita,  Kans. 
Wichita  Commercial  College. 


BY    C.    C.    CAXAN,    BRADFORD,    PA. 


BY  H.    B.  LEHMAN,  CHICAGO  BUSINESS  COLLEGE,  CHICAGO,   ILL. 


BY    MR.   S.   M.    BLUE,    ORD,    NEB. 


£FRe  &tUiru^  Cclu^txti/r  & 


ZTloDcmcnt   Exercises  for   Students 

of   practical  IPrtttna,. 

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J?/? 

195  GRAND   AVENUE.                       £^X]2?.   ^//^C^i 

^Cj2^7~\            Rochester,  N.  y. 

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BY  C.  G.  QUINN,  PUPIL  OF   R.   S.   COLLIN'S.   PEIRCE   SCHOOL.  PHILADELPHIA,   PA. 


^^^?-^^^>z7--2^z^^^  ^Cst^Zsty  ^c^r^^^^s^zsT^^iy- 


SENTENCE  WRITING   BY   C.    B.    ROBY.     N's  BY    LIZZIE  JONES,  PUPILS  OF  J.    B.    PLUMMER,  CENTRAL  BUSINESS  COLLEGE, 

CUMBERLAND,  ?ID. 


■"Ctf^-^^f^ ^--Z^^g^L^^^^^^ 


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9r  9?  9(  9j  9{  9(  9?  9^7?9?9(9(9?9{9797979(9?9? 
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^ibefiitUli^ciii>^Utocbtor   <S 


Entered  at  the  Post  Office  at  Columbus,  Ohio,  as  second 
Class  Hatter      Septenibei   I,  1902. 

Edited  and  Published  Monthly  (Except  July 
and  August,  i  by  Zaner  &  Bloser,  118  N.  High 
Street,  Columbus,  Ohio. 

Vol.  IX.    No.  l.  Whole  No.  56 

COLUMBUS,  OHIO,  SEPTSNBEK,  1903 

SUBSCRIPTION  PRICE,  SI. 00  A  YEAR.        10c.  A  COPY. 


Change  of  Address  -If  you  change  your  address 
be  sure  to  notify  us  promptly  (in  advance,  if  pos- 
sible) and  be  careful  to  give  the  old  as  well  as  the 
new  one  We  lose  many  papers  each  issue 
through  negligence  on  the  part  of  subscribers. 


Hates  to  Hqcnts  and  Club  Kaisers 

Sent  upon  application.  Whether  you  are  in  a 
position  to  send  a  few  or  many  subscriptions,  let 
us  know,  so  that  we  can  favor  you  with  our  low- 
est possible  terms  and  a  few  sample  copies. 

Considering  the  fact  that  we  issue  no  partial  or 
cheap  editions  ;  that  our  journal  is  high-grade  in 
every  particular;  that  the  color  feature  of  the 
cover  alone  costs  hundreds  of  dollars  ;  that  "les- 
sons that  teach"  are  a  distinctive  feature  of  our 
magazine  ;  that  the  art  presented  is  the  best  ever 
given  in  a  journal  of  this  nature;  and  that  the 
department  of  business  education  is  upon  a  more 
comprehensive  and  truly  representative  plan  than 
ever  before  attempted  ;  you  will  readily  see  that 
the  Business  Educator  is  not  only  the  best  but 
the  cheapest,  because  the  best  is  always  the 
cheapest. 

Che  Best  Hdvertising  medium  of  Its 

Class 

The  Business  Educator  being  the  most  pop- 
ular and  widely  read  journal  of  its  kind,  it  fol- 
lows that  it  is  also  the  best  advertising  medium. 

It  reaches  practically  all  persons  interested  in 
commercial  education  and  in  penmanship,  in 
both  this  country  and  in  Canada.  It  covers  the 
commercial  school  field  completely,  going  as  it 
does  to  the  heads  of  Commercial  Colleges,  Com- 
mercial High  Schools,  Commercial  Departments 
in  Parochial  Schools,  Colleges,  etc.,  as  well  as  to 
a  large  number  of  office  workers,  public  school 
teachers,  home  students,  etc.  Then  it  is  pre- 
served as  but  few  journals  are,  many  subscribers 
having  it  bound  in  book  form.  Our  rates  for 
space  are  extremely  low— lower  than  those  of 
any  other  high  class  journal  published.  Wide- 
awake advertisers  will  find  our  columns  money 
makers.     Write  at  once  for  rates. 


Cbc  Pen  and  the  typewriter. 


An  order  lias  been  issued  by  the  Balti- 
more and  Ohio  to  the  operators  along  the 
line  that  they  must  give  up  the  use  of  type- 
writers. The  officials  believe  that  the  writ- 
ing machine  is  a  fruitful  cause  of  error,  and 
that  many  accidents  have  been  caused  by 
their  use. 

Hereafter  all  operators  will  write  their 
orders  to  engineers  with  a  pen  and  the 
typewriter  will  have  a  back  seat.  This 
order  has  created  a  great  deal  of  adverse 
comment  among  operators  who  find  it  irk- 
some to  drop  back  to  the  pen  ;m<l  ink 
method  after  running  the  smooth  sailing 
machine  writer. 

It  is  said  that  five  times  as  many  mis- 
takes occur  with  typewriters  as  with  the 
old  pen.— Fairmont,  W.  Va.,  Times. 

We  presume  the  above  affects  only 
a  branch  of  that  railway  system,  but 
be  that  as  it  may,  it  calls'  to  notice 
the  fact  that  mistakes  on  the  machine 
are  more  easily  made  than  with  the 
pen. 

There  are  two  things  in  writing 
which  need  special  care.  Care  on 
the  typewriters  to  avoid  mistakes, 
and  care  with  the  pen  to  write  legibly. 
Typewriting  is  easy  to  write  anil  easy 


to  read,  but  it  is  easy  to  make  mis- 
takes as  well.  With  the  pen,  the  mis- 
takes in  spelling  and  figures  are  not 
so  likely  to  occur,  but  mistakes  in 
reading  are  more  easilv  made. 

As  the  years  go  by  it  becomes 
clearer  and.  clearer  that  the  pen  can 
do  some  things  better  than  can  be  done 
in  any  other  way.  Hence  the  contin- 
ued demand  tor  good  writing. 


Che  necessity  of  Good  Penman 
ship  in  Business. 

Good,  legible,  rapid  writing  is  a 
modern  need  of  no  mean  proportions. 
Few  realize  the  vast  amount  of  work 
done  by  the  pen  in  the  transaction  of 
business.  The  vast  interests  in- 
volved, the  important  transactions 
transcribed,  and  the  large  amounts 
recorded  make  it  more  and  more  im- 
perative dav  by  day  that  writing  be 
plainly  legible.  Thus  it  is  that  as 
commercial  interests  become  more 
complex  and  extensive,  more  legible 
writing  is  demanded.  The  type- 
writer, duplicating  and  adding 
machines,  etc.,  may  and  will  continue 
to  multiply,  but  the  pace  of  the  pen 
seems  not  "to  slacken. 

Poor  writing  is  an  aggravation,  and 
a  hindrance  to  promotion,  while  good 
writing  is  a  pleasure,  and  a  direct 
means  of  promotion. 

"Apply  in  own  handwriting,"  is  a 
frequent  quotation  in  "want"  ads. 
in  our  dailies.  This  is  not  alone 
what  it  would  appear  on  the  surface. 
It  means  that  persons  are  wanted,  not 
merely  because  they  write  well,  but 
because  they  possess  the  necessary- 
pluck,  perseverance,  industry,  and 
care  to  acquire  the  art  of  writing  well. 
Thus,  a  good  handwriting  means 
character  as  well  as  skill.  And  that 
is  why  persons  with  a  good  hand- 
writing are  in  demand. 

Young  man,  young  woman,  now  is 
the  time  to  learn.  Today  and  not 
tomorrow  is  the  time  to  begin  to  re- 
construct your  penmanship.  Start 
now  to  banish  the  irregular,  illegible, 
slovenly  features  of  your  writing. 
Good  writing  means  careful  writing. 
Therefore  begin  by  being  careful  in 
the  execution  of  all  your  writing.  Do 
no  writing  carelessly,  indifferently, 
or  slovenly  -  and  your  penmanship 
will  soon  show  improvement. 

Che  Reunion  of  Zanerians 

The  Zanerian  Reunion,  which  was  held 
in  Columbus,  Ohio,  June  22nd  and  26th, 
inclusive,  1903,  was  a  most  enjoyable, 
interesting  and  profitable  affair.  Enjoyable, 
because  everybody  seemed  to  have  the 
best  possible  kind  of  a  time;  interesting, 
because  the  discussions,  papers,  talks,  etc., 
were  most  entertaining  and  instructive; 
and  profitable,  because  everybody  seemed 
to  have  gleaned  some  profitable  information 
from  the  discussions,  associations,  etc. 

The  meeting  was  not  as  large  as  had 
been  hoped,  but  sufficiently  large  to  make 
it  an  unqualified  success,  there  being  be- 
tween fifty  and  one  hundred  in  attendance. 

The  regular  program  by  way  of  papers, 
lessons,  talks,  etc.,  was  carried  out  each 
day.  Besides  this  regular  program  of  a 
professional  character,  other  things  of  a 
social  nature  were  indulged  in. 


On  Tuesday  forenoon  the  medal  given  by 
Mr.  E..S.  Cause,  of  Emporia.  Kans.,  for  the 
year  ending  June,  1903,  for  the  one  making 
most  improvement  in  penmanship,  was 
awarded  J.  M.  Beisel,  of  Lehighton,  Pa. 

On  Tuesday  afternoon  the  members 
formed  a  theatre  party. 

Wednesday  afternoon  they  had  their 
photos  taken,  and  then  visited  the  Ohio 
Penitentiary,  all  having  gotten  out  without 
being  detained  permanently. 

On  Wednesday  evening  the  banquet  was 
held,  which  proved  to  be  one  of  the  most 
enjoyable  events  of  the  kind  we  have  ever 
had  the  pleasure  of  attending. 

On  Thursday  afternoon  a  tour  of  the  city 
of  Columbus  was  taken  on  the  special  car 
"  Electra."  On  the  evening  of  the  same 
day  the  Olentaugy  Park,  Zoological  Garden 
and  Theatre  were  attended. 

On  Friday  forenoon  the  debate  on  the 
Merits  of  Vertical  and  Slant  Writing  came 
off  in  a  most  interesting,  enjoyable  and 
instructive  manner.  The  afternoon  was 
given  up  to  program  work,  adjournment 
taking  place  at  five  o'clock. 

On  Friday  morning  the  school  was  pre- 
sented with  a  large,  handsome,  reliable 
clock  by  the  members  in  attendance. 

Ex-students  came  many  miles  to  attend 
the  Reunion,  some  coming  as  far  as  from 
Nebraska  expressly  for  the  occasion. 
A  few  professional  penmen  who  were 
not  pupils  of  the  school  were  in  attendance 

So  well  pleased  were  the  members  pres- 
ent, and  so  enthusiastic  over  the  influence 
exerted  by  the  meeting,  that  a  project  is 
now  on  foot  to  make  the  meeting  an  annual 
one,  and  something  more  of  a  professional 
character.  Certain  it  is  that  there  is  more 
interest  in  the  subject  of  writing  today 
than  ever  before,  and  for  that  reason  a 
purely  penmanhsip  gathering  of  no  mean 
proportions  seems  not  improbable. 


^^m-M^jeac^^ 


Mrs.  Sallie  R.  Smith 

announces 
arriage  of  her  granddaughter 
Sara  Elizabeth  McKee 

to 

r.  George  Albert  Henry, 

unday,  May  thirty-first, 

lineteen  hundred  three. 

Kansas  City,  Mo. 


At  home 

after  June  fifteenth  at 

1309  Pennsylvania  Avenue, 

Kansas  City,  Mo. 


Mr.  Herbert  Darius  Harris 

and 

Miss  Susie  Crandell  Rounds 

announce  their  marriage 

on  Tuesday  the  thirtieth  of  June 

one  thousand  nine  hundred  and  three 

Vestal,  New  York 

At  home 

after  August  the  fifteenth 

Vestal,  New  York 


W.  F.  and  Mrs.  Bartholorrj 

announce  the  marriage  i 

Miss  Barbara  Reipper 

to 

Arthur  H.  Burke, 

Wednesday  evening,  July  29t 

At  Home 
n  Marinette,  Wis., 

after  August  loth. 


**/K©  fdu/Uir*e£b  £cUvcciXur   <8£> 


E.  H.  and  M.  C.  Fisher  have  opened  the 
Winter  Hill  Business  College,  at  Somerville, 
Mass.,  a  suburb  of  Boston.  These  men  were 
for  many  years  highly  esteemed  teachers  of 
Burdett' College,  Boston.  Their  location, 
building,  and  equipment  are  almost  ideal. 
They  are  men  of  experience,  ability,  earn- 
estness, and  noble  character.  We  are  glad 
to  join  their  numerous  friends  in  wishing 
them  the  success  that  merit  deserves. 

H.  B.  Lehman,  formerly  of  the  Spencerian 
Commercial  School,  Cleveland,  Ohio,  has 
gone  to  the  Chicago  Business  College.  An 
excellent  penman  has  joined  forces  with  an 
enterprising  firm. 

Mr.  Corliss  of  Burdett  College,  Boston, 
will  take  the  place  of  Mr.  Young  of  the  Hef- 
fley  School,  Brooklyn. 

Clay  D.  Slinker,  of  Des  Moines,  Iowa, 
made"  a  trip  to  the  Pacific  Coast  last  month, 
in  the  interest  of  the  Practical  Text  Book 
Company,  of  Cleveland.  This  enterprising 
com  pan  j'  is  pushing  its  excellent  books 
with  a  gVeat  deal  of  vigor  this  year. 

H.  G.  Greene,  commercial  instructor  in  the 
Melrose,  Mass.,  High  School,  has  been  elect- 
ed to  take  charge  of  the  new  commercial 
department  in  the  Winchester,  Mass.,  High 
School.  Both  parties  to  this  transaction  are 
to  be  congratulated. 

C.  B.  Bowerman,  of  the  East  High  School, 
Cleveland,  Ohio,  has  been  spending  the 
summer  in  Xew  York  City,  as  the 
Manager  of  the  school  department  of 
the  Smith-Premier  Typewriter  Company. 
This  is  another  occasion  for  double  con- 
gratulations. Mr.  Bowerman  is  a  hustler 
from  the  state  of  W.  N.  Ferris— a  very  Wol- 
verine for  business. 

Charles  R.  Weirs,  who  has  been  acting  as 
chief  correspondent  for  a  large  corporation 
in  Buffalo,  has  accepted  a  position  as  prin- 
cipal of  the  commercial  department  of  the 
Fitchburg,  Mass.,  Business  College,  vice  H. 
B.  Cole,  who  takes  a  similar  position  with 
the  Pernio  School,  Boston.  Mr.  Cole  suc- 
ceeds G.  T.  Wiswell,  who  goes  to  the  Wal- 
worth Business  Institute,  Xew  York.  Mr. 
Cole  is  an  exceptionally  able  commercial 
teacher,  and  he  will  doubtless  build  up  a 
good  commercial  department  in  the  Pernin 
School,  which  has  won  for  itself  no  small 
reputation  as  a  shorthand  school. 

Neailv  400  students  enrolled  at  the  Rhode 
Island  "Commercial  School  last  year,  and 
President  A.  S.  Heaney  had  the  pleasure  of 
graduating  a  class  of  104  in  June.  They 
made  Mr.  Heaney  a  present  of  a  handsome 
chair.  Evidently  they  thought  he  needed 
a  rest,  but  there  was  no  hint  that  he  was  to 
retire  to  the  rear  when  he  assumed  a  recum- 
bent position.  He  has  re-engaged  R.  A. 
Spellman,  his  efficient  commercial  teacher, 
and  we  have  no  doubt  that  this  school  will 
continue  to  enlarge  during  this  year.  In 
fact,  Mr.  Heaney  is  so  sure  of  it  that  he  has 
practically  doubled  his  space.  Providence 
is  to  be  congratulated  on  having  two  such 
schools  as  the  Bryant  «fc  Stratton  and  the 
Rhode  Island  Commercial. 

C.  C.  Marshall,  the  popular  member  of  the 
Goodyear-Marshall  hrm,  spent  the  spring 
and  summer  in  New  England  in  the  inter- 
ests of  his  company,  and  he  cut  a  very  wide 
swath  in  the  course  of  his  reaping.  Those 
who  deal  with  Mr.  Marshall  will  find  a 
square  man  and  an  intelligent,  ciiltured 
gentleman. 

J.  E.  Leamey,  the  talented  penman  and 
commercial  teacher  of  the  Troy  Business 
College,  has  been  re-appointed  at  an  in- 
creased salary.  Mr.  Leamey  is  one  of  the 
coming  men  in  our  profession.  In  fact,  as 
the  French  say,  he  has  arrived. 

D.  L.  Musselman,  the  widelv-known  head 
of  the  Gem  City  Business  College,  returned 
the  latter  part  of  July  from  an  extended 
vacation  trip  among  the  Rocky  Mountains. 
Mr.  Musselman  is  a  lover  of  the  grandeur  of 
the  Rockies,  and  year  after  year  he  returns 
to  them  to  gather  strength  and  inspiration 
for  the  Brobdingnagian  tasks  that  meet 
him  in  his  large  publishing  business  and 
in  his  huge  school. 


We  miss  the  genial  L.  L.  Williams  from 
our    conventions.      At   St.   Louis,  Philadel- 

ghia,  Milwaukee,  Minneapolis,  Brooklyn  and 
ioston,  we  looked  in  vain  for  his  sunny  coun- 
tenance. Wonder  whether  his  educational 
interest  has  waned  with  the  passing  of  his 
great  publishing  interests.  Let  us  hope 
not,  and  that  we  may  welcome  him  to  us 
again  at  Cincinnati. 

E.G.  Parkinson,  formerly  with  the  Lynn, 
Mass.,  Business  College,  has  been  engaged 
to  take  charge  of  the  commercial  depart- 
ment of  the  Auburn,  R.  I..  High  School. 

E.  X.  Miner  is  again  in  trouble.  Mr.  Lusk, 
whom  he  has  been  writing  up  in  The  Type- 
writer and  Phonographic  World,  has 
brought  suit  for  both  civil  and  criminal 
libel,  and,  according  to  the  Xew  York  World 
of  July  29th, he  was  having  a  painful  time 
trying  to  find  someone  who  thought  enough 
of  his  comfort  to  sign  a  bail  bond  for  $10,000. 
He  is  a  very  irascible  man,  and  two  years 
ago,  after  breaking  a  chair  over  the  head  of 
a  postman,  lie  paid  a  fine  of  $2,000  in  the 
United  States  Court.  The  readers  of  the 
Phonographic  World  will  understand  what 
the  matter  is  if  they  do  not  receive  the 
August  number  of  the  magazine,  for  Mr. 
Lusk  has  asked  for  an  injunction  restrain- 
ing Mr.  Miner  from  issuing  that  number, 
owing  to  an  alleged  intention  to  make  in  it 
a  second  attack  on  Mr.  Lusk. 

The  Kinyon  Commercial  School,  Paw- 
tucket,  R.  I.,  is  in  great  favor  with  the  peo- 
ple of  that  city.  We  had  the  pleasure  of 
attending  Mr.  Kinyon's  commencement 
exercises  in  June,  and  the  audience  gath- 
ered at  that  time  was  a  compliment  to  be 
proud  of.  Governor  Garvin  presented  the 
diplomas  to  the  fine  class  of  graduates. 

The  commencement  exercises  of  the  Shoe- 
maker &  Clark  School,  Fall  River,  Mass., 
were  up  to  the  usnal  high  standard.  The 
Honorable  Charles  Emory  Smith  made  the 
principal  address.  In  order  to  obtain  the 
Academy  of  Music  for  that  evening.it  was 
necessary  for  Messrs.  Stone  and  Rogers  to 
subsidize  the  opera  company  that  had  a 
season  lease  of  it,  but  they  rose  to  the  occa- 
sion, and  they  should  have  felt  repaid  by 
the  splendid  audience  that  greeted  them. 
The  class  made  the  proprietors  a  present  of 
a  beautiful  loving  cup,  which  graces  the 
office. 

We  were  glad  to  see  the  radiant  face  of 
R.  J.  Shoemaker  at  these  exercises.  He 
says  that  they  are  considering  the  advisa- 
bility of  roofring  in  one  of  Rochester's  parks 
in  order  to  accommodate  the  stenographers 
and  other  clerical  force  necessary  to  take 
care  of  the  Cvclopean  business  that  has 
been  developed  by  Mr.  C.  S.  Clark  and 
himself.  This  is  not  altogether  a  jest,  for,  if 
we  remember  correctly,  Mr.  Shoemaker 
stated  that  they  now  employ  350  stenogra- 
phers and  bookkeepers,  just  to  take  care  of 
their  own  business. 

Enos  Spencer  has  issued  in  pamphlet 
form  his  Milwaukee  address  on  "  Advanced 
Accounting."  It  is  an  attractive  little  book- 
let, and  is  very  instructive.  Doubtless  he 
would  be  glad  to  mail  copies  on  request. 

R.  A.  Grant,  the  popular  director  of  the 
commercial  department  of  the  Rockford, 
111.,  High  School,  has  been  re-elected  at  a 
very  substantial  increase  in  salary.  B.  F. 
Haft,  of  La  Salle,  III.,  has  met  with  a  similar 
practical  compliment  to  the  thoroughness 
of  his  work. 

At  the  forty-seventh  annual  commence- 
ment exercises  of  SouleCommercial  College 
a  class  of  l'-tt  young  people  received  diplomas, 
and  the  honored  founder  of  this  notable 
school  delivered  an  impressive  oration. 
The  beautiful  new  buildingthat  waserected 
last  vear  for  this  farr.ous  school  is  now  occu- 
pied by  it,  and  we  shall  have  views  of  it  in 
an  early  number. 

W.  P.  Charles,  of  the  Charles  Commercial 
School,  Brooklyn,  has  been  spending  the 
summer  in  the  West  Indies,  among  the 
British  possessions,  especially  in  the  inter- 
est of  commercial  education.  He  went  on 
the  invitation  of  the  English  government 
officials,  and  he  is  expected  to  establish 
several  commercial  schools.  He  will  write 
a  description  of  his  trip  and  his  operations 
for  the  EDUCATOR,  on  his  return. 

W.  E.  Corey,  who  has  been  elected  to  take  the 
place  of  Charles  M.  Schwab  as  acting  president 
of  the  United  States  Steel  Corporation,  is  a  sili- 
made  man.  He  had  to  quit  the  public  school-  at 
the  age  of  sixteen,  but  he  took  a  commercial 
course  at  the  famous  Duff  Commercial  College, 


Pittsburg,  and  studied  chemistry  and  metallurgy 
while  working  in  the  Edgar  Thompson  Steel 
Works,  over  which  Mr.  Schwab  once  presided. 
Vannant  would  have  to  revise  his  opinions  if  he 
should  look  carefully  over  the  list  of  the  "  cap- 
tains of  industry."  The  commeicial  school  is  in 
no  danger  of  failing  to  do  a  great  work  so  long  as 
it  does  well  a  work  of  limited  range 

Goldey  College,  Wilmington,  Del  ,  graduated  a 
class  numbering  144,  in  June.  Judge  George 
Gray,  of  the  Coal  Strike  Commission,  presided, 
and  Dr.  P.  S  Henson,  the  famous  lecturer  of 
Brooklyn,  gave  the  principal  address.  We  can 
imagine  the  delight  of  the  great  audience  as  they 
listened  to  this  incisive  and  polished  orator  and 
humoiist  on  his  favorite  topic,  '  Backbone."  R. 
J.  MacLean,  the  forceful  manager  of  this  school, 
should  be  proud  of  the  closing  ceremonies  of 
their  very  successful  school  year. 

The  Utica  School  of  Commerce,  Utica,  X.  V.. 
graduated  a  class  of  57  the  last  of  June.  We  no- 
tice that  the  Utica  papers  complimented  Miss 
Bessie  Risingeron  her  rendition  of  a  vocal  solo 
during  the  evening  Our  friend,  T.  J.  Risinger, 
the  proprietor  of  this  flourishing  school,  should 
be  pleased  with  his  success. 

Through  the  kindness  of  George  Stanley  Mur- 
ray we  received  a  copy  of  the  Levant  Herald,  con- 
taining an  account  of  the  commencement  exer- 
cises of  Robert  College,  Constantinople,  whose 
commercial  department  Mr.  Murray  directs,  be- 
sides acting  as  financial  agent  for  the  school 
The  United  States  Minister,  Hon.  J.  G.  A.  Leish- 
man,  presided,  and  a  class  of  nineteen  was  gradu- 
ated 

We  acknowledge  the  receipt  of  an  invitation  to 
attend  the  graduating  exercises  of  the  Buffalo  B. 
&  S.  Business  College,  from  which  a  class  of  80 
young  people  went  out  into  the  world  to  take  up 
their  rightful  burdens. 

Do  not  forget  the  Educator  when  you  get 
ready  to  make  up  your  club  this  fall.  It  takes 
money,  and  lots  of  it,  to  get  up  such  a  paper  as 
this,  and  we  make  no  apology  for  asking  our 
friends  to  support  us  loyally.  We  make  special 
club  rates,  which  are  only  a  few  cents  higher  than 
the  price  asked  for  the  inferior  editions  of  other 
papers;  '  esides,  it  is  impossible  to  put  into  the 
hands  of  your  friends  and  your  pupils  so  helpful 
a  paper  as  the  Educator,  in  the  same  line  of 
work,  for  there  is  no  such  paper  '  Excelsior*' 
is  and  has  been  on  our  banner,  and  we  have 
climbed  to  a  plane  to  which  none  of  our 
"  esteemed  contemporaries "  has  yet  ascended 
The  Educator  is  an  all-round  representative  of 
commercial  education,  not  a  tomb  for  deceased 
convention  papers— a  sort  of  Congressional  Rec- 
ord—nor  a  mere  penmanship  journal,  but  a  live, 
up-to-date  medium  of  instruction  for  both  stu- 
dent and  teacher  in  all  the  technical  commercial 
branches,  except  shorthand  and  typewriting 
Club  us !  ! 

Mr.  and  Mrs.  Benn  J.  Ferguson  of  Marietta. 
O.,  are  now  located  with  the  Union  Business  Col- 
lege, Philadelphia,  Pa. 

Mr.  A.  R.  Bumette  of  Vincennes.  Ind.,  is  now- 
located  at  Bowling  Green,  Ky.,  with  the  Southern 
Normal  College.  Mr.  Bumette  was  located  there 
a  couple  of  years  ago,  and  is  therefore  not  a  new 
man  in  that  position. 

F.  L.  Haeberle,  formerly  of  Faribault,  Minn  . 
and  more  recently  of  Valley  City,  N.  Dakota,  has 
purchased  an  interest  in  the  Pittsburg  Business 
College,  Pittsburg.  Kans  ,  and  reports  flattering 
prospects  in  that  community  for  a  business  school 
and  business  education.  We  congratulate  the 
good  people  of  Pittsburg  on  having  secured  Mr. 
Haeberle's  services  and  influence 

H.  D.  Goshert,  of  the  Columbia  Commercial 
College.  St.  Louis,  Mo.,  favors  us  now  and  then 
with  some  very  graceful  penmanship.  Mr.  Gos- 
hert's  penmanship  is  full  of  fire  as  well  as  beauty. 

Child's  Business  College,  Pawtucket.  R.  I.,  has 
increaseddits  floor  space  by  an  addition  having 
been  built  to  the  fine  new  Slater  Trust  Building 
of  that  city. 

The  Union  Business  College,  the  Quincy  Busi- 
ness College  and  the  Quincy  School  of  Correspon- 
dence, Quincy,  111  ,  have  been  incorpoiated  into 
one  institution,  to  be  known  as  the  Union  Busi- 
ness College  Company  ,  Mr  J.  W  Cassidy,  Presi- 
dent :  L  B.  McKenna,  principal;  and  John  R. 
Hutchinson,  of  Des  Moines.  la.,  secretary  and 
treasurer.  We  wish  the  new  institution  the  suc- 
cess it  merits. 

Mr.  N.  C.  Brewster  has  sold  his  Penn  Yan.  (N. 
Y.i  School  to  Chas.  E.  Birdsall  of  Lima.  N.  Y. 
Mr.  Birdsall  has  already  taken  charge  of  the 
institution. 

(Continued  on  page  37. J 


&\\&  Sfethirteto  £cU*&cbtor  & 


A  History   of  Penmen,  Early   Business  Educa= 
tion,  and  Educators  in  America. 


By  A.  H.  tlinman,  Worcester,  Mass. 


The  first  meeting  of  commercial 
teachers  was  held  in  Bryant  and 
Stratton's  College,  New  York  City, 
Christmas  week,  18R5.  The  next 
meeting  was  held  in  the  same  place 
in  July,  1804,  consisting  only  of  the 
proprietors  and  teachers  of  the  Bry- 
ant and  Stratton  schools.  The  pro- 
grams of  the  meetings  were  crude 
and  meagre.  They  constituted  the 
first  step  in  this  country  toward  asso- 
ciation of  commercial  teachers  for 
mutual  improvement  and  benefit,  and 
were  conductive  of  much  good.  In 
July,  1805,  a  general  convention  of 
the  proprietors  of  the  Bryant  and 
Stratton  schools  was  held  in  the  Chi- 
cago Bryant  and  Stratton  College 
under  the  personal  management  and 
direction  of  Mr.  II.  D.  Stratton,  who 
made  extensive  preparations  for  this 
important  occasion.  The  convention 
continued  for  several  days  with  pro- 
grams arranged  mostly  by  Mr.  S.  S. 
Packard,  who  acted  as  secretary  of 
the  convention.  The  report  of  the 
proceedings  wras  published  in  pamph- 
let form,  edited  by  Mr.  Packard, 
whose  tact  and  ability  were  exercised 
in  making  it  a  most  presentable  doc- 
ument. Invitations  had  been  extend- 
ed to  leading  business  and  commer- 
cial men,  educators  and  statesmen, 
whose  replies  constituted  the  most 
valuable  endorsements  ever  brought 
together  of  the  work  of  commercial 
schools,  more  especially  of  the  Bryant 
and  Stratton  chain.  A  very  large 
edition  of  these  proceedings  was 
printed  and  distributed  to  the  schools 
of  the  chain  ;  which  widely  distributed 
them  in  their  respective  cities  and 
communities.  The  prominent  men 
and  leading  spirits  in  that  meeting 
were  H.  D.  Stratton,  H.  B.  Bryant,  E. 
G.  Folsom,  J.  H.  Goldsmith,  E.  R. 
Felton,  Dr.  J.  C.  Bryant,  J.  Y.  R. 
Chapman,  John  J.  DeHan,  L.  A.  Gray, 
H.  C.  Clark,  Henry  C.  Spencer,  A.  W. 
Smith,  R.  C.  Spencer  and  others. 
Public  meetings  were  held  in  Bryan 
Hall  and  in  the  Opera  House,  ad- 
dressed by  prominent  men  including 
James  A. 'Garfield  and  others.  The 
proceedings  were  well  written  up  and 
published  in  the  press  of  the  city  and 
widely  noticed  throughout  the  coun- 
try. While  not  the  most  largely 
attended,  it  was  probably  in  some 
respects  the  must  important  gather- 
ing of  the  kind  ever  held  in  the  his- 
tory of  commercial  schools.  Unfor- 
tunately however,  for  the  harmony  of 
the  chain  of  colleges,  Brvant  and 
Mil!  tun  had  become  unduly  ambi- 
tions and  arrogant  in  their  manage- 
ment and  policy.  Thev  conceived  the 
idea  of  monopolizing  commercial 
education,  and  with  this  object  in 
view  proposed  to  absorb  or  crush  out 
all  competing  and  rival  schools 
throughout  the  country.  Brvant  and 
Stratton  had  entered  into  a"  partner- 
ship between  themselves,  the  dura- 
tion of  which   was  not  to  be  affected 


by  the  death  of  either  or  both  of 
them,  but  was  to  be  continued  by 
their  executors  indefinitely.  They 
had  devised  articles  of  co-partnership 
with  local  partners  of  the  schools 
which  gave  to  Bryant  and  Stratton 
such  arbitrary  and  absolute  powers 
and  privileges  as  to  enable  them  at 
pleasure  to  remove  the  local  princi- 
pals. This  scheme  of  partnership 
organization  and  power  which  Bryant 
and  Stratton  attempted  to  fasten 
upon  local  principals  and  schools  of 
the  chain  caused  distrust  and  dissat- 
isfaction, and  was  strenuously 
opposed  by  the  older  men  and  those 
who  had  been  longest  associated  in 
building  up  and  extending  the  enter- 
prise. Abuses  arising  under  this 
ambitious  and  far-reaching  measure 
resulted  in  an  emphatic  protest  which 
took  form  in  the  meeting  of  local 
principals  in  Cleveland  in  the  winter 
of  186b,  which  gave  expression  to  the 
dissatisfaction  and  sense  of  injustice 
that  had  spread  among  the  colleges 
and  local  principals  in  consequence 
of  the  grasping  measures  and  policy 
of  Bryant  and  Stratton.  The  first 
and  most  emphatic  complaint  and 
protest  was  made  by  E.  R.  Felton  of 
the  Cleveland  College,  in  which  he 
was  sustained  by  local  principals  of 
other  schools.  R.  C.  Spencer,  Mil- 
waukee, espoused  the  cause  of  the 
dissatisfied  principals  against  Bryant 
and  Stratton,  and  assiduously  labored 
to  bring  about  such  reforms  as  were 
necessary  to  promote  harmony  and 
perpetuate  the  close  ties  of  reciprocal 
relationship  in  the  chain  of  colleges, 
with  justice  to  all  concerned.  In  pur- 
suance of  this  object,  Mr.  Spencer 
prepared,  published  and  circulated 
circular  letters  embodying  a  concise 
history  of  the  growTth  and  develop- 
ment of  the  chain  of  colleges,  the  re- 
lations of  Bryant  and  Stratton  to  the 
enterprise  and  to  those  associated 
with  them,  and  pointing  out  the 
causes  of  complaint,  and  suggesting 
remedies  for  grievances,  discord  and 
dangers.  Christmas  week,  186fi,  a 
meeting  of  dissatisfied  principals  was 
held  in  Cleveland  to  consider  causes 
of  complaint  and  propose  such 
changes  and  modifications  as  would 
remedy  the  existing  evils  and  threat- 
ened dangers.  Although  Bryant  and 
Stratton  were  invited,  they'  did  not 
appear  and  ignored  the  meeting  and 
its  objects.  Mr.  S.  S.  Packard 
espoused  the  cause  of  Bryant  and 
Stratton  with  the  apparent  design  of 
defending  their  action  and  policy. 
The  opposing  parties  were  repre- 
sented by  R.  C.  Spencer  between 
whom  and  Mr.  Packard  there  was  a 
heated  controversy  with  some  sharp 
passages  at  arms.  Upon  the  charge 
of  conspiracy,  Bryant  and  Stratton 
instituted  proceedings  to  dissolve 
partnerships  with  E.  R.  Felton, 
Cleveland,  and  R.  C.  Spencer,  Mil- 
waukee.    Decrees  of  dissolution  were 


granted  in  these  cases,  and  receivers 
appointed  to  take  charge  of  the  effects 
and  wind  up  the  partnership  affairs 
at  Cleveland  and  Milwaukee.  Bryant 
and  Stratton  and  R.  C.  Spencer  sep- 
arated at  Milwaukee,  as  did  also 
Bryant  and  Stratton  at  Cleveland, 
where  E.  R.  Felton  opened  an  inde- 
pendent school  under  the  title  of 
Union  Business  College.  At  Mil- 
waukee the  patrons  of  Bryant  and 
Stratton  school  and  the  community 
sustained  R.  C.  Spencer  in  his  action 
and  the  students  remained  with  him 
in  the  old  rooms  of  the  school,  the 
title  of  which  was  changed  to  Spen- 
cerian  Business  College.  Bryant  and 
Stratton  purchased  the  lease  of  Lin- 
coln Commercial  College,  put  in  a 
strong  faculty,  furnished  and 
equipped  the  school  well,  advertised 
it  extensively  and  materially  reduced 
the  rates  of  tuition  to  compete  with 
the  Spencerian  College,  which  main- 
tained its  rates  of  tuition.  About  the 
time  that  this  wTar  in  the  chain  of  col- 
leges broke  out,  Mr.  H.  D.  Stratton 
was  prostrated  at  his  home  in  New 
York,  by  an  illness  which  proved 
fatal  in  the  spring  of  1867.  Worn  and 
exhausted  by  the  toils  and  strains  he 
had  endured  in  organizing  and  build- 
ing up  the  chain  of  colleges,  his  con- 
stitution succumbed  to  consumption 
which  proved  fatal.  His  illness  and 
death  at  this  juncture  touched  the 
hearts  of  all  his  associates,  and 
especially  of  those  who  had  stood 
shoulder  to  shoulder  with  him 
through  the  struggles  and  triumphs 
of  the  remarkable  educational  enter- 
prise, of  which  he  was  the  inspiration 
and  leader.  Although  Mr.  Stratton 
did  not  directly  communicate  with  R. 
C.  Spencer,  it  is  reported  that  as  the 
end  approached  he  expressed  the 
kindest  feeling  toward  him,  saying', 
that  if  he  and  Robert  could  have  met 
and  talked  matters  over,  the  trouble 
would  have  been  satisfactorily  and 
harmoniously  adjusted. 

Soon  after  Mr.  Stratton's  death,  his 
surviving  partner,  H.  B.  Bryant, 
began  to  dispose  of  their  interest  in 
the  schools  to  the  local  partners.  In 
less  than  a  year  after  opening  their 
school  in  Milwaukee  in  opposition  to 
the  Spencerian  College,  they  turned 
it  over  to  R.  C.  Spencer,  who  consol- 
idated it  with  his  school,  which 
subsequently  absorbed  the  Larigo 
Mercantile  College.  The  meeting 
between  H.  B.  Bryant  and  R.  C. 
Spencer  after  the  death  of  Mr.  Strat- 
ton was  affecting.  These  strong  men 
had  been  closely  associated  many 
years  in  the  chain  of  colleges,  and 
the  ties  of  attachment  between  them 
were  of  no  ordinary  character.  Mr. 
Bryant  was  a  man  of  reserved  and 
quiet  temperament,  whose  manner 
was  somewhat  distant.  On  this  occa- 
sion his  emotions  overcame  him  and 
tears  came  to  his  eyes  as  he  grasped 
the  hand  of  his  old  friend  and  co- 
laborer.  From  that  time  forward  the 
ties  that  bound  them  together  became 
more  tender  and  sympathetic. 

In  the  summer  of  1866  the  second 
convention  of  the  chain  of  colleges 
was  held  at  Cleveland.  At  the  same 
time  a  similar  organization  of  com- 
mercial schools  and  teachers  was 
formed  under  the  title  of  the  National 
Union  of  Business  Colleges  composed 


£/Fve  ©U/Uin?©&£  £clu^vl©r  ^ 


of  those  who  had  separated  from  the 
Bryant  and  Stratton  chain,  and  a  few 
independent  schools  designed  to  pre- 
serve the  advantages  and  benefits  of 
the  chain  without  its  disadvantages. 
Of  this  organization  E.  R.  Felton  was 
president.  The  death  of  Mr.  Stratton 
and  the  dissolution  of  co-partnerships 
with  local  principals  in  the  chain  of 
colleges,  brought  about  a  condition  of 
things  very  favorable  to  the  accom- 
plishment of  the  objects  of  the  reform 
movement  led  by  R.  C.  Spencer,  E.  R. 
Felton  and  others. 

Continued. 


?UBLLCA"TiON5. 


"  Proceedings  of  the  Second  Annual  Con- 
vention of  the  Gregg  Shorthand  Associa- 
tion of  America,  Peoria,  1902,"  is  the  title  of 
a  sixtv-four  page  book,  splendidly  printed 
and  illustrated,  devoted  to  the  subject 
mentioned  in  the  title.  The  report  is  noth- 
ing if  not  first-class  and  complete,  and  is 
certaiulv  the  most  comprehensive  thing  of 
the  kind  we  have  ever  seen  issued  along 
shorthand  lines.  The  price,  we  believe,  is 
$1.00,  and  it  is  well  worth  that  price  to  any 
one  interested  in  shorthand  work. 

"The  Columbian  Compendium  of  Pen- 
manship," published  by  the  Columbian 
Correspondence  College,  Washington, D.  C, 
price,  $1.50,  is  the  title  of  an  eighty-four 
page,  flexible  back  publication,  giving 
copies  and  instruction  in  business  and 
ornamental  penmanship  and  lettering. 
The  instructions  are  brief  and  practical, 
and  the  illustrations  are  numerous.  The 
paper  is  of  the  finest  grade,  as  is  also  the 
printing. 

"  Anonvmous  Assassins  of  Character,"  by 
W.  J.  Ki'nslev.  expert  in  handwriting,  No. 
220  Broadway,  is  the  title  of  a  booklet,  being 
a  reprint  of  a  contribution  to  the  New  York 
Press.  The  booklet  is  worth  getting  and 
reading. 

"Artistic  Alphabets"  by  C.  C.  Canan, 
Duke  Center,  Pa.,  price  $1.00,  is  one  of  the 
very  finest  things  of  the  kind  ever  issued, 
containing,  as  it  does,  gems  of  the  penmen's 
art  from  the  author's  brain  and  pen,  aa 
well  as  from  professional  penmen,  such  as 
Flickinger,  Howe,  Zaner.  Dennis,  Mills, 
Beacom,  and  others.  Those  wishing  to  see 
the  finest  work  of  the  kind  ever  issued  by 
this  master  penman  should  secure  a  copy 
of  this  book.  The  printing  and  paper  are 
alike  elegant. 

Mr.  Canan,  in  this  publication,  has  demon- 
strated that  as  an  all-round  penman  he 
ranks  among  the  world's  few  finest. 

"Card  Kev  to  Exercises  in  the  Reporting 
Style  "  being  twenty-seven  special  cards  to 
accompany  the  "  Isaac  Pitman  Shorthand 
Instructor  "  for  the  use  of  teachers  in  large 
shorthand  classes,  price  25  cents.  Those 
interested  in  Isaac  Pitman  Shorthand  will 
do  well  to  investigate  these  cards  as  effect- 
ive aids  in  teaching. 

"  Strange  Case  of  Dr.  Jekvll  and  Mr. 
Hyde,"  by  Robert  Louis  Stevenson,  printed 
in  the  easy  reporting  style  of  phonography, 
in  accordance  with  the  "  Manual  of  Phonog- 
raphy,"  by   Brnn   Pitman    and    Jer 


Obituary. 

Tuesday  morning,  July  21st,  at  Great  Bar- 
rington,  Mass.,  Mrs.  Charlotte  H.  Packard 
died  quite  suddenly,  though  she  had  been 
far  from  strong  for  some  years. 

Mrs.  Packard  was  the  widow  of  S.  S.  Pack- 
ard, the  well  known  and  highly  esteemed 
business  educator.  Mrs.  Packard  conducted 
the  school  in  a  most  able  manner  after  her 
husband's  death,  being  able  to  do  this 
because  of  the  fact  that  she  took  part  while 
he  lived  in  the  work  for  which  her  husband 
was  famous. 

She  was  a  woman  of  rare  culture  and 
talents,  being  many-sided  and  progressive. 
She  was  a  prominent  member  of  Sorosis, 
and  a  director  of  the  Business  Women's 
Club. 


The  above  likeness  is  that  of  Mr.  L.  L.  Mc- 
Cain, Detroit,  Mich.,  a  Canadian  by  birth 
and  a  professional  penman  of  no  mean 
standing  as  concerns  skill. 

Mr.  McCain  attended  the  Zanerian  in 
1890,  since  which  time  he  has  been  following 
penmanship  off  and  on.  He  recently  grad- 
uated in  dental  surgery,  and  therefore  now 
signs  D.  D.  S.  to  his  name.  Mr.  McCain 
intends  following  both  penmanship  and 
dentistry,  a  rather  unusual  profession,  but 
we  hope  a  profitable  one. 


Question,  Htiswcr  and  Criticism 
Department 


Under  this  heading  Mr.  Zaner  shall  be 
pleased  to  criticise  specimens  of  penman- 
ship, drawing,  etc.,  submitted  to  him.  If 
such  specimens  are  to  be  returned  please 
inclose  postage  for  the  same. 

He  will  also  endeavor  to  answer  any  and 
all  questions  pertaining  to  penmanship 
matters,  or,  if  thought  best,  questions  may 
be  submitted  through  this  department  to 
the  readers  of  our  journal  for  volunteer 
answers. 

MAC— You  could  become  a  good  penman. 
What  you  need  to  do  is  to  study  form  criti- 
cally and  observe  form  while  you  are  writ- 
ing. In  other  words,  think  good  writing, 
and  better  writing  will  be  the  result. 

Your  o's  are  too  narrow,  the  first  stroke 
being  too  nearly  straight,  and  as  a  conse- 
quence, your  o's  and  v's  are  too  nearly  the 
same.  Follow  Leamy's  instructions  from 
a  to  z  and  the  dollar  you  have  invested  in 
your  subscription  will  prove  to  be  the  best 
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■Why  go  to  "College 

TO  LKARN  BOOK-KEEPING 
WHEN  1  WILL  MAKE  A 


jprst-ClassBook-Kpeper 


1 
■I 


\m5b    ■kw  ,iK  v,,r  AT  v< 

f    ^aZvS^      l;r/n  ,:N  U".ni:y. 

I  It     IIP.'.    1 

where.  Fit  KB!    Have  placed  THiil"; 

&NDS.    IV,- 

haps   ran   place    YOI\   too!    «.74'i 

tenttmoni&ls  1 

received  from  pnpils!    XA  YE  T//I!--  . 

.V/i  117.777. 

J.    II.  (iOOIUVIX.  Expert    Acrnunt 

>.lt.    F..O.I1 

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"  Nothing  finer,  if  as  fine,  has  come  to 
our  notice."  _  Zaner  dt  Bloser. 

"  Every  page  is  worth  the  price  you 
ask  for  the  complete  work  to  anyone 
who  aspires  to  improve  his  ornamental 
penmanship.  You  have  published  a 
book  that  is  invaluable  to  the  student 
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C.     C.     CANAN, 

173  Congress  St., 


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ESTERBROOK'S  NEW  PENS  % 


No.  702 
707 


702     Slightly  Elastic 


MODIFIED    SLANT   OR 
"MEDIAL"    WRITERS. 


707     Elastic 


AMONG  PENMEN  there  is  a  demand  for  a  pen  that  is  adopted  to  the  Modified 
Slant  or  "Medial"  Writing,  to  combine  increased  speed  with  the  legibility  of 
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Commercial 

College 


This  lesson  needs  but  few  words  by  way 
cif  instruction,  for  the  "before  and  after" 
specimens  will  speak  much  for  themselves. 
Perhaps  an  apology  is  due  the  readers  of 
The  BUSINESS  BBUCATOR  for  the  quality  of 
the  zinc  etching  of  the  first  cut,  showing 
the  undeveloped,  off-hand  work.  In  order 
that  the  readers  might  see  from  what  the 
finished  work  was  developed  it  became 
necessary  to  have  a  local  engraving  estab- 
lishment prepare  the  cut.  As  they  do  but 
very  little  script  work,  results  were  not  very 
satisfactory.  After  the  work  was  repro- 
duced I  took  the  same  copy  and  built  up 
the  writing  as  you  see  it  in  the  second 
specimen. 

Let  us  notice  the  first.  It  has  been  re- 
duced but  a  trifle  from  the  original.  The 
copy  was  seven  inches  long,  the  reduction 
being  to  six  inches.  And  right  here  let  me 
make  a  suggestion:  Always  prepare  work 
several  times  larger  than  necessary,  for  it 
is  easier  to  work  on  the  large  than  the 
small  specimen.  Although  work  can  be 
enlarged,  it  is  more  easily  reduced,  and 
better  results  are  secured.  Your  attention 
is  called  to  the  strength  of  the  work,  for  we 
are  to  keep  in  mind  that  for  use  in  news- 
papers of  all  qualities  of  coarseness,  com- 
mercial script  must  be  bold  and  strong.  If 
you  work   for  strength,  therefore,  while   fol- 


lowing these  lessons  you  will  have  devel- 
>ped  the  skill  necessary  for  the  developing 
jnd  retouching  specimen  work  of   the  pro- 


fessio 

lal  tvpe. 

The 

capital 

was 

throi 

in   o 

ff  boldl 

v   with 

the    n 

luscular 

sw 

tig- 

The 

baselii 

e    and 

toplin 

e  were    i 

uled    afterira 

rd,    wh 

en    the 

slmde 

had    heconi 

e  dry 

th 

is    you 

secure 

perfect  alignment. 

The 

rest 

was  ex 

ecuted 

as  you  have  been  taught  roundhand.  You 
must  pay  particular  attention  to  spacing, 
and  make  allowance  in  the  apparent  join- 
ing of  the  hair  line  to  the  shaded  stroke,  as 
in  n  and  ni,  to  keep  the  light  line  away  far 
enough  to  just  bring  it  to  the  shaded  stroke 
when  built  up  to  the  proper  thickness. 
This  is  very  important. 

Now  your  attention  to  the  other  speci- 
men. The  first  thing  to  do  is  to  end  about 
your  paper,  having  the  beginning  of  the 
word  as  the  top  of  the  page.  Then  push  the 
top  of  the  paper  to  the  left  until  your  down- 
word  strokes  are  parallel  with  the  edge  of 
the  desk.  Having  decided  upon  the  width 
of  the  shade,  take  your  ruler  with  the  brass 
edge  of  the  bevel  side  up,  and  draw  your 
straight  line  to  the  top  of  each  stroke,  be- 
ginning at  the  baseline.  All  strokes  are 
shaded  on  the  right  side  except  the  finish 
of  m,  n,  h  and  the  beginning  of  y\  these 
are  shaded  about  equally  on  each  side. 


Now  having  built  your  shade  up  to  the 
desired  thickness  you  must  finish  your 
work.  On  ordinary  work  I  use  ordinary 
pens.  But  where  particular  fineness  and 
smoothness  are  required  I  use  Gillott's  170 
and  290  for  retouching.  You  will  notice  that 
the  tops  of  your  letters  are  not  square. 
With  ruler  and  fine  pen  you  can  soon  square 
the  t's,  d's,  n'st  etc.  Then  you  see  that 
your  straight  stroke  does  not  blend  in  the 
curve.  But  you  can  soon  smooth  these  out 
with  your  fine  pen.  Need  I  say  more  ?  No, 
you  understand. 

Now  a  final  word  about  retouching.  Your 
work  is  almost  complete  but  it  looks  weak. 
You  must  strengthen  your  hair  lines.  This 
requires  skill  and  steady  nerves.  With 
your  fine  pen  you  begin  in  the  shade  of 
your  capital.  Make  only  down  strokes 
always  toward  you.  They  should  be  short 
and  quick,  turning  the  paper  that  you  may 
always  make  them  in  this  direction. 
DON'T  try  to  deliberately  place  the  pen  on 
a  fine  hair  line  and  draw  it.  You  will  get  a 
rough,  nervous  looking  line  every  time. 
Remember  the  quick,  successive,  down- 
ward stroke.  It  requires  considerable  skill 
to  thus  retrace  the  hair  lines  of  the  capitals. 
But  the  small  letters  are  not  so  difficult. 
Always  reverse  your  paper  for  these. 

A  word  in  reference  to  materials.  This  is 
all  itnportant  when  you  are  going  to  have 
the  work  reproduced.  Your  paper  must  be 
smooth  and  hard.  Reynold's  bristol  board 
is  best.  Your  ink  for  fine  lines  must  be 
absolutely  black,  your  ruler  must  be  per- 
fectly smooth,  and  above  all,  do  not  hurry. 
Such  work  requires  time  and  patience. 
One  exceptionally  fine  word  outside  of  my 
regular  teaching  and  secretary  work  of  the 
school  is  all  I  can  do  in  a  day  and  do  it  well. 

This  is  one  way  of  doing  such  work,  and 
is  the  best  where  you  are  free  to  make 
several  attempts  at  capital  letters,  in  order 
that  vou  secure  one  that  is  up  to  your 
standard.  Next  month  I  shall  give  you 
the  other  method. 


M  I  LLS'S  Correspondence 
Schoo'  of  Penmanship 
Is  conceded  by  the  leading 
penmen  of  this  country  to  be 
the  most  thorough  school  of 
its  kind.  You  cnnnot  do  a 
better  thing  than  to  send 
stamp  today  for  full  particu- 
lars concerning  our  courses. 

E.   C.   MILLS 
195  Grand  Ave.,  Rochester,  N.  Y. 


nu/MMa 


^Ivc  f^vUuvo^£clu,octWr   & 


^^pCIMENjfecEIVED. 


T.  G.  Little,  Principal  of  the  Concord 
Normal  Business  College,  Athens,  W.  Va., 
favored  us  with  some  written  cards  which 
show  an  artistic  touch  considerably  above 
the  average  of  .such  received  at  this  office 
His  backhand  is  quite  unique  and  ap- 
pealing. 


(A'ews  Items  Continued  from   Page  33.) 

Mr.  W.  H.  Vigils,  who  has  been  connected  with 
the  Zanerian  for  some  years,  is  now  located  with 
the  Wooster,  Mass..  Business  Institute. 


S    WANTI 


rof    J 


unusually  w 
irds, 
received   froi 


ibe 


vritten  letter  anc 
in  white  ink,  ha 
R.  Tate,  Cincinm 


beet 
Ohi 

Mr.  Tate  is  pushing  his  work  forward 
very  rapidly,  and  unquestionably  has  the 
ability  to  make  one  of  the  worid's  finest 
penmen. 

Mr.  J.  W.  Swank,  the  veteran  engrossing 
artist  of  Washington,  D.  C  recently  favored 
us  with  a  title  page  of  an  engrossed  album 
containing  monogram  and  wreath  done  in 
his  usual  careful,  artistic,  skillful  manner. 
Mr.  Swank  seems  to  have  a  lease  on  Wash- 
ington, as  he  has  been  located  there  a  good 
many  years,  and  has  done  a  vast  amount 
of  artistic  work. 

Mr.  J.  E.  Plummet,  of  Cumberland,  Md., 
favored  us  with  specimens  of  student's 
work  which  disclose  more  individuality 
than  any  we  have  thus  far  received  from 
any  source,  the  work  differing  in  style, 
slant,  etc.,  but  withal  practical  and  busi- 
ness like. 

Recently  we  had  placed  in  our  hands 
photos  of  a  couple  of  resolutions  engrossed 
by  Mr.  Charlton  V.  Howe,  of  Philadelphia. 
One  of  the  resolutions  was  the  joint  work 
of  Mr.  and  Mrs.  Howe,  the  latter  being 
quite  an  artist  with  pen  and  brush.  The 
work  is  too  dainty  for  successful  reproduc- 
tion. Otherwise  we  should  have  given  our 
readers  the  benefit  of  a  look  at  the  same. 


Best  T  fiave  Seen 

My  opinion  of  vour  paper  is  inexpres: 

in  words.    It  is  the  best  f  have  vet  seen 

M.  M.  Lvxns, 

Akron, 


J.  B.  McKay  of  the  Dominion  Business  College, 
Toronto,  Ont.,  has  been  elected  supervisor  of 
writing  in  that  progressive  city  of  two  hundred 
and  fifty  thousand  inhabitants.  A  recent  visit  to 
that  city  disclosed  the  fact  that  it  is  quite  Amer- 
ican as  concerns  push  and  industry.  It,  like 
many  other  cities  on  this  and  the  other  side  of 
the  line,  has  discarded  the  vertical  and  adopted 
the  medial  slant. 

Mr.  Chas.  F.  Smith,  proprietor  of  the  Dallas, 
Texas,  Business  University,  recently  remitted  for 
two  years  subscription  to  The  Bisiness  Educa- 
tor, and  stated,  incidentally,  that  he  started  out 
after  the  great  Galveston  flood  without  a  cent, 
and  with  but  one  student,  having  lost  all  that  he 
had  in  the  world  in  the  Galveston  flood  He  said 
"all  that  he  had  in  the  world  "  but  evidently  he 
saved  the  most  valuable  thing  he  had  in  the 
world,  which  was  character  backed  by  pluck  and 
perseverance.  That  in  theend  is  the  best  capital. 
He  says  that  he  now  has  possibly  the  largest 
attendance  in  Texas,  and  is  practically  out  of 
debt.  Surely  the  North  cannot  claim  everything 
in  the  way  of  enterprise. 

From  the  Brockton,  Mass..  Times.  Friday,  June 
19th,  1903,  we  learn  that  Mr.  C.  W.  Jones,  proprie- 
tor of  the  Brockton  Business  College,  was  found 
not  guilty  of  manslaughter  as  charged  because 
of  the  dea'th  of  Charles  F.  Porter  of  that  city,  who 
was  struck  by  Mr.  Jones'  automobile  and  died 
from  the  effects.  The  good  news  will  be  gladly- 
received  by  the  many  friends  of  Mr.  Jones 
throughout'  the  profession,  as  the  accident  was 
n.,t  dm-  to  recklessness  or  carelessness. 

Prof  Howard  VanDeusen  of  the  Owensboro 
Commercial  College.  Owensboro,  Ky.,  had  charge 
of  the  "Free  correspondence  rooms"  of  the 
Chautauqua  Assembly  of  that  city  from  August 
6th  to  the  20th,  1903. 

Mr  O.  U.  Robinson,  who  has  been  with  Mr.  E. 
L.  Glick  of  Concord,  N.  H.  for  the  past  two 
years  i«  now  located  with  C.  W.  Jones,  of  Brock- 
ton, Mass.  Mr.  Robinson,  under  Mr.  Click's 
tutorage,  has  evolved  into  one  of  our  most  skilled 
penmen.  We  have  recently  examined  some  of 
his  work  and  find  it  to  be  of  a  very  high  order. 
Congratulations  are  due  and  are  hereby  extended 
to  pupil  and  teacher  alike,  because  both  had  to 
do  with  the  evolution  of  so  much  skill. 
i  Continued  on  Page  42.) 


•£  o   —A  well  educated  teacher  ( 
(    book-keeping  who  can  assist  in  other  Com-    ) 
(    mercial  Branches      Must  be  a  graduate  of  a    ) 
(    Standard  Commercial  School.     Address,  ) 

< 


BRYANT    A.    STBATTON      COLLEGE 
LOUIS,    MO  — 


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Ak'tnts  ,vantid.  send  L'.V.  tnr  Agents  Sample  Book.  All 
orders  promptly  tilled.    Send  for  samples. 

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The  Manual  of  Phonography— by  Benn  Pitman  and 
Jerome  B.  Howard.  The  text-book  for  beginners,  200 
pages,    cloth,   $1.00. 

The  Phono^r-aph i<-  Dictionary— contains  120,000  words 
and  phrases  in  engraved  phonographic  character  and 
type  key,  552  pages,  cloth,  $3.00. 

Business  Letters,  No.  2  — Railroad  Correspondence, 
engraved  in  phonography.  Key  in  facsimile  typewriting, 
52  pages,  paper  twent3'-five  (25)  cents. 

The  Touch  Write.i — by  J.  E.  Fuller.  A  complete  man- 
ual of  typewriting  by  touch.  In  two  editions,  for  ahift- 
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N.  B.— Names  of  certificated  teachers  of  the  Benn  Pitman  sys- 
tem now  open  to  engagements  will  be  furnisht  to  managers  of 
schools  on  request. 


A  Business  Speller. 


A  comprehensive  little  book  on  Spelling,  120 
pages  of  words  most  frequently  seen  in  business 
correspondence.  Divided  into  lessons  of  fifty  words 
each.  Several  lessons  of  words  pronounced  alike, 
but  spelled  differently.  Just  the  thing  for  the  school 
room.    Sample  copy  sent  postpaid  for  25  cents. 

BVSIWESS    LETTER    WRITING 

One  of  the  neatest  and  brightest  little  works  on 
Commerc'al  Correspondence.  Unlike  anything  else 
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PUBLISHING  COMPANY 
Quincy  'J#  Illinois 


^JKe/ivUir^c^^fiduj&Uitor   & 


ALQ30eS  and 
(jRCULARS. 


The  "Kinslej  Studio"  is  the  title  of  an 
uniquely  Illustrated  booklet  issued  in  the 
of  general  pen  work,  engrossing. 
engraving,  etc.  Our  did.  well  known  and 
highly  esteemed  friend,  Mr.  W.  J.  Kinsley. 
is  the  back-bone  of  the  affair,  and  we  predict 
for  it  and  for  him  much  success.  The  illus- 
trations ;irr  nothing  if  not  up-to-date  and 
artistic.  The  text  shows  the  hand  of  a  spec- 
ialist in  its  preparation,  and  as  the  studio 
proposes  to  do  a  certain  amount  of  ad.  writ 
ingas  well  as  ad.  illustrating,  we  should 
judge  from  the  Bample  before  us  that  they 
are  well  qualified  for  the  work. 

"Condensed  Charging"  is  the  title  of  a 
robin  egg  blue  hacked  catalogue,  issued  hv 
the  Remington  Typewriter  Co.,  Number  325 
Broadway,  N.  Y..  in  the  interests  of  the 
"New  Remington  Hilling  Typewriter. 
Those  interested  would  do  well  to  secure  a 
copy  of  the  same. 

•The  Budget,"  issued  by  the  Sadler-Rowe 
Co.,  of  Baltimore,  Md.,  which  was  discon- 
tinued as  a  regular  publication  with  the 
May  number.  I'.tOl.  owing  to  the  peculiar 
ruling  of  the  post  office  department,  exclud- 
ing if  and  similar  school  journals  from  the 
second  class  rates,  has  resumed  publication 
and  «ill  be  welcomed  by  a  large  class  of 
readers,  who  always  read  it  with  pleasure 
and  with  profit.  Few  papers  contain  the 
quality  and  quanity  of  brain  product,  as 
does  this  journal  of  twelve  pages.  Those 
interested  in  up-to-date  bookkeeping  and 
methods  of  teaching  will  do  well  to  get  on 
the  mailing  list  of  this  timely  paper. 

The  Santa  Rosa  Business  College  Jour- 
nal and  Business  University  Educator  is 
one  "1  the  best  illustrated  school  organs 
that  reaches  our  desk. 


Holmes  Business  College,  Portland, 
Oregon  issued  a  very  neat  booklet  with 
handsome  title  and  final  pages  from  tin- 
pen  of  Mr.  G.  S.  Henderson,  instructor  of 
art  and  penmanship  in  that  institution. 

The  Rider-Moore  & 
Journal,  Trenton,  N.  J.,  i! 
illustrated  affair. 

The  Bliss  Business  College  Journal  of 
North  Adams,  Mass.,  is  one  of  the  best 
printed  and  illustrated  journals  of  the  kind 
recently  received. 

"P.  B.  C."  is  the  white  embossed  title  on  a 
maroon  covered  catalogue,  issued  in  the 
interests  of  the  Philadelphia,  Pa.,  Business 
College  and  College  of  Commerce.  This 
institution,  which  was  started  a  year  ago  in 
a  modest  way,  has  now  a  faculty  numbering 
thirteen.  The  catalogue  is  well  illustrated 
and  effectively  gotten  up. 

"Third-of-a-Centurv  Catalogue,  Gem  City 
Business  College,  Quincy,  Illinois  ,'*  is  the 
telling  title  of  a  catalogue  issued  regularly 
from  the  above  widely  known  institution. 
The  catalogue  is  profusely  illustrated  with 
half-tone  and  pen  art  illustrations  repre- 
senting a  most  flourishing  institution.  In 
it  we  see  thev  have  had  during  the  past 
year  eleven  hundred  and  sixty-three  pupils. 

We  have  but  one  criticism  to  offer.  It  is 
this,  we  believe  the  subject  matter,  both  as 
concerns  text  and  illustrations,  deserves  a 
slightly  better  grade  of  paper  than  is  usual- 
lv  employed  in  the  printing  of  this  cata- 
logue. 

\V.  H.  Shaw,  principal,  and  A.  F.  Sprott, 
Secretary  of  the  Central  Business  College, 
Toronto.  Ontario,  issued  a  very  neat  enve- 
lope-like circular  announcing  their  summer 
course  for  teachers,  effectively  written  and 
illustrated,  and  handsomely  printed. 

The  Tampa,  Florida.  Business  College 
favored  us  with  a  very  creditable  catalogue, 
also  with  a  souvenir  illustrated  book  of 
that  Southern  city  containing  a  great  many 
views  of  the  business  parts  as  well  as  of 
residences  and  other  scenes  about  the  city. 


The  Woodstock,  Ontario  Business  College 
is  greeting  its  patrons  with  a  brown  backed 
catalogue  with  embossed  title  printed  in 
white  and  red  making  it  a  most  attractive 
advertising  booklet.  The  half-tones,  print- 
ing and  text  between  the  covers  are  up  to 
present  day  standards,  and  so  is  the  school. 

The  prospectus  of  the  Holyoke  Business 
Institute,  Holvoke,  Massachusetts,  A.  T. 
larnell,  proprietor,  is  a  very  neat  twenty 
page  booklet  covered  in  gray  with  title 
printed  in  red  and  silver.     . 

The  Butte  Business  College,  Butte,  Mont., 
Rice  &  Fulton,  Proprietors,  issues  a  thor- 
oughly up-to-date  and  artistic  catalogue, 
beautifully  illustrated  with  half-tone  cuts 
of  building,  rooms,  and  city,  and  hand- 
somely engraved  specimens  of  penmanship 
and  flourishing.  It  also  contains  half-tone 
illustrattons  of  the  faculty,  which  is  an 
unusually  strong  one.  Those  who  think 
Butte  is  not  what  its  name  implies  would 
do  well  to  get  this  catalogue. 

One  of  the  most  startling  and  effective 
pieces  of  advertising  we  have  seen  for  some 
time  came  from  the  hustling  Bartlett,  of 
Cincinnati,  in  the  form  of  testimonials  from 
leading  men  of  Cincinnati,  together  with 
other  information  relative  to  the  Bartlett 
College.  The  unique  and  striking  part  of 
this  piece  of  advertising  is  its  outside  ap- 
pearance, having  been  gotten  up  in  the 
form  of  a  legal  document  known  as  "Sum- 
mons. "  When  we  first  saw  it  we  thought 
that  perhaps  we  had  been  up  to  some  ras- 
cality and  had  been  ordered  to  the  front  to 
make  at  least  an  explanation. 

The  Monroe,  Wisconsin,  Business  Insti- 
tute, E.  L.  St.  John  and  A.  B.  ZuTavern, 
proprietors,  has  issued  a  very  creditable 
brown  backed  catalogue  of  that  institution, 
the  illustrations  and  text  being  of  a  very 
interesting  and  practical  character. 

McKee's  Shorthand  Magazine,  Buffalo, 
N.  Y  ,  has  donned  a  less  gaudy  dress  having 
abandoned  its  orange  colored  cover  and  re- 
duced its  size.  The  magazine  is  a  wide 
awake,  progressive  little  publication. 


A  COURSE  IN    PUNCTUATION 

That  Presents 
ACTUAL  CONDITIONS, 

Not  Ideals, 
REAL  LETTERS, 
Not  Literary  Fiction, 

^  AND  TRAINS  STENOGRAPHERS^ 

To  punctuate  the  kind  of 
English  they  have  to 
"TAKE,"  prepared  for  a 
well  known  school,  is 
offered  for  general  use. 

Single  Copies,  50c. 

Write  for  full  information  and  special  price  to  schools 


LORD    &    SPENCE,  PUBLISHERS 

SALEM,  MASS. 


PRACTICAL    ENGROSSING    BY    H.    E.    WYGAL,   CLEVELAND,  OHIO 


-e^x3— j- 


ttth\  life*  4# 


'"'  ornmirTct 


£FFv©  ©u^irwkb  &U6oitor  4$J> 


Of  Course  You  Know  Something  About  The  Com- 
mercial Text  Book  Co.,  Des  Moines,  Iowa. 

If  not,  you  should  send  for  a  prospectus  of  our  books  for  commercial  teachers—"  The  Best  on  the  Market." 

WHAT  ABOUT  NEXT   YEAR? 

Don't  you  want  the  best  books— as  good  as  your  competitor  uses— or  just  a  little  better,  if  he  doesn't 
buy  of  us?    Books  don't  make  the  school,  but  they  help  wonderfully— \i  they're  good  books. 

SEE     THIS    LIST 

You'll  probably  find  something  you  ought  to  have— send  half  the  retail  price  and  any  of  these  will  be 
sent  for  examination  and  your  money  will  be  returned  if  you  don't  like  them: 


Clarke's  Graham-Pitmanic  Shorthand $1.25 

"Yours  Truly"  Dictation  Manual,  290  pages   ..     1.50 

"Yours  Truly"  Dictation  Manual,  154  pages 1.00 

"Yours  Truly"  154  pages,  Ben  Pitman,  Aug.  15,   1.00 

Complete  Guide  to  Touch  Typewriting 1.00 

Pocket  Shorthand  Dictionary 50 

Williams's  English  Grammar 75 

The  New  Business  Speller 25 

The  New  Business  Correspondence 25 


ll\  PREPARATION 

Modern  Commercial  Bookkeeping 

Ready  November  1st 

Modern  Commercial  Banking 

Ready  August  25th 

Modern  Commercial  Penmanship 

Ready  August  15th 


We  Solicit  the  Correspondence  of  Teachers,  Principals  and  School  Boards. 

The  Commercial  Text  Book  Co.,  Pes  Moines,  rowa. 


Miss  Anna  M.  Hall,  the  well  known  teacher 
of  penmanship  of  McConnellsville,  O.,  had 
charge  of  the  penmanship  in  the  summer 
school  of  the  Marietta  College,  Marietta,  O. 

From  the  Rockford,  Illinois.Daily  Register 
Gazette  we  learn  that  Brown's  Business 
College  of  that  city  closed  a  very  successful 
year,  having  had  three  hundred  students  in 
attendance. 

The  Anderson,  Indiana,  Business  College 
Journal,  published  bv  W.  H.  Carrier,  pres- 
ident of  the  Anderson  Business  School,  is 
one  of  the  best  edited  papers  received  at 
this  office. 

The  American  Business  College,  Pueblo, 
Colo.,  J.  A.  Clark,  principal,  favored  us  with 
a  very  creditable,  special  number  of  the 
"  Pueblo  Mail"  in  which  we  find  a  favorable 
reading  notice  of  this  institution.  The  paper 
indicates  a  thoroughly  wide-awake  and  pro- 
gressive city.  We,  therefore,  predict  for  Mr. 
Clark  and  his  commercial  school  success, 
as  he  is  thoroughly  qualified  in  every  par- 
ticular to  give  to  the  people  of  that  city  a 
wide-awake,  practical  and  progressive  in- 
stitution. 

Mr.  J.  C.  Olson,  principal  of  the  Parsons, 
Kans.,  Business  College,  reports  that  during 
the  p^st  year  they  have  had  an  enrollment 
of  four  hundred  and  twenty-three  with  sixty 
graduates,  with  prospects  for  a  still  better 
attendance  the  coming  year.  W.  D.  Daniels, 
of  Sedalia,  Mo.,  will  have  charge  of  the  busi- 
ness department.  Miss  Vi%-ia  Morgan,  of 
Bonham,  Texas,  will  have  charge  of  the 
English  department,  and  Hon.  W.  S.  Hyatt, 
Ex-County  Attorney,  will  have  charge  of 
Commercial  Law. 

The  Pierce  School  of  Philadelphia,  issues 
a  catalogue  of  one  hundred  and  thirty  eight 
pages,  making  a  book  of  no  mean  propor- 
tions. The  first  half  of  the  book  is  devoted 
to  givinginformation  concerning  the  school. 
The  second  part  contains  graduation  exer- 
cises, Senator  Hanna  having  been  one  of  the 
speakers,  and  the  third  part  contains  lists 
of  pupils  from  September  1, 1902,  to  June  1, 
1903,  numbering  eighteen  hundred  and  one. 
This  is  the  largest  enrollment  we  have  no- 
ticed on  the  part  of  any  commercial  school. 


The  National  Business  Training  School  - 
Business  Men's  School— H.  E.  Reister,  prin- 
cipal, Sioux  City,  Iowa,  is  sending  out  some 
original,  effective  leaflets  in  the  interests  of 
that  wide-awake  institution. 

The  Omaha  Business  University,  Edmond 
Thorp,  principal  commercial  department, 
N.  Van  Matre,  principal  stenographic  de- 
partment, and  J.  L.  Kendall,  dean  of  phar- 
macy department,  greets  its  patrons  with  a 
very  neat,  well  printed,  written  and  illus- 
trated catalogue,  above  the  average  in 
quality  if  not  in  size. 

Advertising  literature  has  been  received 
from  the  following  :  Actual  Business  Uni- 
versity, Fremont,  O.,  Du  Bois  Business  Col- 
lege, Du  Bois,  Pa.,  Banks'  Business  College, 
Calais  &  Belfast,  Me..  Soule  College,  New 
Orleans,  La.,  Indiana  Business  College  Co., 
Marion,  Kokomo,  Logansport  and  Elkhart, 
Ind.,  Brazil,  Ind,  Business  University,  Dan- 
ville, 111..  Business  College,  Aurora,  111., 
College,  Manhattan  Reporting  Co.,  N.  Y. 
City,  N.  Y.,  Hope's  Harlem  Com'l.  Inst.,  N. 


Commencement  exercise  programs,  in- 
vitations, announcements,  etc.,  have  been 
received  from  the  following:  L  tica  School 
of  Commerce,  Utica,  New  York;  Tubbs 
Business  College.  Charleroi,  Pa. ;  Leech's 
Actual  Business  College,  Greensburg,  Pa.; 
Greer  Business  College,  Braddock.  Pa.; 
Brown  Business  College,  Bridgeport,  Conn. ; 
Spencerian  Business  College, {Washington. 
D.  C. ;  Alpena  Business  College,  A'pena, 
Mich.,  Harlem  Commercial  Institute,  New 
York  City;  Parrish  Business  College,  Para- 
gould,  Ark.;  Spencerian  Business  College, 
Cleveland,  O.;  The  Shoemaker-Clark  School 
Fall  River,  Mass.;  Detroit  Business  Univer- 
sity, Detroit,  Mich.;  Rhode  Island  Com- 
mercial School,  Providence,  R.  I.,  Caton-s 
school  of  Business  land  Shorthand,  Buffalo, 
N.  Y.;  Parsons,  Kansas  Business  College; 
New  London,  Conn.,  Business  College. 

Certainly  one  of  the  finest  catalogues  ever 
received  at  the  office  of  The  Business 
EDUCATOR,  came  from  the  Bliss  College. 
Columbus,  Ohio.    From  our  point  of  view, 


we  are  inclined  to  think  that  this  is  about 
the  most  effective  piece  of  advertising  in. 
the  way  of  a  catalogue,  we  have  ever  seen 
put  before  the  American  public.  The  print- 
ing is  well-nigh  faultless.  The  illustrations 
are  numerous,  high-grade,  effective  and 
varied.  Those  interested  in  up-to-dateness 
in  school  advertising  should  secure  this 
catalogue,  and  what,  after  all,  is  still  better, 
so  far  as  we  have  discovered,  it  does  not 
misrepresent  the  school.  Under  the  head- 
ing of  facts  we  find  some  of  the  tersest, 
strongest,  things  relative  to  length  of 
course,  examination,  graduation,  etc.,  that 
we  have  ever  seen.    The  Bliss  College  and 


steu 


ire    beginning    to   be 


FREE! 


To  every  reader  of  the  Journal  (for  a 
limited  time)  we  will  give 

ABSOLUTELY  FREE! 
a  |2S  coarse  of  instructions  by  mail,  in 
the  art  of  Show  Card  Writing. 

The  instructor  is  one  of  the  best  in 
America,  having  students  in  every  part 
of  the  world.  He  also  is  owner  of  the 
largest  Mail  Order  Show  Card  Estab- 
lishment in  the  United  States,  located 
in  Boston,  Mass. 

He  guarantees  to  make  a  good  show 
card  writer  of  any  person  (able  to  write 
correctly)  in  from  one  to  three  months. 
His  instructions  are  all  hand  painted 
copies  (no  printed  plates  or  charts). 
He  further  guarantees  to  secure  gocd 
positions  for  graduates,  or  work  at 
home  at  good  pay. 
ACCEPT     THIS     OPPORTUNITY! 

A  small  charge  is  made  for  cost  of 
colors,  brushes,  material  and  cost  of 
correspondence.  If  interested,  write  for 
particulars,  circulars,  testimonials,  etc. 
Enclose  self-addressed  STAMPED 
envelope.    ADDRESS, 

SHOW    CARD    ART 

140  Boylston  St.      -      -      BOSTON.  MASS. 


9Ke  ©u^irwkb  &GU*t<*tvr  & 


TEACHERS 


\  \%2*?- -^ 

Lessons  in 

Show-Card  marking 
and    Painting,    and 
Automatic  Lettering 

BV 
\V.     A.     THOMPSON, 
PONTIAC,  MICHIGAN 

number  Cen. 

With  this  number  we  give  a  variety  of 
finished  card-signs  and  price  tickets  made 
up  of  the  alphabets  and  figures  given  in 
October  and  November,  1902,  and  April,  1903. 

Specimens  of  this  nature  will  he  of  inter- 
est to  the  beginner  in  brush  lettering  as 
they  embrace  simple  and  effective  card- 
sign-  for  every  day  use  Foi  show  cards  of 
a  permanent  character,  considerable  care 
should  be  taken  in  the  preparation  and 
■wording:  while  the  temporary  card  merely 
calls  for  "  something  neat  and  quick." 

Persistent  practiceon  one  stroke  lettering 
will  be  found  a  great  advantage  for  rapid 
and  neat  work.  The  Size  of  letters  maybe 
varied  by  different  sizes  of  Brushes.  In  the 
letters  of  the  word  "Article"  in  lower  card 
of    illustration,  the    strokes  are    half    inch 


wide.  Strokes  of  letttering  in  "Spring 
Styles"  3-16  inch  wide,  and  wording  on 
price  tickets  such  as  '  Popular,  Bargains," 
etc.,  the  strokes  are  la  inch  wide.  Careful 
practice  on  this  style  by  adding  the  tip  fin- 
ish will  enable  you  to  do  neat  and  clean  let- 
tering, any  size  desired,  without  any 
retouching. 

For  show  cards  and  tickets  use  common 
white  card  board.  The  thickness  of  card 
board  is  generally  governed  by  the  size  of 
the  sign-card  vou  wish  to  have.  For  a  full 
size  card  22x28  inches,  8  ply  would  be  re- 
quired so  that  it  would  stand  up  in  good 
shape.  Smaller  cards  may  be  of  a  lighter 
grpde.  Don't  use  extra  large  cards  with 
the  idea  that  the  size  will  give  prominence. 
Try  to  bring  out  strong  and  compact  letter- 
ing on  small  and  medium  cards. 

The  fewer  the  words  on  a  show  card  the 
better  it  will  be,  as  a  rule.  A  card  with  let- 
tering of  uniform  size  and  considerable 
space  outside  of  the  lettering  will  present  a 
neat  and  tidy  appearance  without  margin 
lines.  When  the  lettering  varies  in  size 
and  the  spaces  between  lines  are  not  uni- 
form a  line  run  about  an  inch  from  the 
edge  of  card  will  make  it  appear  more  com- 
pact and  generally  add  to  its  appearance- 

We  will  give  outlines  and  the  make  up  of 
different  floral  designs  for  special  show 
card  effects,  later  on.  Our  next  number 
will  be  shade  pen  lettering. 


WANTED  to  become  familiar  with 
our  work  and  accept  positions 
vith  us  at  $50  to  $160  per  mo.  Eight  Colleges 
Will  open  twenty  more.  With  view  of  giving 
teache.s  employment,  or  inducing  them  to  adopt 
our  text-books  elsewhere,  will  give  them  our  $15 
Home  Study  Course  Bookkeeping  free,  plus  $1 
to  help  pay  for  this  ad.     Address 

DRAUGHON'S  PRACIICAL  BUS.  COLLEGE  CO.. 
Department  B.  Nashville.  Tenn. 


M  I  LLS'S  Correspondence 
School  of  Penmanship 
Is  an  exclusive  school  of  pen- 
manship.      If  yon    feel    the 
need     of     improving      your 


sta 


should    send 
lp'at  once  for  full  infor- 


FINEST    SUPPLIES 

^=For  Penmen  and  Artists= 


CARDS    INK.  PAPER,  ETC 

On  goods  listed  below  we  pay  postage  on 
those  that  go  by  mail  and  purchaser  pays 
carriage  charges  on  those  that  go  by  express 
or  freight.  Of  course  the  cheapest  way  is  to 
order  in  fair  sized  quantities  and  have  them 
go  by  freight. 

Blank  Cards— White  bristol  with  finest 
surface  for  fine  penmanship 

100  by  mail  postpaid 28c 

500  by  express  75c 

1000  by  express $1.35 

Black  Cards— Best  made  for  white  ink. 

100  by  mail  postpaid  -  28c 

500  by  express 75c 

1000  by  express $1-35 

White  Cardboard— Wedding  Bristol  for 
fine  pen  work.    Sheets  are  22x28. 

6  sheets  by  express $  .60 

12  sheets  by  express -    ...  1.00 

2  sheets  by  mail  postpaid. .50 

White    Cardboard— With    hard    finish, 

much  like  ledger  paper.      Sheets  are 

20^i>  x  23. 

6  sheets  by  express $  .40 

12  sheets  by  express  .70 

3  sheets  by  mail,  postpaid .50 

Black  Cardboard-Finest  for  white  ink. 

Sheets  are  22x^8 

6  sheet*  by  express $  .50 

12  sheets  by  express 75 

2  sheets  by  mail,  postpaid 50 

Wedding  Paper— Finest  for  penmanship 

or  drawing.    Sheets  are  21  x  33. 

6  sheets  by  express $  .50 

12  sheets  by  express   70 

3  sheets  by  mail,  postpaid .50 

Zanerian  India  Ink— A  fine  drawing  ink 
and  best  for  preparing  script  and 
drawings  for  photo-engraving. 

1  bottle  by  mail,  postpaid. $  .30 

1  dozen  bottles  by  express 2.00 

Arnold's  Japan  Ink  - 

Nearly  %  pint  bottle  by  mail,  post- 
paid     40c 

1  pint  by  express 45c 

1  quart  by  express 75c 

White  Ink— Very  fine. 

1  bottle  by  mail,  postpaid $  .25 

12  bottles  by  express : 1.85 

Writing  Paper— Finest  12  lb.  paper 
made.  960  sheets  per  ream,  ruling 
wideand  faint.     1  ream  by  express $2.25 

Writing  Paper-Same  quality  as  above 
mentioned  but  10  lb.  per  ream.  1 
ream  by  express $2.00 

Practice  Paper— Best  for  the  money  to 

be  had.    1  ream  by  express  $1.50 

Send  stamp  for  samples  of  paper. 
Envelopes-100  fine  blue  by  mail,  post- 
paid   40c 

"            100  fine  white  by  mail,  post- 
paid  40c 

"  1000  either  kind  by  express. $1.50 

Address,  ZAHER   k,    BLOSER    Colnmbns,  0. 


°/lvc  f^itUlrvcj^CtUvwc*  tor   & 


(Commercial  Laiv  Continued  from 
Page  13. ) 

10.  In  the  above  case,  how  would 
it  be  if  B  had  allowed  A  to  retain 
possession  of  the  property  in  ques- 
tion ? 

11.  X  deeds  to  Y  certain  property. 
Y  knows  that  X  does  this  in  order  to 
keep  his  creditors  from  getting  their 
just  due.  Later  X  sues  Y  to  recover 
the  property.  Can  he  recover? 
Would  the  sale  be  valid  as  to 
creditors  ? 

12.  Why  is  it  that  in  cases  where 
the  parties  are  equally _ at  fault  (in 
pari  delicto)  the  position  of  the 
defendant  is  preferable  to  that  of 
the  plaintiff  ? 


(  I  'ocabulary  Building  Continued  from 
Page  14.) 

a    business    school.       We   pass   this. 

The  close  and  repeated  reading  of 
one  or  two  of  the  greatest  writings  of 
the  English  language  is  a  second 
method.  It  is  important  to  emphasize 
the  necessity  for  a  thorough,  not  a 
page,  say  50.  Ask  for  a  hasty  exami- 
nation for  new  words.  Define  them 
extempore. 

VII.  Follow  the  same  method  with 
magazines. 

\  III.  Follow  the  same  method 
with  newspapers. 

IX.  Attempt  this,  supplying  three 
other  words  making  good  sense  : 

"I  light  I  statement 

voluptuous  |- preliminary  [■•••■ 

J::::::  J::::::::::::: 


:J 


rarbitrati 


■f 


X.  Ask  for  fifteen  words  of  the 
stock  market. 

Ask  for  fifteen  words  of  law. 
Ask  for  fifteen  words  of  medicine. 
Ask  for  fifteen  words  of  theology. 
Ask  for   fifteen  words  of  banking, 
etc. 

XI.  Call  attention  to  the  value  of 
words  to  be  found  on  street  signs, 
bill  heads,  checks,  circulars,  etc. 

XII.  Suggest  the  noting  of  con- 
versation, public  addresses,  news- 
papers, etc.,  for  new  terms. 

Thus,  in  a  word,  lead  the  student 
to  call  all  the  world  into  his  confi- 
dence, and,  with  Emerson,  hitch  his 
destiny  to  a  star. 


(Office   Training  Continued  from 
Page  16.) 

house  with  the  blocks  of  the  nursery. 
What  we  need  is  an  actual  contact 
with  business.  If  we  have  not  the 
experience  of  the  counting-house,  we 
should  seek  every  opportunity  to 
secure  admittance  to  business  offices 
and  to  observe  business  ways.  A 
thousand  points  can  be  gained  from 
observation  and  from  conversation 
with  business  men,  and  he  who  is 
constantly  enriching  himself  with 
new  material  will  find  opportunities 
at  every  turn  for  making  use  of  his 
growing  stock  of  knowledge.  Don't 
be  a  fossil,  or  a  shriveled  time-server, 
or  a  block  in  the  way  of  progress. 
The  public  needs  men  of  push,  with 


business  ways  and  personal  acquain- 
ance  with  business  conditions  to  in- 
struct our  youth  in  matters  pertaining 
to  business.  What  we  need  for  the 
future,  to  meet  the  growing  exactions 
of  the  business  public,  is  a  fuller 
knowledge  and  a  keener  appreciation 
of  business  requirements,  and  as  far 
as  practicable,  a  transferring  of  the 
counting-house  practice  to  the  school- 
room. 


^^?//f//yJ    J^(r?f}&\^3t??jfrf> 


'/// 


for  home 


ri^Dui^. 

[Just  Publisl 

A  new  and  most  valuable  instru 
sttlden is,  conceded  to  be  the  best  i 
plete  ever  published,  comprising  original  and 
scientihe  instruction  for  beginners  and  profes- 
sionals, with  photos  illustrating  the  many  differ- 
ent positions  of  the  hand  and  body  for  tbe  various 
kinds  of  work.  It  contains  48  pages  of  high  class 
pen  work,  comprising  Business  u  riting.  Orna- 
mental Writing,  Steel  plate  Writing.  Flourish- 
ing.Engraving.Kesolutionsand  Iiipluma  Making 
(iOOl)  PEN-WORK  GALORE. 
Price,  50    cents,    Postage    Prepaid. 


A    $2,000    Pen    Drawing    for    $1.00. 

A  Masterpiece  of  the  Day,  "  The  Crucifixion." 

This  great  pen  drawing,  the  result  of  many  years 
of  the  most  scientific  training  is  from  the  pen  of 
S  N.  Falder,  whom  we  believe  to  have  no  peer  in 
his  profession.  We  offer  an  engraved  facsimile 
copy  of  this  great  drawing,  printed  on  elegant 
board  22x28  inches  for  $1.00.  Tbe  original  pen 
drawing  is  33x'8  inches,  and  is  believed  to  be  one 
of  the  largest  piecesof  solid  pen  drawingin  exist- 
ence. It  contains  thirty-three  subjects  and  makes 
a  most  complete  picture  of  the  highest  order. 

Send  >  our  order  at  once  and  secure  the  Master- 
piece.    Remit  P.  O.  Money  Orders  or  Stamps. 
Address,  Pen  Art  Publishers, 

(Agents  wanted. I  Box  108  St    Louis,  Mo. 


A   Statement  in   Compound   Proportion. 

The  Commercial  School:     The  Business  Office:  :  Theory  of  Accounts:     Business  Practice. 


What  is  wrong  with  the  deduction  ?  If  it  is  correct ;  if  the  course  in  books  given  in  the  commercial 
school  does  bear  to  the  subsequent  work  of  the  business  office  just  such  a  relation  as  the  theory  of  ac- 
counts bears  to  so-called  Business  Practice  the  first  being  a  preparation  for  the  last;  the  first  presenting 
the  science,  the  last  the  art — is  it  not  illogical  for  a  school  proprietor  to  advertise  conspicuously  that  he 
teaches  "actual  business  from  the  start?"  Is  not  this  idea,  carried  to  its  logical  conclusion,  another 
way  of  saying  that  to  get  on,  the  boy  should  go  in  a  business  house  and  "  learn  to  do  by  doing?  "  In 
short,  is  it  rot  a  glorification  of  the  apprentice  system  at  the  expense  of  modern  technical  training? 

We  believe  in  the  modern  method  :  First  the  theory — properly  alternated  with  practice,  as  in  a 
manual  training  school  then  the  business  and  office  practice.  In  other  words,  first  the  commercial 
school,  then  the  business  office.  We  have  a  system  in  Bookkeeping  and  Practice  that  illustrates  this 
logical  plan  perfectly.  Teachers  who  take  it  up  and  test  it  fairly,  are  the  first  to  agree  with  this  statement. 
The  principal  of  a  large  Western  school  did  this  last  year,  spending  his  spare  time  during  the  year 
actually  working  up  for  himself  every  set  in  our  Complete  Bookkeeping  and  Twentieth  Century  Busi- 
ness Practice,  and  in  July  he  gave  us  a  sweeping  order  for  his  entire  school. 

Test  it.     We  ask  nothing  better. 

Our  English  group— Spelling,  Correspondence,  and  Plain  English— is,  like  a  new  broom,  making  a 
clean  sweep.  You  do  not  know  what  you  are  missing  if  you  have  not  used  these  books.  Scores  of 
introductions  this  year. 


Lret     us    send     you     our     advertising 


Address 


THE  PRACTICAL  TEXT  BOOK  CO. 


479  Euclid  Avenue. 


CLEVELAND.  OHIO. 


fyKef^ti/Uir\?^i>Selu?ocibtor   #> 


i  .\> 


Hems   Continued   from  rage  37. 


The  Westerly,  K  I..  Business  College  occupied 
ii  in  the  Daily  Sun  of  that  city  under 
date  i.t  June  2<.  1903  The  page  is  given  to  solid 
reading  matter  concerning  the  school,  its  stu- 
tn.in.l  for  yonng  men  and  women  who 
are  qualified  to  do  some  one  thing  well,  etc..  etc. 
All  in  all,  we  think  the  page  effective  advertising 

Win.  Bauer  a  recent  Zanerian,  of  Marion,  O., 
i,  now  connected  with  Calls  College  of  Pittsburg. 
p.,  \h  Batter  is  a  young  man  whose  skill  and 
modest]  are  both  fara'ove  the  average. 

Mi  E  i  Barnes,  who  for  some  years  has  been 
ed  with  lluntsinger's  Business  College, 
Hartford  Conn  .  is  now  connected  with  the  Cen- 
tral  Business  College.  Denver.  Colo  He  writes 
thai  hi  has  a  fine  position  with  a  salary  to  cot- 
respond  Mr.  Barnes  left  Mr.  Htintsinger  ' 
great    reluctance,    having    do 


throat  ti- 


ii.K 


i  connection  ' 


W.  I)  Smith  who  has  been  for  the  past  five 
yeats  principal  and  manager  of  fhe  Bath,  Me.. 
Business  College.  Bath.  Me  ,  has  severed  his  con- 
nection  with  thai  institution.  The  school  will  be 
continued  under  the  management  of  Augustus 
I'erow,  graduate  of  the  shorthand  department, 
1902. 

Thursday  evening,  June  25,  1903,  the  I'tica,  N. 

\  ,,Scl 1  ot  Commerce  held  its  commencement 

exercises  in  the  Auditorium,  the  house  being 
packed,  and  the  exercises  interesting  and  enjoya- 
ble. 

Mr.  J.  M.  Lantz,  who  for  four  years  has  been 
connected  with  the  Speneerian  Business  College, 
of  Newburgh,  N.  A'.,  has  engaged  with  the  same 
school  for  another  year  at  a  handsome  raise  in 
salary.  He  spent  his  summer  vacation  in  Wes- 
tern Maryland. 

Mr.  I  tennis  A.Casey,  commercial  high  school 
teacher  of  Woonsocket,  R.  I.,  has  also  been  elect- 
ed as  supervisor  of  penmanship  in  the  public 
schools  of  that  city.  The  idea  of  this  was  to  in- 
crease his  salary,  as  they  believed  he  was  deserv- 
ing of  more  than  the  one  position  alone  paid. 
We  congratulate  the  school  hoard  as  well  as  Mr. 
Casey  upon  such  a  sensible  solution  of  the  wage 
problem. 

Among  those  receiving  degrees  in  the  N.  Y. 
University  on  June  t,  1903  we  hnd  our  old  friend, 
R.  G.  Laird,  to  be  one  of  the  merited  number, 
receiving  the  degree  of  Bachelor  of  Commercial 
Science,  having  passed  with  a  remarkably  high 
per  cent.  Mi  II  C.  Bentley,  formerly  of  Win- 
1  "  certificate.      Congratula- 


rW»N1 
branch 


.ITFO    -  Teachers  and    Manager 
branch  Colleges.    Good  Salaries.     Address 
DRAUGHON'S  PRACTICAL  BUS.  COLLEGE  CO 
Nashville.  Tenn. 


oTJ 

ss,    f 


The  Pratt  Teachers'  Agency 


Kecomm 
.  spe 


lege 


college  and  normal  gradu- 
8.  and  other  teachers  to  col- 
schools,  and  families. 


The  Agency  receives  many  calls  for  com 
mercial  teachers  from  public  and  private 
schools,  and  business  colleges. 

WM.  O,   PRATT.  Manager 


ISAAC    PITMAN    TEACHERS    WANTED. 


ISAAC    PITMAN&    SONS 
31    UNION    SQUARE  -         NEW   YORK. 


E.   C     MILLS 

Script  Specialist  and  Engraver 
195  Grand  Ave,  Rochester,  N.Y. 
Script  illustrations  art? 
educational  for  works  on 
Bookkeeping,  Business- Prac- 
tice Correspondenc,  Copy 
Mil-s,  etc.  1  makeaspecialtv 
of  furnishing  THE  BEST 
script  plates  for  these 
purposes 


ADVERTISING  IS  A 
MONEY-MAKING 


With  the  World, 


luNtrntor,  Ad- Writer 
Journalist,  Proofread 
er,  Bookkeeper,  Hten 
ocrnpher.  Electrician 

I  I.-,  ii  hat  i:  ii  n  |  no. 


{ 


n  pertaining  thereto. 

Correspondence   Institute   ef 
America,  Box     Scrantoa,Pg, 


HoU  OUCHT  TO  HAVE  IT.   ISS^ubt.' 

i      multiplication,  fractions  and  square  rent 


t    of    rapid     ( 


SEPTFMBER  OFFER! 

As  I  have  but  100  books  left, 
"Guide  to  Success  in  Prac- 
tical Drawing,"  they  must 
go  within  a  limited  time  at 
one-half  price,  50c.  Regu- 
lar price,  $1.00.  If  you 
want  a  copy  write  today 
because  no  more  will  be 
printed. 

GEORGE    JENSEN, 

PORT   CLINTON,  O. 


One  dozen  colored  cards,  white  ink.  O^p 

any  name,  for  but  ....     AUl. 

One    dozen    white  cards,   plain    or  Oflp 

ornamental  style ""» 

Letter,   .'howing    style  of   business  1  Cn 

writing   •  •*« 

Twelve  lessons  in  business  writ-     ffC    00 

Work  will  please  yon. 

Order  and  be  convinced. 
Winner  of  first   premium.  Oregon  Stale 
Fair,  1902.  No  free  specimens  ;  send  10 

cents  for  samples. 


ARLINGTON,   OREGON. 


THE    KINSLEY    STUDIO 

220  BROADWAY,     j*     NEW  YORK 

DESIGNERS,     ENGROSSERS.     ENGRAVERS,     PRINTERS. 

School  Diplomas,  Commencement  Invitations,  Calalngues,  Booklets,  Etc. 
are  specialties. 

A  former  school  man  familiar  with  school  needs  at  the  helm.  Agent 
wanted  in  each  city.    Send  for  booklet. 


desiring  to 
it  greatl 


secure  the  best  positions  as  commercial  teachers  will  find 
■  to  their  interest  to  spend  a  few  months  at  the 


Zanerian  College,  Columbus,  Ohio, 

which  is  headquarters  for  commercial  teachers  and  penmen.  In  fact  the  lead- 
ing commercial  schools  of  America  are  continually  applying  to  us  for  commer- 
cial teachers  who  are  good  penmen,  and  the  demand  is  greater  than  we  can 
supply. 

A  good  hand  writing,  and  the  ability  to  teach  penmanship  successfully, 
helps  wonderfully  to  round  out  the  commercial  teacher's  equipment.  It  also 
doubles  the  demand  for  his  services,  and  raises  the  figures  in  his  salary  as 
no  other  one  branch  will. 

Then  again,  persons  desiring  to  secure  a  commercial  education  will  find 
penmanship  the  best  stepping-stone  to  that  end.  Hundreds  of  our  pupils  have 
paid  their  way  in  securing  an  education,  both  commercial  and  literary,  by 
teaching  penmanship  and  doing  penwork. 

Carefully  consider    the    .natter  and  ZANERIAN      COLLEGE 

write  for  catalogue.    It  will  interest  you.  «BtKIHn      OULLtljt., 

Address,  COLUMBUS,     OHIO. 


&Hc  f^vUlivcjj  CdAAOcilvr   & 


Good  Script  Cuts. 

attract  attention    even    in    the    cheapest    news- 
paper.    If  you  want  something  tine — something 
out  of  the  heaten  path— write  to 
CIRCULARS  FREE.  C.  P.  ZANER..  Columbus.  O. 


Penmanship  Supplies 

FINEST   OBTAINABLE 


PENS  AND  HOLDERS 


All  goods  listed  below  go  by  mall  post- 
paid. 

Zanerlan  Fine  Writer  Pen— The  best  and 
finest  fine  writing  pen  made — best  for 
engrossing,  card  writing  and  all  fine 
script  work.  Gross  $1.00,  %  Gross  25c, 
1  Doz 12c. 

Zanerian  Ideal  Pen— One  of  the  best  pens 
made  for  general  penwork — business 
or  ornamental.  One  of  the  best  pens 
for  beginners  in  penmanship.  Gross 
75c,  %  Gross  25c,  1  Doz..  10c. 

Zanerian  Business  Pen  -A  smooth,  dura- 
ble, coniruun  sense  business  pen.  For 
unshaded  business  writing  it  has 
never  been  excelled,  if  equaled.  Gross 
75c,  Ji  Gross  25c,  1  Doz 10c. 

Gillott's  Principality  Ho.  I  Pen- A  fine 
writing  pen.  Gross  $1  00,  %  Gross,  25c, 
1  Dos... 12c. 

Glllott's  Double  Elastic  E.  F.  Ho.  604  Pen— 
A  medium  fine  writing  pen.  Gross  75c, 
%  Gross  35c,  1  Doz 10c. 

Gillott's  Magnnm  Quill  E.  F.  Ho.  401  Pen— 
A  business  pen.     Gross  $1.00,  \  Gross 
25o,  1  Doz 12c. 

Gillott's  Ho.  303  E.  F.  Pen-Used  largely 
for  drawing  purposes.  Gross  |1.00, 
\i  Gross  25c.  1  Doz : 12c. 

Gillott's  Lithographic  Pen  Ho.  2»0-One 
of  the  finest  pointed  drawing  pens 
made.    6  pens  25c,  3  pens 15c. 

Gillott's  Crow  QniU  Pen  Ho.  659-Very 
fine  points.    6  pens  25c,  3  pens 16c. 

Soennecken  Lettering  Pen— For  making 
German  Text,  Old  English,  and  all 
broad  pen  letters.  Set  of  12 — numbers 
1,  1%,  2,  2%,  3,  3%,  4,  5  and  6  single 
pointed  and  10,  20,  and  30  double 
pointed 25c. 

Double  Holder  for  Soennecken  Pens- 
Holds  2  pens  atone  time 10c. 

Zanerian  Ob  ique  Penholder  —  Hand- 
made, rosewood,  12  inches  long,  a 
beautiful  and  perfect  holder.  1  holder  50c. 
Fine  Art  ODique  Holder-Inlaid  and 
fancy,  hand-made,  rosewood,  and  by 
far  the  most  beautiful  holder  made. 
1  holder  sent  in  a  small  wooden  box.  $1.00 
Excelsior  Oblique  Holder— The  best  low 
priced  oblique  holder  made.  Many 
hundreds  of  gross  have  been  sold. 

1  Holder 10c 

1  Dozen 50c. 

y.  Gross $1.10 

j|  Gross 2  15 

1  Gross  4  25 

Straight  Penholder- Cork  tipped  and 
best  for  business  writing,  flourishing, 
etc.  1  holder  10c,  6  holders  40c.  12 
holders 65c. 

We  handle  the  best  and  can  save  you 
money. 

Cash  must  accompany  all  orders.  Prices 
are  too  low  to  keep  accounts.  Remit  by 
money  order,  or  stamps  for  small  amounts 

Address,  Zankr  &  Blosir, 
Columbus,  O. 


Address  {/£D///e.5fff.B-  S  Z)/xa/?.//J. 

A.     Money      Maker. 

Learn  rapid  pen  and  brush  let- 
tering for  Show  Cirds  and  Tickets. 
Big  demand  everywhere. 

Our  new  and  improved  course 
of  instruction  by  mail  will  teach 
you  thoroughly  and  in  a  practical 
manner. 

New  printed  matter  mailed  free 
to  all  interested.       Address, 


w. 


A.     THOMPSON, 

— PONTIAC,   MICHIGAN. 


TCMH. 
POUND 

KIDISICNERp1 

ft,  NO    CATALOG-  /' 

\    JEND  COPY    / 
»»V  FOR-  ^"TIMATEX/^,-;; 

WM%     Hl(il1  ORADtWORfvONLY.  f\  StM 

\\¥*    I   \    CONGRESS  PARK.lLl.x/   I    ^L  ■', 


GILLOTT'S  PENS, 

TH«  MOST  PERFECT  OF   P»KS, 

HAVE  CAINED  THE 

GRAND    PRIZE, 

Paris  Exposition,  1900. 

ffcifl  !■  the  Highest  Prize  ever  Awarded  to  Pen* 


Of   DIPLOMAS,  DESIGNING   AND 

ENGROSSING  - 

Send  for  it.  We  have  the  finest  assort- 
ment of  diplomas  for  business  and 
shorthand  schools  ever  published— all 
new.  Catalogues  Illustrated,  Resolu- 
tions Engrossed,  etc. 

Correspondence  Solicited.       tT.^TSS 


Howard   <£    Brown,    Rockland,  Maine 


Jhe 

Practical 
jTge  <-» 


Premium 
Offer  <-» 


Good 
Values 

Aittle 
Money 


The  Practical  Age,  which 
is  very  surely  taking  its  place 
with  the  standard  magazines 
of  the  country,  offers  the  fol- 
lowing great  values  for 
the  following  small  sum  of 
money  : 


Frank  Leslie's  Popular 
Monthly,  Frank  Leslie's  Art 
Calendar  for  1903,  and  the 
Practical  Age,  one  year,  for 
$1.30. 


The  Practical  Age  is  a 
magazine  for  people  who 
think  and  act.  The  editorial 
discretion  exercised  in  the 
selection  of  manuscripts  ap- 
pearing in  the  Practical 
Age,  is  experienced  and  fair, 
making  for  the  best  interests 
both  of  magazine  and  read- 
ers. Besides  the  several  de- 
partments already  appearing 
in  the  magazine,  new,  inter- 
esting, and  invaluable  de- 
partments will  be  added, 
from  time  to  time. 


REGULAR  SUBSCRIPTION 
I  50  Cents  A   Year  I 


: SAMPLE    COPY     FREE- 


PRACTICAL  AGE 

HOLINE,    ILL 


a* *& 

The  Spirit  of  the  Author 

Must  permeate  and  add  the  vital  spark  of  intelligence  to  the  successful  school 
text-book,  just  as  it  must  to  the  literary  novel,  or  the  poem.  Indeed,  his  genius 
must  be  more  clearly  manifested  in  the  school  book  because,  while  the  novel  is 
read  for  an  hour  and  then  laid  to  one  side,  the  text-book  is  studied  for  weeks, 
months  or  years,  and  has  to  do  with  the  training  of  the  intellect  and  the  upbuilding 
of  the  entire  mental  structure  of  the  student. 

How  Important  Then  is  the  Selection  of  Text-Books 

which  have  been  prepared  by  authors  who  are  known  to  be  possessed  of  the  intel- 
lectual capacity,  the  educational  training,  and  the  practical  experience,  which  are 
absolutely  necessary  in  the  preparation  of  a  school  book  which  will  inspire  enthu- 
siasm and  promote  a  healthy  mental  growth. 

The  Sadler-Rowe  Company's  Publications 

are  notable  for  the  fact  that  they  have  been  prepared  by  authors  of  extraordinary 
ability.  Indeed,  they  are  all  extraordinary  books,  being  distinctive  in  possessing 
the  vital  spark  of  intellectual  flame,  which  is  the  difference  between  a  good  book 
and  a  poor  book. 

The  Real  Test  of  a  Text-Book 

is  not  in  one  term's  service,  or  one  year's  service — some  books  live  right  on.  The 
Sadler-Rowe  books  are  kept  health}'  and  well  by  frequent  revisions  and  intelligent 
criticisms,  which  result  in  their  extended  use  in  all  kinds  of  commercial  schools, 
public  and  private,  and  it  is  especially  noticeable  that  they  are  in  the  highest  favor 
among  the  best  teachers. 

It  is  Our  Business 

to  provide  the  educational  public  with  commercial  text  books,  superior  in  every 
respect,  and  of  unequaled  value  as  teaching  mediums  in  the  school  room.  Teachers 
everywhere  who  are  on  the  lookout  for  this  kind  of  books  should  correspond  with 
us,  and  make  themselves  familiar  with  our  various  publications. 

Full  information  will  be  supplied   to  teachers  who  will   take   the  trouble  to 
make  their  wants  fully  known  to  us.  Address, 

SADLER-ROWE  COMPANY, 

BALTIMORE^,    ND. 


IM1I 


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oiliilffiJil^iiJ(iiiL,:(|1Wi'jfiiill|'iillll 

•-■■■-.     ,l  ',;mami 

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!iitMii'iii!icttMi:;:nii!i^ai)t!ifitimmiihiaii>m!£t««fBit«UiW, 


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41 


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WE  WflHT  EVEBY  VPIEHGIDL  TEACHER 

T.WE.WHITEDWIT.  piboebu  1LLUSTBBTIVE  BOOKKEEPING 

It  Is  practical,  systematic,  well  graded,  and  interesting:.  Teachers  are  Impressed  with  its  simplicity,  attractiveness,  and 
freedom  from  unnecessary  material.  The  pen-written  models  (by  E.  C.  Mills)  a  e  not  excelled  in  any  other  work.  A 
complete  Illustrated  descriptive  circular  will  be  sent  to  any  address. 


PIODERK  ILLUSTRATIVE  BUNG 


A  new  and  popular  work  presenting-  a  rational  system  of  present-day 
banking,  adapted  to  the  requirements  of  business  schools.      It  is  a 
brief,  practical,  and  highly  Interesting1  course,  and  a  fitting  companion 
to  Modern  Illustrative  Bookkeeping.     The  outfit  consists  of  text,  vouchers,  forms,  and  blank-books  listing  at  $1.25. 

BY  E.  C.  MILLS.       A  series  of  carefully  graded  muscular  movement 
exercises  and  lessons  la  practical  writing-,  designed  for  use  In  business 
schools,  and  in  the  commercial  department  of  high  schools,  and  for 
self-instruction.     Cloth-bound.     Price  30  cents.     Specimen  pages  and  terms  for  supply  sent  on  application. 

For  Complete  Descriptive  Catalogue  of  Commercial  Publications.  Address, 

AMERICAN  BOOK  COMPANY,  Publishers 

New  York       Cincinnati       Chicago       Boston        Atlanta       San  Francisco 


Muy  Senor  nuestro--Tenemos   el  honor  de  acusar  a  Vd.    competente 
o  de  la  reraeea  que  nos  ha  hecho  de  Doscientas  cincuenta  xi' 


recibo  de  la  remeea  que  nos  ha  hecho  de  Doscientas  cincuenta  libras  ester- 
— *->      r-boy'    — *       -^     /       -      f      <— o  ^-^-*^~  T^v  ^JL_^      o 

linas^en  diversos  valores   sobre   esa  ciudad,   y  cuidaseraofe  de   irla  aboriahdo 

en  la  cuentatque  le  hemes   abierto  al  afecto.  7 

we  are   to  come   to  see  you.  "     N         You  are   to  come   to  see  us 
If  I  could  have   these   I'd  take    'm  ^yfe-^If  I  could  have   this  I'd  take   it  *V 
We  know  all  of   these   signs  by  heart  j^y^L  We  know  all   of   this  lesson  fK.   Q&. o 

The  above  Spanish  was  written  in 

CLARK'S     TANGIBLE    SHORTHAND 

Without  any  departure  from  fundamental  principles.  What  is  true  of  Spanish,  is  true  of  all 
other  languages.  A  person  learning  OUR  SHORTHAND  in  English  can  adapt  it  to  any 
language  that  they  may  be  able  to  speak.  OUR  SHORTHAND  as  you  will  see  by  the  above 
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without  any  radical  adoption,  using  but  the  ninety  characters  and  nine  rules  to  accomplish  it. 

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The  orders  for  Gregg  publications  for  the  September  opening  exceeded  those  of  last  year 
by  over  fifty  percent  —  an  enormous  increase  when  the  previous  popularity  of  our  booKS  is 
considered.  About  half  of  this  additional  business  came  from  schools  adopting  Gregg  Shorthand 
and  Rational  Typewriting —or  both  —  for  the  first  time;  the  other  half  was  due  to  the  increased 
business  resulting  from  the  use  of  our  publications  in  the  schools  which  had  already  adopted  them. 

Our  New  Books* 

Within  one  week  of  the  publication  of  "Word*:  Their  Spelling,  Pronunciation,  Definition 
and  Application,"  we  were  bombarded  with  inquiries  for  exchange  prices  on  almost  every 
known  commercial  spi Her.  Had  "Words"  been  issued  three  weeks  earlier,  it  would  undoubtedly 
have  been  adopted  by  hundreds  of  business  colleges  and  high  schools.  This  speller  commends 
itself  to  progressive  teachers  on  sight,  and  we  confidently  predict  that  within  two  years  it  will 
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The  first  letter  received  regarding  "Words"  was  from  Mr.  J.  M.  Martin,  who  has  charge 
of  the  English  Department  of  the  Peoria  (Illinois)  Business  College.     Mr.  Martin  said  : 

"The  plan  of  the  work,  and  the  scholarship  shown  in  the  selection  of 
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ful in  broadening  the  student's  mental  horizon." 

This  is  merely  a  sample  of  what  we  are  receiving  daily. 

"Progressive  Studies  In  English"  has  already  been  adopted  by  several 
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BUSINEStfDUOATOR 


Vol.   IX.     No.   2. 


COLUMBUS.  0..  OCTOBER,   1903. 


$1.00  A  Year. 


Uibicb? 

From  an  examination  of  a  large 
number  of  commencement  announce- 
ments and  catalogs  we  find  that 
those  graduating  in  shorthand  con- 
siderably outnumber  those  graduat- 
ing in  bookkeeping.  Schools  of 
shorthand  seem  to  be  crowded  to  a 
greater  extent  than  schools  of  book- 
keeping. This  is  due,  to  a  great 
extent,  to  the  fact  that  there  has  been 
and  now  is,  a  shortage  of  stenogra- 
phers, particularly  of  male  stenog- 
raphers. 

What  will  be  the  result  ?  One  of 
two  things.  Either  an  over  supply 
of  stenographers,  or  an  increasing 
demand  for  accountants.  If  times 
remain  good,  the  latter  will  be  the 
result,  and  if  hard  times  are  near, 
the  former  will  be  the  outcome.  As 
yet,  hard  times  seem  as  remote  as 
ever.  The  tendency  is  therefore  in 
the  direction  of  demand  more  or  less 
immediate  for  accountants,  and  at  an 
increased  salary. 

But  this  is  not  the  whole  question. 
The  conduct  of  office  affairs  has  so 
changed  that  the  stenographer  of  to- 
day, through  the  medium  of  card, 
loose-leaf,  and  other  various  and 
varying  cabinet  and  filing  systems,  is 
doing  much  of  the  work  of  the  former 
accountant.  This  is  therefore  un- 
questionably one  of  the  reasons  why 
stenographers,  especially  stenogra- 
phers with  a  knowledge  of  account- 
ing, has  been,  are,  and  will  continue 
to  be  in  demand. 

The  indications  therefore  point 
toward  a  favorable  outlook  for  sten- 
ographers and  accountants.  Persons 
qualified  in  both  shorthand  and 
bookkeeping  are  doubly  fortunate, 
because  the  accountant's  work  is 
coming  more  and  more  in  touch  with 
the  typewriter,  and  the  stenographer 
or  amanuensis  is  doing  more  and 
more  of  the  accountant's  work. 

Moreover,  stenographers  who  write 
longhand  well  are  more  and  more  in 
demand  because  of  the  great  amount 
of  tabulating,  recording,  etc.,  that  is 
done  with  the  pen  and  must  be  done 
neatly  and  unmistakably. 


Ulbat  Do  You   ttlant:? 

As  publishers  of  The  Business 
Educator,  we  have  our  opinion  as  to 
the  wants  and  needs  of  our  readers. 
Being  human,  however,  we  cannot 
know  the  exact  needs  and  wants  of 
our  many  thousands  of  readers.  We 
should  like,  therefore,  to  hear  from 
each  person  who  reads  this  paragraph 
as  to  what  vou  should  like  to  see  in 
The  Business  Educator  that  is  not 
scheduled ;  also,  what  there  is  that 
we  are  presenting  that  you  do  not 
care  for. 

Let  us  know  whether  you  desire 
more  or  fewer  penmanship  copies ; 
more  or  less  of  ornamental  work; 
more  News  Items  or  fewer ;  more  or 
fewer  convention  papers ;  more  or 
less  space  to  the  Business  Depart- 
ment ;  more  or  fewer  illustrations ; 
and  more  or  fewer  editorials. 

We  are  not  so  narrow  and  opinion- 
ated, or  one-sided,  but  that  we  can 
readily  see  how  it  would  be  possible 
to  better  The  Business  Edicator 
by  heeding  the  advice  of  the  many 
who  support  it  by  their  dollars  and 
influence.  Be  free,  therefore,  to  crit- 
icise, commend,  or  suggest. 

This  means  that  we  are  desirous  of 
improving  our  output,  and  that  we 
are  not  "resting  on  our  oars"  be- 
cause many  believe  we  are  unques- 
tionablv  putting  out  the  best  journal 
of  the  kind.  We  have  grown,  and  we 
want  to  grow  more,  and  to  do  so  we 
must  be  quick  to  grasp  suggestions 
and  act  upon  them.  We  are  ready; 
send  them  along. 


Cest  Ole  forget. 

Push  and  Progress  are  modern 
watchwords.  The  business  world  is 
moving  forward  at  a  tremendous 
pace,  and  he  who  would  keep  abreast 
of  the  times  must  keep  moving  also. 
Commerce  is  demanding  writing  that 
is  unmistakably  legible.  It  is  also 
demanding  a  handwriting  that  is 
rapid  and  easy,  as  well  as  a  hand- 
writing that  is  simple  and  compact  — 
a  handwriting  that  will  fit  into  the 
new    records    on   which    business    is 


recorded.  The  card  index  systems, 
loose  ledger  systems,  filing  systems, 
etc.,  etc,  are  replacing  the  large  cum- 
bersome books,  and  one  of  the  orders 
of  the  new  day  and  new  method  is 
compactness.  One  of  the  new  con- 
ditions, therefore,  that  confronts  the 
teacher  of  writing  is  that  of  teaching 
writing  that  is  at  once  legible,  rapid, 
and  small. 

Small  writing  means  simpler  writ- 
ing. Therefore,  he  who  would  be 
abreast  of  the  times  must  teach  a 
style  of  writing  that  is  simpler,  more 
intensely  plain,  easier  and  faster 
than  that  which  has  been  advocated 
in  the  past,  and  that  which  is  still 
being  advocated  by  a  great  many 
teachers.  Small  writing  means 
simpler  writing  and  that  is  what  the 
business  world  is  demanding.   Meet  it. 


Cbirty  Chousand  Dollars  a  Year 

In  a  recent  address  to  teachers,  Mr. 
Robert  Ogden,  Manager  of  Wana- 
maker's  New  York  store,  said  that 
"through  errors  from  bad  writing 
alone,  the  business  was  losing  more 
than  $30,000  a  year."  He  emphasized 
the  fact  also  that  business  schools 
were  doing  more  for  good  writing  than 
any  other  class  of  institutions. 

This  is  but  another  indication  that 
the  business  world  is  demanding  bet- 
ter writing  rather  than  faster  writing. 
No  young  man  can  well  afford  to 
start  into  life's  career  without  being 
the  possessor  of  a  hand  that  is  legible 
as  well  as  rapid. 

The  old  idea  that  talent  was  the 
essential  thing  in  the  way  of  learning 
to  write  has  given  way'  to  the  fact 
that  toil  is  the  real  essential. 


Eeamy  a  Ccadcr. 

The  lessons  Mr.  Leamy  is  now  con- 
ducting in  The  Business  Educator 
are  as  practical  as  anything  ever 
given.  The  instructions  are  worth 
reading.  They  contain  nuggets  of 
golden  information  to  students  de- 
sirous of  improving  their  penman- 
ship. 


DEPARTMENT  OF 

BUSINESS  EDUCATION. 

Edited  by  E.  E.  GAYLORD,  Beverly,  Mass. 

All.    ?IATTER    FOR    TIII^    DEPARTMENT    SKOUXD    BE    ADDRESSED    TO   THE    EDITOR. 


L...  ...; 


Che  Salary  of  Commercial  Ceaebers. 

Special  Good  commercial  teach- 

ability ers    command,    and 

Required  ought    to    command, 

larger  salaries  than  their  colleagues 
in  most  other  kinds  of  teaching.  An 
effective  commercial  teacher  must 
have  not  only  all  of  the  natural  and 
manv  of  the  acquired  qualifications 
of  teachers  of  other  ordinary  subjects, 
but  also  many  others.  He  must  have 
the  readiness,  intelligence,  and  abil- 
ity to  go  directly  to  business  men 
and  obtain  at  first  hand  the  subject 
matter  for  his  class  work  ;  he  must 
have  exceptional  disciplinary  power, 
for  he  must  command  good  order 
among  a  heterogeneous  collection  of 
students ;  he  will  find  tact  of  the 
highest  order  an  indispensable  part 
of  his  equipment  if  he  is  to  maintain 
good  relations  with  the  business  end 
of  the  institution  with  which  he  is 
engaged.  He  will  naturally  be  ex- 
pected to  impress  on  his  students 
the  money  value  of  the  course  they 
are  pursuing,  and  to  do  this  without 
subjecting  himself  to  ridicule,  he 
must  be  able  to  command— and  it 
ought  to  be  known  that  he  receives— 
a  salary  that  at  least  suggests  some 
of  the  roseate  prospects  held  out  so 
freely  as  an  inspiration  and  spur  to 
his  students.  He  must  not  person- 
ate the  impecunious  fortune-teller, 
who  can  tell  others  how  to  get  rich  ; 
he  must  not  expose  himself  to  the 
retort,  "Physician,  heal  thyself." 
Commercial  The  commercial  teacher 
teaching  is  must  have  a  stronger 
Bard  Work  physique  than  the  aver- 
age teacher  of  other  subjects  in  sec- 
ondary schools.  Whether  in  private 
or  public  school,  his  work,  if  well 
done,  will  require  more  time  than  the 
ordinary  teacher  expects  to  put  in  in 
the  schoolroom.  Besides,  in  private 
commercial  schools,  at  least,  evening 
teaching  is  nearly  always  exacted. 
Only  those  who  have  had  experience 
in  evening  teaching,  following  a  long 
day  in  the  classroom,  can  form  an 
adequate  conception  of  the  draft  it 
makes  on  a  teacher's  vitality,     After 


such  a  day  and  evening,  one  feels  as 
limp  as  he  might  fancy  a  wet  cloth  to 
feel  after  passing  through  a  wringer. 
As  indicative  of  the  conditions  some- 
times imposed  on  commercial  teach- 
ers, we-  may  refer  to  a  well-known 
high-grade  private  school  whose  prin- 
cipal, at  this  writing,  is  looking  for 
an  all-round  commercial  teacher,  one 
who  is  capable  of  instructing  well  in 
any  of  the  commercial  branches,  a 
man  of  unusual  skill  in  the  use  of  the 
pen  and  in  imparting  this  skill  to 
others.  The  candidate  must  expect 
to  be  on  duty  from  eight  o'clock  in 
the  morning  until  five  o'clock  in  the 
afternoon,  for  six  days  of  each  week, 
excepting  during  July  and  August, 
when  he  may  have  Saturday  after- 
noons. He  is  required  to  instruct  in 
the  evening  school  five  evenings  of 
each  week  during  the  season.  The 
conditions  are  hard,  but  the  salary 
is  good.  However,  the  man  who  ac- 
cepts work  under  such  conditions 
may  expect  to  hasten  his  eligibility 
for  "the  shelf;"  therefore,  the  salary 
ought  to  be  large— much  larger  than 
it  is  ;  and  it  will  be  in  the  near  future, 
for  men  of  the  qualifications  required 
for  this  school  will  not  accept  such 
conditions,  except  for  an  unusual  sal- 
ary. Their  services  are  being  sought 
by  the  public  schools  at  good  wages, 
under  pleasant  working  conditions. 
Cbe  fiiab  'n  manY  of  the  western 

Scbool  as  high  schools  the  session 

a  stimulus  lasts  from  nine  o'clock 
till  three  o'clock,  with  an  hour  for 
intermission  at  noon ;  in  many  of 
the  eastern  schools  the  session  be- 
begins  at  eight  o'clock  and  closes  at 
one  o'clock.  While  no  conscientious 
teacher  can  consider  his  work  ended 
by  the  dismissal  of  his  classes,  it  is 
much  more  satisfactory  to  have  his 
classroom  work  confined  to  five  hours 
rather  than  to  have  it  cover  seven  or 
eight  hours.  No  high  school  teacher 
gives  instruction  in  the  evening,  un- 
less he  chooses  to  do  so.  Indeed,  in 
must  instances,  he  must  make  a  very- 
positive  and  sagacious  effort  to  be 
allowed  the  privilege  of  doing  such 
work  ;    and  he  is  paid  extra  for  it,  at 


from  two  to  five  dollars  for  each 
evening.  His  Saturdays  are  his  own, 
also  all  usual  holidays.  There  is  no 
one  to  intimate  that  he  would  have 
shown  a  more  commendable  interest 
in  the  business  if  he  had  forgone  the 
usual  holiday  and  spent  the  time  in 
the  office,  folding  advertising 
journals,  or  directing  envelopes,  or 
compiling  lists  of  prospective  stu- 
dents for  "the  outside  man"  to  call 
on.  Furthermore,  in  New  England,  it 
is  the  custom,  when  an  especially 
severe  storm  of  snow  or  rain  comes 
up,  to  sound  a  signal  for  no  school. 
There  are  Thanksgiving,  Christmas, 
and  Easter  vacations,  and  a  full  two 
months  in  the  summer  when  the  com- 
mercial teacher,  if  he  is  properly 
ambitious  and  enterprising,  may  take 
up  work  of  many  kinds,  thus  enlarg- 
ing his  horizon  of  actual  business 
experience  and  adding  to  his  teaching 
power,  besides  increasing  his  income 
and  enjoying  a  change  of  vocation, 
which  is  the  best  kind  of  rest.  Sal- 
aries are  good,  all  things  considered, 
although  there  are  penurious  School 
Boards  just  as  there  are  niggardly 
school  proprietors. 
H  Cist  of  Just  to  give  an  idea  of 

Salaries  the   prevailing   salaries 

in  high  school  commercial  teaching, 
we  add  'a  short  list  here.  If  our 
readers  indicate  sufficient  interest  in 
the  subject,  we  can  easily  fill  this 
page  with  an  extension  of  this  list,  in 
the  November  number.  In  some  in- 
stances the  monthly,  in  others,  the 
annual  salary  is  given  : 

Fresno.  California $1250 

Los  Angeles,    "       110 

Kedlands,       .    "       100 

Sacramento,     "        100 

Denver,  Colorado,  North  Side 1000 

Pueblo,  Colorado 1200 

Bridgeport,  Connecticut  1200 


Ne 


W.w 


Washington,  D.  C.     

Aurora,  Illinois 

Chicago,  Englewood 

Medill  High 

LakeHigh 

Robt.  Waller  High 

Elgin,  Illinois 

Rockford,     " 
Maiden, 


750 

1050 

1200 

1200 

1200 

1050 

1100 

1300 

Winchester.  Massachusetts ,.  1500 

Fnll  River.  "  1750 

Springfield,  "  2100. 


#tae/Su^lm^;>£fcU*&GbU>r   & 


■■■•■ 

j£*\> 

DEPARTMENT    OF 

m~-.\ 

Commercial    (Seograpfyy 

^  w 

Frank   O.   Carpenter. 

m& 

The   Editor  of  this    Department    may  he  addressed  directly  at   the 
F>i.!h-h    High    School .  Boston.  Mass..  hut  communications   requiring  a 
reply  must    in    all   cases   enclose   return   postage  to  insure  attention. 

77 


1 


The  editor  of  this  department.  Mr.  Frank  O.  Carpenter,  is,  through  and  through,  a  son 
of  the  Old  Commonwealth.  [n  1ST1.  at  the  age  of  sixteen  he  graduated  from  the  high 
school  of  his  native  town.  Milford,  Mass.,  and  entered  the  famous  college  preparatory 
school,  Philips  Exeter  Academy,  graduating  in  1876.  He  took  his  A.  B.  from  Harvard  in 
1880,  being  a  member  of  President  Roosevelt's  class,  and  in  1887  he  was  admitted  to  the 
Suffolk  (Boston)  county  bar,  although  he  taught  from  the  time  of  his  graduation.  In  1883 
Mr  Carpenter  became  a  member  of  the  faculty  of  the  Boston  English  High  School,  and  he 
has  just  finished  his  twentieth  year  of  service  there.  He  now  has  charge  of  the  Commer- 
cial Geography  and  the  Commercial  Law  in  this  school. 

Mr.  Carpenter  is  a  nature  lover,  an  enthusiastic  mountaineer  (having  climbed  hun- 
dreds of  peaks),  and  an  experienced  writer,  ranging  from  special  articles  and  a  guide  book 
on  mountain  climbing,  to  a  treatise  on  French  Grammar.  His  remarkable  collection  of 
commercial  products,  which  he  uses  in  illustrating  his  teaching  of  commercial  geog- 
raphy, excited  the  admiration  of  hundreds  of  teachers  who  visited  the  English  High 
School  during  the  X.  E.  A.  convention. 

The  editor  of  this  department  believes  thoroughly  in  both  the  culturai  and  the  prac- 
tical value  of  commercial  education.  Our  readers  will  find  this  one  of  the  most  interesting 
and  helpful  of  the  several  special  departments  maintained  by  THE  BUSINESS  EDUCATOR 
this  year.-E.  E.  G. 


means  of  Instruction  in  Commerce  and 
Industry 

The  old  method  of  teaching  which  was 
based  on  a  textbook,  a  dictionary,  a  few 
reference  books  and  a  teacher  as  offering  all 
necessary  means  of  instruction,  was  long  ago 
shown  to  be  unsuited  to  the  times  by  the 
teachers  of  chemistry,  physics,  and  biology. 
Today  in  the  new  and  splendid  buildings 
erected  for  high  school  use  in  the  United 
States,  the  masters  and  school  committees 
show  with  the  greatest  pride  the  large  and 
thoroughly  equipped  laboratories  of  Chemis- 
try and  Physics  costing  thousands  of  dollars, 
and  rightly  believe  them  the  proof  that  their 
schools  are  abreast  of  the  times. 

The  new  science  of  Commerce  and  Indus- 
try, with  its  wider  field  of  work  and  closer 
touch  with  human  life,  demands  and  needs 
an  equal  equipment  of  laboratory,  apparatus, 
books,   etc. 

The  time  since  its  introduction  into  the 
schools  is  so  short,  and  its  field  of  work  so 
novel  that  the  public  as  yet  do  not  under- 
stand or  appreciate  its  power  or  value. 
Teachers  therefore,  must  expect  that  some 
years  will  pass  before  they  will  have  what  is 
required  from  the  school  authorities  and 
must  get  for  themselves  the  things  they  need. 
These  years  of  delay  will  not  be  lost,  how- 
ever, because  each  year  will  show  more 
clearly  the  real,  indispensable  needs  of  this 
science. 

To  assist  teachers  in  obtaining  the  neces- 
sary aids  to  instruction  in  Commerce  and 
Industry  is  the  purpose  of  this  department, 
and  in  the  following  numbers  of  this  maga- 
zine the  most  important  of  these  methods 
will   be  discussed. 

Future  experience  will  show  new  methods, 
and  new  needs  of  this  subject  and  will  de- 
vise new  resources  to  meet  these  needs,  but 
the  following  is  the  present  list  of  means  of 
instruction  which  should  be  used  in  teaching 
the  science  of  Commerce  and  Industry  : 


MEANS     OF     INSTRUCTION. 

1.  Courses  of  Study  giving  lists  of  sub- 
jects to  be  studied,  methods  of  teaching 
them,  division  of  hours,  etc..  adapted  to 
long  or  short  courses  as  authorized  in  differ- 
ent schools. 

2.  A  Working  Collection  of  Specimens 
of  the  principal  commercial  staples  and 
products,  in  sizes  and  form  suited  for  actual 
handling  and  study  by  each  member  of  the 
the  class.     This  should   be  kept  up-to-date. 

3.  A  Museum  of  Commercial  Products 
and  apparatus  for  purposes  of  exhibition  and 
study. 


4.  Maps  of  various  kinds,  production 
charts,    etc. 

5.  Library  for  reference  and  study  con- 
taining Textbooks  for  use.  reference  books, 
magazines,  newspaper  clippings,  trade  pam- 
phlets, government  publications,  photo- 
graphs, lantern  slides,  collection  of  coins. 

6.  A  Card  Catalogue  of  subjects  to  be 
taught  with  notes  on  each  subject  arranged 
in  alphabetical  order,  with  references  to  any 
books  or  articles  relating  to  these  subjects 
that  may  be  in  the  library.  A  similar  cata- 
logue of  all  specimens  in  the  working  col- 
lection and  museum  with  proper  classifica- 
tion and  reference  to  the  subject  catalogue 
described  above. 


T.  Final  Theses  or  reports  of  pupils 
on  various  topics  arranged  in  same  order  as 
subject  catalogue. 

8.  Laboratories  and  apparatus  for  care- 
ful study  of  the  various  commercial  products 
and  specimens  studied. 

!).  Visits  of  Inspections  and  study  to 
stores,  factories  and  localities  where  com- 
mercial staples  are  produced,  manufactured 
or  sold. 


10.  Lectures  and  talks  by  specialists. 
Note. — These  topics  will  be  discussed  in  future 
numbers  of  this  magazine,  probably  in  the  order 
given,  and  the  editor  will  be  pleased  to  receive  from 
interested  readers  any  comments  or  suggestions 
upon  them  which  may  have  been  tested  in  actual 
class  room  work  and  found  good. 

COURSES     OF      STUDY. 

The  subject  of  Commerce  and  Industry  as 
has  been  said,  is  not  as  yet  generally  taught 
in  the  high  schools  of  this  country,  and  in 
the  schools  where  it  is  taught,  there  is  no 
uniformity  of  treatment  either  in  methods 
used,  subjects  studied,  or  time  given  to  the 
subject.  A  very  few  schools  have  well  de- 
veloped course  with  laboratory  work,  differ- 
ing from  each  other  in  treatment  usually, 
but  these  are  rare  exceptions.  In  these  few. 
the  subject  is  carried  on  during  two  years, 
but  in  the  other  schools  it  is  only  studied  for 
one  year  and  in  most  of  these  as  a  half  year's 
course.  The  time  assigned  ranges  from  five 
recitations  per  week,  one  each  day,  to  a 
course  of  ten  or  twelve  lectures  per  year  on 
the  subject. 

In  a  census,  which  the  editor  made  last 
year  of  the  hundred  largest  cities  of  the 
country  and  the  most  prominent  cities  of 
New  England,  the  following  results  were 
noted :  About  sixty  per  cent,  of  the  masters 
reported  the  subject  of  Commercial  Geogra- 
phy as  included  in  their  curriculum.  A 
closer  investigation,  however,  showed  that 
this  was  in  most  cases  merely  a  name  and 
that  very  little  was  really  done  towards 
teaching  the  subject.  In  one  of  the  largest 
cities  of  the  country.  w*hich  the  editor  per- 
sonally visited  for  study,  the  Commercial 
High  School,  with  a  magnificent  new  build- 
ing nearly  ready  for  use,  had  the  subject  of 
Commercial  Geography  given  among  the  re- 
quired studies,  but  it  was  not  taught  at  all. 
and  the  instructor  had  not  even  prepared  a 
plan  or  prospectus  of  the  study  for  use. 
The  teachers  of  the  school  were,  however, 
unanimous  in  their  opinion  that  the  subject 
was  a  very  important  one,  and  that  it  ought 
to  be  developed,  but  said  that  the  science  was 
so  new  in  the  schools  that  there  had  not 
been  time  to  prepare  for  it.  This  is  prob- 
ably the  status  of  the  subject  in  many  of  the 
schools  where  the  name  is  printed  promi- 
nently in  the  catalogue. 

It  is  a  difficult  thing  to  prepare  a  plan  of 
campaign  on  a  battle  field  while  the  battle  is 
going  on.  but  those  are  the  conditions  under 
which  the  editor  and  his  fellow  teachers  in 
the  country  have  been  obliged  to  devise  their 
present  methods  of  instruction  in  Commerce 
and  Industry.  The  editor's  experience  may- 
be interesting  for  comparison. 

The  Board  of  Supervisors  said  to  him  in 
1890.  in  effect:  "This  subject  has  been 
put  into  the  curriculum  as  worthy  our  atten- 
tion. We  have  not  developed  the  subject, 
and  know  very  little  about  it.  We  have  no 
advice  to  give  in  regard  to  the  way  the  sub- 
ject should  be  taught,  and  you  may  teach  it 
in  any  way  you  think  best.  You  can  cut 
out  your  own  path."  This  was  a  freedom 
of  action  rarely  granted,  but  at  the  same 
time  the  entire  responsibility  for  results  was 
thrown  upon  the  teacher. 

In  cutting  out  his  own  path  as  directed  the 
editor  first  ordered  a  large  wall  map  of  the 
world  ;  second,  obtained  samples  of  type 
wools  from  the  dealer  ;  third,  showed  the 
wool  to  the  pupils  and  had  them  handle  it. 
told  them  what  it  was  used  for  and  pointed 
out  on  the  map  of  the  world  the  places 
where  wool  is  raised,  manufactured  and  con- 
sumed, and  the  trade  routes  by  which  it  is 
transported. 

Three  years  since  of  hard  study  and  ex- 
periment have  changed  the  editor's  views  in 
many  ways,   but    he   still    believes    that    the 


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proper  way  of  teaching  the  subject  of  Com- 
men  e  and  Industry  is  to  follow  the  method 
outlined  above  :  First,  the  study  of  what  a 
commercial  product  is,  and  its  use,  by  man- 
kind ;  second,  the  places  in  the  world  where 
it  is  used  or  consumed  and  its  importance  in 
commerce  and  trade  to  the  nations  of  the 
world. 

In  discussing  the  topics  outlined  for  the 
year,  the  editor  will  present  for  consideration 
some  methods  which  have  been  worked  out 
in  the  class-room  and  are  practical. 

The  following  course  of  study  of  Commer- 
cial Geography,  planned  for  three  recitation 
hours  per  week,  of  periods  of  fifty  minutes 
each,  is  suggested  for  trial  and  experiment 
during  the  school  year   1903  HI 

COURSE  OF  STUDY  FOR  ONE  YEAR. 

The  subjects  to  be  taught  in  Commerce 
and  Industry  in  a  single  year's  course  belong 
to  three  classes  : 

A  ("ommercial  products  of  various  kinds, 
natural  and  manufactured. 

B.  Means  of  Communication,  Transpor- 
tation, Aids  to  Commerce.  Business  Meth- 
ods,  etc. 

C.  Commercial  Geography  (in  its  true 
sense). 

Of  the  three  hours  per  week,  two  should 
be  given  to  class  A  throughout  the  year. 
The  third  hour  should  be  given  to  classes 
B  and  C,  the  first  half  year  used  for  B,  the 
second  half  year  devoted  to  C.  For  ex- 
ample, if  the  subject  comes  on  Monday,  Wed- 
nesday, and  Friday,  use  Monday  and  Fri- 
1 .11  for  A,  and  Wednesday  for  B  and  C.  B 
should  run  to  Feb.  1st  and  C  the  rest  of  the 
school  year. 

Note.  The  valuable  subiects  of  Mechanism  >>l 
Trade.  History  of  Commerce,  and  Economics  of 
Commerce,  must  necessarily  be  omitted  for  lack  of 
time.  They  belontt  properly  to  a  second  years 
course. 

Class  A.  The  subjects  under  class  A 
which  should  be  studied  in  the  one  year's 
course  are  as  follows,  and  they  should  be 
taken  strictly  in  the  order  indicated 

I.  Foods,  cereals,  vegetables,  fruits,  nuts, 

sugar,  etc. 

Animal  foods,  beef,  pork,  mut- 
ton, poultry,  milk,  and  its  prod- 
ucts. 

Fish  and  shell   fish  of  all  kinds. 

Beverages:  as  tea.  coffee,  choco- 
late,  wines,  etc. 

II.  Textiles  and  other  fabrics.     Cotton. 

wool,  silk,  flax,  hemp,  etc. 
Leather,  rubber,  paper. 

III.  Building  Materials,  wood,  lumber, 

and  forest  industries. 

Stone,    brick,    cement,    plaster. 

Structural  iron  and  steel,  cop- 
per, lead,  etc. 

Glass,  China. 

IV.  Fuels  and  Lights — 

Coal,  coke,  and  their  by-pro- 
ducts. 

Petroleum  and  its  products. 

Natural    and   artificial  gas. 

Electricity. 
V      Mineral  and  Metals 

Abrasive  materials,  chemical 
substances. 

Iron,  copper,  lead,  tin.  gold, 
silver,  mercury,  etc. 


Class  B.  The  subjects  to  be  studied 
under  class  B  are  : 

I.  Means  of  Communication — 

Postal  service,  telegraphs,  tele- 
phones, stenography,  typewriting. 

II.  Transportation 

Methods  of  packing  goods  for 
shipping  and  sale. 

Transport  by  man,  pack  animal, 
wagon. 

Railroads,  steam    and   electric. 

Steam  ships  and  sailing  vessels. 

Canals,  inland  and  ocean. 

III.  Marine  Aids  to  Commerce — 

Lighthouses,  pilots,  charts, 
docks. 

Ocean  routes  of  commerce. 

IV.  Mechanical  Power — 

Animals,  man,  wind,  water 
power. 

Steam,  compressed  air,  electric- 
ity. 

V.  Business  Methods  and  Aids — 

Banks,  clearing  houses,  stock 
exchanges,   markets. 

Money,   checks,    drafts,    notes.  _ 
Department      stores,      storage, 
warehouses,  country  stores. 

Commission  merchants  and 
Agents. 

Consuls,  naval  repair   stations. 
Class  C — This  division  deals  with  Com- 
mercial Geography  in  its  true  sense. 
North   America — 

I.  United      States  —  Chief     productions, 

domestic  trade,  export  trade. 

Principal  world  markets  for 
U.  S.  surplus  products. 

Commercial  rivals  of  U.  S.  in 
production   and    for  world  trade. 

U.  S.  colonial  possessions. 

II.  Canada  —  Treated    in    same  manner, 

but  with  special   reference  to  its 
commerce  with  LI.  S. 
Europe — 

III.  Great    Britain,    France,     Germany, 

Russia,  and   other  European   na- 
tions studied  in  same  manner  as 
U.  S. 
Asia— 

IV.  China,  Japan,  India,  etc.,  as  above. 
Australasia — 

V.  Australia  and  New  Zealand,  as  above. 
Africa — 

VI.  Algeria,  Egypt,  etc. 
Commercial  possibilities  of  Africa. 

South   America — 

VII.  As  above. 

Central  America  and  West  Indies — 

VIII.  As  above. 

These  countries  are  to  be  studied  with  strict 
regard  to  their  importance  in  world  commerce, 
trade  and  industry.  Questions  of  politics,  race  dif- 
ferences, etc.,  must  be  omitted  unless  they  have 
some  special  bearing  on  commerce.  Those  ques- 
tions, however  valuable  and  interesting  in  them- 
selves, have  no  place  in  this  course. 

The  study  of  commercial  geography  is 
placed  the  last  of  the  year  because  the  pupil 
having  first  learned  what  the  chief  commer- 
cial staples  of  the  world,  i.  e.,  foods  and 
textiles,  are  with  their  uses  and  methods  of 
transportation,  is  better  prepared  to  under- 
stand the  commercial  importance  of  the 
great  rival  nations  which  continually  strive 
with  each  other  for  supremacy  and  control 
of  the  commerce  and  trade  of  the  world. 


The  topics  should  be  distributed  through 
the  year  as  follows  : 

Topics  for  1903-04. 

Sept.     A  I — Foods — Foods    in    general,    1  ; 
cereals  in  general,  1  ;    wheat,  4. 
B  I — Means    of    Communication 
Postal  service,  telegraphs,  etc.,  .'i. 
umber  of  reci- 

Oct.  A  1 — Foods — Corn,  2  ;  oats,  1  ;  bar- 
ley, rye,  buckwheat,  1  ;  rice  and 
millet,  1  ;  vegetables  and  fruits, 
1;    nuts  and  spices,  1;    su^.ir,  '.' 

B  II — Transportation,  4. 
Nov.      A  I — Foods — Animal  foods,  beef,  2; 
pork,  mutton,  1  ;   poultry,  1  ;  milk 
and  its  products,  1  ;    fish,  1. 

B  III — Marine  aids  to  commerce,  1  ; 
ocean  routes,  1. 

B  IV — Mechanical  power,  1. 
Dec      A  I — Beverages— Water,  ice,  1 ;  tea, 
coffee,  1;    chocolate,  malt,  wines, 
etc.,   1. 

B  V — Business  Methods  and  Aids  - 
Banks,  clearing-houses,  markets, 
1 ;  money,  checks,  drafts,  notes.  2. 
Jan.  A  II — Textiles — Textiles  in  general, 
carding,  spinning  and  weaving 
processes,  I;  cotton,  'i ;  cotton 
seed,  1 ;    wool,  3. 

B  V — Business  Aids—  Stores,  ware- 
houses, factories,  1  ;  commission 
merchants,  agents,  etc.,  1;  con- 
suls, naval  repair  stations,  etc., 
1;  war  and  revenue  vessels,  1. 
Feb.  A  II—  Textiles— Silk,  1;  flax,  1; 
hemp,  sisal,  etc,  ramie,  cocoa, 
etc.,  1;  leather,  2;  furs,  feathers, 
etc.,  1;  rubber,  1;  paper,  1. 

C — Commercial  Geography — 

C  I— United  States,  4. 
Mar.  A  III — Building  Materials— Wood, 
1;  forest  industries,  1;  stone,  1; 
quarrying,  1;  brick,  cement, 
plaster,  1;  structural  metal,  2; 
glass,  China,  etc.,  1. 

C  II  &  III— Canada,     1.      Great 
Britain,  2;    France,  1. 
Apr.       A  IV — Fuels  and  Lights — Coal  and 
products,  2 ;    petroleum  and  pro- 
ducts, 2;    gas,  1;    electricity,  1. 

C  III — Germany.  1;  Russia,  1;  other 
European  countries,  1. 
May  A  V— Minerals  and  Metals— Abra- 
sives, I;  chemical  substances,  1; 
asphalt,  1;  iron,  1;  copper,  lead, 
tin,  1;  aluminum,  platinum, 
nickel,  1 ;  gold  and  silver,  1 ; 
mercury  and  other  metals,  1. 

C  IV — Asia — China,    1  ;     Japan,    1  ; 
India,  1. 

C  V — Australasia,  1. 
June      A — Final  Theses  of  pupils,  3. 

C  VI— Africa.  .'I. 

C  VII— South  America,  2. 

C  VIII— Central  America  and  W.  I., 
1. 

If  the  Science  of  Commerce  and  Industry  is  so 
new  in  the  school  that  the  teacher  has  not  had  time 
to  prepare  all  the  subjects  fairly,  as  will  in  many 
cases   be    true,  the  editor  suggests  that    Fuels    and 

Lights  (A  IV)  and  Minerals  and  Metals  (A  V   I lil 

ted  for  the  first  year  unless  discussed  in  a  few  lec- 
tures, and  the  other  subjects  (A  1-H-IHl  be  extended 
to  fill  the  months  of  April  and  May. 


■^/? 


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DEPARTMENT    OF 


Practical  ZTlatfyemattcs 

GEORGE    E.  KING, 

Cedar    Rapids   Business  College, 

Cedar  Rapids,  Iowa 





7 


Do  not  fail  to  read  every  word  of  Mr.  King's  admirable  article  on  Busi- 
ness Arithmetic  in  the  next  number  of  The  Business  Educator,  which  was 
unavoidably  crowded  out  of  this  number  on  account  of  the  promise  and 
agreement  to  present  Mr.  Thurston's  admirable  article,  which  follows. 

Mr.  King  is  one  of  the  especially  successful  teachers  of  business  arith- 
metic in  this  country,  and  he  has  succeeded  well  in  putting  on  paper  some  of 
the  many  methods  by  which  he  arouses  interest  in  his  class  and  obtains  first- 
class  results.  Then,'  if  you  think  such  information  good  for  your  students  to 
have,  go  vigorously  to  work  and  organize  a  club  for  The  Business  Educator, 
even  though  it  be  but  a  small  one.     "  Many  a  little  makes  a  mickle."— Ed. 


Mathematics  in  Corn- 
mereial  Work 


BY  ERNEST   I.AWTuN  THUBSTON,  BUSINESS 
HIGH    SCHOOL,  WASHINGTON,  D.  C 

[  A  Paper  Read  Before  the  Department  of 
Busiuess  Education,  at  the  N.  E.  A. 
Convention,  in  Boston,  July  7,  1903.  ] 

There  is  need  at  intervals,  in  most 
general  courses  of  study,  to  redis- 
cover Mathematics:  to  determine, 
again  and  again,  in  the  light  of  the 
best  thought  and  method  at  the  time, 
its  educative,  disciplinary,  and  purely 
utilitarian  value,  its  relative  place  in 
the  course,  its  subject  matter. 

OBJECTS    SOUGHT 

With  a  wealth  of  new  matter  in  pure 
and  applied  science,  admirably  de- 
veloped, constantly  demanding  an 
increasing  weight  in  overburdened 
curricula,  mathematics  has  been  rel- 
egated, at  times,  to  a  less  important 
position  than  formerly.  No  doubt 
this  is  right,  in  some  cases;  in  others 
it  follows  from  a  failure  to  realize 
fully  its  possibilities  of  development. 
In  the  larger  scientific  and  engineer- 
ing schools  alone,  has  it  retained, 
noticeably,  relative  weight,  because 
it  has  been  seen  to  be  the  bed  rock  on 
which,  to  a  large  degree,  the  super- 
structure of  technical  training  must 
be  built. 

In  our  modern  secondary  schools 
of  commerce,  however,  we  need  not 
to  ?vdiscover  but  to  discover  mathe- 
matics, in  the  light  of  the  purpose  of 
the  school.  Content  that  secondary 
algebra  and  geometry,  plus  utilitarian 
commercial  arithmetic,  should  consti- 
tute the  commercial  course  in  math- 
ematics, we  are  only  beginning  to 
realize  possibilities  of  correlation 
with  other  subjects;  and  of  a  distinct- 
ive  selection   and   treatment   of   the 


subject  matter  that  shall  be  highly 
educative  throughout,  while  strongly 
utilitarian  in  parts. 

These  subjects,  commonly  required, 
are  not  new  and  no  new  ones  should 
be  introduced,  although  opportuni- 
ties should  be  given  in  the  final  year 
for  electives  of  a  higher  order.  But 
the  standard  subjects  should  be  com- 
mercialized, to  a  slight  degree  at 
least,  where  this  is  possible  without 
decreasing  the  efficiency  resulting 
from  a  realization  of  the  full  educa- 
tional and  disciplinary  value  as  a 
natural  complement  to  the  purely 
utilitarian. 

Furthermore,  the  steps  of  develop- 
ment must  be  natural  and  progress- 
ive, each  giving  power  to  master  the 
next.  Mathematics  must  not  be  pre- 
sented ready-made.  The  individual 
must  make  his  own  as  the  race  has 
done,— not  however,  as  if  the  race 
had  never  done  it.  While  preventing 
waste  of  energy,  the  amount  given  by 
authority  of  teacher  or  book  must  be 
reduced  to  a  minimum. 

That  which  is  distinctively  utilitar- 
ian in  the  course  must  be  thoroughly 
practical  and  in  accord  with  modern 
usage.  Business  arithmetic,  espe- 
cially, is  undergoing  marked  changes 
in  system  and  development.  The 
arithmetic  of  to-day  in  method  and 
application  is  not  that  of  a  late  yes- 
terday. 

Educationally,  the  greater  value  as 
to  results  must  come  from  those 
parts  which  appeal  to  the  pupil's 
life,  activities  and  interests.  Math- 
ematics should  be,  as  far  as  possible, 
live  and  not  dead  matter.  The  arith- 
metic we  know  is  the  outcome  of 
daily  needs  in  every  phase  of  life;  the 
other  branches  may  touch  life  at 
many  points.  And  in  this  close  con- 
tact, interest  will  start  and  flourish. 
"The  mainspring  of  mathematical 
ability  in  a  race  is  the  attempt  to 
adjust  means  accurately  and  econom- 
ically to  a  given  end.  " 

As  a  whole,  the  course  must  give 
power,  vigor,  and  strength  to  the 
mind;  cultivating  clear-thinking,  and 
ability  to  see  all  sides  of  a  question; 


developing  that  individual  capacity 
which  is  needed  in  every  form  of 
mental  activity.  A  magnificent  ex- 
ercise in  logic,  it  may  sacrifice  at 
times,  the  teaching  of  facts  if  it  only 
gives  power  to  prove  facts. 

UN-ORTHODOX   BUT  COMMON  SENSE 
OBSERVATIONS 

In  the  light  of  these  requirements, 
commercial  arithmetic  must  be 
abridged  by  cutting  off  obsolete  sub- 
jects and  complicated  methods;  and 
enriched  by  increasing  greatly  the 
quantity  of  simple  calculation  and  of 
modern,  practical,  concrete  prob- 
lems, especially  those  that  deal  with 
our  active  participation  in  life.  Al- 
though business  grows  steadily  more 
complex,  details  of  organization  and 
methods  of  work  tend  steadily  to- 
ward simplicity.  This  tendency  re- 
sults in  increased  demands  for 
accuracy  in  fundamental  processes  of 
arithmetic,  and  for  a  working  knowl- 
edge of  the  principles  of  percentage, 
and  of  elementary  business  prin- 
ciples, with  ability  to  apply  them  in 
an  increasing  number  of  ways.  The 
arithmetic  of  actual  business  is  sug- 
gestive, when  studied  at  close  range. 
It  discloses: 

(1)  That  common  fractions  are  u»- 
common,  those  with  denominators  of 
two,  three,  four,  six  and  eight,  alone, 
finding  extended  use;  for  others,  the 
nearest  two  place  decimal  is  the 
common  substitute. 

(2)  That  quantities  are  generally 
expressed  in  one  or  two  denomina- 
tions. The  merchant  sells  If  yards, 
not  1  yard,  2  feet,  3  inches;  the  gro- 
cer, lj  lbs.,  not  1  pound,  8  ounces; 
the  engineer  measures  in  feet  and 
hundreds  of  feet — a  decimal  system — 
not  in  feet  and  rods. 

(3)  That  the  majority  of  numbers 
expressing  quantity  and  value  are 
exceedingly  simple.  It  follows  nat- 
urally that  ability  to  work  mentally 
should  be  cultivated,  even  if  the 
volume  of  modern  business  did  'not 
demand  it.  Employees  waste  time, 
energy,  and  frequently  costly  station- 
ery, on  unnecessary  paper  calcula- 
tions. Yet  mental  calculation,  once 
a  habit,  is  always  easier. 

(4)  That,  in  actual  business,  there 
is  little  recognition  of  text-book  case 
or  subject.  A  single  real  estate 
problem  may  involve  simple  percen- 
tage, taxes,  commission,  insurance, 
interest.  Solutions  must  rest  on  the 
bed  rock  of  fundamental  principles, 
not  on  the  shifting  sands  of  arbitrary 
cases. 

|5|  That  actual  problems  are  fre- 
quently so  expressed  as  to  make 
essential  the  ability  to  see  as  well  as 
solve  them.  A  book  savs:  "I  bought 
40  chairs:  $8.40,  less  15%  discount, 
paying  freight  of  $11.20.  Terms  :  30 
days;  2"„  cash.  I  paid  cash.  Find  the 
marked  price  to  gain  15%."  A  similar 
problem  I  overheard  expressed  in 
these  words  from  dealer  to  clerk: 

"John,  we  want  toclear  15",,  on  this 
invoice  !  "—handing  him  a  bill.  And 
John  noted  terms,  discounts,  prices, 
allowed  for  freight  and  store  burden, 
and  marked  his  chairs.  The  em- 
ployer says,  "Do  this."  The  clerk 
must  make  the  problem  and  find  or 
select  the  values  necessary  for  its 
solution. 


*/lve  totUiivc^£t4^&w>Wr   <*£ 


(6)  That  calculation  tables  for 
intrust,  discount,  insurance,  taxes, 
wages,  earthwork,  etc.,  are  commonly 
used  to  save  time  and  ensure  accur- 
acy. 

(7)  That  the  use  of  ruled  forms, 
main  requiring  extensions  and  cal- 
culations for  which  text-book  courses 
do  not  prepare,  is  increasing  rapidly. 

S(  OPE  AND  PLACE  OF  MENTAL  WORK. 

The  course  in  arithmetic  now,  to 
meet  business  and  educational  re- 
quirements, must  be  woven  together 
by  mental  exercises.  These  may 
average  to  advantage  one-half  the 
recitation  periods.  Mental  calcula- 
tion finds  its  first  field  in  rapid  re- 
views of  fundamental  processes  in 
whole  numbers,  and  in  common  and 
decimal  fractions;  its  second,  in  ex- 
ercises in  numbers  under  100,  con- 
tinued throughout  the  course,  and  in 
percentage  and  interest,  all  intended 
to  develop  speed,  accuracy,  and 
knowledge  of  number  combinations. 
It  is  the  "tool  for  systematic  review 
and  for  developing  shorthand  arithme- 
tic. Readv-niade  short  methods  must 
be  handled  with  exceeding  care. 
There  is  danger  that  they  will  go  off 
the  wrong  way,  or  at  the  wrong  time, 
or— not  go  off  at  all.  But  those  de- 
veloped instinctively  by  the  pupil, 
through  increasing  knowledge  of 
number  in  combination,  remain  with 
him — a  valuable  business  capital. 

Moreover,  every  practical  topic  may 
be  introduced  and  developed  through 
brief,  pointed  mental  problems;  and 
drill  secured  by  a  series  of  related 
mental  problems;  a  series  with  the 
same  central  idea;  a  statement  or 
value  on  the  board,  around  which 
exercises  may  be  woven,  permitting 
the  pupil  to  concentrate  attention 
solely  on  the  new  points  involved. 

MATTER    AND   METHOD  IN  WRITTEN 
WORK 

In  close  coordination  with  the 
mental  work,  the  written  exercises 
and  test  problems  "clinch"  the  sub- 
ject. These  should  be  brief,  prac- 
tical, living  questions,  at  times 
expressed  in  memoranda  or  bill  form, 
in  order  that  the  problem  may  be 
determined  as  well  as  solved;  at 
times,  grouped  to  relate  to  the  same 
business  or  business  condition,  for 
related  problems  have  far  more  ed- 
ucational value  than  those  having 
simply  the  arbitrary  connection  of 
the  text-book  case. 

But  from  arithmetic  principles  and 
terms,  in  combination  with  business 
terms  and  forms,  has  been  evolved  a 
business  language  in  which  business 
transactions  are  expressed,  and  busi- 
ness records  written.  Its  literature 
consists  of  notes,  drafts,  bills,  es- 
timates, books  of  record;  its  phrase- 
ology of  symbols,  business  ex- 
pression, terms,  forms  of  tabulation. 
Some  knowledge  of  it  the  pupil  gains 
from  his  bookkeeping,  but  it  is  ac- 
quired  more  effectively  through  ap- 
plied arithmetic,  which  should  form 
the  next  step  in  the  mathematical 
course. 

Commence  with  sales  and  order 
sheets,  requiring  horizontal  and  ver- 
tical addition  ;  follow  with  carefully 
graded  bills  of  different  businesses, 
reading  and  solving  the  problems 
involved,  studying  the  meaning  and 


relative  value  of  "terms,"  and  the 
essentials  of  form.  One  wholesale 
bill,  with  discounts  and  choice  of 
terms,  contains  several  "pages 
worth"  of  text-book  problems.  Mas- 
ter, then,  commission  forms ;  use 
actual  notes  for  interest,  discount 
and  partial  payments.  Solve  office 
paper,  pay  rolls,  requisitions,  inven- 
tories—the field  of  arithmetic  as 
recorded  in  business  paper.  At 
everv  step,  too,  require  the  prepara- 
tion' of  original  paper,  having  it 
checked  and  audited  by  the  class. 

Finally,  later  in  the  course,  when 
the  pupil  has  gained  strength  of, 
mind,  breadth  of  outlook,  and  a 
knowledge  of  business  conditions, 
study  in  detail  some  of  the  greater 
problems  based  on  arithmetic.  Those 
of  banking  and  finance,  of  insurance, 
annuities  and  endowments,  of  taxa- 
tion and  duties;  the  use  and  proper 
design  of  working  tables;  the  effect- 
ive preparation  of  statistics,  the  great 
problems  of  "cost-keeping"  and 
factory    mathematics.     Here,    in    its 


ERNEST    LAWTON    THURSTON. 

highest  phase,  arithmetic  may  touch 
and  interpret  the  work  of  most  other 
departments  of  the  school. 

DISCIPLINE  AS  WELL  AS   UTILITY 

The  course,  thus  outlined  in  salient 
points,  is  highly  utilitarian,  yet  when 
one  has  taught  it,  he  finds  it  just  as 
highly  educational.  The  pupil,  made 
wideawake,  finds  suggestive  prob- 
lems and  illustrations  which  the 
competent  teacher  directs  to  empha- 
sizing the  main  points  under  discus- 
sion in  his  elementary  law,  commer- 
cial geography,  and  bookkeeping, 
and  in  active  life.  The  principle  of 
fair  settlement,  which  underlies  so 
many  business  arithmetic  processes, 
and  other  business  and  ethical  prin- 
ciples is  constantly  emphasized.  The 
unusual  opportunities  for  individual 
and  original  work  bring  breadth  of 
mind  and  training  in  system,  form 
and  arrangement;  while  class  dis- 
cussions and  rigid  analyses  give 
ability  to  judge  before  solving,  to 
reason  accurately,  and  to  do  away 
with  that  inaccuracy  of  statement 
which  is  the  parent  of  inaccuracy  of 
thought. 

THE    PLACE    OF   ALGEBRA. 

Algebra  is  not  taught,  distinctively, 
for  its  utility  to  the  coming  merchant, 


although  to  the  mathematician,  and 
to  the  engineer,  it  is  indispensable. 
Its  greater  value  is  an  exercise  in 
applied  logic,  where  it  gives  character 
tc  the  teacher's  work  and  raises  it  to 
the  plane  of  true  education.  A  source 
of  mind  power,  it  develops  capacity 
to  master  subjects  of  kindred,  or  of 
totally  different  nature. 

Algebra  in  part  is  distinctively  uni- 
versal arithmetic,  and  the  two  sub- 
jects work  well  in  double  harness. 
Elementary  algebra  and  arithmetic, 
in  combination,  should  precede  com- 
mercial arithmetic,  for  the  methods 
of  algebraic  reasoning  aid  in  master- 
ing arithmetical  problems,  the  method 
of  the  equation  solving  easily  what 
is  otherwise  difficult.  This  suggests, 
too,  the  substitution  of  practical 
business  arithmetic  problems  for  the 
many  objectionable  applied  exercises 
in  algebra,  now  in  print. 

A  scientific  treatment  of  the  sub- 
ject should  lead  from  the  beginning 
to  the  equation,  which  should  be 
introduced  early,  and  emphasized, 
until  the  pupil  "is  familiar  with  the 
principles  on  which  the  processes  of 
operation  are  based.  Factoring  and 
its  relation  to  equations  and  fractions 
should  be  also  a  strong  feature.  In 
work  of  this  class  the  mental  exer- 
cises should  develop  the  same  accu- 
racy and  facility  in  handling  the 
literal  as  later  the  numeral.  In  all 
stages  of  the  work,  methods  of  check- 
ing solutions  are  important  in  culti- 
vating a  valuable  business  habit  and 
in  encouraging  independence  as  well. 

That  part  of  higher  algebra,  less 
distinctively  universal  arithmetic, 
covering  the  theories  of  combinations 
and  probabilities,  has  also  sufficient 
value,  from  practical  and  disciplin- 
ary standpoints,  to  warrant  its  rigid 
treatment.  On  problems  of  life  insur- 
ance and  in  studies  of  various  busi- 
ness conditions,  it  will  be  found  to 
have  direct  bearing. 

THE    VALUE    OF   GEOMETRY. 

Geometry  claims  place,  especially, 
because  of  its  value  as  an  exercise  in 
formal  logic,  although  in  parts,_  in 
mensuration,  for  example,  it  has  high 
utilitarian  value.  In  class  it  is  often 
effectively  taught  as  a  combination 
of  the  ihventional  and  the  demon- 
strative. The  inventional,  leading  to 
a  right  conception  of  the  truths  to  be 
established,  introduces  naturally  the 
deductive  method  of  establishing 
them.  Elementary  ideas  of  logic, 
however,  may  be  introduced  from  the 
beginning,  and  demonstrations  made 
exceedingly  rigid — with  the  rigor  con- 
sisting in  soundness  of  structural 
development,  as  well  as  in  clearness 
and  effectiveness  of  expression. 

The  field  of  demonstrative  work 
should  include  plane  geometry  and 
the  principal  theorems  of  solid,  many 
of  the  latter  having  unusual  discipin- 
ary  value. 

The  field  of  applied  work  should 
be  as  broad  as  time  allows,  for  here  is 
possible  correlation  with  other  sub- 
jects, and  contact  with  actual  life. 
The  practical  problems  of  mensura- 
tion, the  preparation  of  plans  and  esti- 
mates, designing,  pattern-making, 
the  geometrical  representation  of  sta- 
tistics, suggests  lines  of  development. 
( Continued  on  page  41.) 


<•/ |v&  <;>u.  ju  to t>  fctlu.cci.Lo r   <8?> 


£ 


;- 

^-_ 

DEPARTMENT  OF 

pi, 

£ommerctaI  Sanx 

.*rf     k* 

J.    C.    BARBER, 

o 

Bryant  &  Stnatton  Business  College, 
providence,  k.  i. 

7 


i 


Fnswcrs  to  Questions  in  Cast  Issue. 

1.  The  subject-matter  of  this  eon- 
tract  is  illegal.  An  illegal  contract  is 
void.  If  there  is  no  contract,  neither 
B  nor  A  can  have  any  rights  under 
the  agreement. 

2.  You  can  have  no  action  to  re- 
cover the  horse.  The  courts  can  not 
enforce  a  promise  which  the  law 
makes  void,  otherwise  the  law  would 
defeat  its  own  object,  but  they  will 
not  interfere  if  the  deal  has  been 
completed. 

3.  Neither  party  can  acquire  any 
rights  under  a  void  contract.  There 
is  nothing  to  ratify.  However,  A,  by 
accepting  the  goods  has  virtually 
said,  "  I  will  pay  what  the  goods  are 
reasonably  worth."  B  can  recover 
on  the  ground  of  an  implied  contract. 

4.  Generally,  no;  because  such  a 
sweeping  agreement  would  be  in 
general  restraint  of  trade. 

5.  The  policy  of  the  law  is  unfavor- 
able to  agreements  in  restraint  of 
trade.  If  the  purchaser  can  show 
that  the  restraint  is  no  larger  than  is 
necessary  to  protect  him  in  the  busi- 
ness he  has  purchased,  A  will  be 
bound,  otherwise  the  agreement  will 
be  void. 

6.  Again  the  question  is  whether 
the  restraint  is  reasonable.  The  ter- 
ritory that  may  be  covered  by  such 
agreements  is  not  limited  by  state 
boundaries  but  by  the  nature  and  ex- 
tent of  the  business.  All  that  the 
seller  can  bind  himself  to  do  under 
any  agreement  is  not  to  come  into 
competition  with  the  business  he  has 
sold.  In  any  case  the  restraint  can 
never  be  greater  than  is  agreed  on. 
If  this  business  is  of  such  a  nature 
that  A  may  establish  a  similar  one  in 
some  part  of  the  same  state  or  town 
and  not  come  into  competition  with 
the  other  party  he  cannot  be  prevent- 
ed from  doing  so.  Of  course  he  may 
establish  himself  outside  the  state, 
even  though  he  does  thereby  com- 
pete with  the  other  party,  for  he  can 
not  be  restrained  beyond  the  terms 
of  his  agreement. 

7.  Only  contracts  in  general  re- 
straint of  marriage  are  void.  An 
agreement  not  to  marry  a  particular 
person  is  only  a  partial  restraint  and, 
if  properly  made,  is  valid. 

8.  B  has  no  redress  —  such  a  con- 
tract is  illegal  and  void,  as  against 
public  policy. 

9.  Certainly  as  against  general 
creditors  such  a  sale  would  be  valid. 
As  between  A  and  B,  A  would  not  be 
allowed  to  rescind  the  sale,  because 
he  would  not  be  allowed  to  take  ad- 
vantage of  his  own  wrong. 


10.  It  was  not  a  complete  sale, 
there  being  no  delivery,  and  as  pos- 
session remained  in  A,  his  attaching 
the  creditor  would  hold  the  goods. 
Change  of  possession,  however,  is 
not  alwavs  necessary  as  between 
buyer  and  seller. 

11.  X  would  be  unable  to  recover 
his  property.  It  would  be  necessary 
to  commence  suit  in  equity,  a  court 
of  law  having  no  jurisdiction.  X 
transferred  the  property  to  defraud 
his  creditors  and  a  court  of  equity 
will  not  help  out  the  fraud  bv  com- 
pelling a  re-conveyance.  "lie  who 
seeks  equity  must  do  equity."  " Hewho 
comes  into  equity  must  come  with  elean 
hands." 

Y  was  a  party  to  the  fraud  and 
probably  paid  no  adequate  consider- 
ation, therefore  the  creditors  of  X 
could  reach  the  property  through  a 
court  of  equity. 

12.  When  parties  stand  in  pari 
delicto,  i.  e.,  in  equal  fault,  the  law 
generally  leaves  them  as  it  finds  them. 
Of  course  this  is  what  the  defendant 
wants;  it  is  equivalent  to  a  judgment 
for  him.  On  the  other  hand  it  is  ex- 
actly what  the  plaintiff  does  not  want. 
It  is  equivalent  to  a  judgment  against 
him.  The  court,  however,  does  not 
refuse  to  aid  the  plaintiff  because  it 
has  any  consideration  for  the  defend- 
ant, but  because  it  is  against  the 
policy  of  the  law  to  interfere.  It 
shouid  be  noted  that  this  is  the  gen- 
eral rule,  to  which  there  may  be  ex- 
ceptions. 

CONSIDERATION. 

There  must  be  some  valuable  con- 
sideration for  a  promise  not  under 
seal,  otherwise  the  promisor  will  not 
be  bound.  In  other  words,  if  A  makes 
a  promise  in  favor  of  B,  the  latter 
should  do  something  on  his  part  if 
A's  promise  is  to  be  binding.  For 
example:  A  promises  to  build  a  wall 
for  B  with  the  understanding  that  B 
is  to  do  nothing  in  return.  A  is  not 
bound  because  there  is  no  consider- 
ation.    B  has  done  nothing  to  bind  A. 

Mutual  Promises.  In  the  above 
example,  suppose  A  had  promised  B 
that  he  would  build  a  certain  piece 
of  wall  on  B's  land  if  B  would  prom- 
ise to  make  certain  repairs  on  A's 
house,  and  A  had  consented.  Here 
B  has  done  something  to  bind  A  to 
his  promise.  The  promise  of  each  is 
a  consideration  which  binds  the  other. 
Note  that  in  mutual  promises  each 
promise  is  conditioned  upon  the 
other. 

Moving  from  third  persons.  In 
some  states  if  A  makes  a  promise  to 


C  in  favor  of  B,  C  furnishing  consid- 
eration, B  will  be  allowed  to  sue  on 
the  promise  in  his  own  name,  while 
in  other  states  a  different  view  has 
been  held.  Some  states  have  enacted 
statute  laws  covering  this  matter. 
Where  such  suitis  allowed,  C  and  B 
generally  stand  in  relations  practic- 
ally amounting  to  those  of  debtor  and 
creditor,  so  that  the  fulfillment  of  A's 
promise  will  in  some  measure  satisfy 
the  claim  of  B  against  C.  The  promise 
must  have  been  made  for  the  benefit  of 
B,  and  both  B  and  C  must  be  legally 
interested  in  its  fulfillment,  as  in  the 
above  case.  This  should  not  be  con- 
founded with  novation,  where,  C  being 
indebted  to  B,  A,  B,  and  C  agree  that 
A  shall  pay  to  B  the  amount  of  C's 
indebtedness  and  C  shall  be  released. 
Here  B  is  a  party  to  the  contract  and 
of  course  cannot  be  denied  the  right 
to  sue  in  his  own  name. 

Benefit  or  injury.  It  has  been 
said  in  substance  that  any  benefit  to 
the  promisor  or  injury  (detriment)  to 
the  promisee,  constitutes  a  valuable 
consideration  but  the  benefit  must 
have  been  conferred  or  the  detriment 
suffered  at  the  request  (express  or 
implied  i  of  the  promisor.  It  seems 
that  it  does  not  matter  how  slight 
the  benefit  conferred  or  the  injury 
suffered,  if  the  agreement  was  entered  < 
into  in  good  faith. 

Meaning  of  detriment.  It  is  easy  to 
misunderstand  the  meaning  of  detri- 
ment or  injury  as  here  used.  "A  prom- 
ises B  $1,000  if  B  will  abstain  from 
the  use  of  strong  drink  and  tobacco 
for  a  certain  time."  B  complies  with 
the  terms  of  the  offer  and  sues  for 
the  money.  A  refuses  to  pay  it  be- 
cause, as  he  says,  B  was  not  injured 
but  rather  benefitted  and  that  he  i  A) 
received  no  real  benefit.  Therefore, 
he  claims  B  has  furnished  no  consid- 
eration. It  was  held  in  such  a  case 
that  B  had  suffered  detriment.  He  had 
parted  with  a  legal  right.  That  court 
did  not  hold  that  B  had  suffered  any  in- 
jury in  the  ordinary  sense  ofthe  term. 

X  promises  Y  $5.00  if  Y  will  come 
to  his  (X'si  office  at  a  certain  time. 
Y  appears  at  the  time  appointed  and 
demands  the  money.  X  claims  that 
he  has  derived  no' benefit  from  Y's 
action  and  that  rather  than  being  in- 
jurious to  Y  the  walk  was  beneficial 
to  his  health.  In  this  case  Y  has,  at 
the  request  of  X,  done  something  he 
was  not  obliged  to  do.  He  has  suf- 
fered detriment  within  the  meaning 
of  the  law. 

Forbearance.  A  promise  to  one 
having  a  claim,  when  made  on  condi- 
tion that  the  claimant  shall  forbear 
to  sue,  is  binding  on  the  promisor  if 
forbearance  is  exercised  for  the  time 
specified;  or,  if  no  time  is  named, 
then  for  a  reasonable  time.  Such  for- 
bearance is  a  valuable  consideration. 
It  does  not  matter  that  the  claim  is 
doubtful. 

Where  one  has  no  reasonable 
grounds  for  believing  he  has  a  claim, 
it  would  seem  that  forbearance  would 
be  no  consideration,  although  some 
courts  have  held  to  the  contrary, 
where  the  claimant  acted  in  good 
faith.  Forbearance  to  do  what  one 
has  no  legal  right  to  do,  does  not 
amount  to  a  consideration. 

Transfer  of  a  thing  in  action. 
If  X  promises  to  give  Y  $2,000  on  con- 


£n^e&u^irw^£<^&<fetoF  & 


dition  that  Y  will  transfer  to  him 
certain  book  accounts  or  promissory 
notes,  and  Y  does  so,  his  act  in 
transferring  is  a  valuable  considera- 
tion which  will  bind  X  to  pay  what 
he  has  promised. 

Subscriptions.  When  several  per- 
sons voluntarily  subscribe  for  a  com- 
mon purpose,  the  fact  that  B  sub- 
scribed because  A  had,  does  not,  by 
the  weight  of  authority,  furnish  a 
consideration  to  bind  A  to  pay  his 
subscription,  although  some  courts 
hold  otherwise.  But  suppose  X,  the 
treasurer  of  a  church  society,  has,  on 
the  strength  of  subscriptions,  bought 
material  to  repair  or  build  and  has 
begun  the  work,  X  has  done  some- 
thing to  bind  the  subscribers.  He 
has  suffered  detriment.  A  court 
would  probably  work  out  a  contract 
somewhat  as  follows  :  That  the  sub- 
scriber practically  promised  to  pay 
so  much  money  on  consideration  that 
the  church  treasurer  would  proceed 
to  make  certain  repairs,  which  he  has 
done. 

Equity  of  Consideration.  Viewed 
from  a  commercial  standpoint,  a  con- 
tract contemplates  an  exchange  of 
values,  yet  what  is  to  be  given  under 
a  contra'ct  need  not  be  equal  in  value 
to  what  is  received.  In  the  absence 
of  fraud,  it  lies  with  the  parties  to 
say  what  price  shall  be  put  upon 
what  is  exchanged.  For  the  courts 
to  undertake  to  fix  values  would 
practically  take  away  the  right  to 
make  contracts.  There  is  an  excep- 
tion in  the  case  of  exchange  of  money 
because  here  the  values  are  fixed  by 
law.  Even  then  in  case  of  some  rare 
piece  of  money  it  would  still  remain 
for  the  parties  to  fix  the  price.  Of 
course,  as  has  been  stated  in  a  pre- 
vious article,  an  unreasonably  small 
consideration  might  lead  to  suspicion 
of  unfair  dealing,  and  in  some  cases 
in  equity  might  aid  in  getting  the 
contract  set  aside. 

Implied  Consideration.  A  asks  B 
to  do  a  certain  piece  of  work  for  him, 
saying  nothing  about  the  price  he  is 
to  pay  or  that  he  will  pay  anything, 
and  B  promises  to  do  the  work.  Al- 
though A  has  furnished  no  express 
consideration,  still  there  is  a  contract. 
Along  with  a  request  to  perform  serv- 
ices goes  an  implied  promise  to  pay 
what  the  services  are  reasonably 
worth.  So  an  order  for  goods  implies 
a  promise  to  pay  the  market  price, 
unless  something  is  said  to  the  con- 
trary. Suppose  B  had  gone  to  work 
for  A  without  request  but  with  B's 
knowledge,  and  was  allowed  to  work. 
Here  again  the  fact  that  A  knows 
what  B  is  doing  and  does  not  inter- 
fere with  him,  implies  a  promise  on 
the  part  of  A  to  pay  the  reasonable 
value  of  B's  services.  Do  not  think 
from    this    that    mere   silence  or  the 


accepting  of  benefit  at  the  hands  of 
another  implies  a  promise  to  pay.  If 
a  man,  in  my  absence  and  without 
my  knowledge  or  consent,  washes 
my  carriage,  I  cannot  repudiate  his 
services,  for  I  have  no  knowledge  of 
his  doings  until  after  the  work  is 
done.  I  must  either  accept  the  bene- 
fit of  his  labor  or  throw  away  my  car- 
riage, which  I  could  not  be  expected 
to  do.  Where  a  promise  is  implied 
from  silence  it  must  be  with  a  full 
knowledge  of  the  facts  and  under 
circumstances  where  it  is  possible  to 
speak. 

Good  Consideration.  By  good 
consideration  is  meant  the  natural 
love  and  affection  of  near  relatives. 
It  has  been  said  that  a  good  consid- 
eration will  support  a  contract  that 
has  been  performed  (an  executed 
contract).  But  this  is  no  more  than 
saying  that  title  can  be  acquired  by 
gift.  A  father,  prompted  by  natural 
affection,  agrees  to  transfer  to  his 
son  certain  personal  property.  This 
is  no  more  than  a  promise  to  give 
something  to  the  son.  The  only  con- 
sideration for  the  father's  promise  is 
natural  affection,  known  in  law  as 
"good  consideration,"  but  which  is 
in  reality  good  for  nothing,  as  it  will 
not  support  a  promise.  Of  course, 
if  the  father  had  already  transferred 
the  property,  the  son  could  hold  it, 
so  he  could  had  it  been  given  him 
without  first  promising. 

A  gift  may  be  set  aside  in  favor  of 
creditors  and  so  may  the  transfer  in 
the  above  example.  "  Clandestined 
gifts  are  always  suspicious."  It  has 
been  held  that  as  between  members 
of  the  same  family  living  in  the  same 
household,  a  gift  need  not  be  accom- 
panied by  actual  change  of  posses- 
sion to  make  it  binding.  "Gifts  are 
not  presumed."  If  A  has  delivered 
goods  to  B  and  B  has  accepted  them, 
although  nothing  has  been  said  by 
either  party,  the  law  implies  a  prom- 
ise on  the  part  of  B  to  pay  for  them. 

Instfficient  Consideration. 
Sometimes  what  appears  at  first 
thought  to  be  a  valuable  considera- 
tion is  no  consideration  at  all. 

Past  Consideration.  A  hires  $500 
of  B  and  gives  his  note  for  the 
amount.  After  the  transaction  has 
closed  and  without  any  additional 
consideration,  C  indorses  the  note  to 
secure  B.  0  is  not  bound  to  B.  Had 
B  obtained  C's  signature  before  he 
loaned  the  money,  his  act  in  making 
the  loan  would  have  been  a  consider- 
ation which  would  have  bound  C. 

Moral  Consideration.  A  mere 
promise  without  consideration  puts 
one  under  moral  duty  to  perform  but 
he  is  under  no  legal  obligation  to 
do  so. 

Illegal  Consideration.  If  the 
consideration    for    a    promise    is    an 


illegal  act  or  the  promise  to  perform 
an  illegal  act,  there  is  no  contract, 
because  an  illegal  consideration  is  in 
effect  no  consideration  at  all. 

Impossible  Consideration.  If  the 
consideration  in  an  agreement  is  a 
promise  to  perform  an  act  impossible 
in  its  nature  or  impossible  by  law, 
there  can  be  no  contract,  because 
there  is  no  i>aluable  consideration. 
But  it  must  be  impossible  and  not 
merely  hard  to  do.  B  contracts  to 
deliver  to  A  100  barrels  of  apples  at  a 
time  when  the  scarcity  of  apples 
makes  it  impossible,  in  a  certain 
sense,  to  obtain  them.  B  is  not  ex- 
cused. A's  only  security  in  making 
the  contract  is  that  B  shall  take  just 
that  risk  or,  perhaps,  responsibility. 
It  would  have  been  different  if  B  had 
promised  to  do  something  physically 
impossible,  as  to  go  from  New  York 
to  Washington  in  three  minutes.  It 
is  not  really  impossible  to  get  apples 
but  simply  hard  to  get  them  in  time 
to  fulfill  the  contract. 

Failing  Consideration.  If  the 
consideration  for  a  promise  fails 
totally,  the  promisor  is  not  bound 
and  money  paid  under  such  circum- 
stances may  be  recovered.  The  diffi- 
culty comes  when  there  is  a  partial 
failure.  If  the  contract  is  divisible, 
it  will  be  void  as  to  that  which  has 
failed  and  valid  as  to  the  remainder. 
A  bargains  with  B  for  three  horses 
at  $150,  $175,  and  $180,  respectively. 
Unknown  to  either  party,  one  horse 
is  dead  at  the  time  of  the  sale.  This 
is  a  contract  capable  of  division  into 
three  parts,  and  will  hold  as  to  the 
two  remaining  horses.  When  the 
contract  is  indivisible,  if  the  consid- 
eration fails  in  any  material  part, 
allowance  will  generally  be  made  for 
so  much  as  has  failed,  even  in  cases 
where  the  contract  holds. 

It  is  necessary  to  distinguish  be- 
tween failure  of  consideration  and 
failure  to  profit  by  the  transaction. 
A  sells  B  the  accounts  on  his  books 
for  $5,000.  They  are  all  true  ac- 
counts and  A  made  no  statement  as 
to  whether  or  not  they  were  collect- 
ible. B  is  able  to  collect  only  $2,000. 
There  is  no  failure  of  consideration 
but  only  a  failure  on  the  part  of  B 
to  profit  by  the  deal.  But  if  A  should 
sell  B  book  accounts  which  were  not 
true  accounts,  B  has  bargained  for 
bona  fide  accounts  against  certain 
parties  and  has  not  received  them. 
Here  the  consideration  has  failed. 


Best 

I  take  this  occasion  to  express  my  good 
feeling  toward  THE  BUSINESS  EDUCATOR, 
which  is  by  far  the  best  business  journal 
that  I  have  read. 

\V.  C.  KNOX, 
Bank  of  Winchester,  Winchester.  Tenn. 


9H&  &\vUli  vo «>  CcLttcctlo  r   &> 


T 


^^^K 


% 


DEPARTMENT     OF 


CDf f tee  (training 

AS  A  PART  OF  THE  COMMERCIAL  COURSE. 


HOOKI.ANH 
COLLEGE,   PHH.ADEI.PHIA,  PA. 


I 


. \ 


Course  for  Students  Doing  Business 
with  the  Offices. 

The  business  transacted  in  the 
offices  has  its  origin,  as  a  rule,  with 
students  outside  in'  what  may  be 
called  the  Introductory  Practice 
course.  In  a  few  schools,  in  which 
in  tercommunication  with  other 
schools  is  extensive,  the  office  work 
may  be  more  or  less  disconnected 
from  the  other  work  in  the  depart- 
ment; but  this  is  the  exception  rather 
than  the  rule.  In  discussing  the 
office  course  in  its  various  relations, 
it  will,  therefore,  be  necessary  to  give 
consideration  to  transactions  for 
students  in  this  introductory  work. 

On  account  of  the  importance  of- 
this  work  in  its  relation  to  office 
practice,  it  has  been  suggested  that, 
preliminary  to  a  further  discussion 
of  the  latter  subject,  an  outline  be 
given,  with  complete  data,  of  a  course 
that  will  furnish  a  working  basis  for 
students  doing  business  with  the 
offices,  with  a  view  to  illustrate  the 
kind  of  material  that  would  provide 
proper  training  for  office  students. 
This  task  is  a  difficult  undertaking. 
In  the  first  place,  a  well-rounded 
business  course  cannot  be  obtained 
by  patchwork,  but  requires  conti- 
nuity in  development  throughout, 
each  part  being  fitted  to  the  other  in 
the  order  of  a  natural  unfolding  of 
the  subject.  To  give  all  of  the  details 
of  a  complete  course  that  will  make 
it  of  any  practical  value,  would  mean 
the  writing  of  a  text-book,  for  which 
the  limited  space  that  can  be  devoted 
to  this  purpose  in  a  monthly  publica- 
tion, is  insufficient.  In  the  second 
place,  the  numerous  text-books  and 
schemes  employed,  and  the  variety  of 
conditions  prevailing,  in  the  com- 
mercial departments  of  both  public 
and  private  schools,  make  it  very 
difficult  to  suggest  a  course  that  will 
logically  follow  preceding  theoretic 
instruction,  and  exactly  meet  the 
conditions  in  the  individual  school. 
In  view  of  these  considerations,  the 
most  that  can  be  done  is  to  furnish 
types  of  such  transactions  as  should 
be  included  in  a  practice  course, 
arranged  according  to  some  flexible 
scheme  that  may  be  modified  to  suit 
the  individual  needs. 

STAKING    Ot'T   THE    FIELD 

One  of  the  first  essentials  in  con- 
struction, is  a  code  of  rules  or  ideas 
to  govern  in  arriving  at  a  general 
plan  and  in  selecting  the  material. 
As  this  is  fundamental,  a  statement 
of  the  rules  which  govern  in  outlining 
the  course  will  be  of  assistance  in 
arriving,  at    the  outset,  at  an  under- 


standing of  the  nature  and  scope  of 
work  before  us.  The  following  are 
the  submitted : 

First.  Kinds  of  business  that  can 
more  advantageously  be  illustrated 
by  theory  or  vouchersets,  should  not 
be  dragged  into  practice  work.  An 
enthusiast  in  business  practice  is 
inclined  to  attempt  to  carry  every- 
thing on  his  hobby.  This  rule  will 
exclude  lines  of  business  such  as 
manufacturing,  farming,  contracting, 
and  mining ;  also  corporation  sets, 
single  entry,  and  many  others. 

Second.  The  work  should  not  be 
encumbered  with  complicated  forms 
of  books  that  cannot  readily  be 
proved  up,  or  that  can  be  better 
illustrated  in  other  parts  of  the 
course.  The  fullest  variety  of  up-to- 
date  devices  and  special  features  of 
ruling,  may  be  used  advantageously 
in  the  offices,  under  careful  super- 
vision, where  numerous  transactions 
of  the  same  kind  constantly  occur  ; 
but  such  devices  or  features  are  per- 
plexing to  students  in  practice  work 
at  the  desks,  who  are  absorbed  in 
analyzing  transactions  and  becoming 
acquainted  with  forms  of  commercial 
paper. 

Third.  In  providing  transactions, 
do  not  overlook  the  end  in  view.  The 
object  of  practice  is  to  familiarize 
the  student  with  commercial  paper, 
give  him  a  clear  idea  of  the  elements 
of  transactions,  make  him  self-reliant 
in  entering  transactions  on  the  books, 
and  afford  him  a  training  in  business 
ways  and  usages.  To  multiply  trans- 
actions only  for  the  purpose  of  getting 
material  for  trial  balances,  is  unpro- 
fitable to  the  student  and  the  school. 

Fourth.  Transactions  which  involve 
special  features,  are  common  to  most 
kinds  of  business,  and  need  to  be 
carried  out  to  be  thoroughly  under- 
stood, should  be  selected  in  preference 
to  the  simpler  and  less  common  ones. 
Of  these  may  be  mentioned  those 
involving  shipments  of  goods  by 
freight  and  express;  C.  O.  D.  ship- 
ments ;  remittances  with  orders  ; 
leasing,  purchasing,  and  mortgaging 
of  real  estate;  loans  secured  by 
chattel  mortgages  and  collaterals ; 
discounting  of  notes  ;  figuring  of 
trade  and  cash  discounts  ;  shipments 
and  consignments  to  be  sold  on 
commission  ;  drafts  and  other  forms 
of  negotiable  paper. 

Fifth.  The  commodities  requiring 
the  closest  description  and  the  most 
careful  figuring,  should  be  selected 
for  trade.  This  rule  will  eliminate 
the  wood  and  coal  business,  the  hay 
and  feed  business,  and  some  others 
often  met  with  in  text-books.  Tea 
and  coffee,  grocery,  dry  goods,  hard- 


ware, and  jewelry  businesses  are  well 
adapted  for  practice  work. 

Sixth.  An  unbusinesslike  mixture 
of  commodities  should  be  avoided. 
Sugar,  hay,  coal,  and  wheat  are  not, 
as  a  rule,  handled  together,  nor  by 
the  same  firm.  The  work  should  be 
constructed  as  nearly  as  possible 
along  business  lines. 

THE   GENERAL    PLAN 

Before  proceding  to  outline  the 
transactions,  some  words  should  be 
said  in  regard  to  the  general  plan 
followed,  the  material  needed  in 
carrying  out  the  transactions,  and  the 
rules  which  should  govern  the  offices. 

1.  The  business  to  be  conducted 
is  the  General  Wholesale  Grocery. 

2.  The  books  to  be  used  are  the 
Cash  Book,  Sales  Book,  Invoice 
Book,  Journal,  Bill  Book,  and  Trial 
Balance  Book.  As  no  directions  will 
be  given  for  entries,  however,  any 
books  may  be  used  that  fall  in  with 
the  general  plan  of  the  department. 

3.  As  far  as  possible,  the  following 
order  of  development  will  be  followed 
in  the  introduction  of  material:  [a) 
cash  transactions;  (b)  personal  ac- 
counts; (c)  notes;  (d\  trade  discount ; 
\e)  cash  discount ;  (/)  bank  discount; 
\g)  C.  O.  D.  shipments  by  freight 
and  express;  (//)  chattel  mortgages; 
(/)  collateral  notes;  (J)  bonds;  [k) 
drafts;  (/)  shipments  on  commission  ; 
(;«)  partnership  formation;  (//)  con- 
signments; (o)  dissolution  of  part- 
nership and  adjustment  of  accounts. 
Deeds,  mortgages,  discharges,  leases, 
items  of  expense,  etc.,  are  introduced 
in  accordance  with  the  requirements 
of  the  business  and  are  incidental  to 
the  general  plan. 

ORGANIZING    BUSINESS    FIRMS 

4.  Firms  with  which  students  are 
to  do  business  are  arranged  in  two 
series,  namely:  in-town  and  out-of- 
town.  In-town  firms  are  those  located 
in  the  city  in  which  the  student  is 
doing  business ;  out-of-town  firms 
are  those  doing  business  in  other 
cities,  and  with  which  transactions 
are  to  be  carried  out  by  mail.  /«- 
toin'ti  firms  are  referred  to  by  letters, 
and  out  of-toivn  firms  by  figures.  In 
order  to  enable  the  instructor  to  dis- 
tinguish readily  between  sales  and 
purchases  in  checking  the  work, 
these  are  subdivided  as  "follows  : 

1.  IX -TOWN. 

(a)     Firms     to    which     sates    are 
made:  A,  E,  I,  O,  U  (vowels  I. 
\b\  Firms    from    which   purchases 
are  made ;  B,  C,  D,  F (consonants) 

2.  OUT-OF-TO\V\. 

(a)    Firms    with    which    soles   are 
made:  2, 4, 6,  etc.  I  even  numbers  i. 
(6)    Firms    with    which    purchases 
are  made  :    1,  3,  5,  etc.  (odd  num- 
bers). 
The  above  scheme  requires  a  "  Bus- 
iness Directory,"  for  use  by  the  stu- 
dent, giving  names  and  addresses  of 
firms  for  which  the  letters  or  figures 
stand   in    the    instructions.      In    this 
directory,  any  grouping  maybe  made 
that    will    suit  the  number  of  offices, 
and  the  convenience  of  the  particular 
school.     If  it  is  not  desired    to    have 
purchases     and    sales    made,     by    a 
student,  to  the  same  firm,  two  direc- 
tories  should    be    used,  so    arranged 
that    one    set    of    students  buy  from 
the  firms  to  which  the  others  sell, 


#lve^u4livcii>&da*oa?tor   ^ 


If  offices  are  desired  for  in-town 
firms  there  should  be  at  least  four 
such  firms,  represented,  two  or  three 
of  which  may  occupy  one  office  and 
have  their  business  handled  on  a  part- 
nership arrangement  ;  if  offices  for 
these  are  not  desired,  all  in-town  busi- 
ness except  the  first  two  orders,  may 
be  carried  out  with  students.  Busi- 
ness with  out-of-town  firms  may  be 
done  by  intercommunication  with 
other  schcfols  ;  or  it  may  be  handled 
by  mail  with  offices  in  the  same 
school.  The  following;  directory  is 
arranged  for  a  department  with  "four 
in-town  and  five  out-of-town  firms, 
in  which  some  of  the  work  is  carried 
out  with  students.  Any  other  group- 
ing may  be  made  and  fewer  or  more 
firms  may  be  represented  :      (Fig.  1.) 


(Fig.  J.) 


Business    Directory    No.  1. 


1 

Paul  Driscoll 

254  Main  St.,  City 
29  N.  Water  St.,  City 

A-I 

9 

Barber  &  Perkins 

E-O 

3 

Thompson, Taylor  & 

Company 

26  S.  Front  St.,  City 

B-F 

4 

S.  V.  Barbour 

254  N.  2d  St.,  City 

C-G 

5 

Kirk,  Foster  &  Co. 

750  Broadway,  N.  Y. 

2-6-10-16-22-34-38 

6 

Carson,  Fry  &  Co. 

1207  Chest.  St.,  Phila. 

4-8-12-14-18-36-40-42 

7 

Hay  ward  Bros. 

22  S.  Water,  Chicago 

20-24-26-28-30-32 

8 

H.  A.  Jenks  &  Co. 

183  N.  State,  Chicago 

1-5-11-15-17-21-25-31 

9 

Martin  Produce  Co. 

Baltimore,  Md. 

3-7-9-13-19-23-27-29-33 

10 

Students 

U-D 

11 

W.  P.  Henning 

Real  Est.  &  Ins.  Agt. 

12 

F.  A.  Harvey 

Manager 

In  Directory  No.  2,  letters  or  figures  for  1  and  3,  2  and  4,  5  and  8,  6  and  9, 
should  be  interchanged. 


(Fig.  2.) 


Selling    Price    List. 


Description 

Package 

Gross 
Wght. 

Tare 

Prices 

No. 

1 

2 

3 

4 

1 

Butter,  Elgin,  Creamery 

Tub 

70 

10 

28 

2 

'•        Prints,  Extra 

" 

60 

8 

27 

3 

Cheese,  Swiss  Cream  No.  1 

Box 

55 

5 

14 

4 

No.  2 

" 

60 

6 

20 

5 

Coffee,  Old  Gov't  Java 

Bag 

102 

2 

32 

6 

Rio,  No.  7 

102 

2 

14 

7 

Santos,  Fancy 

" 

102 

9 

15 

8 

Eggs,  Pennsvlvania,  30  dz. 

Case 

56 

99 

9 

Flour,  W.  W.  Patent 

Barrel 

216 

20 

4  25 

10 

"      W.  W.  Straight 

" 

216 

20 

3  75 

11 

Pork,  Family 

225 

25 

15 

12 

Sugar,  Granulated 

" 

352 

20 

4  95 

13 

"       Refined  No.  6 

" 

370 

20 

5  10 

14 

Tea,  Eng.  Breakfast,  Sup. 

Chest 

80 

15 

44 

15 

"     Gunpowder,  Extra 

" 

83 

15 

47 

16 

"     Japan,  First 

75 

15 

48 

MERCHANDISE    CARDS 

5.  Merchandise  may  be  represented 
by  cards.  If  this  is  done,  it  is  well 
to  have  the  number  expressing  quan- 
tity uniform  (3  or  5),  and  to  have  all 
orders  made  for  that  quantity  or  its 
multiple.  Each  card  should  show 
full  description,  gross  weight,  and 
tare.  The  following  has  been  found 
a  convenient  form  : 

Tea,  Japan,  Firsts 

5  half-chests  e 

Gross  weight,  60  Lbs.  each      H 
Tare,  15  lbs.  eacli 

Merchandise  cards  may  be  dis- 
pensed with  if  stock  books  are  kept 
by  both  students  and  offices.  In  such 
case,  instead  of  the  cards,  a  slip  con- 
taining number  of  packages  and  gross 
weight  may  be  sent,  by  out-of-town 
firms,  through  the  Freight  Office. 

( Continued  on  pugf  -fO.  I 


PICTORIAL  POINTERS:     Home  of  The  Lincoln  Business  College,  Lincoln,  Neb 


pictorial  Pointers 


the  Lincoln  Busi 


I 


^rom  tfye  Justness 
ITlanagers  X)esk, 

W.    G.    BISHOP, 
Lincoln  Business  College,  Lincoln,  Nebr. 


— _ 


1 


Cbc  Business  College  in  Tts  ((elation  to 

the  v.  m.  c.  h. 

I  take  it  that  school  proprietors 
realize  the  value  of  Association  work 
in  their  own  schools  and,  therefore, 
to  say  anything-  in  support  of  this 
would  be  useless.  The  Young  Men's 
Christian  Association  is  everywhere 
supported  by  educational,  religious, 
and  commercial  institutions.  Even 
the  great  railway  corporations  are 
willing  to  equip  and  maintain  Asso- 
ciations that  their  men  may  be 
placed  under  their  influence.  If  it  is 
such  a  power  for  good,  one  might 
inquire  why  more  business  colleges 
do  not  have  such  institutions  of  their 
own.  If  conditions  were  favorable, 
no  doubt  they  would  have  them;  but 
there  are  good  reasons  why  exclusive 
business  colleges  do  not  have  their 
own  organizations.  The  majority  of 
students  are  with  the  school  so  short 
a  time,  that  little  effective  work  can 
be  done,  for  it  is  difficult  to  secure 
experienced  officers,  unless  taken 
from  the  ranks  of  teachers,  which 
usually  is  not  advisable.  To  take 
them  from  the  student  body  is  prac- 
tically impossible;  for  about  the  time 
they    become    acquainted    with    the 


Association  work,  their  course  is 
completed,  or  they  get  a  position  and 
must  leave.  Then,  lack  of  room, 
library  facilities,  and  apparatus  for 
physical  training  are  obstacles  in  the 
way.  It  would  not  be  self-support- 
ing' and  few  could  stand  the  expense. 
If  this  be  true,  the  average  school 
must  depend  upon  the  local  Associa- 
tion already  established,  for  work  of 
this  kind.  Inasmuch  as  local  As- 
sociations are  generally  well-equip- 
ped and  in  charge  of  men  skilled  in 
interesting  and  guiding  young  people 
and  who  have  the  time  to  look  after 
all  details,  it  seems  well  that  this  is  so. 

THE    V.    M.   C.   A.     CORRECTS     OBLIQUITY 
OF    MORAL  VISION. 

Many  are  the  reasons  why  th>^ 
average  business  college  student 
should  come  in  contact  with  such  an 
organization.  A  large  number  of  the 
young  men  come  from  the  small 
towns.  Some  entertain  false  ideas 
concerning  city  life.  The  stories 
they  have  heard  of  citv  life  have,  in 
most  cases,  led  them  to  believe  that 
it  is  a  place  where  everybody  has  a 
"gay"  time  without  much  respect  for 
manners  or  morals.     Those  who  enter 


the  cities  with  such  ideas  are  pecul- 
iarly open  to  temptations.  They  are 
not  looking  for  anything  good,  do 
not  believe  it  is  there,  and  mav  there- 
fore be  easily  led  astray.  It  then 
devolves  upon  someone  to  show  them 
the  good  side  of  city  life;  to  let  them 
see  that  in  the  whirl  of  business 
those  who  control  affairs  are,  as  a 
rule,  men  of  integrit)'  and  strong 
character,  and  that  to  win  a  place 
among  them  requires  one  to  have 
similar  standards.  They  should 
learn  at  once  that  there  is  a  strong 
element  in  the  social  and  business 
life  of  the  city  that  stands  for  what 
is  noble  and  best,  and  that  they  are 
invited  to  become  one  of  the  number. 
Young  men  cannot  get  these  ideas 
more  quickly  than  in  the  local  Asso- 
ciation. The  proprietor  hasn't  time 
to  take  each  man  in  tow  when  he 
enters,  and  even  if  he  had,  words  of 
advice  and  caution  might  have  little 
effect.  He  will  be  all  right  while  in 
school  but  needs  to  be  kept  as  far  as 
possible  in  contact  with  men  who  are 
leading  right  lives.  The  Association 
fills  this  want. 

AN  ANTIDOTE  FOR  MORAL  POISON 

Again,  many  come  from  commu- 
nities where  religion  and  morals  are 
at  a  very  low  ebb,  and  women  almost 
exclusively  look  after  the  religious 
part  of  the  community  life.  The 
model  man  in  some  communities  is 
not  always  a  man  of  chaste  character. 
It  is  far  from  this,  and  what  these' 
young  men  need,  even  more  than 
penmanship,  bookkeeping,  shorthand 
and  typewriting,  is  higher  ideals  of 
manhood.  It  is  true  that  as  students 
come  in  daily  contact  with  propri- 
etors and  instructors  of  the  right 
stamp,  high  ideals  will  be  placed 
before  them,  but  they  need  even  a 
stronger  influence  outside  of  school 
hours. 


,wike/iitUlrvci^4JcUi?e>Ui>"tor   &> 


There  are  many  little  lessons  to  be 
learned.  Every  little  town  has  its 
loafing  place,  and  few  people  of  the 
town  realize  what  a  manhood  de- 
strover  it  is.  Its  equal  is  not  to  be 
found  in  the  city,  for  in  the  latter  the 
small  boy  is  kept  out,  whereas,  in  the 
town  he' is  permitted  to  enter  and 
encouraged  to  partake  of  the  poison. 
This  may  seem  like  a  strong  state- 
ment, bin  careful  observation  will 
verify  it.  If  a  young  man  has  been 
in  the  habit  of  "loafing  with  the 
boys"  when  off  duty,  it  will  be  nat- 
ural for  him  to  seek  similar  places 
during  leisure  moments.  Even  good 
boys  do  not  fully  realize  the  danger 
of  such  a  place  until  shown.  Telling 
him  to  stay  away  is  not  at  all  equal 
to  providing  something  in  its  place 
that  will  furnish  amusement  and 
prove  fascinating  and  helpful.  This 
the  Y.  M.  C.  A.  does.  Of  course,  the 
foregoing  is  not  true  of  all  boys. 
Some  are  sturdy  oaks  and  stand  firm 
regardless  of  adverse  winds.  But 
even  they  are  helped,  for  the  Asso- 
ciation furnishes  an  opportunity  for 
work  that  will  make  them  grow  still 
stronger  and  more  useful. 

WIDENING  THE   HORIZON 

Then,  we  need  to  co-operate  with 
the  V.  M.  C.  A.,  that  the  student  may 
not  be  completely  lost  in  commer- 
cialism. He  sees,  hears,  and  reads 
of  business  until  there  is  danger  of 
becoming  completely  wrapped  up  in 
it.  He  should  learn  that  business  is 
not  all,  but  that  true  success  comes 
only  with  a  harmonious  development 
of  mind,  spirit,  and  body. 

One  of  the  attractive'  features  of 
the  Association  is  the  gymnasium. 
It  is  also    one    of    the    most    helpful. 


We  are  preparing  young  men  for  the? 
active  duties  of  life  and  should  not 
forget  their  need  of  physical  develop- 
ment. They  must  be  impressed  with 
its  value;  learn  how  plenty  of  exer- 
cise and  a  bath  every  morning  will 
quicken  the  mind  as  well  as  the  step 
of  man.  Under  the  care  of  a  good 
physical  director,  proper  care  of  the 
body  becomes  a  habit.  In  this  way 
the  Association  helps. 

The  business  school  is  not  a  Sun- 
dav  school,  but  it  ought  to  recognize 
and  endeavor  to  promote  anything 
that  will  make  better  men  of  its  stu- 
dents. 1  believe  this  will  include  the 
right  study  of  the  Bible.  This  can 
be  done  without  ever  saying  "Bible" 
once,  and  the  number  who  will  avail 
themselves  of  the  opportunity  will  be 
surprising.  The  instructors,  without 
preaching,  can  lead  students  to  de- 
sire the  best  in  life,  and  the  Associa- 
tion can  step  right  in  and  satisfy  the 
desire.  Bible  study,  as  presented  by 
the  Association,  will  be  in  the  list  of 
desires.  Their  method  of  study 
attracts  men.  They  start  somewhere, 
go  somewhere,  and  actually  do  some- 
thing. Our  city  association  has  a 
class  known  as  the  "Business  Col- 
lege Bible  Class,"  taught  by  one  of 
our  instructors.  It  has  been  a  great 
source  of  help  to  a  large  number  of 
our  boys.  Again  we  see  how  the 
V.  M.  C.  A.  can  help  if  given  a 
chance. 

IT   HELPS  THE   SCHOOL 

A  relation  of  this  kind  is  for  the 
best  interests  of  the  students,  and 
that  is  equivalent  to  saying  it  is  for 
the  best  interests  of  the  school.  When 
parents  learn  that  the  school  throws 
a  out  its  students  the    right  kind  of 


influence,  they  will  be  more  willing 
to  entrust  their  children  to  our  care. 
To  have  the  confidence  of  parents, 
words  of  genuine  appreciation  from 
students,  and  the  consciousness  of 
having  had  something  to  do  in 
making  the  lives  of  young  people 
better,  is  no  mean  reward. 

Whether  or  not  this  relation  is 
sustained  depends  largely  upon  the 
proprietor.  He  must  be  absolutely 
sincere  in  the  matter,  completelv 
controlled  by  the  spirit  of  helpful- 
ness. "For  policy's  sake"  will  not 
wear  well.  Then,"  he  must  take  an 
active  part  in  Association  work,  if  he 
expects  intelligent  young  fellows  to 
heed  his  advice.  If  he  hands  out 
prescriptions,  they  will  soon  discover 
whether  or  not  he  is  taking  his  own 
medicine.  "A  minimum  of  talk  and 
a  maximum  of  do"  is  always  con- 
vincing. Such  a  proprietor  and  a 
good  live  Association  working  to- 
gether will  be  a  power  for  good. 


new  England  fiigb  School  Com- 
mercial  teachers'  Association. 

REPORTED  BY  VICjS    PRESIDENT    FRANK    E. 

I.AKEY,  ENGLISH   HIGH   SCHOOL, 

PROVIDENCE. 

The  adjourned  meeting  of  the  oganiza- 
tion  of  the  above  association  was  held 
Tuesday  afternoon,  July  7th,  at  the  First 
Church,  corner  of  Boylston  and  Marlbor 
nugli  streets,  Boston.  The  first  meeting 
was  held  March  7th,  with  a  large  and  en- 
thusiastic attendance. 

The  genuine  interest  and  real  need  for  the 
new  association  was  fully  shown  by  the 
presence  of  forty-two  teachers  on  a  warm 
July   afternoon,    at  a   meeting  to  consider 


PICTORIAL   Pointers. -Typewriting  Room.  Lincoln  Business  College,  Lincoln.  Nebr 


SHORTHAND    ASSC 


JRAXD    RAPIDS.    MICH.— B\ 


adopted 


vere    the 
iients  for 


and  adopt  a  constitution— usually  the  dry- 

est  of  dry  business.  The  itiiiumnierable  at- 
tractions of  the  National  Educational  Asso- 
ciation were  forgotten,  and  for  more  than 
three  hours  the  teachers  labored  on  the 
several  articles. 

Messrs.  M.  D.  Fulton,  Auburn,  K.  1.,  C.  B. 
Ellis,  Springfield,  Mass.,  and  A.  T.  Swift,  of 
Providence,  R.  I.,  presented  a  carefully 
written  constitution  which  \ 
with  no  vital  changes. 

The  two  points  of  contentu 
scope  of  territory  and  the  requ 
eligibility  to  membership.  The  territory  to 
be  covered  is  New  England  only  ;  the  Asso- 
ciation is  composed  of  teachers  of  commer- 
cial subjects  in  high  schools  ;  banquets  and 
sight-seeing  are  to  be  subordinated  to  edu- 
cational inspiration  ;  and  other  provisions 
are  made  to  insure  an  organization  of  pro- 
nounced usefulness. 

Membership  may  be  had  by  "  any  teacher 
in  a  New  England  High  School  who  is  actu- 
ally engaged  in  teaching  any  of  the  so- 
called  commercial  branches  in  a  high 
school,  or  who  is  teaching  any  other  subject 
to  a  class  pursuing  the  commercial  course 
in  any  high  school  of  New  England."  The 
latter  clause  recognizes,  especially,  the  very 
great  and  rapidly  growing  demand  for 
pupils  thoroughly  grounded  in  the  use  of 
correct  English. 

The  high  ideals  set  may  be  seen  from  the 
objects  of  the  association,"  to  foster  mutual 
interests  of  public  school  commercial  teach- 
ers in  general  to  discuss  matters  in  com- 
mercial interest  and  value,  to  promote  high 
ideals  in  the  teaching  profession,  to  im- 
prove the  scholarship,  to  elevate  the  stan- 
dard of  education  in  commercial  lines,  to 
place  commercial  education  upon  a  par 
with  all  other  high  school  work,  and  to  form 
a  more  perfect  union  in  sympathy  and 
interest  in  our  common  work." 

That  the  above  is  not  words,  merely,  was 
fully  shown  during  the  long  discussion, 
which  was  marked   by   frankness,  earnest- 


ness  and  uniform  courtesy.    The  discussion 

was  general  and  the  questions  plentiful. 
President  H.  G.  Greene,  Melrose,  made  an 
admirable  presiding  officer. 

The  next  meeting  will  occur  in  October, 
Providence.  K.  1..  where  a  warm  reception 
from  school  officials  and  teachers  awaits 
this  lusty  accession  to  the  long  list  of 
commercial  teachers'  associations 


Cbc  Cincinnati  meeting 

The  meeting  of  the  Executive  Commit- 
tees of  the  National  Commercial  Teachers' 
Federation  was  held  at  Bartlett's  Commer- 
cial College.  Cincinnati.  August  15th,  and 
good  and  effective  work  was  done  in  mak- 
ing all  the  arrangements  for  the  December 
meeting. 

It  was  decided  to  have  the  School  Mana- 
gers' Ass«  iciation  commence  its  sessions 
December  28th  at  U  a.  m.,  the  other  sections 
commencing  at  2  p.  m.  The  first  session  of 
the  Federation  will  be  held  Monday  even- 
ing at  B  o'clock  to  be  devoted  to  Address  of 
Welcome,  responses  to  same,  President's 
Address,  and  a  musical  program.  The  Sec- 
tional Meetings  will  be  held  each  day  from 
9  a.  in.  to  12  in.  The  Federation  Meetings 
■will  be  held  from  1  to  4  p.  m.  At  11:30  a.  m., 
December  31st,  the  election  of  officers  of  the 
sections  will  be  held,  and  at  1  p.  m.  on  the 
same  day  will  occur  the  election  of  officers 
and  selection  of  place  of  next  meeting. 

The  General  Secretary  was  authorized  to 
secure  a  reporter  for  each  section  for  the 
purpose  of  having  a  complete  verbatim  re- 
port of  the  meeting. 

The  Committee  as  a  whole,  inspected  the 
rooms  of  the  Bartlett  Commercial  College, 
and  found  them  admirably  adapted  in  ev- 
ery way  to  the  uses  of  the  Convention.  The 
rooms  are  commodious,  well  lighted  and 
ventilated,  and  convenient  for  the  Section 
Meetings.  The  Audience  Hall  is  ample  for 
the  general  meetings  of  the  Federation. 


The  Committee  took  considerable  time 
examining  the  hotel  and  restaurant  facili- 
ties of  Cincinnati,  and  as  a  result  decided 
to  make  the  Burnet  House  the  headquar- 
ters of  the  Convention.  This  hotel  is  first- 
class  in  its  appointments,  and  the  manage- 
ment has  made  a  generous  concession  to 
the  Association  in  the  way  of  rates.  On 
the  European  plan  two  or  more  in  one  room 
will  be  accommodated  at  one  dollar  per 
day.  Single  rooms,  one  dollar  and  a  half 
per  day.  On  the  American  plan,  two  in  a 
room  two  dollars  and  a  half  per  day  each. 
The  restaurant  facilities  were  found  to  be 
excellent  and  the  prices  very  reasonable. 

The  Program  of  the  Federation  and  of  the 
Sections  will  be  announced  later,  tn  the 
Federation  Meetings  each  section  will  be 
well  represented  and  topics  nf  unusual  in- 
terest will  be  presented  and  discussed. 

The  Local  Committee  will  provide  for  the 
social  entertainment  of  the  members  Wed- 
nesday and  Thursday  evenings,  and  occa- 
sions of  rare  enjoyment  are  assured. 

The  Committee  feel  justified  in  making 
the  assurance  that  the  December  meeting 
will  be  the  largest  and  most  valuable  and 
enjoyable  that  the  Federation  has  ever 
held.  Certainlx  nothing  will  be  left  undone 
to  make  this  assurance  a  reality. 
Signed  : 

J.  \V.  WARS, 
President  of  Federation. 
J.  C.  WAI.KEK, 
Secretary  of  Federation. 

Bnos  Spencer, 

President  of  School  Managers'  Ass'n. 
J.  A.  HINBR, 
Ex.  Com.  Commercial  Teachers'  Ass'n. 
S.    A.    NORAN, 
Ex.  Com.  Shorthand  Teachers'  Ass'n. 

W,    F.  GlESSEMAN, 
Ex.  Com.  Penmanship  Teachers'  Ass'n. 

C.  M.    BARTLETT. 
Executive  Committee. 

D.  D.  MUELLER, 
Executive  Committee. 


#lve  &u^ii^iȣcU*e*fctor  & 


Wessons  in 

Uptobak  Business  £ 

>enmansfyip 

BY 

lf^-      d^Tc;^^i-^2>^^>Z^^<' 

TROY,  N.  Y. 

Cesson  2 
Resolve  to  Succeed  and  vou  are  Already  Tvalf  Successful 

NEATNESS,  THOROUGHNESS,  AND  SYSTEM. 

The  writing  class  is  easily  divided  into  two  distinct  classes  of  students,  the  careful  and  the  careless.  The  neat,  watchful,  and 
thorough  seem  to  comprise  the  former  section,  while  the  untidy,  indifferent,  and  incomplete  seem  to  find  their  way  into  the  latter 
section.  Compare  the  work  of  the  neat  and  tidy  student  with  that  of  the  indifferent  and  careless  one.  "  One  thing  at  a  time  "  seems  to 
be  the  motto  of  the  former,  while  everything  at  the  same  time  seems  to  be  the  condition  of  the  latter.  The  writing  student  who  learns 
early  to  be  neat,  thorough,  and  systematic  in  all  his  practice,  has  mastered  an  important  essential  to  good  legible  writing.  Slovenliness 
and  slothfulness  are  inexcusable  in  writing  as  well  as  in  other  things.  Unnecessary  scribbling  and  untidy  practice  sheets  reveal  to  a 
certain  extent  much  of  both.  Every  line  made  and  every  form  produced  should  be  a  determined  effort  to  the  accomplishment  of  some 
end.  Each  page  should  be  filled  in  a  systematic  manner,  and  should  never  be  "  decorated"  with  blots,  scribbles  or  scrawls.  One  poor 
letter  is  no  reason  for  discouragement,  and  is  no  discredit  to  a  page  of  practice  work  wherein  all  other  forms  are  generally  good.  Be  neat 
then,  and  systematic.  Carry  one  task  to  completion  before  commencing  another;  do  one  thing  at  a  time  and  do  it  as  well  as  you  are 
capable  of  doing.  Dip  ink  carefully  and  you  will  always  write  with  dry  finger  tips.  In  a  word,  form  the  habit  now  of  writing  and 
practicing  always  with  CARE,  never  CARELESSLY,  and  you  will  have  discovered  the  sure  and  rapid  road  to  good,  legible  writing. 

LEGIBILITY    AND    SPEED. 

Are  universally  recognized  as  the  essentials  of  a  practical  hand-writing.  They  are  in  fact  the  two  requisites  demanded  by  the 
business  world  today.  If  we  were  to  give  one  the  preference,  it  surely  goes  to  the  former,  because  without  at  least  a  certain  degree  of 
legibility  our  characters  would  be  unreadable  and  consequently  worthless.  The  two,  however,  should  be  considered  about  on  equal 
terms  by  the  student,  and  one  should  not  be  sacrificed  for  the  other.  Legibility  is  the  result  of  correctly  formed  characters,  properly 
spaced  in  and  between  words.  Speed  is  born  of  ease  and  freedom,  and  they  are  the  result  of  plenty  of  arm  movement  properly  applied. 
Legibility  is  acquired  by  constant  study  of  accurate  letters,  thus  giving  the  student  ideas  as  to  form.  Speed  is  easily  gained  after  free, 
dom  is  acquired,  and  honest  practice  on  good  movement  exercises  is  the  sure  road  to  that  end.  I  would,  therefore,  suggest  that  you 
keep  always  before  your  mind  these  two  requisites  which  go  to  make  up  the  desired  end.  I  do  not  hesitate  to  say  that  one  is  about  as 
important  to  you  as  the  other.  If  your  movement  is  not  free,  make  it  so  by  proper  use  of  movement  exercises.  If  your  forms  are  weak 
and  imperfect,  strengthen  them  by  striving  to  learn  and  know  just  how  each  letter  should  be  made.  Pursue  this  course,  and  the  results 
will  be  just  as  certain  as  they  are  desirable,  for  effort  expended  judiciously  cannot  but  produce  satisfactory  improvement. 

Plate  7 

Watch  position  closely.  Review  exercises  in  plate  1  often.  Prepare  a  complete  page  of  the  design  in  line  three,  plate  1.  Master 
these  exercises,  as  they  are  the  foundation  of  freedom  in  writing.  Work  hard  on  exercise  in  line  one  of  this  plate,  striving  to  produce 
each  oval  without  stray  lines.  Study  capital  D  closely  and  carefully.  Draw  it  large  with  pencil,  then  with  pen.  Note  the  fact  that  the 
first  stroke  is  straight,  and  that  the  letter  contains  a  sharp  point  at  the  base  line.  Try  the  first  exercise  in  line  two  to  develop  confidence 
in  making  first  stroke.  Small  loop  at  the  top  resembles  that  in  the  O.  It  need  not  touch  the  first  stroke  when  letter  is  complete.  Pause 
at  sharp  point  at  base  line  else  you  will  make  a  loop.  Notice  that  oval  part  of  capital  A  is  narrower  than  capital  Ot  but  somewhat 
similar  in  form.  Up  stroke  should  be  made  as  straight  as  possible  to  permit  of  retrace  when  adding  final  down  stroke,  which  is 
slightly  curved.  Don't  exaggerate  it.  Close  letter  at  top  or  nearly  so.  Study  form  of  each  letter  closely,  scan  your  results  for  errors  and 
continue  strength  and  freedom  of  movement  at  all  times.  Remember,  little  finger  glides  over  blotter,  and  no  finger  action  should  be 
used  in  making  capital  letters. 


'  ooooocjwooooooogoooooocvo 

•-^mm/  //////  /^jj^jj  jj>jj 

3  /}  /S  /}/}/}  3/3  /}/}/}/}/}/)/}/> 

'  O  O  000O£7(7(7(767(7(7((  ( 

' o^  oaoaa^a<^^^^(^^ 

'^aaaaatf^aaa^aaa 

Plate   8 

Review  carefully  No.  2,  plates  3  and  4.  Two  separate  strokes  are  required  to  make  this  style  of  small  x.  The  first  is  composed  of 
two  turns,  while  the  second  stroke  is  a  straight  line.  Make  it  from  the  base  line  up,  not  down.  The  e  is  composed  of  a  loop  and  a  turn. 
Make  the  loop  quite  full.  The  I'is  a  trifle  narrower  than  the  first  stroke  of  the  -v,  yet  it  is  composed  of  two  turns,  with  an  ending  similar 
to  that  ..f  the  w.  Do  not  exaggerate  this  ending.  Practice  faithfully  on  wide  spacing  work  with  all  three  as  illustrated  in  last  part  of 
each  line.  See  how  lightly  and  gracefully  you  can  join  them,  keeping  letters  small  and  swinging  the  arm  freely  from  the  elbow.  To  do 
this  with  little  effort,  the  arm  should  be  free  from  all  tight  clothing.  The  simple  words  in  4,  5,  and  6,  are  given  for  page  practice.  Give 
your  closest  attention  to  spacing. 


Plate  0 

Let  the  arm  roll  freely  on  the  small  oval  exercise  in  line  one.  Keep  it  down  to  small  letter  size.  The  small  o  must  be  closed  at  the 
top  else  it  will  resemble  the  v.  Start  the  first  stroke  well  toward  the  left  rather  than  down.  The  same  applies  in  making  the  a.  The  last 
turn  on  the  base  line  in  the  a  should  be  closely  watched.  See  that  you  bring  it  to  the  line  at  every  effort  else  it  will  be  taken  for  o.  If  it 
is  left  open  at  the  top  it  will  resemble  the  a.  In  making  the  c  turn  the  point  at  the  top  down  to  form  the  small  hook.  Difference  in 
letters,  especially  between  the  o  and  a,  should  be  critically  watched  in  word  practice. 


Plate  10 

Here  we  have  words  united  to  form  a  sentence.  It  is  a  familiar  one  to  all  in  the  professio 
material  for  practice  work.  It  was  rewritten  a  number  of  times  to  illustrate  to  a  certain  degree  hov 
uniform,  nj's  and  n's  verj'  round  at  top  and  words  directly  under  each  other.  A  nimble  r 
arm  from  the  elbow,  watchful  eye  as  to  form,  and  cautiousness  as  to  size  and  quality  of  stroke  v 
cessful  in  practicing  page  work  such  as  this.    Give  it  your  best  efforts. 


i,  yet  it  still  exists,  quite  full  of  good 
to  practice  systematically.  Spacing 
illing  movement,  free  sweep  of  the 
ill  combine  to  make  your  results  suc- 


Plate  II 

The  stroke  in  line  two  of  this  plate  is  utilized  as  an  initial  stroke  for  several  of  the  capital  letters.  You  would  do  well,  therefore,  to 
give  this  plate  unusual  attention.  .Make  the  reverse  oval  exercise  in  line  one,  capital  letter  size,  and  with  the  same  speed  as  was  used 
on  the  direct  oval.  Work  thoughtfully,  too,  on  exercise  in  last  part  of  line  one.  Little  oval  at  the  top  should  be  made  very  small  and 
final  stroke  should  be  brought  directly  to  the  base  line,  stopping  the  pen  on  the  paper.  This  will  cause  a  blunt  ending,  but  it  is  not 
necessary  that  the  line  be  shaded.  In  making  stroke  in  line  two,  start  well  to  the  left  rather  than  downward.  This  gives  the  little  oval 
at  the  top  its  slender  and  slanting  appearance.  In  forming  second  part  of  N  retrace  on  down  stroke  and  make  it  very  round  at  top.  A 
slight  pause  at  the  point  on  the  base  line  may  possibly  aid  you  in  making  it.  Two  styles  of  final  strokes  are  given.  That  in  line  three 
corresponds  with  the  last  stroke  of  the  A,  while  that  in  line  four  resembles  the  turn  and  ending  stroke  of  small  m  and  n.  You  will  find 
this  letter  a   pleasing  one  for  study  and  practice. 


O  O  O  O  9  7 

7  7   7  7   7? 

?7  ?7  ??  ??  /. 
%  %   %  %  %  % 


C^         &j        &j        (?)        &)         CP)       &) 

7    117  117 


%  %  %  %  7t 


Plate  12 

The  ability  to  write  freely  across  the  page  is  an  important  point  to  consider  in  learning  to  write.  In  its  acquirement,  the  arm 
swings  always  from  the  elbow,  while  the  little  finger  glides  freely  over  the  blotter  to  the  right.  The  students  who  work  diligently  on 
such  work  as  is  presented  in  the  following  plate  usually  have  no  difficulty  in  gaining  freedom  from  left  to  right.  Note  that  spacing  is  very 
wide  and  uniform  throughout,  thus  compelling  each  letter  to  stand  alone.  This  idea  can  be  adopted  for  practice  with  any  of  the  small 
letters.  After  covering  a  portion  of  your  page  by  writing  on  the  blue  lines,  turn  the  paper  half  way  around  and  write  across  the  lines 
Practice  often  in  this  way,  varying  spacing  from  moderate  to  extremely  wide. 


Plate  13 

This  is  a  general  summing  up  of  the  entire  lesson,  with  a  good  variety  for  the  more  advanced  students.  Practice  on  one  line  at  a 
time.  Bear  in  mind  that  you  must  develop  uiind  as  well  as  muscle;  the  former  by  seeing,  the  latter  by  acting.  Think  and  consider 
while  executing,  and  execute  always  with  care.    Do  not  sacrifice  form  for  speed  nor  speed  for  form,  but  develop  the  two  on  even  terms. 

CONCLUSION.    (  To  be  sent  after  publication  of  Lesson  1.    Small  prize  for  best  practice  on  plate  12). 


^^??^^^^^ 


Conclusion. 

The  manner  in  which  practice  sheets  and  specimens  have  been  mailed  to  me  from  all  sections  of  the  country  since  the  publi- 
cation <»f  the  September  number,  is  ample  proof  that  interest  in  good  writing  is  increasing  year  by  year,  and  that  young  people  realize 
today,  better  than  ever  before,  the  importance  of  being  able  to  write  well.  The  fact  that  so  many  have  determined  to  improve 
impels  me  to  double  ni3'  efforts  in  your  behalf. 

Practice  pages  must  be  in  my  hands  before  the  fifth  of  each  month  if  you  wish  them  criticised  in  the  next  issue.  Send  them 
on,  one  and   all. 

Criticisms 

L.  E.  S.,  Baltimore — Your  two  month's  instruction  was  the  means  of  starting  you  well.  Ink  too  thin  and  pen  too  fine  for  business 
writing.  Do  not  allow  your  efforts  on  professional  work  to  interfere  with  your  business  hand.  Simplify  your  forms  and  do  not  shade 
any  of  them.     You  write  well  now  and  I  admire  your  pluck.    Sheets  returned. 


£FR©  @ufcirfce&>  £tUt^fcvWr  ^ 


BLANK,  Wis.— You  write  a  good  hand.  Observe  form  closelv  and  be  critical.  Distinction  between  turn  and  an«le  not  pronounced 
enough  in  all  small  letter  work.    You  get  a  nice  quality  of  line.    Work  hard. 

C.  R.  H.— Efforts  on  Lesson  1  quite  good.  Adopt  simple,  unshaded  forms.  Center  loop  in  capital  E  too  large.  Pencil  small  n 
and  ll  until  you  know  just  how  they  should  be  made.  Work  long  and  hard  on  Lesson  1.  Your  writing  is  ton  good  for  your  grammar 
and  spelling.    Look  out. 


S.  A.  Met'.- Bring  all  work  down   one  half  and  make  n  different   from  u  and  o  different   from  a.      Yo 
movement  but  little  control.    Study  more  and  write  less. 


ir  work  reveals  plenty  of 
ite  remarkably  well.  Send 
>r  details  in  each  letter  in 


BROOKS,  Mo. — Your  specimen  was  a  dandy.     Can't  suggest  much.      You  will  have  to  investigate 
order  to  do  better.    Would  suggest  rounder  turns  in  small  letter  work  throughout.    Pen  too  fine. 

PEN  QUILL— Work  faithfully  on  Plates  3,  4  and  5  in  Lesson  1.      Ending  strokes  too  long  on  all  small  letters.    Your  writing  r.\  eals 
the  fact  that  you  can  learn  to  write  a  good  professional  hand. 


A.  B.  C,  J.  B.,  WATSON,  H.  W.,  GEORGIANNA,  W.  J.  F.,  and  others— Glad  to  file  your  speci 


it  li 


and  hope  to  hear  from  you  all  each 


Cessons  in  Practical  Business  JDriting 

BY 

//Ci^^Z^e^  ^/L^t^L^/--    ^^r^C-^<£^->^/ 

CAVANAUGH  COM.  COL.,  NEW  BRITIAN,  CONN. 

udenta'  practice  criticized  in  these  columns  free  of  charge.    Specimens  should  be  sent  to  Miss  Hudson,  St.  Johnsbury,    ft.,  bij  the  fifth  of  each  month. 


"All  motion  is  not  progress.    A  definite  object,  a  practical  inventory  of  one's  natural  powers,  and  a  practical  method  by  which  to 
gain  the  object  — these  insure  progress.    One  would  be  moving  even  if  one  traveled  forever  round  a  ring."— The  Practical  Age. 

pjo-te  'J 


62/  6Zs  61/  61/  a/ as  61/  6^  62/    62/  $/  OtO 


Plate  17 

1.  Let  the  arm  roll  easily  around  in  the  sleeve,  tracing  the  printed  form  with  the  dry  pen.  Notice  the  difference  in  width  and  slant 
between  this  oval  and  of  the  O  previously  given.  2.  Gradually  decrease  the  size  to  that  of  the  small  a.  3.  Notice  the  ending  stroke.  It 
is  made  with  a  quick,  light  motion.  The  last  half  of  the  A  is  like  the  small  t.  Have  slight  retracing  at  the  top.  i.  Make  an  important 
stop  at  the  top  of  the  small  a.    5.    Keep  the  capitals  the  same  slant  as  the  small  letters. 


Pltxte  it 


>0  O   O 


JP^P. 


tjpPPPP 


£JFv©  faubSunaehb  ^lu^ttWr   £**> 


Plate  18 

1.  Practice  this  small  t  exercise.    The  ovals  are  made  with  a  left  to  right  formation. 

2.  Combine  the  two  exercises  in  Number  1. 

3.  Lift   the  pen   at   the  bottom  of  B.    Make  a  quick  rolling  motion  to  the  left  as  in  the  £,  differing  only  in  direction  of  motion. 
Notice  the  stop  at  the  angle. 

4-5.    Notice  the  combination  of  capitals;   a  very  practical  speed-saving  form. 


Yloute  ICJ 


1.  The  J?  is  a  capital  P  with  a  capital  A"  ending  stroke.     Keep  the  loop  small.    Lift  the  pen  or  not  at  the  bottom  of  the  down  stroke. 

2.  Notice  the  double  curve  in  the  top  part  of  the  "  brace  "  of  the  A". 

4.    Notice  the  o  in  the  third  and  i  in  the  last  word  have  no  beginning  stroke. 

VICL.te.2-0. 


, V     -/  -J    S 


_-/      ^f    _y     _y     _-/   J? '  -V 


&. — 2^ 


Plate   20 

1.    Have  a  preliminary  rolling  motion  before  beginning  the  loop  so  that  the  down  stroke  may  be  a  curve. 


^n.  oi/ya-L^ 


V.y  p-  ,<?  /9 


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//    V^  J^ 


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Ccryv^rrujLA_XA-OLX    fir-tia^nx  . 


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<£</    6ls' 


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The  above  are  first  and  last  specimens  of  pupils  under  the  instruction  of  Miss  Nina  P.  Hudson,  whose  lessons  are  appeari 
Business  Educator. 

No.  1,  Aaron  F.  Yontz;  2,  Effie  Beaner;  3,  May  V.  Huberj  i,  Emma  G.  Myers;  pupils  of  J.  W.  Anshutz.  penman  in  the  Let.: 
Business  College.    See  following  page. 


£JTve  fci  u*>Li %&*  £>  £cULw,ciXvr   ^ 


ZTloDcmcnt  (Exercises  for   Students  of  practical  rPrtttna. 


1H5  GRAM)   A\  I-.MK. 


^ 


RO(  II  l  STER,   X.  Y. 


a 


(9     <9    O     O    O    o    o 


^llvG^tuiibc^^^lttottWr   <**> 


Entered  at  the  Hosi 


Edited  and  Published  Monthly  (Except  July 
and  August,)  by  Zaner  &  Bloser,  118  N.  High 
Street,  Columbus,  Ohio. 


VOI..  IX.  NO. 

COLUMBUS,  OHIO,  OCTOBER,  1903 


SUBSCRIPTION  PRICE,  $1.00  A  YEAR.        IOC.  A  COPY. 


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Cbc  Best  Advertising  medium  of  Its 

Class 

The  Business  Educator  being  the  most  pop- 
ular and  widely  read  journal  of  its  kind,  it  fol- 
lows that  it  is  also  the  best  advertising  medium. 

It  reaches  practically  all  persons  interested  in 
commercial  education  and  in  penmanship,  in 
both  this  country  and  in  Canada.  It  covers  the 
commercial  school  field  completely,  going  as  it 
does  to  the  heads  of  Commercial  Colleges,  Com- 
mercial High  Schools,  Commercial  Departments 
in  Parochial  Schools,  Colleges,  etc.,  as  well  as  to 
a  large  number  of  office  workers,  public  school 
teachers,  home  students,  etc.  Then  it  is  pre- 
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having  it  bound  in  hook  form.  Our  rates  for 
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uibv  not  Do  it? 

If  each  one  of  our  professional  sub- 
scribers were  to  secure  for  us  one 
Erofessional_  subscription  you  can 
ardly  realize  how  much  it  would 
mean  in  the  betterment  of  The 
Business  Educator, and  consequent- 
ly the  profession  of  business  educa- 
tion. 

No  one  reading  this  paragraph 
realizes  how  much  real  unselfishness 
is  put  into  the  publication,  because 
the  publishers  are  in  love  with  their 
profession.  A  journal  of  this  kind  is 
something  more  than  a  private  enter- 
prise, if  it  be  a  truly  professional, 
representative  paper. 

The  editors  are  putting  far  more 
into  the  paper  than  has  ever  been  put 
into  a  similar  journal.  As  receipts 
enlarge  and  profits  increase,  improve- 
ments will  be  made  to  absorb  the 
bulk  of  such  profits.  Our  ambition 
is  to  be  of  helpful  influence  rather 
than  to  be  wealthy. 


True,  we  must  live,  but  we  have 
other  sources  of  income  as  well  as 
that  of  The  Business  Educator. 
Financially,  The  Business  Educator 
is  a  safe,  sure  thing.  We  are  not, 
therefore,  begging.  We  are  only  try- 
ingto  tell  you  that  our  motives  for 
asking  for  support  are  not  mere  mer- 
cenary ones. 

We  thank  you  for  what  you  have 
done,  and  assure  you  the  same  has 
been  appreciated.  We  shall  try  to 
show  this  appreciation  in  a  more  ma- 
terial way  than  words  by  giving  you 
a  better  journal. 


In  increasing  Demand. 

The  past  vear  has  been  a  prosper- 
ous one  indeed  for  the  penman  and 
commercial  teacher.  Their  services 
have  been  in  constant  demand. 

We  have  been  more  or  less  inti- 
mately acquainted  with  the  penman- 
ship and  commercial  school  profess- 
ion for  the  past  twenty  years,  but  in 
none  of  all  those  years  has  the  de- 
mand for  penmen  and  commercial 
teachers  equaled  that  of  this  year 
just  passed. 

"We  want  a  fine  penman,  one  capa- 
ble of  handling  the  commercial 
branches,"  is  an  almost  daily  request. 
"We  desire  to  pay  from  $1,000  to 
$1,200,"  is  a  frequent  expression  in 
these  letters. 

And  what  is  most  perplexing  is  to 
find  people  qualified  for  the  places. 
Young  men  and  women  will  do  well 
to  consider  the  matter  of  preparation. 
There  is  no  need  of  worry  regarding 
employment.     Prepare. 


Penmanship  Renaissance 

Everything  seems  to  point  toward 
a  real  penmanship  revival.  The  ad- 
vent of  the  typewriter,  shorthand, 
phonograph,  etc.,  for  a  time  drew 
attention  from  the  art  of  writing  with 
the  pen,  many  thinking  that  hand- 
writing would  soon  be  a  lost  art. 
Penmen  feared  as  much. 

But  the  novelty  of  these  new  arts 
and  inventions  has  worn  off  and  we 
are  still  face  to  face  with  the  old 
problem  of  pen  writing.  Instead  of 
penmanship  being  a  lost  or  dead  art, 
it  is  livelier  than  it  has  ever  been. 

The  interest  manifested  in  penman- 
ship matters  at  Milwaukee;  the 
"  warming  up  time  "  experienced  at 
Brooklyn  :  the  interest  shown  in 
matters  pertaining  to  writing  at  St. 
Catherine's,  Ont.,  at  the  meeting  of 
the  Business  Educators'  Association 
of  Canada;  and  the  enthusiasm  ex- 
hibited at  the  Zanerian  Reunion,  all 
mean  something  if  "straws  show 
which  way  the  wind  blows." 

This  is  as  it  should  be,  and  is  but 
the  result  of  a  constantly  increasing 
demand  for  better  writing  in  the 
business  world.  Penmanship  has  a 
future  as  well  as  a  past.  The  im- 
mediate future  is  therefore  very  hope- 
ful. Everything  points  to  a  shortage 
for  years  to  come  of  persons  who  can 
wield  the  pen  skillfully  and  do  com- 
mon sense  work  with  the  head. 

1'enmanship  in  itself  is  of  but  little 
value,  but  as  a  vehicle  it  beats  the 
automobile.    It   earns    money,    does 


not  squander  it.  .Six  hundred  and 
fifty  dollars  in  an  auto  means  nearly 
that  much  a  year  additional  in  fuel 
and  repairs,  and  but  five  or  six  years' 
service.  The  same  amount  invested 
in  a  good  handwriting  and  a  practi- 
cal education,  means  a  yearly  income 
almost  from  the  beginning,  of  nearly 
double  that  amount.  Then,  too,  it 
lasts,  not  five  or  six  years,  but  for 
life. 

Young  man,  young  woman,  which 
shall  it  be  ?  An  auto  or  a  good  hand- 
writing ?  You  "auto"  (ought  to)  de- 
cide without  delay  and  of  course  in 
favor  of  the  latter. 


Commercial     University    and    t',o=opcra- 
tion. 

We  recently  had  the  pleasure  of  looking 
over  the  by-laws  of  a  proposed  American 
Institution  of  Commercial  Schools,  the  two 
main  objects  of  which  are  the  maintenance 
of  standards  for  classes  of  students  in  grad- 
uation in  affiliating  schools,  and  the  pro- 
vision for  conducting  teachers'  classes  an- 
nually. It  is  proposed  to  incorporate  the 
same  under  the  laws  of  the  District  of 
Columbia.  The  plan  is  to  conduct  a  school 
for  the  purpose  of  preparing  teachers  in  the 
commercial  branches,  -with  degrees  to  cor- 
respond with  those  given  in  the  regular 
college  or  university  courses;  and  to  pro- 
vide a  means  whereby  courses  of  study 
may  be  uniformed  and  improved,  partic- 
ularly in  schools  desiring  to  affiliate  with 
each  other,  and  to  come  under  the  require- 
ments of  this  national  institution.  The 
originator  of  this  scheme  is  no  other  than 
Dr.  H.  M.  Rowe,  of  Baltimore,  Md. 

So  far  as  we  can  determine,  the  plau  is  a 
thoroughly  practicable  and  feasible  one, 
and  we  hope  that  it  is  the  beginning  of  an 
end  which  ultimately  means  the  better- 
ment of  commercial  teachers  and  commer- 
cial schools.  Those  interested  (and  who  is 
not?)  will  do  well  to  prepare  for  co-operation 
in  the  matter.  This  is  the  one  thing  com- 
mercial education  and  commercial  schools 
have  been  seriously  in  need  of.  Organiza- 
tion is  the  means  to  a  larger  end.  This  is 
the  way.  Will  you  affiliate?  Mr.  Rowe 
needs  your  co-operation. 


H  Splendid  Ccstimoni.il. 

It  affords  me  pleasure  to  say  that  during 
the  past  vear  I  have  found  the  EDUCATOR 
very  interesting  and  helpful.  It  is 
constantly  improving,  and  its  wide  range 
of  discussion,  its  scholarly,  up-to-date 
treatment  of  every  subject  presented,  its 
artistic  excellence  and  splendid  typography 
amply  justify  its  name.  I  do  not  see  how 
any  teacher  or  student  of  the  commercial 
branches  can  afford  to  be  without  it. 

A.  C.  PECK, 
Principal  Commercial  Department. 

Manitowoc  (Wis.)  High  School. 


from   the   Former   Editor    of    Cbe    Pen= 
man's  Hrt  journal 

You  are  making  a  decided  success  ..f  The 

business  Educator.   It  is  a  periodical 

that  is  at  once  dignified,  conservative, 
progressive  and  energetic.  Mechanically 
and  artistically  it  is  well  handled,  and  I 
admire  vour  editorial  policy  in  both  depart- 


know  that  vour  work  is  receiving  si 
substantial  appreciation.  "  More  power 
vour  elbow." 

W.  J.  KINSLEY, 
No.  220  Broadway,  New  York  City. 
Examiner  of  Questioned  Documents. 


^iKcfdi»Uiri9&^^C(fLbb&€ibWr   ^ 


Interesting 


News  Items 


Miss    Xi 


P.  Hi 


whose  interesting 
lessons  in  imsiness  writing  are  so  much  en- 
joyed by  our  readers,  has  been  re-engaged 
at  the  New  Britain  Business  College.  New 
Britain,  Conn. 

Miss  Clara  L.  Alden,  of  Dorcester,  Mass., 
has  been  engaged  to  take  charge  of  the  new 
commercial  department  of  the  Calais.  Me., 
high  school.  The  school  authorities  of  Cal- 
ais are  to  be  congratulated. 

Supt.  J.  H.  Drake,  of  Leon,  Iowa,  has  been 
elected  aa  commercial  instructor  in  the 
C  res  ton,  Iowa,  high  school.  Mr.  Drake  is 
one  among  a  hundred  commercial  teacbers 
in  the  matter  of  first-class  qualifications  for 
his  new  position.  It  has  been  some  years 
since  he  left  the  field  of  commercial  teach- 
ing, but  the  profession  is  better  for  his  re- 
turn to  the  fold. 

E.  G.  Parkinson,  who  was  recently  elected 
to  take  charge  of  the  commercial  work  in 
Auburn,  R.  I.,  decided  not  to  accept  certain 
unreasonable  conditions  attached  to  the 
contract  submitted  to  him,  and  accept  in- 
stead a  position  with  the  Schissler  Busi- 
ness College,  Norristown,  Pa.  H.  C.  Spen- 
cer, the  well-known  penman  of  Providence, 
was  elected  to  the  Auburn  position. 

George  Stanley  Murray,  whose  interest- 
ing articles  on  life  for  a  commercial  teacher 
in  the  Orient  were  widely  read  in  these  col- 
umns last  year,  sailed  for  Constantinople 
Sept.  1st,  after  a  brief  vacation  trip  to  this 
country.  Mr.  Murray  is  enthusiastic  in  re- 
gard to  the  opportunities  for  a  live  Ameri- 
can commercial  teacher  in  Robert  College, 
where  he  has  charge  of  the  commercial  de- 
partment. For  reasons  beyond  his  control 
Mr.  Murray  has  submitted  his  resignation 
to  take  effect  at  the  end  of  the  present 
school  year.  Some  one  will  have  an  oppor- 
tunity to  obtain,  in  him,  a  teacher  of  rare 
magnetic  qualities  — a  man,  every  inch  of 
him. 

August  Perow,  the  new  proprietor  of  the 
Bath,  Maine,  Business  College,  is  a  United 
States  Court  Reporter,  though  only  two 
vears  out  of  school.  He  has  one  of  the  most 
tidily  equipped  school  plants  in  the  East, 
and  his  plans  for  the  development  of  a 
sound  commercial  school  are  worthy  of  the 
experienced  judgment  of  much  older  men ; 
indeed,  he  so  far  surpasses  many  a  senior 
in  the  business,  in  this  matter  of  planning 
a  well-balanced  course,  that  it  is  not  quite 
fair  to  him  to  make  the  foregoing  compari- 


Congratulations  on  the  improvement  in 
THE  EDUCATOR  are  coming  in  continually, 
but  we  recognize  how  very  far  from  our 
ideal  our  September  number  was.  and,  bet- 
ter though  the  present  number  is,  we  see 
the  standard  moving  on  before  us.  Stand 
by  us,  and  we  shall  yet  make  this  journal 
ah  organ  not  in  any  respect  inferior  to  any 
other  educational  journal  in  the  land. 

The  introduction  of  a  new  commercial  de- 
partment in  the  Walla  Walla,  Washington, 
High  School,  awaits  only  the  completion  of 
the  new  high  school  building,  which  is  to 
be  ready  for  occupancy  during  this  fall. 

Stephen  Dwan,  formerly  of  the  Burling- 
ton, Iowa,  High  School,  has  been  elected 
to  take  charge  of  the  commercial  depart- 
ment of  the  Seattle,  Washington.  High 
School.  Mr.  Dwan  is  one  of  the  "Ferris 
boys,"  and  those  who  know  W.  X.  Ferris, 
will  understand  what  that  means.  Here's 
wishing  success  to  all  the  splendid  young 
fellows  who  are  moving  in  the  van  of  prog- 
ress, doing  pioneer  work  in  the  commercial 
teaching  of  the  public  schools.  Their  num- 
ber is  destined  to  become  legion  before 
many  years  shall   have  rolled  round. 

Miss  Mary  Kilburn,  formerly  of  the  Glou- 
cester, Mass.,  High  School,  has  been  elected 
to  take  charge  of  the  new  commercial   de- 

§artment    of    the     Westerly,    R.     I.,     High 
chool. 


M.  D.  Fulton,  the  always  popular  treas- 
urer of  the  Eastern  Commercial  Teachers' 
Association,  has  been  elected  commercial 
instructor  in  the  Pawtucket,  R.  I.,  High 
•  School.  We  hope  that  the  people  of  Paw- 
tucket will  appreciate  their  good  fortune  by 
giving  Mr.  Fulton  the  freest  possible  reign 
in  carrying  on  his  work. 

If  you  think  that  commercial  teachers 
and  commercial  school  proprietors  are  all 
looking  merely  for  dollars  and  exploitation 
of  their  own  personal  vanity,  read  thor- 
oughly the  lofty  sentiment  of  Mr.  Bishop's 
article  in  another  column  of  this  issue. 
Men  like  Mr.  Bishop  are  the  hope  of  the 
cause;  not  the  drinking,  swearing,  tobacco- 
using,  non-church-going  men,  blatantlv 
blowing  their  own  tin  horns  to  the  disgus't 
of  their  more  thoughtful,  modest  col- 
leagues, who  go  quietly,  determinedly, 
grandly  on,  doing  a  noble  work.  It  is  for 
such  work  and  such  influence  as  the  latter 
that  The  Educator  is  working. 

The  Blair  Business  College  Journal,  Spo- 
kane. Wash.,  contains  an  excellent  article 
on  "The  Purpose  and  Value  of  Business 
Education,"  writteu  by  E.  A.  Cast,  who  is 
now  a  member  of  this  large  and  influential 
mountain  school.  This  number  ( June  ) 
contains,  also,  several  other  articles  of  in- 
terest from  Mr.  Cast's  readv  pen.  We  are 
glad  to  note  that  Brother  Cast  wields  the 
pen  of  "  a  ready  writer"  as  well  as  the  quill 
of  an  artist  in  things  calligraphic. 

President  A.  S.  Heaney,  of  the  Rhode 
Island  Commercial  School,  Providence,  R. 
I.,  has  published  in  pamphlet  form  the  pro- 
ceedings of  his  June  commencement  exer- 
cises. Every  commercial  teacher  should 
read  the  annual  address,  by  a  notable  New 
York  speaker.  It  is  entitled  "Realizing 
Our  Visions."  We  have  no  doubt  that  Mr. 
Heaney  would  be  glad  to  send  a  copv  of  this 
pamphlet  on  receipt  of  a  two-cent  stamp  to 
pay  postage.  It  would  make  the  finest  kind 
of  general  dictation  matter.  It  was  report- 
ed by  one  of  the  pupils  of  the  school,  who 
writes  Gregg  shorthand.  This  certainly 
was  a  practical  compliment  to  the  pupil, 
the  school,  and  the  system  of  shorthand 
that  the  young  lady  used,  because  the 
speaker  used  classic  language  and  spoke 
rapidly. 

We  dropped  in  to  see  Mr.  H.  C.  Wright,  the 
genial  president  of  the  Long  Island  Busi- 
ness College,  while  on  a  recent  trip  to  Xew 
York,  and  we  found  him  busily  enrolling 
students,  just  as  though  he  had  never 
heard  that  a  half  dozen  or  more  of  very  ac- 
tive commercial  schools  had  been  estab- 
lished in  his  vicinity  within  the  last  two  or 
three  years.  Evidently  the  people  appre- 
ciate the  facilities,  the  instruction,  and  the 
courteous,  busiuess-  like  treatment  that 
their  children  receive  at  this  great  school. 
It  is  always  a  pleasure  to  step  into  Mr. 
Wright's  beautiful  apartments;  so  pleas- 
urable, indeed,  that  after  some  years  of  ef- 
fort, we  have  succeeded  in  obtaining  views 
of  his  attractive  school  home,  and  they  will 
appear  in  an  early  number. 

The  Bryant  &  Stratton  Business  College, 
of  Providence,  R.  I.,  is  enlarging  and  Im- 
proving its  already  superior  accommoda- 
tions to  take  care  of  the  business  that  is 
coming  to  it  this  fall.  Fortunate  indeed  is 
the  young  man  who  comes  under  the  per- 
sonal influence  of  such  a  man  asT.  B.  Stow- 
ell.  the  upright,  broad-minded  Christian 
gentleman  who  is  at  the  head  of  this 
school;  or,  indeed,  of  any  of  his  large  and 
able  faculty. 

On  a  recent  trip  to  Nova  Scotia  we  found 
J,  E.  King,  of  The  American  Book  Com- 
pany, taking  a  tour  through  the  Provinces 
for  his  health.  Mr.  King's  legion  of  friends 
will  sympathize  with  him  in  the  loss  of  his 
wife  and  in  his  own  ill-health.  He  is  one  of 
the  rarely  fortunate  men  who  do  not  seem 
to  have  an  enemy  in  the  world,  yet  one  who 
is  regarded  by  all  who  know  him  as  a  man 
of  clean-cut  principles,  to  which  he  adheres 
tenaciouslv.  He  is  not  one  of  those  popu- 
laritv-seeking  individuals  who  seem  to  be 
trying  to  travel  on  both  sides  of  the  fence 
at"  once,  without  ever  getting  off  the  fence. 
His  life  and  character  are  a  splendid  exam- 
ple to  young  men  everywhere. 

Messrs.  E.  H.  and  M.  C  Fisher  have  open- 
ed the  Winter  Hill  Business  College,  Somer- 
ville,  Mass.,  with  every  seat  filled  and  they 
are  already  making  plans  for  increased 
seating  capacity.  They  deserve  to  succeed, 
and  they  will. 


We  were  disappointed  in  not  finding  Mr. 
S.  Kerr,  of  the  Kerr  Business  College,  St. 
John,  X.  B.,  at  home.  Mr.  Kerr  is  one  of  the 
pioneers  in  the  business,  having  conducted 
a  commercial  school  in  St.  John  for  the  last 
thirty  years.  His  son,  Mr.  S.  L.  Kerr,  is  an 
aggressive,  enterprising  school  man,  and  a 
sportman  of  the  Sir  Thomas  Lipton  type. 
He  is  an  enthusiastic  yachtsman.  Their 
school  is  the  largest  in  Xew  Brunswick. 

The  Catholic  schools  in  the  Provinces  are 
on  a  different  footing  from  similar  schools 
in  this  country.  There  they  are  regarded 
as  public  schools  and  the  Sisters  who  teach 
are  paid  from  the  public  funds.  They  have 
to  conform  to  the  regulations  governing 
other  public  schools,  and  they  are  required 
to  confine  the  giving  of  religious  instruc- 
tion to  hours  outside  of  those  regularly  de- 
voted to  school  work. 

The  Shaw  Business  Schools,  of  Bangor, 
Augusta,  and  Portland,  Maine,  all  ^eem  to 
be  flourishing.  The  Bangor  school  is  in  an 
especially  healthful  condition.  It  is  housed 
in  a  modern  office  building,  and  is  well 
equipped.  Mr.  F.  L.  Shaw  is  to  be  congratu- 
lated on  his  ability  to  conduct  schools  so 
good,  in  a  state  comparatively  so  thinly 
populated  as  is  the  state  of  Maine. 

Grav's  Business  College  Portland,  is  one 
of  the  original  institutions  of  Portland, 
being  almost  coeval  with  Longfellow's 
home  in  that  beautiful  metropolis  of  the 
Pine  Tree  State.  Mr.  F.  L.  Gray,  the  pres- 
ent manager,  was  enjoying  a  cruise  in  his 
vacht,  when  we  called,  but  his  associate, 
Mr.  X.  E.  Rankin,  entertained  us  pleasantly. 
Mr.  Gray  has  excellent  rooms  and  accom- 
modations which  justify  the  common  im- 
pression that  he  has  the  largest  school  in 
Portland,  if  not  in  Maine. 

Bath,  Maine,  is  putting  a  new  commercial 
department  into  her  high  school  this  year, 
but  like  many  another  small  city,  they  "have 
made  the  mistake  of  thinking  that  they 
could  get  a  commercial  teacher  for  a  song, 
and  at  the  last  report  their  vocal  music  was 
still  in  operation.  It  is  preposterous  to  ex- 
pect teachers  qualiried  to  instruct  in  all 
the  commercial  branches,  to  work  for  from 
$40  to  $i>0  a  month.  A  little  business  judg- 
ment would  tell  these  School  Boards  that 
even  fair  stenographers  can  obtain  that 
much.  We  know  a  lady  who  is  going  into 
this  work  this  fall  for  $10  a  week,  just  for 
experience.  We  do  not  blame  the  teacher, 
but  what  shall  be  said  of  the  school  authori- 
ties who  establish  a  price  so  low  that  none 
but  an  utterly  inexperienced  person  can 
accept,  and  then  only  for  the  sake  of  exper- 
ience. 

Mr.  Williams,  formerly  with  the  Comer 
Commercial  College,  Boston,  has  taken 
charge  of  the  commercial  work  of  the  Mel- 
rose. Mass.,  High  School,  in  the  place  of 
H.  G.  Greene,  who  has  been  elected  at  Win- 
chester, Mass.,  at  a  largelyincreased  salary. 

The  Practical  Text  Book  Company  reports 
its  business  on  its  famous  English  group 
of  text-books  nearly  doubled  during  the 
last  three  or  four  months,  and  many  adop- 
tions of  each  of  its  other  publications. 
Thev,  in  common  with  our  other  enterpris- 
ing advertising  customers,  are  bold  adver- 
tisers, and  consequently  the  public  comes 
to  learn  of  their  admirable  publications. 
There  are  other  good  publishing  houses 
whose  books  might  be  much  more  exten- 
sively used,  too,  if  they  would  push  their 
publications  judiciously  through  the  col- 
umns of  journals  like  Thk  EDUCATOR,  that 
reaches  school  teachers  and  school  proprie- 
tors among  all  classes  of  schools  in  all 
parts  of  this  country  and  Canada. 

August  22,  Edward  V.  Murphy,  official 
reporter  of  the  United  States  Senate,  made 
the  principal  address  at  the  dedication  of  a 
memorial  tablet  to  the  memory  of  Cap- 
tain Thomas  Lloyd,  the  father  of  American 
shorthand  reporting.  Captain  Lloyd,  who 
was  buried  in  the  church  of  St.  Augustine, 
Philadelphia,  was  the  shorthand  reporter 
of  the  first  national  House  of  Representa- 
tives, and  he  reported  Washington's  first 
inaugural  address.  The  tablet  was  erected 
under  the  auspices  of  the  Xational  Short- 
hand Reporters'  Association  and  the  Penn- 
sylvania Stenographers'  Association. 

The  Salem,  Massachusetts,  Commercial 
School  has  issued  a  very  attractive  booklet 
containing  portraits  and  letters  from 
former  students.  This  well-known  school 
has  enlarged  and  refitted  its  quarters  ana 
is  enrolling  a  greatly  increased  attendance. 


3(3 


MhQ  &W*it\Mbb  &dM>&&X>vr    &> 


We  found  the  Packard  School  preparing 
in  August  for  the  annual  welcome  to  its 
well  established  clientele.  Since  the  death 
ol  Mi-.  Packard  this  school  has  been  in- 
corporated and  Mr.  Byron  Horton  is  the 
Principal.  Doubtless,  under  his  efficient 
direction,  the  lam. .us  institution  will  be- 
come  even  a  greater  force  in  the  business 
and  educational  life  of  New  York  than  it 
has  been  in  recent  years. 

The  Merchants'  and  Hankers'  School  in 
\,%n  i*ork  i-  growing  and  its  energetic 
proprietors  are  determined  that  it  shall 
contioue  to  grow.  It  already  has  an  at- 
tendance equaling  that  of  most  of  the  other 
-.  hools  of  the  city. 

Do  not  forget  THE  EDUCATOR  iii  the  club- 
bing days.  It  stands  for  what  is  best  in 
commercial  education.  It  has  a  message 
alike  for  teacher  and  student.  It  liasdared 
topassout  into  new  fields  of  commercial 
school  work,  fields  as  vet  untrod  by  any 
other  journal.  Show  your  appreciation  by 
making  this  year  over  and  over  a  record 
breakei  for  us.  Tell  our  advertisers  how 
much  vou  appreciate  the  paper.  They  will 
he  pleased  to  know  that  their  announce- 
ments are  reaching- as  we  know  they 
reach  a  wide  circle  of  aggressive,  up-to- 
date  commercial  teachers  who  can  appre- 
ciate a  good  thing  when  they  see  it.  That 
is  the  kind  of  people  thev  want  to  reach. 
..in  prosperitj  through  your  efforts  will 
result  in  -dill  greater  improvement  of  the 
I  Mi  \lnk'.  We  promised  several  years 
a;;.,  that  we  would  improve"  the  journal  just 
as  fa-t  as  our  constituency  would  permit  us 
to.l..-...;  and   we  are  keeping  our  promise. 

Away  up  in  Frederickton.New  Brunswick. 
we  found,  last  summer,  one  of  the  prettiest 
little  schools  it  lias  l.een  our  good  fortune 
to  step  into.  Mr.  W.  J.  Osborne,  the  Propri- 
etor, is  well  known  to  the  commercial 
school  men  of  Canada.  He  is  taking  such  a 
hold  on  the  business,  educational,  and 
religious  life  of  Frederickton  that  lie  is 
-ure  t.,  succeed  in  every  sense  of  the  word. 
He  is. .ne  of  the  splendid  class  of  commer- 
cial school  men— and  there  are  scores  of 
them— who  can  appreciate  fully  the  senti- 
ment of  Mr.  Bishop's  article  in  this  number, 
being  President  of  the  local  Y.  M.  C.  A., 
Superintendent  of  the  largest  Methodist 
Sunday  School  in  New  Brunswick,  and 
otherwise  prominently  identified  with 
church  work.  We  hope  the  people  of  the 
beautiful  Capitol  of  .New-  Brunswick  will  see 
to  it  that  Mr.  Osborne's  tine  school  is  kept 
humming  with  business  of  a  highgradeall 
the  while. 

Mr.  B.  H.  Spencer,  formerly-  at  Kingston, 
\,-w  York,  has  opened  a  school  at   Eighth 

audi  hie  Hundred  Sixteenth  Street. 

New  York.  He  is  in  a  good  location  and 
will  doubtless  build  up  a  good  school. 

R.  A.  ECellS  lias  an  energetic  school  in  full 
blast  on  125th  Street,  New  York.  Mr.  Kells 
i-  verv  active  and  he  expects  by  hard  and 
conscientious  work  to  develop  a  very  sat- 
is fact.,  rv  business  in  the  course  of  time. 

The  Harlem  Commercial  Institute,  under 
the  management  of  William  Hope,  is  pros- 
pering, as  anyone  would  expect  who  knows 
•I.  Hope.  II.-  gets  a  verv  desirable  class 
of   student-,    and.    like    I, is     neighbor   F.    H. 

Rus ..I-....H  125th  Street.  New-  York-he 

can  thus  do  work  that  i-  more  satisfactory 
to  the  business  men  and  work  far  more 
pleasing  to  himself  and  his  students. 
There  need  I..-  in.  possible  difficulty  in 
placing  students  such  as  Mr.  Hope's  pro- 
.1.1.  l   in  the  cream  of  good  positions. 

Mr.  Fred  Enos,  of  the  Union  Business 
i  ollege,  Bridgeport,  Connecticut,  is  a 
member  of  the  Board  of  Aldermen,  and  is 
as  watchful  to  see  that  the  city's  business 
is  done  well  as  that  hi-  own  work  is  prop- 
erly cared  for.  He  has  a  very  good  school, 
plainly  but  practically  and  comfortably 
equipped.  Mr.  Enos  i-  one  of  the  shrewd 
business  men  in  commercial  teaching  who 
recognizes  the  importance  of  mingling 
with  the  business  men  of  his  city,  in  club 
and  political  life,  and  as  a  result  he  is  never 
at  a  I..--  to  place  hi-  students  in  the  best 
a  \  ailable  posit  Ions. 

There  is  a  livel}  competition  these  days 
between  the  publication.-  devoted  to  pen- 
manship, and  the  profession  in  general  is 
benefiting  from  it.  Eachofthe  magazines 
I...-  maintained  a  high  standard  of  excel- 
lence, but  as  an  impartial  observer,  we  are 
inclined  to  think  that  The  Risiness 
Educator  has    shown    tin-    greatest    im 


provement    in  the    past   year.— The  Gregg 
Writer  (August.. 

Thanks,  Brother  Gregg.  We  have  often 
expressed  our  belief  in  your  good  taste  and 
excellent  judgment.  This  is  "confirmation 
strong  as  holy  writ.  " 

a.  E.  Sartain,  of  South  Norwalk,  Connec- 
ticut, has  a  lively  school  that  is  well  at- 
tended. Mr.  Sartain  is  a  school  man  who 
mingles  freely  with  the  business  men  of 
his  citv.  and  the  result  is,  as  it  always  must 
be  for  a  capable,  influential  man,  very 
helpful  to  his  school  interests. 

I.  S.  Brown,  formerly  of  the  South  Nor- 
walk, Connecticut,  Business  College,  has  a 
delightful  suite  of  rooms  in  a  fine  new  office 
building  in  Bridgeport,  Connecticut,  and  is 
aggressively  going  after  business.  He  has 
had  experience  with  F.  E.  Wood  of  New 
Y'ork.  and  he  has  learned  how  to  get  busi- 
ness. Those  who  expect  to  get  in  the  way 
of  his  automobile  would  better  take  out 
accident  insurance  at  once. 

Browne's  Business  College,  Brooklyn,  is 
one  of  the  old  reliable  institutions  of  that 
city.  The  Brownes  do  not  pay  much  at- 
tention to  con  vent  ions  and  the  other  means 
of  making  themselves  prominent  in  their 
profession,  but  thev  "  keep  right  on  sawing 
wood  "  just  the  same,  and  those  who  are 
informed,  know  well  that  theirs  is  one  of 
the  best  schools  in  Brooklyn,  as  well  as  one 
of  the  largest. 

How  do  you  like  Mr.  Hookland's  articles? 
Read  them  carefully,  then  write  to  him, 
telling  him  what  you  think  of  them,  and 
giving  him  suggestions.  Do  the  same  with 
our  other  contributors,  as  far  as  you  are 
interested  in  their  work. 

The  Euclid  School,  under  the  manage- 
ment of  A.  C.  Starin,  G.  J.  Kaynor,  and  E. 
A.  Young,  has  opened  in  Brooklyn  in  beau- 
tiful new  quarters.  These  gentlemen  have 
had  a  good  deal  of  experience  in  the  school 
room,  and  we  hope  they  may  have  the 
success  that  comes  to  merit  and  hard  work. 

F.  I..  Miner,  who  for  many  years  has  been 
conducting  quietly  an  excellent  school  in 
Brooklyn,  has  bought  a  business  building 
and  remodeled  it  for  his  school.  It  is  plain 
that  Brooklyn  has  been  and  is  a  great  field 
for  commercial  schools,  rightly  conducted. 

On  every  street  car,  nearly  every  ferry 
landing  and  elevated  railway  station,  and 
in  hundreds  of  other  conspicuous  places  in 
.New  York,  there  is  a  sign  that  everybody 
reads.  It  is  a  representation  of  a  magnifi- 
cent forest  of  great  oak  trees,  with  branches 
interlacing  over  a  broad  road  that  leads  to 
an  inviting  prospect  beyond.  At  the  top  of 
the  poster  is  the  line.  "Great  oaks  from 
little  acorns  grow.  "  At  the  bottom  are  the 
words,  "A  course  through  the  Woods  will 
lead  you  to  success  "  —or  something  to  that 
effect— together  with  the  addresses  of  the 
three  Wood  schools.  The  whole  poster  is 
done  in  a  foliage  green,  and  though  costing 
a  small  fortune  to  display  so  freely,  must 
certainly  bring   Mr.    Wood   a   great   deal   of 


K-r-^7\ 


WANTED 


Teacher  of  Penmanship,  Arith- 
metic and  Bookkeeping,  for  a  de- 
sirable and  permanent  position. 
A  good  opportunity  for  a  superior 
penman. 

ADDRESS 

ALBANY  BUSINESS  COLLEGE 

ALBANY,  N.  Y. 


To  the  Writing  Teacher  :  If 
you  have  a  student  that  does 
not  use  muscular  movement 
all  the  time,  have  him  use  Faust's  Patent 
-Myograph.  It  does  the  business.  Sample 
25c.     Auto  Pen  and  Ink  Mfg.  Co.,  Chicago. 


ttAL 


,N>^r-*. 


Specimens 

Received 


Mr.  M.  E.  Bennett,  supervisor  of  penman- 
ship and  drawing  in  the  public  schools  of 
Braddock,  Pa.,  favored  us  with  specimens 
of  writing  and  drawing  reproduced  upon  a 
Duplicator,  which  are  remarkably  clearcut 
and  practical.  The  nature  of  the  work- 
leads  us  to  believe  that  Mr.  Bennett  is-up-to- 
date  and  progressive  in  his  specialties  of 
penmanship  and  drawing,  the  work  display- 
ing a  degree  of  skill  possessed  by  but  few 
supervisors. 

Mr.  H.  G.  Reaser,  teacher  of  penmanship 
and  the  commercial  branches  in  the  High 
School.  Pittsburg,  Pa., favored  us  with  some 
very  skillfully  written  cards  in  the  orna- 
mental and   rbundhand  styles. 

Mr.  J.  D.  Valentine,  an  all  around  penman 
of  Pittsburg,  recently  favored  us  with  some 
very  artistically  written  cards  and  repro- 
ductions of  his  engrossing. 

One  of  the  daintiest,  most  accurate,  and 
graceful  letters  received  at  this  office  for 
many  a  day  came  from  the  skillful,  pro- 
gressive A."  D.  Skeels,  of  Temple  College 
Fame,  Philadelphia. 

He  reports  a  good  attendance,  and  prom- 
ises substantial  support  to  THE  BUSINESS 
Educator. 

Mr.  H.  A.  Reneau,  of  McDonald,  Kans., 
favored  us  with  his  subscription,  in  a  letter, 
the  chirography  of  which  is  far  above  the 
average  received  at  this  office. 

Mr.  I.  A.  Ziegler,  of  the  Hazelton,  Pa., 
Business  College,  favored  us  with  spec- 
imens of  writing  from  his  students  after 
five  weeks'  instruction,  and  we  must  admit 
that  the  work  for  that  time  is  unusually 
well  done.  The  work  of  Palmer  S.  Simmons 
and  Ella  Schwartman  indicates  that  they 
can  become  professional  penmen  of  no  mean 
calibre. 

Mr.  J.  W.  Swank,  of  Washington,  D.  C, 
placed  in  our  hands  a  photo  of  a  pen  and 
brush  portrait  of  Secretary  Shaw.  The 
work  is  of  an  unusually  high  order,  and  Mr. 
Swank  therefore  finds  no  small  demand  for 
his  services.  He  also  inclosed  an  unusually- 
dainty  pen  sketch  of  birds,  nest  and  flowers 
made  with  Zanerian  India  ink.  It  is  done 
too  fine  and  daintily  for  successful  repro- 
duction, being  as  fine  as  an  etching. 


C.  A.  Faust's  elegant  eolor- 
plate  Compendium  on  Auto- 
matic Pen  Lettering,  72  pages, 
107  colored  Alphabets  and  designs.  Self 
instructor,  $1  prepaid.  Aulo  Pen  and  Ink 
Mfg.  Co.,  Chicago. 


<  I  »T*k  ™E  KINSLEY  STUDIO 

•«   cllj'i  Ik  t£\     ronm.n.htp     Headquarter. 


inple  of  letter-     '  Diplomas, 


CHANGE    OF 

ADDRESS 

Our  old  customers  am 
find  us  at 

our  new 

ones  will 

415  Market  St..  Ca 

mden.  N 

.  J. 

with   the  finest  line  of 
cards  on  the   niaoket. 
Written   card9,   15c.   per 
Penmanship,  12  Lessons 

white  ai 
Send  for 
dozen. 

L.  E 

d  colored 
samples. 
Business 

STACY. 

^Kc^tUii^4^d^tLu^&tttar   &> 


^rr^^7\ 


Ci  history  of  penmen,  (Early 

Business  (£6ucation,  anb 

(Educators  in  Ctmertca. 

By  A.  H.  HI.XMAX,  WOBCBSTBS,  Mass. 


. _ 


In  July,  isfi7,  the  principals  of  the  Bryant 
and  Stratton  schools  assembled  in  Buffalo, 
which  was  the  first  meeting  held  after  the 
death  of  Mr.  Stratton.  On  this  occasion,  Mr. 
Bryant,  surviving  member  of  the  firm  of 
Bryant  and  Stratton,  delivered  a  memorable 
and  appropriate  address  reviewing  the 
history  of  the  enterprise  and  paying  an 
appreciative  and  affectionate  tribute  to  the 
memory  of  Mr.  H.  D.  Stratton,  his  life,  and 
character  and  labors.  The  circumstances 
of  this  gathering  rendered  it  one  of  the 
most  deeply  affecting  occasions  in  the  his- 
tory of  American  Business  Schools.  The 
men,  who  but  a  few  months  before,  were 
arrayed  against  one  another  in  bitter  antag- 
onism were  melted  by  mutual  tenderness, 
and  the  old  ties  of  fraternal  interest  and 
concord  were  renewed  and  strengthened. 
R.  C.  Spencer  and  S.  S.  Packard,  who  were 
the  leaders  of  the  contending  parties,  had 
long  been  mutual  friends  and  co-laborers, 
each  holding  the  other  in  high  personal 
and  professional  esteem.  At  this  meeting 
they  met  for  the  first  time  after  the  death 
of  Mr.  Stratton,  under  whose  splendid  lead- 
ership they  had  wrought  shoulder  to 
shoulder,  and  heart  to  heart,  in  the  chain 
of  colleges.  Mr.  Packard  was  a  man  of 
noble  nature,  generous  impulses,  and  warm 
sympathies,  who  could  harbor  no  malice. 
The  spirit  in  which  his  old  friend  R,  C. 
Spencer  met  him  was  most  sincerely  cor- 
dial. From  that  time  forward  these  two 
men  stood  side  by  side  in  the  close  ties  of 
fraternal  relationship  and  mutual  appreci- 
ation. Correspondence  between  them  cov- 
ering a  period  of  more  than'  thirty  years 
after  the  death  of  Mr.  Stratton  and  through 
the  personal  meetings  and  intercourse,  pro- 
fessional and  otherwise,  were  marked  by  a 
manifestation  of  esteem  and  affection.  In 
justice  to  both  of  these  men  so  prominent 
in  the  Bryant  and  Stratton  chain  of  colleges, 
and  in  the  progress  of  business  education, 
it  is  proper  to  sa3f  that  Mr.  Packard  in  his 
adherence  to  his  friends  and  benefactors, 
Bryant  and  Stratton,  during  the  aforesaid 
controversy,  was  using  his  personal  influ- 
ence privately  with  Bryant  and  Stratton  to 
persuade  them  to  accept  in  some  form  the 
measures  proposed  by  the  dissatisfied  prin- 
cipals of  the  chain  of  colleges  as  represent- 
ed by  R.  C.  Spencer.  Mr.  H.  B.  Bryant  vol- 
untarily informed  Mr.  Spencer  that  had 
they  early  yielded  to  his  persuasions  and 
advice  regarding  the  causes  of  complaint 
on  the  part  of  local  principals,  that  they 
would  not  only  have  avoided  much  unhap- 
piness,  but  would  have  saved  themselves 
from  heavy  pecuniary  losses.  At  the 
Buffalo  meeting  in  18fi7  a  new  organization 
was  formed  under  the  title  of  the  Interna- 
tional Association  of  Business  Colleges, 
membership  in  which  was  largely  based 
upon  former  affiliations  with  the  Bryant 
and  Stratton  chain. 


The  close  of  the  war  for  the  Union  and  the 
disbanding  of  the  armies  set  free  a  vast 
number  of  young  men  from  the  military 
service  of  the  country,  ambitious  for  com- 
mercial employment,*  who  flocked  to  the 
Business  colleges  to  equip  themselves  for 
such  pursuits.  No  more  enterprising,  earn- 
est, and  nob'e  young  men  ever  served  their 
country  in  war  or  in  peace.  They  filled  the 
commercial  schools  to  their  fullest  capac- 
ity, which  were  much  enlarged  to  meet  the 
extraordinary  demand.  With  the  courage 
and  self-reliance  gained  by  army  experi- 
ence, and  a  practical  patriotism  of  the  high- 
est order,  these  young  men,  using  the  com- 
mercipl  and  business  colleges  as  stepping 
stones  and  avenues,  entered  actively  into 
the  industrial,  merchantile,  commercial, 
and  financial  business  of  the  country  to 
the  prosperity  and  growth  of  which  they 
greatly  contributed,  and  in  which  they 
became  potent  factors.  The  financial  re- 
vulsion and  general  depression  of  business 
which  followed  the  inflation  of  an  irredeem- 
able currency  occasioned  by  the  extraordi- 
nary exigency  of  the  war  seriously  affected 
the  business  in  commercial  schools  of  the 
country.  The  patronage  which  had  been  so 
large  after  the  close  of  the  war,  was  now 
reduced  to  the  minimum,  both  in  numbers 
and  revenues.  Schools  that  had  been  pros- 
perous were  closed  or  consolidated.  The 
meetings  and  conventions  of  commercial 
teachers  were  for  a  time  suspended,  await- 
ing the  revival  of  business.  During  this 
period  few  new  schools  were  opened  and  a 
much  younger  class  of  students  was  en- 
rolled. The  gradual  revival  of  business 
that  followed  the  resumption  of  specie  pay- 
ments increased  the  demand  for  voung 
people  who  had  received  a  business  college 
training,  giving  a  fresh  impetus  to  commer- 
cial schools  and  education  throughout  the 
country.  Old  schools  revived  and  prospered, 
and  new  schools  were  opened.  From  mer- 
cenary motives  there  was  an  influx  of 
young,  ipexperienced,  insufficiently  equipp- 
ed men  into  the  profession  as  proprietors 
of  commercial  schools  detrimental  to  the 
cause,  and  tended  to  impair  confidence  in 
commercial  schools.  Happily,  however, 
there  were  among  these  new  accessories  to 
the  profession,  a  considerable  number  of 
well  equipped,  high-mined,  ambitious 
young  men,  who  have  done  much  for  the 
advancement  of  business  education  and 
commercial  schools.  It  is  to  this  better 
class  of  young  men,  the  honored  pioneers 
of  the  profession  have  looked  with  hope 
and  pride  for  the  progress,  expansion,  and 
elevation  of  the  great  movement,  the  diffu- 
sion and  perfecting  of  commercial  educa- 
tion. 

The  purpose  of  Bryant  and  Stratton 
which  prevailed  with  most  of  the  members 
of  the  chain,  aimed  at  monopolizing  busi- 
ness   education     throughout    the    country* 


and  attempts  were  made  to  absorb  or 
destroy  all  strong  business  schools  and 
men  that  would  not  be  driven  or  coaxed 
into     their     chain.  While     Eastman     of 

Poughkeepsie,  Spencer  of  Milwaukee,  Jones 
of  St.  Louis,  Nelson  of  Cincinnati,  Comer  of 
Boston,  and  Schofield  of  Providence,  could 
not  be  wiped  out  by  Bryant  and  Stratton's 
efforts  at  competition,  Mr.  Bryant  discov- 
ered his  master  as  a  competitor  when 
Eastman  opened  his  Chicago  college  and 
created  an  immense  school.  Among  many 
who  were  driven  out  of  their  prosperous 
schools,  was  Mr.  D.  T.  Ames,  who  in  Syra- 
cuse was  offered  the  privilege  of  yielding 
his  entire  interests  to  Bryant  and  Stratton, 
acceptiug  one-third  of  his  customary  profits 
or  being  driven  out  by  competition.  He 
chose  the  latter,  feeling  that  himself  and 
his  large  business  and  reputation  was 
strong  enough  to  withstand  Bryant  and 
Stratton's  coercive  methods.  A  Bryant  and 
Stratton  college  was  established  at  Syra- 
cuse ;  strong  teachers  were  borrowed  from 
various  schools  of  the  chain  ;  abusive 
circulars  were  spread  broadcast;  rates  were 
cut  ;  unscrupulous  solicitors  were  set  to 
work  to  give  free  tuition,  intercept  at  trains 
incoming  students  and  to  misrepresent 
competition.  Thoroughly  disheartened 
with  unfair  methods,  Mr.  Ames  went  to 
New  York  City,  where,  through  the  Pen- 
man's Art  Journal,  the  first  organ  of  busi- 
ness education,  educators  and  penmen,  for 
twenty  years  he  did  much  toward  uplifting 
the  profession  by  exposing  fake  schools, 
fake  teachers  and  their  methods.  In  Pitts- 
burg, the  Iroti  City,  Duff's  colleges  were  too 
strong  in  their  hold  upon  the  public,  in  their 
methods  and  management,  and  with  Alex- 
ander Cowley  and  John  D.  Williams  as 
peerless  penmen,  Bryant  and  Stratton 
attempted  no  attack.  It  was  partly  through 
Bryant  and  Stratton  that  Speucerian  pen- 
manship became  the  national  system  of 
writing.  They,  being  associated  with  the 
Spencers,  secured  interests  in  the  copy- 
rights of  the  copy  books  of  the  Spencerian 
system  which  were  then  being  introduced 
as  the  first  and  best  throughout  the  public 
schools  of  the  country.  They  secured  for 
their  colleges  nearly  every  leading  penman 
in  the  country  and  required  him  to  teach 
and  advocate  only  Spencerian  penmanship. 
As  these  teachers  trained  and  sent  out 
thousands  of  Spencerian  teachers  and 
students,  it  gave  the  system  an  impetus 
and  popularity  that  remained  for  years. 


FREE! 

To  every  reader  of  the  Journal  (for  a 
limited  time)  we  will  give 

ABSOLUTELY  FREEI 

a  $25  course  of  instructions  by  mail,  in 
the  art  of  Show  Card  Writing 

The  instructor  is  one  of  the  be*t  in 
America,  having  students  in  every  part 
of  the  world.  He  also  is  owner  of  the 
largest  Mail  Order  Show  Card  Estab- 
lishment in  the  United  States,  located 
in  Boston,  Mass. 

He  guarantees  to  make  a  good  show 
card  writer  of  any  person  (able  to  write 
correctly)  in  from  one  to  three  months. 
His  instructions  are  all  hand  painted 
copies  (no  printed  plates  or  charts). 
He  further  guarantees  to  secure  gocd 
positions  for  graduates,  or  work  at 
home  at  good  pay. 
ACCEPT     THIS     OPPORTUNITY! 

A  small  charge  is  made  for  cost  of 
colors,  brushes,  material  and  cost  of 
correspondence.  If  interested,  write  for 
particulars,  circulars,  testimonials,  etc. 
Enclose  self-addressed  STAMPED 
envelope.    ADDRESS, 

SHOW    CARD    ART 

140  Boylston  St.      -      -      BOSTON.  MASS. 


£n%e@u^ii^^£cU*&u»top   ££ 


Ulbat  Ts  Practical  Writing? 

During  the  last  decade  this  ques- 
tion has  been  the  subject  of  a  great 
deal  of  discussion,  and  as  yet,  there 
is  quite  a  difference  in  the  opinions 
of  various  teachers,  as  to  what  it 
should  be  like.  The  Spencerian  Sys- 
tem was  found  to  be  impractical,  and 
it  necessarily  followed  that  the  sys- 
tem should  '  undergo  a  change  in 
different  ways,  in  order  to  meet  the 
requirements  of  business.  This 
change  from  the  old  to  the  new  was 
not  brought  about  in  a  day,  but  is 
the  result  ui  a  gradual  development 
along  the  lines  of  business  writing. 
Progress  in  the  art  of  practical  writ- 
ing nas  passed  through  several  stages 
of  advancement,  and,  although  most 
of  our  teachers  in  up-to-date  schools 
are  not  very  far  from  one  general 
standard,  in  their  ideas  on  the  sub- 
ject, yet  there  are  a  great  many  who 
have  "not  awakened  to  the  fact  that 
they  have  not  kept  up  with  the  reg- 
ular line  of  march. 

What  is  practical  writing  ?  It  is 
writing  that  is  easily  and  quickly 
executed.  It  is  writing  that  is  legi- 
ble. It  is  writing  that  requires  but 
little  space.  Does  all  of  our  so-called 
business  writing  of  today  meet  all  of 
these  requirements  ?  There  is  no 
question  but  that  it  does  to  a  cer- 
tain extent,  for  if  it  did  not,  we  would 
be  writing  and  teaching  the  old 
Spencerian  system,  which  is  the 
mother  of  our  business  writing  of 
today.  But,  in  a  good  many  cases,  it 
does  not  meet  these  requirements  as 
well  as  it  should.  There  are  three 
things,  mainly,  that  most  teachers 
are  overlooking,  viz. :  Smaller  capi- 
tals, simpler  capitals,  and  shorter 
and  fewer  loops  ;  the  loops,  in  my 
opinion,  being  the  most  important, 
for  in  ordinary  writing  there  are  a 
great  many  more  loops  to  be  made 
than  there  are  capitals.  Too  many 
of  our  writers  make  this  mistake,  for 
we  have  only  to  note  that  the  greatest 
weakness  of  so  many  is  their  broken- 
backed,  sharp-pointed,  top-heavy 
loops.  While  the  Ions  loop  is  all 
right  in  its  place,  it  is  not  all  right, 
and  is  out  of  place  when  used  in  exe- 
cuting practical  writing. 

I  have  noticed  in  looking  over  spec- 
imens of  so-called  practical  writing, 
coming  from  different  places,  that  in 
some  the  loops  urn- made  as  much  as 
six  spaces  in  height,  i.  c,  they  were 
six  times  as  high  as  the  one-space 
letters,  and  in  a  few  cases  the  loops 
were  made  higher  than  the  capitals. 
As  to  the  capitals  themselves,  there 
were  two  things  to  be  noticed,  wherein 
they  did  not  agree  with  the  essential 
elements  of  practical  writing,  viz., 
size  and  style.  Some  were  made 
entirely  too  large  to  be  at  all  practi- 
cal, and  their  form  was  such  that 
their  execution  required  fully  as 
much  skill  and  time  as  the  regular 
Spencerian  capitals.  And  yet  they 
call  it  plain,  rapid,  easy,  business 
writing. 

In  order  for  a  letter  to  be  easy  of 
execution,  it  must  be  simple.  To 
make  a  capital  easily  and  quickly  it 
must  be  made  small,  and  simple  short 
strokes  and  few  of  them.  There  has 
been  a  good  deal  of  progress  made 
toward  the  simplification  of  capitals, 


which  has  been  a  great  help  in  ob- 
taining ease  and  speed,  but  why  not 
go  farther  with  it?  As  to  simplicity, 
there  are  a  number  of  the  capitals 
that  could  be  improved  upon.  But, 
above  all,  the  most  essential  element 
in|the  practicability  of  a  capital  letter, 
is  the  size  of  it.  If  it  is  made  small, 
it  requires  less  space,  a  very  import- 
ant element,  and  less  time  in  its 
execution. 

One  of  the  objections  that  is  raised 
against  the  simple  capital  is,  that  it 
does  not  look  so  well  as  a  more  com- 
plicated one.  While  that  may  be 
true,  yet  we  must  not  allow  our  taste 
for  beauty,  to  stand  in  the  way  of  the 
practical  things,  when  they  are  what 
we  are  working  for. 

In  some  of  the  specimens  of  writing 
that  we  see,  we  find  that  the  writer 
has  on  a  good  many  of  his  capitals 
an  extra  curve  or -turn,  different  from 
any  one  else,  which  he  calls  individu- 
ality. WThile  there  is  individuality  to 
all  good  penmen's  writing,  yet  when 
they  try  to  mix  more  of  it  in  by  put- 
ting extra  twists  and  turns  on  capi- 
tals, they  are  only  getting  farther 
away  from  the  practical  part  of  it. 

The  capitals  of  course,  need  their 
share  of  attention.  They  either  add 
to,  or  detract  from  the  good  appear- 
ance of  writing,  and  their  size  and 
form  have  something  to  do  with 
speed.  But,  they  should  not  receive 
attention  at  the  expense  of  the  small 
letters.  The  latter  being  used  so 
much  more  than  the  former,  they 
should  receive  the  most  attention. 


The  one  great  mistake  that  so  many 
make  in  executing  the  small  letters, 
is  that  they  make  the  loops  too  long. 
A  long  loop  is  not  practical.  In  the 
first  place,  it  takes  too  much  time. 
If  made  2\  spaces  in  height,  it  will 
require  just  one-half  the  time  as  if 
made  five  or  six  spaces.  In  the  sec- 
ond place,  it  requires  more  mental 
effort,  more  muscular  tension,  and 
more  skill  in  general  than  the  short 
one.  Whenever  the  writer  goes  be- 
yond about  2J  spaces  in  making  a 
loop,  he  is  compelled  to  bring  into 
action  these  reserve  forces  in  order  to 
execute  it  properly,  which,  of  course, 
is  not  in  harmonv  with  the  essen- 
tial elements  of  practical  writing. 
In  the  third  place,  it  does  not 
look  so  well  as  the  short  one.  If 
two  pages  of  writing  are  compared, 
one  written  with  long  loops,  the  other 
with  short  ones,  the  latter  from  a 
standpoint  of  practicability,  im- 
presses the  average  person  more  fav- 
orably. With  the  long  loop,  the  writ- 
ing, unless  executed  with  a  high 
degree  of  skill,  has  a  tangled  and 
unbusiness  like  appearance,  while 
with  the  short  or  abbreviated  one,  all 
that  is  avoided.  The  abbreviation  of 
the  loops  not  only  adds  to  the  appear- 
ance of  practical  writing,  but 
increases  speed,  especially  when 
occurring  as  a  lower  loop  in  the  mid- 
dle of  a  long  word,  or  as  a  final  letter. 

If  we  wish  our  longhand  writing  to 
increase  in  practicability,  these  things 
must  be  taken  into  consideration. 
(  Continued  on  page  II.  I 


STYLE    OF    PENMANSHIP    WRITTEN    AND    ADVOCATED    BY    MR.    BRIDGES. 


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School  and 

Professional 


=Li 


Mr.  \V.  B.  Elliott,  proprietor  of  the  Elliott 
Commercial  Schools  at  Fairmont,  Charles- 
ton, Wheeling,  and  Clarksburg.  \V.  Va.,  has 
opened  a  new  school  at  Martinsl.nrg,  W.  Va., 
with  Prof.  Frank  A.  Wolf  hope  as  manager  of 
the  same. 

Mr.  M.  C.  Nixon,  of  Gore,  Ohio,  but  more 
recently  of  Tyrone,  Pa.,  is  now  conducting 
the  Nixon  Commercial  College,  at  Austin, 
Texas. 

Mr.  Nixon  is  a  tine  young  man, and  we  pre- 
dict for  him  and  his  school  success,  because 
we  know  that  he  deserves  it. 

Mr.  S.  M.  Funk,  of  Hagerstown,  Md..  who 
has  been  with  the  Utica,  N.  Y.,  Business 
College  the  pa-st  year,  is  now  located  with 
the  Meadville,  Pa.,  Commercial  College. 

Mr.  Funk  is  an  old  friend  and  pupil  of  ye 
editors,  and  we  have  a  very  high  opinion  of 
him  as  a  man  as  well  as  a  penman  and  com- 
mercial teacher. 

Mr.  E.  H.  McGowen,  of  Anthony,  Kans.,  a 
stu  lent  of  E.  S.  Cause,  of  Emporia,  Kans., 
and  later  of  the  Zanerian,  now  has  charge 
of  the  commercial  and  penmanship  work  in 
the  Western  School  of  Commerce,  Stockton, 
Calif. 

Mr.  McGowen  is  a  finely  educated,  thor- 
oughly qualified,  upright  young  man. 

Mr.  W.  C  Wollaston  of  the  Beloit.  Wis., 
Business  College,  is  now  located  with  the 
Breck  School  at  Wilder,  Minn. 

D.  M.  Knauf  has  sold  the  Puget  Sound 
Business  College,  Tacotna,  Wash. 

C.  W.  Roush  has  sold  the  Broken  Bow. 
(Nebr.)  Business  College,  and  has  already 
organized  the  Ord  (Nebr.)  Business  College. 
Advertising  matter  received  indicates  that 
Mr.  Roush  intends  having  a  large  school  in 
a  very  short  time.  He  is  assisted  by  S.  M. 
Blue,  with  whose  splendid  penmanship  our 
readers  are  familiar.  The  Bisinkss  Edi- 
CATOK  certainly  wishes  the  Ord  Business 
College  much  success. 

Mr.  W.  H.  Devine,  of  Seattle,  Wash.,  a 
Zanerian  graduate,  is  now  located  with 
G.  W.  Thorn,  an  old  time  Zanerian,  at  Du 
Bois,  Pa. 

Mr.  Devine  is  a  jolly  good  fellow,  and  a 
favorite  with  those  with  whom  he  comes  in 
contact. 


Mr.  C.  W.  Fulton,  of  Elizaville.  K^ 

PW     tpnrlinr    rtf       t  .. . ,  ,  , ,  _  I ,  ,  ,  .     ! »,     +V 


.„  the 
the  Ypsi- 


Plr.  u.  W.  Fulton,  of  Elizaville 
new  teacher  of  penmanship  i 
lanti,  Mich.,  Business  College. 

Mr.  J.  D.  Giffin.who  has  been  with  Mc 
Cann's  Commercial  College,  Shamokin,  Pa., 
is  now  located  with  the  Brox  Branch  of  the 
Walworth  Institute  of  N.  Y.  City.  Mr.Giffin 
is  a  conscientious,  hard  working,  reliable, 
commercial  teacher.  Like  all  good  com- 
mercial teachers  he  recentlv  inclosed  his 
dollar  for  The  Business  Educator. 

Mr.  O.  I".  Robinson,  recentlv  of  Brockton, 
Mass.,  now  has  charge  of  the  advanced 
business  practice  in  the  well  known  Albany 
Business  College,  Albany,  N.  Y. 

Mr.  Robinson  writes  a  remarkablv  good 
hand,  and  as  a  consequence  supports  THE 
Business  Educator. 

Mr.  E.  G.  Miller,  of  New  Carlisle,  O.,  a  re- 
cent Zanerian  graduate,  has  been  selected 
to  take  charge  of  the  penmanship  and  pen 
art  work  in  the  well  known  Mt.  Morris,  111., 
College,  to  succeed  the  versatile  G.  E. 
Weaver,  who  resigned  to  devote  his  entire 
time  to  mail  order  work  and  to  the  platform. 


The  business  department  of  the  Ferris 
Institwte,  Big  Rapids,  Mich.,  puts  out  a  well 
written  and  illustrated  eighteeu  page  book- 
let in  the  interests  of  that  high-grade  in- 
stitution. Mr.  C.  A.  Wessel.  the  efficient 
and  popular  principal  of  the  department, 
has  had  charge  of  the  work  since  1889.  and 
has  made  for  the  department  of  that  insti- 
tution a  reputation  winch  extends  through- 
out the  States. 

E.  F.  Quintal,  proprietor  of  the  Green  Bay, 
Wis.,  Business  College,  is  issuing  a  very 
creditable  eight  page  journal. 

Mr.  Quintal  is  one  of  our  most  conscien- 
tious,competent,  hard  working,  progressive 
business  college  men. 

The  Illinois  Business  College  and  School 
of  Telegraphy,  Springfield,  111  ,  is  a  good 
school  if  we  may  judge  from  what  we 
hear  and  know,  and  from  what  we  see  in 
their  catalogue. 

E.  K.  Isaacs,  the  widely  known  and  high- 
ly esteemed  business  educator  of  Los 
Angeles,  Calif.,  is  now  president  and  man- 
ager of  the  Woodbury  Business  College, 
with  which  he  has  been  connected  for  the 
past  eleven  years. 

The  good  people  of  Los  Angeles  are  to  be 
congratulated  upon  having  in  their  midst 
such  a  man  and  such  a  school. 

Mr.  L.  B.  Sullivan,  formerly  of  Obe,  Ga., 
is  now  principal  of  the  Business  Depart- 
ment of  the  University  School,  1923  Coli- 
seum St.,  New  Orleans.  The  school 
occupies  over  a  block,  and  is  twenty  years 
old. 

Mr.  Sullivan  reports  a  splendid  outlook 
and  pledges  his  support  to  The  BUSINKSS 
Educator.  He  is  a  penman  whose  skill  is 
first-class.  A  signature  from  his  hand 
recently  received  is  among  the  finest  we 
have  ever  seen. 


■^7^*  j» 


Questions  Answered  and 

Criticisms  Offered   by 

C.  P.  Zaner. 


*^*-'-V:-"- 


Under  this  heading  Mr.  Ziint-r  criticises  speci- 
mens of  penmanship,  drawing,  etc.,  submitted 
to  him.  Postage  should  be  enclosed  if  specimens 
are  to  be  returned.  He  will  also  endeavor  to 
answer  any  and  all  questions  pertaining  to  pen- 
manship matters,  or  if  thought  best,  questions 
may  be  submitted  through  this  department  to 
the  readers  of  our  journal  for  volunteer  answers. 
This  gives  the  readers  of  The  Business  Edu- 
cator the  benefit  of  the  experience  of  one  who 
has  made  this  work  a  life-time  study. 

J.  S.  S.,  Toledo,  O.— The  Gillott  number  1 
pen  is  one  of  the  Hnest  pens  in  the  world 
for  card  writing.  The  Zanerian  Fine  Writer 
is  equally  as  tine,  and  a  trifle  more  flexible. 
The  number  HIM  Gillott  pen  is  also  a  tine  pen 
for  fine  writing,  but  in  my  opinion  it  is  too 
fine  for  business  writing. 

For  ornamental  penmanship,  I  prefer  a 
white,  smooth,  firm  paper  with  faint  ruling 
at  least  a  half  inch  apart.  Many  prefer  the 
linen  or  ledger  papers,  but  somehow  I  have 
never  accustomed  myself  to  their  use. 

J.  A.  B..  St.  Joseph,  Mo.— Your  suggestion 
of  a  thin  kid  or  silk  glove  for  penmen  to  use 
when  writing  upon  the  streets  to  keep  the 
hand  warm  is,  I  believe  impracticable,  inas- 
much as  it  would  destroy  the  sense  of  touch 
between  finger  and  paper.  A  more  practical 
device,  it  seems  to  me,  would  be  a  thin 
glove  with  half  length  fingers,  much  the 
same  as  ladies  use  when  Dame  Fashion 
dictates    the  same. 

E.  W.,  Mich.— The  work  of  your  pupils  is 
fullv  up  to  the  average  received  bv  rne. 
The  work  from  the  lowest  to  the  highest 
grades  is  all  very  legible,  and  some  of  it 
is  quite  free  and  easy  in  execution.  I 
would    suggest   that    less    movement  work 


be  given  during  the  second  mid  thin 
and  more  movement  work  be  given  dur 
the  seventh  and  eighth  years.  Some  of 
the  movement  exercises  were  drawn  rather 
than  written.  Exercises  should  be  written 
with  the  arm  movement  freely  enough  to 
keep  out  all  evidence  of  nervousness,  and 
any  practice  below  that  rate  of  speed  is 
practically  useless. 


WIlLN  [   WILL 


iwt-ClassBook-Kpepc: 


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07«S,    1UI5    ltro:t<Iv*:i>,   \K\\    YORK.   X.  Y. 


E.  C.  WILLS.  Script  Specialist. 
195  Grand  Ave..  Rochester.  N.  Y. 

You  should  have  your  new 
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Agents  wanted,  send  25c.  for  Agents  Sample  Book.  All 
orders  promptly  filled.    Send  for  samples. 

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Catalogues  and 

Circulars 


The  British  American  Business  College, 
Toronto,  Ontario,  J.  W.  Westervelt,  Princi- 
pal, William  Brooks,  Associate  Principal, 
issues  a  beautiful  catalogue  printed  on 
cream  paper  with  gray  cover  and  embossed 
title  in  blue  and  yellow.  The  catalogue 
throughout  is  high  grade  in  every  respect 
and  represents  a  school  <«f  high  character. 

In  the  East  Florida  Seminary  catalogue 
we  notice  that  they  have  quite  a  thorough 
"  Commercial  Department "  under  the 
principalship  of  J.  H.  Brinson. 

Wade's  Pennsylvania  Business  and 
Shorthand  College  of  Lancaster,  Pa.,  issues 
a  nicely  printed,  well  written  and  profusely 
illustrated  catalogue  of  '-'4  pages.  His 
school  is  located  in  a  very  substantial 
building  of  its  own,  occupying  the  entire 
building. 

The  Haverhill,  Mass.,  Business  College, 
under  the  title  of  "How  to  get  on  in  the 
World"  issued  a  very  attractive  pamphlet 
giving  many  beautifully  engraved  por- 
traits of  students  holding  good  positions, 
together  with  other  illustrations  and  infor- 
mation of  the  school.  The  script  headings 
we  notice  have  been  taken  from  Bliss  Busi- 
ness College  catalogue  of  this  city. 

"Brooklyn  Business  Institute'*  is  the 
title  of  a  very  neat  2-'  page  brown-backed 
catalogue  printed  in  brown.  The  proprie- 
tors are  F.  B.Moore,  Pres.,  J.  E.  Gill,  Vice 
Pre?.,  and  L.  C.  Horton,  Secretary-Treas- 
urer and  Managing  Principal. 

Wisconsin  Business  University,  La 
Crosse,  Wisconsin,  F.  J.  Toland,  Proprietor, 
publishes  a  catalogue  of  96  pages  filled  to 
overflowing  with  portraits  by  the  hundred 
of  students.  The  book  is  splendidly  printed 
in  colors  and  is  among  the  largest  and 
most  expensive  received  in  this  office.  The 
personal  pronouns  I  and  my  are  conspic- 
uous by  their  number. 

The  Knoxville,  Tennessee,  Business  Col- 
lege issues  a  catalogue  which  gives  one  the 
impression  of  a  good  school. 

Alma  College  Commercial  School,  Alma, 
Michigan,  issues  a  very  neatly  gotton  up 
catalogue  of  20  pages, -giving  information 
concerning  the  school.  It  is  one  of  six 
divisions  of  the  Alma  College,  and  the  fact 
that  Eugene  D.  Pennell  is  Principal  is  suffi- 
cient guaranty  that  the  school  is  thorough- 
ly modern  and  up-to-date. 

One  of  the  daintiest  catalogues  received 
came  from  a  Practical  Business  College, 
Red  Wing,  Minn.,  Franz  &  Newcomb,  Pro- 
prietors. The  school  is  a  new  one,  but  thor- 
oughly business  like,  practical  and  progres- 
sive. We  bespeak  for  the  new  institution 
success,  and  congratulate  the  citizens  of 
Ked  Wing  for  having  such  a  school  in  their 
midst. 

Georgia  Normal  College,  Abbeville,  Ga., 
issues  a  catalogue  of  40  pages  beautifully 
embossed  in  white,  indicating  that  it  is 
without  doubt  one  of  the  leading  educa- 
tional institutions  of  the  South. 

The  Metropolitan  College,  Minneapolis, 
Minn.,  (i.  M.  La n gum,  President,  G.  A. 
Golder,  Vice-President,  M.  A.  Albin,  Pen- 
man, issues  a  48  page  catalogue  covered  in 
gray,  printed  in  brown  and  black,  which 
from  the  standpoint  of  illustrations,  text, 
printing  and  paper  is  first-class  in  every 
particular,  and  about  as  near  faultless  as 
such  catalogues  become. 

The  entire  facility  is  a  strong  one,  indi- 
cating a  school  that  is  at  once  high-grade, 
thorough,  and  practical. 

The  Central  College  Journal,  issued  by 
the  Central  Business  College,  Denver,  Col- 
orado, I..  A.  Arnold,  Proprietor,  E.  C.Barnes, 
principal  of  the  business  department,  is  the 
title  of  a  twenty  page  college  journal  which 


is  intended  to  serve  both  as  a  journal  and  a 
catalogue,  is  received.  The  school  is  all 
right,  and  the  journal  is  too,  with  the  ex- 
ception that  it  was  printed  on  paper  that 
was  too  transparent,  and  as  a  consequence, 
the  illustrations  show  through  on  the 
reverse  side. 

"How  to  Start  Right"  is  the  striking  title 
of  the  prospectus  of  the  Berlin,  Ontario, 
Business  College,    W.  D.  Euler,  Principal. 

"The  Old  Oaken  Bucket"  is  the  title  of  a 
beautifully  illustrated  booklet  devoted  to 
that  famed  poem,  issued  by  the  Iron  City 
College.  Pittsburg,  Pa.,  with  a  few  perti- 
nent remarks  at  the  last  relative  to  the 
necessity  of  drinking,  educationally  speak- 
ing, from  schools  whose  educational  fount- 
ains are  pure  as  well  as  popular  and  prac- 
tical. 

Under  the  title  of  "  A  Tree  is  Known  bv  its 
Fruit,  a  School  by  its  Results  "the  Brvant 
&  Stratton  Business  College,  Louisville, 
Ky.,  is  issuing  a  48  page  book  containing 
po'rtraits  and  recommendations  from 
former  students  of  that  well  known  insti- 
tution which  was  established  in  1854. 

In  the  same  mail  came  their  thirty-eighth 
annual  catalogue  of  forty  pink  pages,  with 
a  cover  of  the  same  color,  descriptive  and 
illustrative  of  the  institution. 

Mr.  W.  N.  Wright,  son  of  E.  J.  Wright,  the 
President,  a  penman  of  more  than  ordinary 
skill,  and  an  enthusiastic  teacher  of  prac- 
tical writing,  has  charge  of  the  penmanship 
in  that  institution. 

"Memorials  and  Testimonials,"  The 
Kinsley  Studio,  No.  220  Broadway,  New 
York  City,  is  the  neatest  little  thing  of  the 
kind  received  at  this  office.  It  is  one  of  a 
number  of  things  we  have  recently  received 
from  that  institution,  which  indicate  that 
for  expert  handwriting  service,  engrossing, 
etc.,  it  is  headquarters. 

Mr.  W.  J.  Kinsley,  the  expert,  is  at  the 
head  of  this  institution,  which  alone  be 
speaks  excellence  and  success. 

The  Capital  City  Commercial  College, 
Des  Moines,  Iowa,  W.  H.  McCauley,  Presi- 
dent, \V.  F.  Giesseman,  Vice-President,  B. 
F.  Williams,  Secretary,  is  issuing  its  nine- 
teenth annual  catalogue  of  forty-eight 
pages,  filled  with  attractive,  appropriate 
illustrations  of  penmanship,  pupils,  rooms, 
faculty  and  building. 

The  catalogue,  like  the  school,  is  square, 
straightforward,  and  business  from  the 
word  go.  It  has  some  very  pretty  vignetted 
half-tones  of  pupils  operating  typewriters, 
duplicating  devices,  consulting  the  dic- 
tionary, etc.  The  magnificent  illustrations 
showing  unusually  large,  orderly,  and  well 
filled  rooms,  appeal  to  us  strongly,  and  we 
imagine  they  also  appeal  to  prospective 
students,  judging  from  the  number  that 
attend  that  famed  institution  yearly. 

Maroon  covered,  three  white-embossed 
C's,  well  written  and  illustrated,  character- 
ize the  catalogue  issued  by  the  Camden, 
New  Jersev,  Commercial  College,  George  O. 
Swartz,  President.  L.  E.  Stacy,  Vice-Presi- 
dent and  Treasurer,  and  F.  J.  Strobel, 
Secretary. 

The  California  Business  College  of  San 
Francisco,  California,  is  greeting  its  patrons 
with  one  of  the  best  catalogues  of  the 
season.  It  contains  seventy-four  pages,  six 
and  one-half  by  nine  inches,  a  rather 
unique  and  comfortable  size,  printed  on  the 
finest  kind  of  paper,  with  first  quality  half- 
tones and  good  type.  It  is  covered  in  green 
with  an  embossed  title  in  red,  and  a  brown 
bear  (the  trade-mark  of  California)  pointing 
toward  the  saying  "A  Thorough  School.  ' 
It  is  one  of  those  designs  which,  once  seen, 
is  rarely  ever  forgotten. 

Child's  Business  College,  Pawtucket 
R.  I.,  is  sending  out  a  beautifully  and  pro- 
fusely illustrated,  finely  printed  four  page 
circular  in  the  form  of  a  journal,  which  we 
believe  will  bring  business  to  that   institu- 


The  Hazleton,  Pa.,  Business  College,  I.  A. 
Ziegler,  President,  W.  S.  Seyler,  Secretary, 
is  issuing  a  catalogue  which  bespeaks  a 
popular,  practical  and  progressive  institu- 
tion. We  have  known  Mr.  Ziegler  for  a 
number  of  years,  and  entertain  for  him  a 
very  high  opinion.  We  hereby  wish  to  con- 
gratulate the  good  people  of  Hazleton  upon 
having  such  a  man  and  such  a  school  in 
their  midst. 


Clark's  Tangible  Shorthand  and  Business 
College,  Springfield,  Missouri,  is  putting 
out  some  advertising  literature  which  in- 
dicates more  than  ordinary  ability  and 
push.  In  it  we  see  many  recommendations 
for  Clark's  Tangible  Shorthand  from  stu- 
dents who  have  had  an  opportunity  to  test 
it. 

The  text  and  illustrations  in  the  circular 
issued  bv  the  Central  Commercial  College, 
Cumberland,  Md.,  are  all  right;  but  the 
paper  and  printing  is  the"  poorest  we  have 
received  for  many  a  day. 

The  Ord,  Nebraska,  Business  College,  is 
putting  out  a  combined  circular  and  poster, 
one  side  of  which  is  devoted  exclusively  to 
handsome  penmanship  from  the  pen  of  the 
skillful  S.  M.  Blue,  penman  in  that  insti- 
tution. 

The  National  Business  College  and 
School  of  Correspondence,  Quincy,  Illinois, 
issues  a  forty  page  catalogue  well  printed, 
and  covered  in  limp  paper  not  unlike  white 
leather.  The  institution  is  the  successor  to 
the  Union  Business  College,  Quincy  Busi- 
ness College,  and  Quincy  School  of  Corre- 
spondence, Mr.  L.  B.  McKenna,  President, 
J.  R.  Hutchison,  Secretary,  J.  W.  Cassidy, 
Treasurer,  and  Joseph  Koetters,  Assistant 
Treasurer. 

The  catalogue  bespeaks  a  good  school. 
Our  ideal  of  a  catalogue  would  be  just  about 
half  the  area  of  this  one,  and  double  the 
thickness. 

The  Western  Iowa  College, Council  Bluffs, 
Iowa,  R.  E.  Wiatt,  President,  publishes  a 
twenty-four  page  catalogue  covered  in  gray, 
embossed  title  with  half-tone  picture  of 
building  mounted  within  embossed'design, 
giving  it  a  very  attractive  appearance. 

Nothing  neater  or  more  finely  printed 
has  been  received  at  this  office  than  the 
circular  entitled  "Commercial  Books  "from 
the  Commercial  Text  Book  Co.,  De  Moines, 
Iowa.  The  illustrations  are  printed  in 
bronze  red  and  the  books  in  blue,  giving  an 
effect  unusual  and  pleasing.  The  circular 
bespeaks  the  grade  of  books  put  out  by  this 
enterprising  firm.  Anv  one  interested  in 
Shorthand,  Typewriting,  English,  Spelling 
and  Book-keeping  would  do  well  to  write 
for  this  booklet. 


Bliss  Business  College,  North  Adams, 
Mass.,  S.  McVeigh,  Principal,  is  issuing  a 
very  neat  eight  page  pamphlet  containing 
some  excellently  engraved  oval  portraits  of 
the  size  and  kind  found  in  THE  BUSINESS 
Educator. 


Yocurn's  Business  College  Reporter, 
issued  in  the  interests  of  YocuuTs  Practical 
Business  Schools,  Mas  si  lion,  Wooster,  New 
Philadelphia,  Findlay,  and  Coshocton,  is  a 
creditable  affair. 

Cannon's  Commercial  College,  Lawrence, 
Mass.,  G.  C.  Cannon  and  H.  O.  Keesling, 
Proprietors,  favored  us  with  one  of  the 
neatest,  most  direct  and  attractive  small 
catalogues  of  the  past  month. 

The  Graham  School  of  Shorthand,  Battle 
Creek,  Michigan,  W.  E.  Cornell,  Proprietor, 
issues  a  very  neat  gray-backed,  green-em- 
bossed catalogue. 

"Annual  Incomes.  $1,000  to  $20,000,  "is  the 
unique  title  of  a  long,  narrow  catalogue  of 
seventy-two  pages,  containing  letters  of 
recommendation  and  photos  of  former 
students  of  the  Cedar  Rapids,  Iowa,  Busi- 
ness College,  A.  N.  Palmer,  President,  G.  E. 
King,  Vice  President,  and  W.  C.  Henning, 
Secretary. 

The  book  clearly  shows  the  esteem  in 
which  this  well  and  widely  known  insti- 
tution is  held,  and  is  one  of  the  best  pieces 
of  advertising  recently  received  at  this 
office. 

Advertising  literature  has  been  received 
from  the  following:  The  Tubbs  Business 
College,  Charleroi.Pa.;  Marion,  O.,  Business 
College;  The  Peoria,  111.,  Business  College; 
College  of  Commerce,  Kenosha,  Wis.;  The 
Taylor  School,  Philadelphia,  Pa.;  Brown's 
Business  College,  Ottawa,  III.;  Lansing 
Mich.,  Business  College;  Camden,  N.  J., 
Commercial  College;  Wilmington,  Del., 
Business  School;  Parsons,  Kans.,  Business 
College;  Willis  Business  University 
Springfield,  O. ;   Bavless  Business  College' 


ORNAMENTAL  PENMANSHIP,  HV  S  M  BLUE,  ORD  BUSINESS  COLLEGE,  ORD,  NEBR. 


Dubuque,  Iowa;  National  Business  Train- 
ing School.  Sioux  Citv,  Iowa;Owosso  Mich., 
Business  College  &  School  of  Shorthand* 
Typewriting;  Central  Commercial  College, 
Cumberland,  Md.;  Spencerian  Business 
College,  Washington,  D.  C. ;  Rochester, 
Minn.,  Business  &  Normal  College;  Heald's 
Business  College.  San  Francisco,  Cal.;  Xew 
London.  Coon.,  Business  College;  San  Jose 
Business  College;  Leamington.  Canada, 
Business     College;    Xew     Britain     Conn., 


Commercial  College;  Lowell,  Mass.,  Com- 
mercial College;  Wilson's  Modern  Busi- 
ness College,  Seattle.  Wash.;  Brazil, 
Ind.,  Business  University;  American 
Business  College,  Pueblo,  Colo.;  Parson's 
Kane.,  Business  College:  Danville,  111.. 
Business  College;  Utica,  N.  Y.,  School  of 
Commerce;  Huntsinger  College.  Hartford, 
Conn.;  Waterloo.  la..  Business  College; 
Hesser  Business  College,  Manchester,  N.  H. 


4Z> 


MILLS'S 

CORRESPONDENCE    SCHOOL 
OF  PENMANSHIP 

Is  helping  scores  of  ambi- 
tious people  to  acquire  a 
fine  style  of  penmanship  at 
home.  We  are  rf  adv  to  help 
YOU  also.  Send  stamp  for 
information. 


|l  Business  speller 


A  comprehensive  little  book  on  Spelling.  120  pages  of  words 
most  frequently  seen  in  business  correspondence.  Divided  into 
lessons  of  fifty  words  each.  Several  lessons  of  words  pronounced 
alike,  but  spelled  differently.  Just  the  thing  for  the  school  room. 
Sample  copy  sent  postpaid  for  25  cents. 

Business 
Letter     SF 


Writing  ST 

One  of  the  neatest  and  brightest  little  works  on  Commercial 
Correspondence.  Unlike  anything  else  published.  Write  for 
sample  pages.    Single  copy  sent  postpaid  for  50  cents. 

Other  books  published  are  "  Musselman's  Practical  Bookkeep- 
ing," "High  School  Bookkeeping,"  "Commercial  Law,"  "Com- 
mercial Arithmetic." 

Try  a  Box  of    MUSSELMAN'S    PERFECTION    PENS   25c. 


D*    Lr*    Nusselman 

PUBLISHING  COMPANY 
Quincy  3F  Illinois 


A  Course 

In  Punctuation 


That  Presents 

ACTUAL  CONDITIONS- 

Not  Ideals, 

REAL   LETTERS— 

Not  Literary  Fiction, 


And  Trains 
Stenographers 


To  punctuate  the  kind  of 
English  they  have  to 
"  TAKE,"  prepared  for  a 
well  known  school,  is  offered 
for  general  use. 


Single  Copies,  50o. 

Write  for  full  information  and  special  price  to 


Lord  ®,  Spence,  Pub. 

Salem,  Mass. 


£W\v  fo\AJ*>ir\vzb  &d**&&&GV   & 


&)/lvd£4yrvu£*d' 


metropolitan  l-'mmercial  college, 
Minneapolis,  Minnesota, 

We  present  for  study  and  practice  this 
month,  a  sample  of  commercial  script  that 
w  hp  prepared  to  meet  the  requirements  of  a 
business  man  of  taste  and  culture.  The 
idea  given  tin-  artist  was:  "  '  Laurelash'  in 
;  :i  bold,  attractive  style,  yet  sug- 
gestive "f  elegance  and  refinement-  The 
original  very  large,  to  admit  of  reduction 
t.»  different  ^izes  for  several  purposes." 

So  tin-  work  wa*  started.  A  number  of 
pencil  sketches  were  submitted  until  this 
.mi'  was  cho=en.  The  sketch  was  neces- 
rarily  rough  and  crude.  Then  came  the 
process  >»f  evolution  which  secured  the 
result,  and  has  secured  results  for  the 
author  in  dozens  of  other  instances.  If  you 
will  Follow  me  closely,  you  will  learn  my 
second  method  of  developing  heavv  script. 

After  the  artist  and  patron  had  come  to 
an  understanding  as  to  style,  proportion, 
etc..  the  suggestion  was  on  coarse  paper. 
The  extreme  length  of  the  word  was  9*4 
inches.  The  height  of  capital  2%  inches, 
and  the  small  letters,  34  of  an  inch.  The 
tir-t  tiling  \\;i<  to  make  a  capital  "L"  on 
ordinary  writing  paper,  using  arm  move- 
ment and  the  oblique  pen.  Many  attempts 
were  made  before  one  that  approached  the 
ideal  was  executed.  Then  I  took  some  very 
thin  linen  paper,  such  as  is  used  for  mani- 
folding on  typewriters,  and  placed  it  over 
the  original.  With  a  sharp,  hard  pencil  (54) 
I  deliberately  traced  this  upon  the  linen 
paper.  Thus  I  secured  my  capital.  After 
this  process  I  ruled  a  baseline  even  with 
tlo-  bottom  of  the  capital,  and  a  headline 
three-quarters  of  an  inch  above.  With 
painstaking  deliberateness  I  pencilled  the 
small  letters,  erasing  and  correcting  imper- 
fections until  1  had  my  pencil  copy  as  per- 
fect as  desired. 

Hut  before  we  proceed  let  me  make  a  few 
suggestions.  First,  take  plenty  of  time 
with  your  pencil  copy.  Don't  think  you 
will  correct  the  imperfection  when  you 
come  to  the  inking  process.  I  have  wasted 
too  much  valuable  time  by  this  very  fault. 
So  be  -ure  your  pencil  is  hard  and  your 
pencil  copy  clear,  sharp  and  perfect.  Also 
a  word  concerning  the  capitals.  Good  re- 
sults are  secured  many  times  by  making 
your  capital  with  a  pencil,  directly  upon 
your  linen  paper,  with  the  arm  movement. 


The  shade  you  can  build  up  afterward,  and 
modify  the  letter  thus  secured  by  erasures 
and  corrections  described  for  the  small 
letters.  I  prefer,  and  use  mostly,  the 
method  first  above  described  in  producing 
the  larger  work. 

Now  that  you  have  your  word  perfectly 
pencilled,  turn  the  paper  over  and  on  the 
other  side  blacken  the  reverse  side  on  which 
the  outline  appears,  with  a  soft  pencil. 
Having  done  this,  you  are  ready  to  transfer 
it  to  your  final  paper.  This  should  be  of  the 
finest  quality  for  such  purposes,  and  the 
required  quality  is  hardness  of  surface  and 
freedom  from  lint  —  Reynolds'  Bristol  or 
some  of  the  best  quality  heavy  bond. 

Secure  a  piece  of  cardboard  large  enough 
to  leave  a  deep  margin  all  around,  and 
place  your  pencil  outline  over  this,  black- 
ened side  down.  Be  sure  this  is  kept 
securely  in  place  and  not  moved  the  slight- 
est while  transferring.  I  generally  keep  it 
in  place  with  a  heavy  paperweight.  With 
your  hard  pencil  you  now  proceed  to  follow 
the  outline  so  carefully  pencilled.  Don't 
bear  heavily  on  your  pencil,  just  enough  to 
make  a  neat,  faint  outline.  Your  outline 
when  complete  should  look  like  this: 


commence  building  the  hair  line,  which  is 
done  by  a  succession  of  strokes  made  al- 
ways on  the  same  slant  and  toward  the 
body,  turning  the  paper  as  frequently  as 
necessary  to  secure  this  position.  By  fail- 
ing to  observe  this  last  suggestion  abrupt 
or  short  turns  look  nervous  and  clumsy. 
Commence  your  hairline  in  the  shade  and 
work  out  to  the  end.  Set  a  standard  of 
thickness  for  this  fine  line  and  maintain  it 
throughout.  A  little  practice  will  soon 
train  both  eye  and  hand. 

With  your  ruler  you  get  your  downward 
strokes  built  up  as  you  were  instructed  in 
the  last  lesson.  Finally  you  strengthen  the 
hair  line  from  shade  to  shade,  tapering  the 
shade  into  the  hairline,  and  vice-versa. 
Kight  here  you  have  the  very  important 
thing  to  watch  — the  shades  are  made  too 
blunt  and  the  work  lacks  the  pleasing  ap- 
pearance you  desire.  But  if  you  have  been 
very  careful  in  your  pencilling  you  can 
quickly  detect  this  error  and  many  others 
you  would  not  have  observed  had  you  not 
been  so  careful  in  preparing  the  first.  I 
have  learned  more  about  form  through 
this  very  process  than  any  other. 

I  suggest  to  those  who  are  reading  and 


You  can  now  see  the  advantages  of  the 
transfer  method:  Your  design  is  well  pro- 
portioned, and  in  the  middle  of  your  card; 
your  paper  is  as  clean  as  can  be  with  no 
erasures  to  roughen  the  surface  and  raise 
the  lint. 

We  are  now  ready  to  do  the  inking  act. 
This  is  the  part  of  penmanship  that  will 
show  your  control  of  nerves.  But  more 
rough  work  is  produced  through  haste  than 
nervousness.  With  my  ordinary  oblique 
holder  1  commence  with  the  first  small 
letter  and  proceed  as  in  writing  ordinary 
roundhand,  taking  special  pains,  however, 
to  make  perfect  hair  lines.  The  shades 
have  to  be  built  up  anyway,  so  all  I  attempt 
is  to  get  on  as  much  ink  as  possible  without 
getting  outside  of  the  outline. 

Next  I  make  the  shade  of  capital  practic- 
ally as  I  proceed  with  the  shaded  strokes  of 
small  letters,  for  I  find  it  much  easier  to 
work  out  from  the  center  of  a  shade  than 
to  ink  in  from  the  pencilled  outline.  You 
can  secure  smoother  work  and  more  uni- 
form shades.  After  this  I  take  a  lTOGillbtt's 
that  has   been    used    for  several  days   and 


practicing  these  lessons  that  you  do  not 
waste  time  copying— take  a  word  and  pre- 
pare it,  using  a  different  capital  entirely, 
and  keeping  in  mind  only  generality. 

Any  questions  will  be  cheerfully  answer- 
ed or  criticisms  given.  Next  month  some- 
thing a  little  more  elaborate  will  be  pre- 
sented. 


MILLS'S  Correspondence 

School  of  Penmanship 

Is  conceded   by  the  leading 

penmen  of  this  country  to  be 

ugh  school  of 


ts  kind. 


betl 


thing    tha 


send 


Free.  Solid  gold,  diamond- 
set  Medal,  to  users  of  the 
Myograph.       You  can  get  it. 

Write  for  circular.     Auto  Pen  and  Ink  Mfg. 

Co.,  Chicago. 


^Uvc  fi  vu j  utc^CcUtotLW r   & 


-r-<Z*J\ 


fr^^u 


Publications 

Received 


"Clark's     Tangible     Shorthand      Self-  In- 
struct, ir."      by     Frank     Chadwick      Clark, 

Springfield,  Mo.,  price  $2.0(1.  is  the  title  of  a 
new.  large  work  on  shorthand.  "Ninety 
and  Nine"  may  be  said  to  be  the  watch- 
word, as  it  has  but  ninety  characters  and 
nine  rules,  with  "  no  word  signs,  abbrevia- 
tions,contractions  or  positions  save  natural 
contractions  used  in  speech." 

The   plan   of    the    work  is   unlike   any  «"» 
have  ever  seen,  beiti£ 


have  ever  seen,  being  not  only  a  text  book, 
but  a  copy  or  writing  book  as  well,  as  more 
space  is  allowed  for  the  writing  of  short- 
hand than  for  the  text.  The  book  is  sub- 
stantially bound,  but  gives  one  the  impres- 
sion of  hurried  compilation  and  printing. 
Those  interested  in  shorthand,  especially 
the  latest,  will  do  well  to  give  the  book 
attention. 

"Webster's  New  Standard  Dictionary," 
by  Laird  &  Lee,  Chicago,  is  the  title  of  a 
new  compact  dictionary  of  seven  hundred 
and  thirty-eight  pages,  n  x  734  inches  in 
size,  intended  for  popular,  practical,  every- 
day use.  As  such  it  impresses  us  as  being 
about  as  perfect  as  such  a  book  can  be 
made.  The  margins  are  surprisingly  wide, 
the  type  delightfully  plain,  and  the  illus- 
trations numerous,  high-grade  and  timely. 
Brevity  and  accuracy  seem  to  have  been 
the  tilings  aimed  at"  and  attained.  It  is 
issueil  in  library  edition,  half  leather,  gold 
stamped  in  two  inks,  stained  edges,  at  $2.50, 
and  a  school  edition,  silk  cloth,  stamped  in 
two  inks,  stained  edges,  at  $1  ."ill.  Both 
editions  are  thum-indexed. 

"  Hugo's  Spanish  Simplified"  for  sale  by 
Isaac  Pitman  &  Son.  Number  31  Union 
Square,  X  Y.  City,  is  a  substantially  bound 
book  of  two  hundred  and  twenty-  pages,  the 
price  of  which  is  but  $1.00.  The  content-,  i- 
divided  in  four  sections.  Section  one,  is 
Simple  but  Complete  Grammar.  Section 
two.  Spanish  Rending  Made  Easy-.  Section 
three.  Spanish  Conversation.  Section  four, 
A  Key  to  the  Exercises  in  the  Grammar. 


The  book  appears  to  be  practical,  and 
those  interested  in  this  language  will  do 
well  to  investigate  the  same. 

"The  Crucifixion"  bv  S.  X.  Falder,  pub- 
lished by  The  Pen  Art  Publishers,  St. 
Louis,  Missouri,  price  $1.00,  printed  on 
enameled  paper,  with  cream  tinted  back- 
ground, is  the  title  of  one  of  the  most  elab- 
orate and  delicately-  executed  pen  drawings 
yve  have  ever  seen,  representing  no  little 
amount  of  time,  talent  and  skill. 

It  has  every  appearance  of  a  fine  etching, 
the  work  having  been  done  so  tine  and  re- 
duced so  much  by  reproduction  that  it  has 
every  appearance  of  having  been  etched  or 
painted. 

Any  one  interested  in  fine  pen  drawing 
or  in  the  subject  would  certainly  be  more 
than  pleased  with  the  picture. 

"The  Patton  Method"  of  touch  typewrit- 
ing, by  t.  W.  Patton,  number  119  \V.  132nd 
St..  X.  Y.  City,  thirty-five  pages,  price 
twenty  rive  cents.  The  yvork  is  intended 
for  public  school  or  business  college  use. 
It  is  not  intended  to  supersede  larger  works 
upon  the  market,  but  is  intended  to  be  used 
in  connection  with  the  same. 

It  is  not  a  self  instructor  in  touch  type- 
writing, but  an  aid  to  the  teacher  and  pupil. 
The  gradation  seems  to  be  excellent,  be- 
ginning as  it  does  with  verv  simple  words 
and  ending  with  tabulated  work. 

"Words,"  their  spelling,  pronunciation, 
definition  and  application,  compiled  by 
Rupert  P.  SoRelle.  formerly-  director  of 
Commerce  Armour  Institute  of  Technology 
and  Charles  W.  Kitt,  Vice-President  of 
Gregg  School.  Chicago,  published  bv  the 
Gregg  Publishing  Co.,  Chicago,  111. 

The  book  is  substantially  bound  in  flexi- 
ble cloth  cover,  with  one  hundred  and 
twenty  eight  pages,  price  twenty-five  cents. 
It  contains  sixty  lessons  of  twenty-five 
words  each.  On  the  left-hand  page  iii  the 
first  column  the  word  is  presented:  in  the 
second  column  the  pronunciation  is  indi- 
cated, and  on  the  right-hand  side  of  the 
left-hand  page  the  definition  is  given.  On 
the  right-hand  page,  on  a  line  with  the 
word  on  the  left-hand  page  the  correct 
use  of  the  word  is   indicated. 

Two  of  the  one  hundred  and  twentv  eight 
pages  are  devoted  to  "Rules  for  spelling 
and  guide  to   pronunciation." 

The  book  appeals  to  us  as  being  just  right. 
If  it  does  not  enjoy  a  tremendous  sale" we 
shall   be  surprised. 


"Modern  Commercial  Penmanship' 
published  bv  the  Commercial  Text  Book 
Co.,  Des  Moines  la.,  is  the  title  of  a  blue 
backed,  cloth-board  covered  book  of  one 
hundred  and  twentv  eight  pages,  nearly 
4x9  inches  in  size,  filled  chock-full  from 
cover  to  cover  with  instructions  and  copies 
in  penmanship  for  students  in  commercial 
or  public  schools,  academies,  colleges,  and 
home  learners.  The  copies  are  graded  with 
more  than  usual  care,  and  executed  with 
marvelous  skill,  presenting  to  the  pupil 
models,  which,  for  elegance  and  practica- 
bility-, have  never  been  excelled.  The 
instructions  areto  the  point  and  thoroughly 
practical.  It  is  a  pleasure  to  examine 
and  review  a  publication  of  this  character, 
as  it  is  an  e\-idence  of  brains  as  well  as  of 
skill. 

A  Treatise  on  stocks  and  bonds,  J.  D. 
Alexander,  Fremont.  Ohio.  This  booklet  of 
thirtv-eight  pages  presents  a  concise  treat- 
ment of  this  important  subject  in  business 
arithmetic.  After  careful  consideration  of 
the  principles  involved,  and  detailed  in- 
struction about  the  terms  used,  the  author 
gives  the  solution  of  a  variety-  of  problems 
illustrating  the  various  phases  of  the  sub 
ject.  Fortv  problems— many  of  them  being 
the  involved  problems  that  some  of  us  have 
"  plugged"  over  in  Rav's  complete  Arith- 
metic—are  thus  worked  "out  fully.  Then  an 
excellent  collection  of  one  hundred  sixteen 
practical  problems  are  presented  for  the 
student  to  solve.  The  answers  aregiyenin 
the  back  of  the  pamphlet.  This  would 
prove  a  verv  helpful  manual  in  the  hands 
of  the  students  of  advanced  commercial 
arithmetic,  in  any  school. 


CARD  WRITER 

Will  give  Krce  50no 


Colored  Cards, 
Cards   black  ink,  15 
Melted.    Lessons   hy 


Ills.  SAMPLE 

cards  in  wn 
fine  samples  fi-e 

hite  ink,  2(1  cte.  per  doz. 


ets. 


c'lrde 


!  order 
White 


SENU    Mil;  rlUITI,  Alts 


i 

«  The   Public  School  System 

!  Ben  Pitman  PfiopM 


E.   C     MILLS 

Script  Specialist  and  Engraver 
1 95  Grand  Ave.,  Rochester.  N.  Y. 
Script  illustrations  are 
educational  for  works  on 
Bookkeeping.  Business- Prac- 
tice. Correspondence,  Copy 
Mips.  etc.  I  make  a  special!  v 
of  furnishing  THE  BEST 
script  plates  for  these 
purposes 


has  been  adopted  in  the     J* 
Elementary  and  High  Schools 

r>^  of 'W 

GREATER  NEW  YORK, 

PHILADELPHIA      «,       «, 

BOSTON,    ST.  LOUIS,    c, 


p  and  fifty  other  American  cities. 

WHY? 

jj  » 

l!  You    will    know    if  you                          t 

B  send  for   information  to                           i 

I  : 

(  THE  PHONOGRAPHIC  INSTITUTE  CO.,     ! 

I! 

„  Cincinnati.                                            « 

5  ' 

I,  Benn  Pitman,  President.                                                                                    J 

I  Jerome  B.  Howard.  Manager.                                                                          * 

R  I 


&\%v&hibhtwbj&d**>&&£>Qir   <$> 


r~^7\^ 


News  Notes 

and  Notices. 


Hum 


/ollege,  Tampa, 
Fla.,  I..  M.  Hatton,  President,  had  a  regular 
attendance  during  the  past  summer  of 
ninety-seven  pupils.  The  city  of  Tampa  is 
growing  remarkably,  and  the  Board  of 
Trade  of  that  place  has  issued  a  circular 
giving  facts  to  show  that  Tampa  is  growing 
faster  than  any  other  city  in  America. 

Mr.  Hatton  is  evidently  securing  his  share 
of  this  unprecedented  prosperity. 

Mr.  John  Alfred  White,  principal  of  the 
commercial  department  of  the  Moline,  111., 
High  School,  recently  gave  us  a  pleasant 
call  while  on  his  tour  in  the  Central  States 
in  the  interests  of  the  Practical  Text  Book 
Co..  Cleveland,  O. 

Mr.  White,  though  engaged  in  public 
school  commercial  work,  seems  to  he  pos- 
sessed with  about  the  same  amount  of 
hustle  that  is  characteristic  of  our  business 
college  brethren.  Would  that  we  might  say 
the  same  of  all  engaged  in  public  school 
commercial  work.  Somehow  there  is  a  ten- 
dency on  the  part  of  a  good  many  of  our 
public  school  men  to  become  localized  to 
such  an  extent  that  they  are  rarely  ever 
heard  of  outside  the  circle  of  their  own  com- 
munities. 

A  recent  cordial  letter  from  Daniel  T. 
Ames,  San  Francisco,  Calif.,  the  widely 
known  penman,  publisher  and  handwrit- 
ing expert,  acquainted  us  with  the  fact  that 
he  had  been  sick  for  upwards  of  a  year,  a 
portion  of  the  time  in  the  hospital,  but  that 
he  was  slowly  regaining  his  health,  and 
hoped  ere  long  to  mingle  with  the  profes- 
sion again. 

We  also  noticed  from  a  circular  inclosed 
that  he  had  issued  a  new  edition  at  reduced 
prices  of  Ames'  Book  on  "Forgery,  its 
detection  and  illustration."  A  cloth  bound 
copy  of  the  book  can  now  be  secured  for  but 
$1.25,  and  one  bound  in  full  sheep  for  $1.75, 
the  former  price  being  $2.50  and  $3.00.  At 
these  prices  every  penman  ought  to  have 
the  book. 

Mr.  Ames  conducted  the  Penman's  Art 
Journal  for  many  years,  and  for  a  third  of 
a  century  has  been  an  authority  upon  mat- 
ters   relating    to    questioned    handwriting. 

Mr.  L.  V.  Peterson,  of  Stanton,  la.,  has 
been  engaged  as  commercial  teacher  and 
penman  in  the  Tri  State  Business  College, 
Steubenville,  Ohio. 

Mr.  W.  M.  Higdon,  a  recent  Zanerian  grad- 
uate, of  Manor,  Wash.,  has  been  employed 
as  teacher  of  penmanship  in  the  Boise, 
Idaho,  Business  and  Shorthand  College. 

Miss  Elizabeth  Faint,  supervisor  of  writ- 
ing and  drawing  at  Salem,  Ind.,  has  been 
elected  to  the  same  position  with  increased 
pay  at  Wabpeton,  N.  Dakota. 

W.  A.  Thompson,  the  wide  awake  show- 
card  man  .if  Pontiac,  Mich.,  favors  us  fre- 
.  I  mill  I  y  with  circulars  enclosing  his  special- 
ties, always  gotten  up  in  an  attractive 
manner. 

Mr.  J.  F.  Siple,  Cincinnati,  Ohio,  is  now 
teacher  of  penmanship  in  the  National 
Business  College  at  Quincy,  111. 

From  the  catalogue  received  from  the 
Franklin,  Ky.,  Female  College,  we  learn 
that  Miss  Maude  M.  Blair  has  been  appoint- 
ed principal  of  the  Primary  Department. 
We  .in-  acquainted  with  the  lady,  and  she 
is  one  of  the  most  conscientious  and  capa- 
ble of  teachers,  as  well  as  a  penman  whose 
skill  in  penmanship  is  equaled  by  few  and 
excelled  only  by  her  supreme  modesty. 

lilies  College  of  this  city  is  issuing  an 
eighl  page  circular  containing  portraits, 
names,  and  addresses  of  students  of  that 
institution  holding  positions,  the  character 
and  number  of  which  must  necessarily 
create  a  favorable  opinion  of  the  work  and 
worth  of  that  institution. 

W.  A.  Baldwin,  Pasadena,  Calif.,  the  well 
known  teacher  and  penman,  favored  us 
with  the  photo  of  a  floral  arch  in  that  city 


erected  in  honor  of  President  Roosevelt. 
The  arch  alone  contained  ten  thousand 
lilies,  being  one  of  the  most  elaborate  things 
of  the  kind  we  have  ever  seen 

Mr.  C.  B  Munson,  of  the  Brazil,  Ind.,  Busi- 
ness University,  took  upon  himself  a  wife 
in  the  person  of  Miss  Grace  Macbeth  of  that 
citv.  on  Wednesday,  August  12.1903.  Their 
honeymoon  was  spent  on  the  Great  Lakes. 
Congratulations  and  best  wishes  for  their 
health,  happiness,  and  prosperity. 

"  Inspiration  "  is  the  title  of  a  uniquely  de- 
signed and  printed  envelope-size  circular 
by  M.  A.  Albin,  Minneapolis,  Minn.,  penman 
in  the  Metropolitan  Business  College,  being 
also  the  title  of  a  new  book  in  process  of 
publication,  of  which  the  circular  is  an 
advertisement. 

The  book  is  an  unique  one,  being  unlike 
anything  else  ever  issued,  and  containing 
some  of  the  verv  finest  work  ever  produced, 
containing  as  it  does  the  best  work  from 
such  well  known  penmen  as  Blanchard, 
Lampman,  Lehman,  Leamy,  Madarasz,  and 
others. 

The  price  of  the  book  is  $5.00,  and  as  there 
will  be  but  three  hundred  offered  to  the 
public  those  who  wish  to  get  this  magnifi- 
cent book  will  do  well  to  write  the  author 
without  delay,  and  where  is  the  penman 
who  will  not  want  it? 

Under  the  heading  of  "  The  Student "  Mr. 
J.  F.  Fish,  Principal  of  the  Northwestern 
Business  College,  Chicago,  111.,  contributed 
a  well  written  article  to  "  The  office  World  " 
under  date  of  August,  1903. 

Commercial  and  Shorthand  Departments 
of  the  Missouri  Wesleyan  College,  Cameron, 
Mo.,  has  been  placed  in  charge  of  M.  B. 
Wallace,  the  well  and  widely  known  pen- 
man and  commercial  teacher.  A  card  from 
his  pen  is  among  the  best  received  at  this 
office  for  many  a  day. 

Mr.  C.  W.  Ransom,  of  Sedalia,  Mo.,  writes 
that  he  succeeded  in  winning  the  first  prize 
for  the  best  display  of  penmanship  at  the 
Missouri  State  Fair,  held  August  17- 24th, 
'03.  Congratulations,  brother!  He  also 
states  that  we  may  expect  a  good  clubbing 
from   his  hands  this  year. 

From  the  Geneva,  U.,  Free-Press  Times,  Mon- 
day, May  18,  1903,  we  learn  that  there  is  good 
prospects  of  Mr.  Carnegie  contributing  liberally 
toward  the  Piatt  R.  Spencer  memorial  library 
building,  which  is  hoped  will  he  erected  in  the 
near  future.  The  contribution  from  penmen 
will  be  considered  seriously  at  Cincinnati  next, 
holidays  if  not  before.  This  project  should  not 
be  allowed  to  linger  much  longer  but  should  be 
realized  in  the  form  of  a  handsome  library  build- 
ing, a  fitting  tribute  to  the  labors  and  life  of  one 
whom  we  all  esteem,  not  only  for  the  influence 
that  he  has  exerted  on  the  penmanship  world, 
but  for  his  own  character  as  well. 

Commencing  September,  the  Isaac  Pitman 
Shorthand  was  introduced  into  the  Brooklyn 
(N.  Y.)  Commercial  High  School.  It  is  interest- 
ing to  know  that  this  was  one  of  the  first  schools 
in  this  country  to  introduce  shorthand  into  its 
curriculum,  and  it  has  at  the  present  time  a 
larger  number  of  shorthand  students  than  any 
similar  institution  in  the  United  States.  Other 
well  known  schools  introducing  this  system  the 
coming  Fall  are:  New  York  Evening  High 
School  for  Men;  Newark  (N.  J.)  High  School; 
Hoboken  (N.  J.I  High  School;  Jamaica  (L.  I.) 
High  School,  etc. 

Mr.  M.  W  Cassmore,  who  has  been  located  with 
the  Richmond,  Ind..  Business  College,  is  now  lo- 
cated with  the  Wilson  School  of  Seattle,  Wash. 
Mr.  Wilson  has  secured  a  thoroughly  progressive 
teacher,  and  Mr.  Cassmore  has  selected  a  splendid 
school. 

Mr.  W.  LeRoy  Brown,  who  has  been  with  the 
Zanerian  for  some  time,  is  now  located  with  the 
Spenccrian  of  Cleveland,  O. 

J.  D.  Carter  is  now  teaching  penmanship  in 
the  Hutchinson,  Kans.,  Business  College. 

I,.  F.  Noble,  of  Wheeling,  W.  Va  ,  is  now  prin- 
cipal of  the  Lanier  Southern  Business  College, 
Macon,  Ga. 

Mr.  P.  O.  Peterson,  formerly  of  McKeesport, 
Pa.,  has  opened  the  Peterson  Business  College  at 
Scottdale,  Pa  ,  and  has  issued  a  very  nice  cata- 
logue advertising  the  institution.  We  extend 
our  best  wishes  to  the  new  school  and  its  proprie- 
tor, whom  we  know  to  be  a  worthy  and  capable 
young  man. 

Mr.  A.  McMichael.  the  penman  and  artist  of 
Lexington,  Ky.,  has  joined  the  army  of  benedicts, 


having  married  on  June  30th,  Miss  Ella  Thomp- 
son, of  Versailles,  Ky.  Our  congratulations  are 
hereby  extended,  and  best  wishes  for  happiness 
and  prosperity. 


OF  PENMANSHIP 

Fresh  from  the  pen  with  each  of  my 
artistic  little  booklets  containing  In- 
spiration for  Penmen.      J*      J*      •** 

2SC  CENTS   STAMPS   OR   SILVER 


ADDRESS         

M.  A.    ALBIN 
METROPOLITAN   COLLEGE 

MINNEAPOLIS,   MINN. 


FINEST    SUPPLIES 

^-^For  Penmen  and  Artists^= 


CARDS  INK.  PAPER,  ETC 
On  poods  listed  below  we  pay  postage  on 
those  that  go  by  mail  and  purchaser  pays 
carriage  charges  on  those  that  go  by  express 
or  freight.  Of  course  the  cheapest  way  is  to 
erder  in  fair  sized  quantities  and  have  them 
go  by  freight. 

Blank  Cards— White  bristol  with  finest 
surface  for  fine  penmanship 

100  by  mail  postpaid... 28c 

600  by  express 75c 

1000  by  express.   $1.35 

Black  Cards— Best  made  for  white  ink. 

100  by  mail  postpaid 28c 

500  by  express 75c 

1000  by  express .$1.35 

White  Cardbeard-Wedding  Bristol  for 
fine  pen  work.    Sheets  are  22x28. 

6  sheets  by  express. $  .60 

12  sheets  by  express 1.00 

2  sheets  by  mail  postpaid 50 

White    Cardb*ard— With    hard    finish, 

much  like  ledger  paper.     Sheets  are 

20^  x  23. 

6  sheets  by  express . $  .40 

12  sheets  by  express  _. 70 

3  sheets  by  mail,  postpaid 50 

Black  Cardboard- Finest  for  white  ink. 

Sheets  are  22x28 

6  sheets  by  express.   $  .50 

12  sheets  by  express .75 

2  sheets  by  mail,  postpaid .50 

Wedding  Paper— Finest  for  penmanship 

or  drawing.    Sheets  are  21  x  33. 

6  sheets  by  express $  .50 

12  sheets  by  express .70 

3  sheets  by  mail,  postpaid 50 

Zanerian  India  Ink— A  fine  drawing  ink 
and  best  for  preparing  script  and 
drawings  for  photo-engraving. 

1  bottle  by  mail,  postpaid $  .30 

1  dozen  bottles  by  express 2.00 

Arnold's  Japan  Ink 

Nearly  V2  pint  bottle  by  mail,  post- 
paid     40c 

1  pint  by  expresB 45c 

1  quart  by  express  .  _ 75c 

White  Ink-Very  fine. 

1  bottle  by  mail,  postpaid $  .25 

12  bottles  by  express . 1.85 

Writing  Paper— Finest  12  lb.  paper 
made.      960  sheets    per    ream,   ruling 

wide  and  faint.     1  ream  by  express $2.26 

Writing  Paper— Same  quality  as  above 
mentioned  but    10   lb.  per   ream.      1 

ream  by  express $2.00 

Practice  Paper— Best  for  the  money  to 

be  had.     1  ream  by  express  .$1.50 

Send  stamp  for  samples  of  paper. 
Envelopes--100  fine  blue  by  mail,  post- 
paid  -.-  - 40c 

"            100  fine  white  by  mail,  post- 
paid   - -  40c 

"  1000  either  kind  by  express  $1.50 

Address,  ZANER   It    BL0SER.  Colnmbus,  0. 


>*/lvc  fJcu/utc^CcUvccvlcr    £*> 


Modern  Commercial  Penmanship. 


MODERN  //V  EVERY   RESPECT. 


JJJ  K  take  pleasure  in  announcing  that  we  have  just  placed  upon  the  market  a  book  on  penmanship,  designed  to  meet  the  re- 
**^  quirenients  of  schools  wishing  to  teach  a  plain,  rapid,  medium-slant  style  of  writing.  The  plan  of  the  book  is  unique.  It 
contains  sixty  lessons  —  three  months'  work  —  twelve  weeks  of  five  lessons  each. 

The  copies  are  on  the  right  hand  pages,  and  the  instruction  on  the  left.  The  book  is  bound  at  the  end  to  open  flat.  The  copies 
were  written  by  the  most  expert  business  writer  in  the  United  States,  and  the  instruction  was  prepared  by  four  experienced  teach, 
ers,  working  together. 

There  is  something  in  the  copies  and  instruction  to  inspire  the  student  and  to  make  the  work  of  the  teacher  easy. 

The  book  is  handsomely  bound  in  blue  or  red  cloth  and  stamped  in  gold. 

It  retails  for  50  cents  ;  sample  copies  to  teachers  for  examination,  25  cents. 

There  are  several  inferior  books  on  the  market  at  $2.00. 

Put  this  book  into  your  classes  and  revolutionize  the  penmanship  work. 


OTIHZEIR,    GOOD     BOOKS. 


DO  NOT  FORGET  THAT  WE  PUBLISH 
Modern  Commercial    Bookkeeping, 
Modern   Commercial  Banking, 
Williams'  Commercial  Law, 
Williams'  English  Grammar, 


The  New  Business  Speller, 

The  New  Business  Correspondence, 

Clark's  Graham-Pltmanlc  Shorthand, 

The  Complete  Guide  to  Touch  Typewriting, 

Yours  Truly,  a  Practical  Dictation  Manual. 


And  do  not  forget  that  we  carry  a  full  line  of  Blank  Books,  Practice  Paper,  Typewriter  Paper,  Pens,  and 
other  Commercial  College  Supplies.    Correspondence  with  teachers  and  school  proprietors  is  invited. 


THE  COMMERCIAL   TEXT  BOOK  CO.,  DES  MOINES,  IOWA. 


Lettering  and  Designing 

number  Cwciity-iour 

BY  E.   L.   BROWN,   ROCKLAND,   MAINE. 


HoU  OUCHT  TO  HAVE  IT 

<  multiplication,  fractions  ai 
\     velous  work,  only  10c.    Lightning  C 

<  Dept.  11,  Everett  St;  '" 


\    WAN! 
i    branch 


.       (TED-  Teachers  and    Manager    f  o  : 
branch  Colleges.     Good  Salaries.     Address 
UKAUuHOVs  PHACTiCAL  Bus. COLLEGS 
-Nashville,  Tinn. 


zA 


This  design  is  given  as  a  study  in  decora- 
tive pen  art  as  applied  to  commercial  work. 
It  will  not  be  necessary  to  copy  this  design 
exactly  in  order  to  derive  the  most  benefic- 
ial results.  The  symbols  and  scroll  work 
shown  in  the  copy  may  be  readily  adapted 
to  other  designs.  For  instance,  we  will  sug- 
gest that  the  border  around  the  industrial 
scene  be  made  in  the  form  of  a  circle,  and 
in  the  place  of  the  harbor  scene,  some  strong 
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{Office  Traint?ig,  emit.  from,  page  16. .) 

6.  Fixed  prices  may  be  used,  and 
different  price-lists  given  to  different 
students;  or  quotations,  taken  from 
market  bulletins  or  daily  papers,  may 
be  announced  from  day  to  day.  The 
following  illustrates  a  convenient 
form  of  price-list,  and  gives  an 
assortment  of  commodities  for  prac- 
tice work  in  the  grocery  business : 
(Fig.  2.) 

STATIONERY 

7.  In  order  to  carry  out  the  in- 
structions for  transactions  to  be 
outlined,  the  following  stationery 
should  be  provided: 


(a)  For  students  and  mercantile 
offices;  pass  books,  check  books, 
deposit  slips,  order  books,  bill  heads, 
order  blanks,  credit  bills,  freight 
receipts,  express  receipts,  drafts, 
notes,  receipts,  coupon  bonds,  ship- 
ping invoices,  account  sales. 

(b)  For  the  bank:  bank  drafts, 
certificates  of  deposit,  cashier's 
checks,  discount  slips,  notices  of 
notes  due. 

(c)  For  the  real  estate  and  insur- 
ance office:  deeds,  real  estate  mort- 
gages, chattel  mortgages,  releases, 
leases,  insurance  policies,  insurance 
reports. 

(d)  For  freight  office :  expense 
bills,  way  bills,  C.  O.  D.  envelopes, 
correction  sheets. 


8.  Some  business  rules  should 
govern  the  offices  : 

(a)  Freight  is  not  prepaid,  as  a 
rule,  in  shipping  goods  unless  re- 
quested by  customer. 

(b)  Unless  special  arrangement  is 
made  to  the  contrary,  freight  prepaid 
by  the  House  is  added  to  the  bill  and 
charged  to  the  customer. 

(r)  Unless  terms  are  "cash,"  "  C. 
O.  D."  or,  by  special  arrangement, 
simply  "on  account"  or  "note,"  the 
goods  are  billed  on  the  regular  terms 
of  the  House,  such  as  "2  10-n  30." 

(d)  Cash  discounts,  as  a  rule,  are 
allowed  only  when  full  payments  are 
made  within  cash  time-limit  ;  if 
granted  on  part payment  it  is  generally 
figured  on  the  amount  paid.  In 
school  work,  allow  discount  on  part 
payments,  computing  same  according 
to  correct  mathematical  principles. 

(e)  Interest  is  charged  on  bills 
after  net  time-limit. 

(f)  Full  description  of  goods  is 
given  in  billing  so  as  to  be  able  to 
duplicate  orders  at  a  future  time,  and 
also  to  show,  in  case  of  misunder- 
standing, the  kind  and  quality  of 
goods  shipped. 

(g)  Due  dates  of  notes  are  scrupu- 
lously watched,  and  paper  protested, 
unless  protest  is  waived  by  endorsers. 
[Transactions  to  be  given  in  next 
issue.] 


^Ke  ^tUlrvc^  £d^c**tor   <**> 


{Mathematics  continued  from  page  12.) 
The  value  of  geometry  is  measured 
to  an  unusual  degree  in  terms  of  the 
teacher.  His  insistence  on  rigid  dem- 
onstration and  clear  statement,  espec- 
ially in  oral  work,  and  on  neat,  accu- 
rate, effective  figures;  his  method 
and  expression  before  the  class;  his 
choice  of  original  exercises  for  as- 
signment at  every  stage  of  the  work; 
his  methods  of  review;  measure  the 
value  of  geometry  to  discipline  the 
mind,  to  arouse  interest,  to  inculcate 
habits  of  neatness,  order,  diligence, 
and  honesty. 

HIGHER  .MATHEMATICS. 

The  final  year  should  offer  oppor- 
tunities for  "advanced  elective  work, 
consisting  possibly  of  trigonometry, 
or  of  problems  relating  to  heat,  light, 
and  power,— with  which  many  busi- 
ness men  need  familiarity,— but  pref- 
erably of  descriptive  geometry.  From 
experience  with  classes  in  this  latter 
subject,  I  regard  it  as  the  most  at- 
tractive subject  matter  mathematics 
has  to  offer.  As  a  theoretical  subject 
it  has  no  mathematical  equal  in 
arousing  general  class  interest,  while 
it  develops  a  high  degree  of  mind 
power.  Its  applications  in  practice, 
also,  cover  an  exceedingly  broad  and 
interesting  field.  The  Committee  of 
Ten,  speaking  of  Projective  geometry, 
which  includes  Descriptive,  says: 
"It  is  astonishing  that  this  subject 
should  be  so  generally  ignored,  for 
mathematics  offers  nothing  more  at- 
tractive. It  possesses  the  concrete- 
ness  of  the  ancient  geometry  without 
the  tedious  particularity,  and  the 
power  of  the   analytical  without   the 


reckoning,  and  by  the  beauty  of  its 
ideas  and  methods,  illustrates  the 
aesthetic  quality  which  is  the  charm 
of  the  higher  mathematics,  but  which 
the  elementary  mathematics  in  gen- 
eral lacks." 

Although  little  has  been  said  di- 
rectly, enough  has  been  suggested  to 
show  the  natural  order  of  the  sub- 
jects. Details  of  exact  order  and  of 
number  of  recitations  must  depend 
on  the  other  courses  of  the  school 
with  which  the  mathematical  work 
must  be  properly  coordinated.  It  is 
safe  to  add,  however,  that  in  a  time 
no  greater  than,  and  more  probably 
less  than,  the  average  period  devoted 
to  the  other  major  subjects,  mathe- 
matics may  claim,  if  properly  treated, 
at  least  equal  weight  with  these  in 
progressively  expanding  the  interests 
and  powers  of  the  pupil,  in  training 
him  to  think  clearly,  to  plan,  to  organ- 
ize, to  see  relations;  in  developing  the 
broad,  active  man  of  affairs. 

But  this  requires  the  right  man 
behind  the  mathematics!  "  It  would 
be  a  good  thing,"  reads  a  rule  of  the 
Franke  Institute,  laid  down  two  cen- 
turies ago  for  the  guidance  of  teach- 
ers, "  if  the  teacher  would  himself 
work  through  the  book,  so  that  he 
could  help  the  children."  It  would 
be  a  good  thing  to-day  if  the  teacher 
would  read  deeply  in  the  living  book 
of  his  subject,  in  the  book  also  of 
business  life  and  activity.  A  broad 
man,  he  should  understand  the  pur- 
pose and  principles  of  the  other  sub- 
jects of  the  curriculum  drawing  in- 
spiration and  illustration  from  them, 
yet  be  ever  sharpened  to  a  mathe- 
matical point. 


I  Practical  Writing  cont.  from  pageJ2.) 
When  at  its  best,  it  is  incapable  of 
meeting  the  demands  that  are  made 
upon  it  in  the  business  world,  so  we 
should  endeavor  to  bring  it  up  to  the 
highest  possible  standard  of  practi- 
cabilitv. 

The  average  American,  when  given 
a  new  job,  has  the  happy  faculty  of 
finding,  in  a  very  short  time,  the  easy 
way  of  doing  his  work.  Our  insur- 
ance clerks,  railroad  clerks,  copyists 
in  our  public  offices,  and  bookkeepers, 
are  the  ones  who  do  most  of  our 
practical  writing.  They  are  largely 
made  up  of  Americans,  and  have 
found  the  easy  way  of  doing  it.  In 
looking  over  their  work,  we  find  that 
they  have  simplified  their  capitals, 
some  of  them  to  the  extreme,  that 
thev  have  shortened  and  done  away 
with  some  of  the  loops,  and  that  they 
omitted  a  great  many  of  the  initial  and 
finishing  strokes  on  the  small  letters. 

This  is  a  practical  age,  and  we 
must  have  practical  things,  not  in 
name  only,  but  in  realitv. 

T.  B.  Bridges. 


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will  rest  on  a  foundation  that  goes  down  fifty  feet  beneath  the  surface  of  the  ground,  to  solid  rock.  That  is  in- 
dicative of  the  sound  foundation  that  ought  to  be  laid  in  the  theory  of  accounts,  in  the  teaching  of  bookkeeping. 
As  well  permit  the  builders  to  erect  part  of  the  steel  frame  and  begin  on  the  ornamental  "veneer"  before  com- 
pleting the  foundation,  as  to  put  a  student  to  playing  with  business  papers  before  being  firmly  grounded  in  Hie 
elements  of  theoretical  bookkeeping.  Good  teachers  recognize  this  everywhere.  Indeed,  most  of  them  naturally 
supplement  the  defective  actual-business-from-the-start  systems  by  theory  work  of  their  own  extemporizing. 
The  position  we  take,  that  theory  should  precede  practice,  is  so  well  recognized  even  by  the  publishers  of  some 
of  the  actual-business-from-the-start  systems  that  they  do  not  use  these  systems  in  the  schools  they  conduct; 
instead,  thev  follow  the  method  that  fifty  years  of  experimenting  and  successful  teaching  has  proved  to  be  best 
adapted  to  the  teaching  of  bookkeeping  and  business  practice  ;  namely,  theory  first,  and  practice  afterward. 

But  the  pendulum  is  swinging  rapidly  back.  While  we  expected  a  great  deal  in  the  way  of  reform  this  year, 
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Auto  Pen  and  Ink  Mfg.  Co.,  Chicago. 


Cash  For   Manuscripts 

THE  PRACTICAL  AGE  will  buy  a  lot  ot 
manuscripts  from  some  one— maybe 
from  you.  Short  stories,  essays,  sketches, 
reviews,  will  be  among  the  available  mate- 
rial. But  comparatively  few  writers— partic- 
ularly young  writers— combine  purposeful 
and  earnest  work  with  technical  literary 
skill,  true  conception,  and  a  faultless  analy- 
zation  of  men  and  affairs  Herein  is  where 
we  help  you.  Although  it  is  difficult  to  get 
the  average  young  writer,  or  for  that  mat- 
ter, many  an  older  one,  to  see  his  or  her 
mistakes,  the  mistakes  generally  abound. 
The  same  mistake  which  caused  the  rejection 
of  a  Ms.  last  week  is  inserted  into  a  new 
article,  causing  its  rejection  this  week. 
This  is  the  fault  of  loose  observation,  inex- 
perience, or  a  feverish  desire  to  dash  off 
masterpieces  in  an  hour. 

THE  PRACTICAL  AGE  BUREAU  of 
Literary  Criticism  can  serve  you  in  this 
respect*    Read  carefully  the  claims : 

Itirat.  We  place  no  Mss.,  except  those 
that,  after  criticism,  in  the  opinion  of  our 
editors,  are  available  to  the  needs  of  the 
PRACTICAL  AGE.  For  such  Mss.  we  state 
that  we  will  pay  in  cash,  and  await  the 
author's  acceptance  or  rejection  of  our  offer. 

Second.  We  offer  combined  criticism  and 
suggestion ;  and,  in  the  instance  of  a  salea- 
ble Ms.,  a  list  of  magazines  most  likely  to 
accept.  For  these  services  we  charge  as  fol- 
lows: 

Prose  Msb.  (not  dialect),  first  1,0()0  words,  50  cti.; 
for  each  additional  l.OOO,  or  fraction  thereof  more 
than  1U0,  25  cents.    Thia  must  be  one  article  orstory. 


In  every  instance  the  fee  for  criticism  and  sugges- 
tion must  accompany  each  Ma.;  every  Ma.  must  be 
fully  prepaid  and  ai-eonipanied  by  return  postage 
and  self-addressed  envelope.        ADDRESS, 

LITERARY    BUREAU    PRACTICAL    AGE 

Moline.  Illinois 


THE  POLICY  OF  ABSOLUTE  FAIRNESS 

;s  of  the  Sadler-Rowe  Co.  in  the  sale  of  their  eoinmci    i  il 
eature  of  their  busiuess  methods,  and  has  contril   ited    iu  no    mall 
ale  of  their  books. 
all,   the   same  treatment  for  all,  best  material  and  workmanship  in 


>mptness  in  isonable  prices  foi  everything 

iciples  which  win  every  time. 

APART  FROM  THE  BUSINESS  OF  SELLING  BOOKS 

We  are  co  u  extensive  correspondence  with  teachers  in  schools — public  and  pri\  ate 

rd  to  improving  school  room  methods  and  courses  of  study,  advertising,  securing 

teachers  for  positions,  and  indeed  in  regard  to  all  matters  of  interest  to  those  engagf.I  in 

Whenever  we  can  be  of  service  in  these  directions  correspondence  is  solicited. 

We  have  had  calls  this  fall  for  many  more  teachers  than  we  could  supply.    The  demand 

is  for  teachers  who  are  thoroughly  prepared. 

Next  to  Employing  Good  Teachers  it  is  Necessary  to  Use  the  Best  Text  Books, 
and  THIS  IS  WHERE  OUR  SPECIAL  BUSINESS  COMES  IN. 

The  following  is  a  list  which  you  should  investigate  because  every  one  of  them  is  a 
superior  book.     If  it  were  not  we  would  not  publish  i 


Commercial  and    Industrial    Bookkeeping — Ele- 
mentary, Intermediate  and  Complete  courses; 
select  from. 
Business  Bookkeeping  and  Practice — Elementary, 
ite   and   Complete   courses;      five 

International  Business  Practice — With  or  without 

tunication  for  business  practice  de- 

t-    work    and 

of    Arithmetics — Three  to  select 

Too  well  known  to  require  comment. 

McFarlane's   Commercial   and    Industrial   Qeog- 

ible   work   on    the 
print. 

ial    Imw  —  Has  three  dis- 
:  simplicity  of  subject 


matter,  clearness  in  statement  of  law  prirj 
ciples,  and  illustration  of  law  principles  by 
cases. 

Earnest's  English-Correspondence  A  conden  :i  d, 
concise,  practical  teatise,  exactly  adapted  for 
commercial  students. 

New  Rapid  Shorthand  —  Legible,  rapid,  en--,  to 
teach.  Keep  your  eye  on  this  book ;  it  is 
the  coming  system  of  shorthand. 

Billings'  Synthetic  Shorthand — Graham-Pitn  iani< 
— A  great  improvement  in  method  over  any 
of  its  predecessors. 

New  Method  Speller— The  real  spelling  book  of 
the  century. 

Lister's  Budget  of  Writing  Lessons  That  Teach 
(slant) — Just  what  its  name  indicates. 


STATE  YOUR  WANTS  FULLY.     ADDRESS, 


Baltimore  SADLER-ROWE  COMPANY  Maryland 


BUSMMMrOR 


FOR-    TMOVEMBER, 


%tlll 


B  $ 


iitli 


'  *T  j'XSW'/?£Vtsiwr)  | 


VOL.KNO.m 
WHOLE  NOLW 


ZANER&BLOSER/ 

PUBLISHERS 
COLUMBUS,  OHIO 


lO^ACOPY 
$1  2^  A  YEAR. 


£H^e /du^in?d^  £d^&Gbtor   ££> 


BOLLES'S  MONEY,  BANKING,  AND 
FINANCE. 


By     Albert    S 
Cloth, 


.     Holies.     Ph.    D.,     LL. 
336    Pa^es,    $1.25.  


From  the  press  in  September.  A  very  readable,  interesting,  and  practical  book  for  the  student,  teacher  and  business  man. 
Every  student  of  banking  should  have  it.  Every  teacher  of  the  commercial  branches  needs  it  as  a  book  of  reference 
and  for  lecture  purposes.  It  contains  a  mint  of  information  for  every  business  man.  A  single  copy  will  be  sent  postpaid 
on  receipt  of  the  list  price. 

X^EADIIVG     COMMBRCIAlv    PUBLICATIONS. 

INCLUDING  THE   WELL-KNOWN   WILLIAMS  &  ROGER8  SERIES. 


Modern  Business   Penmanship. 

Modern   Illustrative  Bookkeeping,  (Three  Courses). 

Modern   Illustrative   Banking. 

Office   Routine  and  Bookkeeping.   (Two  Courses). 

Snyder  &  Thurston's  Practical  Bookkeeping. 

New  Complete  Bookkeeping. 

New  Introductive  Bookkeeping. 

First   Lessons  in  Bookkeeping. 

New  Commercial  Law.         Business   Law. 

Test  Questions  in   Commercial   Law. 

Commercial  Arithmetic. 

Business  Arithmetic. 

Mental  Commercial  Arithmetic. 

Piatt's  Pitmanic  Shorthand  Instructor. 

Blank  Books,  Vouchers,  and 


Heffley's   Manual  of  Phonography. 
English-Spanish   Phonography. 
Seventy  Lessons  in  Spelling. 
Test   Lessons  in  Spelling. 
Kutner's  Commercial  German. 
New  Practical  Grammar. 
Curtiss's  High  School  Bookkeeping. 
Business  Correspondence. 
Buehler's   Practical   Exercises  in   English. 
Bolles's  Money,   Banking,  and   Finance. 
Benedict's   English   Punctuation. 
Fitch's  New  Civil  Government. 
Laughlin's   Elements  of  Political   Economy. 
Pen-Written   Copies,  Reproduced. 
Forms  for  the  Bookkeeping  Systems. 


A  FULL   LINE  OF   OUR  COMMERCIAL   PUBLICATIONS  WILL    BE    8HOWN    AT    THE    CONVENTION    OF    THE    NATIONAL    COMMERCIAL 
TEACHERS'   FEDERATION,  CINCINNATI,    DECEMBER  27-31,   1903. 


f:b    complete    descriptive 


v-I-OSTTE,      jS^EErEES 


AMERICAN  BOOK  COMPANY,  Publishers 

NEW  YORK       CINCINNATI       CHICAGO       BOSTON       ATLANTA       SAN  FRANCISCO 


is  intended  for  a  lighted    candle    to    guide     pupils    over  a  dark  but  smooth  road ;    that  they    may    master    the    immediate 
lessons  set  before  them,  before  taking  up  the  next.       It  was  constructed  with  the  following  objects  in  view: 


AS  A  SrllLLtlK  AlSU  UtlrilStln  ,*     are  used  ln  the  sentences  fol- 
lowing them  according:  to  their  meaning-. 

A  *s   A    nffll  I  -Rfif)K    N0T  A  COPY-BOOK;  for  there  are  no  copies  set  save 
^*J   "    t/*»» *-L-mtJ\J\Jl  1    introductory  and  the  pupil  is  required   to  draw   upon 
his  perceptive  and  constructive  faculties  for  the  outline.     Yet  these  lessons  are  arranged  In 
inductive  order  so  that  one  suggest  the  other. 

THF  IN*ZTRIICTICIN  RftfiH    is  a  £ulde  ,0  the  pupu  aDd  not  an  ex~ 

IIIL.   I/VO  f  AUl/  1  IUIV   D\JUi\     hlblt  of  the  system.    The  only  true  way 
of  testing  the  system  is  by  comparison,  and  a  study  of  the  movements ;   so  please  send  the 
composition  you  wish  written  in  the  short-hand  and  we  will  return  the  same  to  you  written 
out  in  Clark's  Tangible,  whether  English  or  some  foreign  language. 

»d     for     Catalogue     and     Terms.       A<X<Xrass, 


FRANK  CHADWICK  CLARK 

323   COLLEGE  ST.,     SPRINGFIELD,   MO. 


I  Cfav-esrCcdusrJ  tz^z*/  72*4^-£t*d<<A4srd \-*ct>*t~££-  £&€Zsnsfa  /z^^tc  fzrr  siw^tVs&sa-rz^sTT^  C&L&.  TBscttU^^cAd  &€&^t>cz&?-r-.  J 


,vi!%e  fJuu*litc^£tUvc^vlcr   <**> 


JktoraalicSliaflmglPEU, 

If  you  arc  a  Bookkeeper,  Draftsman,   Sign  Painter,  or  if  you  arc  interested  in  Plain 
or  Fancy  Lettering,  it  will  pay  you  to    order    one    of   the    Outfits    described    below. 


Artist's  and  Card  Writer's  Outfit: 

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The  above  outfits  are  the  biggest  value  ever  offered  for  the  money.  As  we  were  the  original 
manufacturers  of  the  Shading  Pen,  when  you  order  from  us  you  are  sure  to  get  the  best  goods 
that  money  can  buy.     Send  for  our  new  Price  List. 

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A  POINTER: 


R  E  M  I  N" 

GTO  N 

OPERATORS 

are  wanted  everywhere; 
Other  Operators  only  here 
and  there. 


Remington  Typewriter  Co. 

327     BROADWAY,     NEW     YORK. 


1  CfeCv^rCt^^sr^  a-?z</  72t{~&£t4stusrj  ^c+c&  £faasnsfc.  s^ovc-  /ttt /rrL&n&y(ms<sKso  c^rvc  T^M^t^iJ^iGaU^-cci^-r 


>*>Ke&fcUir*<^£d^<Hfetop   & 


>^ 


ivi:i:imni      ...-^-,  

♦  ;    Li 


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of4€TUAk  BUSINESS 
Crom  /the  start. 


-:->. 


PuMJ#f£D3rrtf.ffl25 


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YJWE  'TNEO^Y/'SEMWHSOIlY 

'jagjMw, 'firm. 


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V'Z-A^^&stryLJsTT^    Cj'rLC  7JLu4>€^l^l4 '  £€£t*sC<v£t?7'_     I 


rJ \%&  f&wbkvisehh  £clu,ctuWr   &> 


Over  50  Percent  Increase 


Over  Cast  Year. 


4 


The  orders  for  Gregg  publications  for  the  September  opening  exceeded  those  of  last  year 
by  over  fifty  percent  —  an  enormous  increase  when  the  previous  popularity  of  our  booKS  is 
considered.  About  half  of  this  additional  business  came  from  schools  adopting  Gregg  Shorthand 
and  Rational  Typewriting  —or  both  —  for  the  first  time;  the  other  half  was  due  to  the  increased 
business  resulting  from  the  use  of  our  publications  in  the  schools  which  had   already  adopted  them. 

Our  New  Books. 

Within  one  week  of  the  publication  of  "Words:  Their  Spelling,  Pronunciation,  Definition 
and  Application,"  we  were  bombarded  with  inquiries  for  exchange  prices  on  almost  every 
known  commercial  speller.  Had  "Words'*  been  issued  three  weeks  earlier,  it  would  undoubtedly 
have  been  adopted  by  hundreds  of  business  colleges  and  high  schools.  This  speller  commends 
itself  to  progressive  teachers  on  sight,  and  we  confidently  predict  that  within  two  years  it  will 
have  as  large  a  sale  as  all  other  commercial  spellers  combined.  This  is  a  bold  statement;  but 
if  you  send  15  cents  for  sample  copy  of  "Words,"  you  will  acknowledge  that  we  have  "reason 
for  the  faith  within  us." 

The  first  letter  received  regarding  "Words"  was  from  Mr.  J.  M.  Martin,  who  has  charge 
of  the  English  Department  of  the  Peoria  (Illinois)  Business  College.     Mr.  Martin  said  : 

"The  plan  of  the  work,  and  the  scholarship  shown  in  the  selection  of 
the  words,  in  the  careful  marking,  and  in  the  apt  definition  of  words,  ap- 
peals to  me  very  strongly.  The  sentences  in  which  the  words  are  used 
correctly  are  of  a  high  order,  and  will  undoubtedly  prove  to  be  very  help- 
ful in  broadening  the  student's  mental  horizon." 

This  is  merelj   a  sample  of  what  we  are  receiving  daily. 

'•  Progressive  Studies  in  English"  has  already  been  adopted  by  several 
schools.  It  is  a  clear,  succinct  presentation  of  the  essentials  of  English,  designed  to  meet  the 
requirements  of  commercial  schools.     Price  75  cents. 

"Punctuation  Simplified"  solves  the  punctuation  problem.  It  is  a  marvel  of 
simplicity,  interesting  to  both  student  and  teacher.     Price,  25  cents  ;  sample  copy,  15  cents. 


Gregg  Publishing  Co., 

Chicago. 


I  CfUv^rC^u^^  a^z^  ~£Uc*££cJytL£srzt -«^  £A*z>nsfe  ^s^z^  firr  sT-nt-n&^rrL-tsn^  o%i  73*c4t^L4A<!> "E^c^oa^r?- 


SHq  fcikULru^  C^Uc^cttcr   & 


O 


n  and  after  January  1st,  19  Q4-.  the  Ssaac  Pitman  ^Shorthand  will  be 
'exclusively  adopted  by  the  New  \Jork  Board  of  Education  for  the 
Day  and  Evening  Jiigh  Schools,  and  the  &ay  and  Evening  Elementary 
^Schools,  of  the  City  of  New  \Jork,  in  the  Boroughs  of  Manhattan,  the 
Bronx.  Brooklyn.  Queens  and  Richmond,  comprising  Greater  New  Ifork, 
displacing  all  other  systems  previously  taught.  Uhile  congratulating  our- 
selves on  this  official  recognition  of  the  superior  merits  of  the  J>saac  Pit- 
man shorthand,  we  may  fairly  congratulate  the  large  army  of  schools  and 
colleges  now  teaching  this  system. 


Sg;    ISAAC  PITMAN'S 
•     JMSTRUCTV/i 


ISAAC    PITMAN'S    SHORTHAND    I  \STRUCTOR. -Revised 
wen  tie  th  Century  edition.    Used  in  the  New  York  High 
:hooI  of  Commerce,  Brooklyn  Commercial  High  School, 
and   Girls'   Technical    High 
School,  etc.    This    work   is  a 
new  presentation  of  the  sys- 
tem based  on  the  accumulat- 
ed   experience  of    the    past 
sixty  years,   and   includes 
many    valuable     improve- 
ments which  appear  for  the 
first    time.      Cloth,    gilt,    27G 
pages,         ....       $1.50 
"  I   believe   that    the   incur 
poration    of    the    new    ideas, 
and   the   simplifying    of    the 
old  ones,  will  make  this  book 
pre-eminentlv  the  shorthand 
textbook  .if  the  century.    The 
introduction  of  sentences  im- 
mediately after  learning  the 
consonants  and  long  vowels,, 
will   be  a   valuable  aid   to  a 
quicker    acquisition     of    the 
subject.    I   anticipate    excel- 
lent  results  from  the  use  of 
this  new   book   in   our  school."— P.   I>.   S.   Peters,  Director 
Commercial    Department,    Manual     Training    High 
School,  Kansas  City,  Mo. 

TWENTIETH  CENTURY  DICTATION  BOOK  AND  LEGAL 
FORMS.— Third  Edition.  Revised  and  enlarged.  Contain 
Log  an  up-to-date  collection  of  genuine  business  letters 
use.d  in  the  transaction  of  actual  work,  covering  fifrjrdis- 
tiiK-1  lines  of  business;  Legal  Forms,  and  a  judicious 
selection  of  practice-matter  for  general  dictation.  Also 
<  hapters  on  Spelling,  Punctuation,  Capitalization,  and 
Shorl  Practical  I'm  Iks  with  the  Amanuensis.  Progressive 
schools  everywhere,  without  reference  to  the  system  of 
Shorthand  taught,  are  adopting  this  work.  272  pages, 
ind  cloth  back,  75c;  cloth,        ....        $1.00 


ISAAC  PITMAN'S  SHOWTHAND  DICTIONARY. -Contains 
the  Shorthand  Outlines,  printed  from  engraved  charac- 
ters, of  over  61,000  Words  and  Proper  names,  with  Type 
Key.  Also  a  complete  list  of  Grammalogues  and  Con- 
tracted Words.  20th  Century  (Eighth)  Edition.  312  pages, 
cloth,  gilt, $1.50 

BUSINESS  CORRESPONDENCE  IN  SHORTHAND. -Nos.  1, 
2,  and  3.  Actual  business  letters  in  engraved  shorthand 
and  type  key,  40  pages  each Each,  25c. 

MANUAL  DE  FONOGRAFIA  ESPANOLA.  (Spanish  Phonoe= 
raphy).— By   Guillermo    Parody.     New    edition    now  ready. 
A  practical  adaptation  of  Isaac  Pitman's  Phonography  to 
the  Spanish  Language.     Complete  in  one  volume. 
Cloth,  gilt, $1.50 

PITMAN  S  PRACTICAL  SPANISH  GRAMMAR.  (Pitman's 
Rapid  Series)  —An  entirely  up-to-date  method  of  learning 
Spanish,  with  Copious  Vocabulary,  and  Imitated  Pronun- 
ciation.    112  pages,  stiff  paper  cover,  40c;   cloth,         .        50c. 

"  This  honored  house  has  a  right  to  style  itself  '  rapid,' 
for  it  not  only  is  at  the  front  with  rapid  stenography  and 
with  the  best  rapid  methods  of  learning  French  and 
German,  but  it  is  rapid  in  getting  into  the  held  with  new 
books  for  new  issues.  We  would  advise  well  educated 
young  men  to  master  Spanish.  It  is  not  a  difficult  Ian 
guage,  and  Pitman's  Practical  Spanish  Grammar  makes 
it  doubly  easy.  In  saving  anything  of  the  Pitman-,  we 
think  of  their  shorthand  equipment.  There  is  not  much 
trouble  in  acquiring  the  ability  to  write  Spanish  in  short 
hand  after  one  thoroughly  masters  the  language.  Tin- 
future  is  very  promising  in  this  direction  for  American 
youths  who  know  Spanish."  Tournal  "l  Education 
I  Boston  I 


Send  for  sai 
pp.  Catalogue,  ■ 
man  system,  ai 


lple  of  "Pitman's  Shorthand  Weekly,"  24 
it  h  list  of  over  100  works  in  the  Isaac  Pit 
d  "  Reasons  Why," 


ISAAC    PITMAN   ®.   SONS,   Publishers, 


31   Union    Square,    West, 


SP 


fg 


NEW    YORK. 


fjJtF* Considerable  interest  is  now    being  shown  in  tin-  Isaac  Pit/mm  system,  owing  to  its  adoption  by 

iIkX.   )".  High  School  of  Commerce,  and  other  leading  schools    throughout   the  country,   :unl   it 

will  pay  teachers  to  h>,,i<  into  the  merits  of  this  system.    Tin-  demand  for  first-class  teachers  is  dailj 


</  72>^g-£cJs6^rJ  ^cc^££  !>6*osrufe,  sT^mi,  firr  s> 


'**srz^   C??l4.  7B*>t<&4syi^6<4£c£LC>c>CL£<r~K.    1 


BusinessEdimtor 


tk3r£&a 


X'&sss'^: 


'^*X 


DEVOTED    TO    THE    INTERESTS    OF    BUSINESS    EDUCATION   AXD    PENMANSHIP. 


Vol.  IX.  No.  3. 


COLUMBUS.  0..  NOVEMBER.  1903. 


THE  BUSINESS  EDUCATOR. 
Entered  at  Columbus.  Ohio.  Post  Office  as  Second 


Published  Monthly  (Except  July  and  August.,  by 
Zanf.e  &  Blosek.  118  North  High  St.,  Columbus,  O  , 
at  fl.UU  a  Year.     Foreign  Subscriptions,  :)0c.  extra. 


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Change  of  Address.  If  you  change  your  ad- 
dress, be  sure  to  notify  us  promptly  (in  advance,  if 
possible},  and  be  careful  to  give  the  old  as  well  as 
the  new  address.  We  lose  many  papers  each  issue 
through  negligence  on  the  part  of  subscribers. 

Ba:k  Numbers  cannot  be  supplied. 

The  Business  Educator  is  devoted  to  the  pro- 
gressive, and  practical  interests  of  Business  Educa- 
tion and  Penmanship.  A  journal  whose  mission  is 
to  dignify,  popularize,  and  improve  the  world's  new- 
est and  neediest  education.  It  purposes  to  inspire 
and  instruct,  both  pupil  and  teacher,  and  to  further 
the  interests  of  those  encaged  in  the  work,  in  pri- 
vate, as  well  as  in  public,  institutions  of  business 
education.  Your  co-operation  will  strengthen  us  in 
our  endeavor  and  thus  help  you  and  the  cause  we 
love  and  believe  in.  Good  penmanship,  aside  from 
a  good  character,  beiny  the  best  passport  to  a  good 
position,  is  given  the  space  and  attention  it  deserves. 


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Advertising  Rates  furnished  upon  application. 
The  Business  Educator  being  the  highest  grade 
journal  of  its  class,  is  purchased  and  read  by  the 
most  intelligent  and  well-to-do  among  those  inter- 
ested in  business  education  and  penmanship,  in  the 
United  States,  Canada,  England,  and  nearly  every 
country  on  the  globe.  It  circulates,  not  alone  among 
business  college  proprietors,  teachers,  and  pupils, 
but  also  among  principals  of  commercial  depart- 
ments   of    High    Schools.    Colleges    and    Religious 


Schools,   as    w 

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is  among    office 

workers,    home 

students,  etc. 

It  IS 

preserved  as  is  n 

o  other  journal, 

because  of  it 

be 

auty,   practicality 

timeliness  and 

progressivenes 

s.      Our    subscription 

list   is  rapidly 

increasing,    though 

our    advertising 

rates,   for  the 

present,  are  n 

aiiy  so   high   as 

those  of  other 

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matured  in  placing  the  subject  of  Business 
Education  foremost,  is  a  wise  one,  and  I 
feel  sure  that  it  will  meet  with  universal 
approval.  It  gives  your  paper  a  more 
elevated  position  among  periodicals  of  the 
country,  because  of  the  great  area  and 
scope  that  the  subject  of  business  education 
in  general  covers." 

The  above  is  an  extract  from  a  let- 
ter received  from  one  of  America's 
most  progressive  penmen,  and  dem- 
onstrates that  soon  or  late  all  will 
have  to  recognize  the  fact  that  pen- 
manship is  but  a  part  of  business  or 
practical  education,  and  follow  in  the 
footsteps  of  The  Business  Educator 
by  giving  it  its  logical  position.  Not 
that  penmanship  is  less  important 
than  heretofore,  but  that  business 
education  is  so  much  vaster  than  has 
been  generally  recognized. 

More  truly  practical  writing  is  be- 
ing presented  in  the  columns  of  The 
Business  Educator  than  ever,  and 
we  shall  continue  to  lead  by  giving 
the  best  obtainable  in  the  line  of 
practical  business  penmanship,  and 
to  revel  in  the  ornamental  occasion- 
ally, which  has  done  so  much  to 
attract  and  lead  to  the  practical, 
but  this  need  not  keep  us  out  of 
the  larger,  broader  field  of  business 
education,  and  from  forging  to  the 
front  and  forcing  recognition  from 
foremost  men  in  education  and  busi- 
ness affairs. 

Then,  too,  the  student  needs  some- 
thing to  read  as  well  as  something  to 
practice.  He  needs  to  know  some- 
thing of  the  general  scope  and  value 
of  the  education  he  is  acquiring— 
something  more  than  the  details,  im- 
portant as  these  details  are. 

The  student  who  can  be  induced  to 
read  The  Business  Educator  as  well 
to  practice  the  copies  therein,  will, 
other  things  being  equal,  surpass  the 
one  who  practices  the  copies  only. 
Success  with  such  a  student  will 
mean  something  more  and  greater 
than  with  the  other. 

The  departments  of  mathematics, 
law,  English,  commercial  geography, 
history,  etc.,  each  and  all  contain 
vital  and  valuable  material  in  which 
you,  as  a  teacher,  will  never  regret 
having  interested  your  pupils,  and 
you,  as  a  pupil,  will'n ever  regret  hav- 
ing read,  studied  and  assimilated. 

Be  free,  however,  to  let  us  know 
what  you  think  is  best  for  the  teacher 
and  student.  Be  as  free  to  let  us 
have  your  point  of  view  as  we  have 


been  to  give  you  ours.  The  telling 
may  do  more  good  than  you  imagine. 
Write  us.  Club  us.  Criticise  us,  if 
you  can  accomplish  more  that  way. 
And  the  postal  laws  do  not  prohibit 
commendation  if  you  think  ourefforts 
deserve  it. 

Just  as  the  foregoing  was  being 
written,  the  following  letter  from  one 
of  our  most  progressive  commercial 
teachers  was  handed  us  by  the  post- 
man. It  tells  very  plainly  that  the 
time  is  here  for  a  journal  that  is  help- 
ful in  other  branches  as  well  as  in 
penmanship.  Are  you  one  of  the  hun- 
dreds who  are  thus  using  it  ? 

Messrs.  zaner  &  Bloser, 

Columbus,  O. 
GENTLE?IEN : 

The  September  issue  of  THE  BUSINESS 
EDUCATOR  is  before  us.  I  have  examined 
it  carefully  from  beginning  to  end,  and  will 
say  that  it  is  the  finest  production  of  its 
kind  that  it  has  ever  been  my  pleasure  to 
see.  You  may  well  be  proud  of  your  efforts, 
and  I  think  all  who  read  this  number  will 
say  that  you  have  utilized  your  vacation  to 
some  purpose.  We  trust  that  this  renewed 
energy  and  vitality  will  remain  with  you 
throughout  the  year. 

As  a  token  of  our  appreciation  of  your 
efforts,  we  are  sending  you  a  small  club  of 
ten,  and  trust  that  it  will  not  be  the  last 
this  year.  I  note  with  pleasure  the  different 
departments  of  commercial  law,  arith- 
metic, commercial  geography  and  rapid 
calculation  ;  these  are  of  special  interest  to 
me,  as  I  believe  they  are,  and  will  be,  to  all 
business  educators.  They  certainly  mark  a 
long  step  in  advance  in  this  line  of  work. 

Commercial  geography-  is  in  its  infancy, 
and  as  yet,  to  be  developed  and  perfected. 
I  believe  that  the  results  of  your  efforts  and 
those  who  are  so  ably  contributing  to  The 
Business  educator,  will  be  felt  through- 
out the  country,  and  that  ere  the  close  of 
this  year,  the  influence  will  be  felt  in  every 
school  in  this  country. 

In  our  class  work  we  make  use  of  The 
Business  Educator,  as  far  as  possible,  in 
illustrating  points  in  law,  and  enthusing 
and  encouraging  all  students  in  rapid  cal- 
culation. We  believe  these  to  be  as  essen- 
tial as  bookkeeping.  In  fact  for  the  past 
year,  we  have  been  talking  along  the  line 
of  more  supplementary  work,  though  not 
less  of  bookkeeping. 

We  are  making  penmanship,  arithmetic, 
commercial  law  and  spelling,  the  strong 
features  of  our  course.  For  this  reason, 
such  helps  as  THE  BUSINESS  EDUCATOR 
are  invaluable  to  us,  in  showing  that  others 
believe  and  practice  what  we  preach. 

Trusting  that  each  and  every  number  of 
THE  BUSINESS  EDUCATOR  of  this  year  will 
come  up  to    the  standard   set  in  this   first 


issue,  and  that  its  author 

financial,  as  well  as  the  < 

ill  business  college  men, 

Frater 


ay  receive  the 
lpathetic  aid  of 


allj 


J.  F.  CASKEY. 
The  Elliot  Commercial  Schools 
of  West  Virginia. 

Wheeling,  W.  Va„  H-3-W03. 


£7Re  @u^*fte^  £cU&<HfttoF   & 


In  a  quiet  way  the  public- 
Che  Passing     BC] |s  have  replaced  the 

of  Uertieal  vertical  style  with  sensible 

slant  writing.  The  world 
moves  but  slowly  — so  slowly  in  Spring- 
field, Mass. 

B.  J.   GRIFFIN! 

Yes,  brother,  slowly  but  surely.  If 
it  did  not  move  slowly  it  would  not 
move  so  surely,  nor  would  it  move 
so  unmistakably  in  the  direction  of 
something'  better.  For,  as  we  have 
said  in  these  columns  heretofore,  in 
the  wake  of  the  vertical  will  come 
something  more  practical  and  pro- 
gressive than  that  which  the  vertical 
succeeded. 

The  reasons  for  the  passing  of  the 
vertical  are  not  hard  to  find,  if  we 
will  but  look  with  candidness  and 
clearness.  It  is  natural  that  the 
average  business  man  would  not  like 
it,'  irrespective  of  its  merits  and 
defects.  He  was  taught  something 
else  and  believes  that  which  he  was 
taught  is  good  enough.  Moreover, 
earlv  teaching  lasts  long,  be  it  in 
religion,  politics,  or  penmanship. 
The  vertical,  as  generally  proposed, 
was  awkward-looking,  big,  extremely 
round,  and  consequently  somewhat 
slower  than  smaller,  lighter  hands  of 
whatever  slant.  It  was  better  suited 
to  childhood  than  to  the  stress  of 
business,  and  so  long  as  children 
are  taught  to  write,  it  is  best  for 
them,  but  of  that  we  shall  speak 
again. 

But  bv  this  we  do  not  wish  to  im- 
ply that  vertical  has  gone  entirely. 
Vertical  will  remain  as  one  of  the 
many  modes  of  writing,  suiting  itself 
to  tile  moods  of  many  who  shall 
prefer  it  to  any  other.  "Less  vertical 
will  be  taught  the  next  ten  years 
than  the  past  ten,  but  more  vertical 
will  be  written  in  business  than 
heretofore.  And  this  is  as  it  should 
be,  and  in  line  with  progress  and 
individual  needs  and  preferences. 

Vertical  has  widened  the  horizon 
and  scope  of  writing,  and  made  us 
all  more  tolerant  about  slant  and 
style.  We  know  more  about  legi- 
bility, simplicity,  and  slant  than 
vertical  came.  We  may  not 
all  admit  it  but  it  is  a  fact  neverthe- 
less. However,  vertical  is  doomed 
as  a  dominant  power  in  public 
schools,  and  nothing  doomed  it  so 
much  as  its  own  extremely  round 
and  clumsy  forms,  and  the'  exager- 
ated  claims  of  many  of  its  promotors. 

But  it  had  some  good  qualities, 
chief  of  which  were  its  plainness  and 
simpleness.  As  Brother  Webb,  of 
Nashville,  Tenn.,  once  said,  "it  was 
not  its verticalness  but  its  simpleness 
that  won."  And  as  could  have  been 
expected  and  predicted,  the  simple- 
ness of  it  is  living  in  its  successor, 
the  medial,  and  the  verticalness  is 
the  part  which  has  died. 

The  new  hand  which  has  replaced 
the  vertical  is  a  compromise  between 
the  vertical  and  semi-angular  hand, 
being  more  rounding  and  less   slant- 


ing than  the  Spencerian,  and  more 
slanting  and  less  rounding  than  the 
vertical.  It  thereby  contains  the 
merits  of  both  hands— the  swiftness 
of  the  slanting  and  the  plainness  of 
the  vertical. 

Twenty  vears  ago  we  were 
Tads  and  told  that'  copy-books  were 
Failures  the  cause  of  slow  writing, 
and  that  rapid  writing- 
should  be  taught  to  little  tots  but 
little  past  the  creeping  age.  Experi- 
ments were  made,  but  repeated  fail- 
ures proved  the  diagnosis  wrong. 
The  speed  theory  failed  because  it 
was  applied  at  the  wrong  time,  and 
because  its  promotor  failed  to  grasp 
the  whole  situation. 

Later,  we  were  told  that  copy-books 
were  the  cause  of  finger  movement, 
and  that  arm  movement  (erroneously 
called  "  muscular  ")  should  be  taught 
to  children  as  soon  as  they  entered 
school.  "Begin  right,"  was  the 
motto.  Experiments  by  the  thous- 
ands resulted  in  the  abandonment  of 
the  little  ones  to  the  fate  of  the  pri- 
mary teacher  and  finger  movement. 
The  Movement  theory  failed  because 
it  over-estimated  the'  possibilities  of 
childhood,  and  because  the  real  cause 
of  poor  writing  was  overlooked. 

Then  we  were  told  that  slant  was 
the  cause  of  poor  writing,  and  that 
vertical  should  be  taught  to  young 
and  old  alike.  Poor,  cramped,  finger 
movement  writing  continued.  Medial 
is  the  new  panacea  for  the  ills  to 
which  writing  seems  heir.  Writing, 
as  now  taught,  is  some  better  than 
two  decades  ago,  but  not  as  much 
better  as  one  would  suppose  from 
the  noise  made  by  these  varying-  and 
various  penmanship  reformers. 

Why  not  ?  Because  the  diagnosis 
has  been  superficial  and  surface-like, 
while  the  disease  has  been  deep- 
seated  and  serious.  The  doctors  of 
penmanship  have  seen  that  there  was 
something  wrong  with  results  but 
have  not  divined  the  true  cause. 

What  is  the  cause  of  so  much  poor 
writing?  Aye,  that's  the  question. 
What  is  the  true  cause  ? 

Be  patient,  dear  reader,  and  we 
will  try  to  answer  it  as  it  has  never 
been  answered  before.  We  believe 
we  have  gone  deeper  in  our  diag- 
nosis than  have  the  doctors  referred 
to  before,  and  we  believe  we  have 
therefore  solved  the  riddle  more  suc- 
cessfully than  heretofore. 

Go  with  us  through  a  few  numbers 
of  The  Business  Educator  and  let 
us  convince  you  that  there  are  grave 
wrongs  in  the  teaching  of  writing 
which  should  have  your  most  careful 
and  earnest  attention,  and  the  re- 
forms proposed,  your  enthusiastic, 
intelligent,  and  skillful  co-operation. 


Much  more  can  be  accomplished  in 
the  betterment  of  the  writing  of  the 
many  during  the  next  decade  than 
has  been  achieved  during  the  past 
half  century,  if  you  will  but  follow 
us  in  our  investigations  and  support 
us  in  that  which  we  prove. 

Each  of  these  theories  was  a  fad 
and  a  failure  in  a  way  and  in  its  day, 
but  each,  alas,  was  a  reform  in  as 
much  as  they  led  to  enlightenment, 
made  further  experiment  in  that 
direction  unnecessary,  and  left  the 
writing  world,  on  the  whole,  the 
better  for  their  being. 


Are  You  Planning  to  be  at 
Cincinnati 

From  what  we  have  learned  of  the 
programs,  some  of  which  appear  in 
this  number,  the  Cincinnati  meeting 
of  the  National  Commercial  Teachers' 
Federation,  is  going  to  be  the  best 
ever  held.  Its  central  point  of  meet- 
ing—midway between  the  East  and 
West,  the  North  and  South —insures 
a  big  attendance. 

Ohio  should  roll  up  a  big  delega- 
tion in  honor  of  the  occasion,  and 
Bartlett  is  endeavoring  to  set  a  pace 
which  others  will  doubtless  find  diffi- 
cult to  follow. 

Come,  let  us  meet  you  at  Cincin- 
nati and  be  bettered  thereby.  Your 
presence  is  necessary  to  make  it  a 
complete  success. 

Some  new  and  Good   Chinas  for 
Our  Subscribers 

The  Title  Page  for  this  number  of 
The  Business  Educator,  like  most 
of  the  same,  is  certainly  out  of  the 
beaten  rut  and  quite  appropriate. 
We  have  made  arrangements  with 
Mr.  Henderson  to  contribute  a  half 
dozen  designs  to  The  Business  Ed- 
ucator, and  those  who  are  familiar 
with  his  work  will  have  something  to 
look  forward  to. 

We  have  also  made  arrangements 
with  that  versatile  E.  L.  Brown,  of 
Rockland,  Me.,  to  contribute  a  series 
of  lessons  in  Wash  Drawing  and 
Illuminating,  for  beginners  as  well  as 
for  advanced  pupils. 

Mr.  H.  W.  Kibbe,  the  high-grade, 
experienced  engrosser  of  Boston,  is 
also  at  work  upon  a  new  series  of 
lessons  upon  Engrossing  Script  for 
Beginners,  as  well  as  upon  some 
advanced  work  in  Engrossing. 

We  have  on  hand,  also,  from  the  all- 
round  master  penman,  Mr.  C.  C.  Ca- 
nan,  Bradford,  Pa.,  a  dozen  designs 
comprising  as  many  styles  of  profes- 
sional script,  lettering,  flourishing, 
drawing,  etc.,  which  we  believe  has 
•never  been  equalled  in  their  line. 
These  will  be  presented  to  satisfy  the 
tastes  of  those  capable  of  appreciat- 
ing something  really  fine  in  penman- 
ship and  art,  and  something  marvel- 
lous in  skill  of  execution.  Any  one 
of  these  designs  is  worth  more  than 
the  price  of  the  journal. 

This  is  in  line  with  the  policy  of 
The  Business  Educator  ;  to  give 
the  best  in  these  various  lines.  We 
prefer  to  present  a  limited  amount 
of  good  art  rather  than  so  much  that 
is  ordinary,  and  we  presume  you 
prefer  the  same. 


9He  @ufrirfce&>  &clu»&t*tar*  ^ 


Associate,=Editor's 

-=?  Page  ^==. 


Ceacbers'  Agencies. 

Purpose  A  teachers'  agency,  like 

any  other  broker's  of- 
fice, is  supposed  to  bring  supply  and 
demand  together,  but  if  it  goes  no 
farther,  it  is  likely  to  cause  more 
trouble  than  it  saves,  both  to  teacher 
and  employer.  An  ideal  agency 
would  be  the  counterpart  of  a  first- 
class  broker's  office,  in  that  it  would 
eliminate  the  spurious  from  the  sound 
and  worthy  ;  it  would  introduce  hon- 
est sellers  to  reliable  purchasers. 
There  would  be  in  it  the  invaluable 
element  of  judgment,  which  would 
save  the  prospective  employer  from  a 
deluge  of  applications  from  candi- 
dates utterly  unfit,  and  an  amount  of 
useless  correspondence  altogether 
disheartening.  It  would  conserve  the 
time,  patience,  faith,  energy,  and 
money  of  applicants  who  are  sent  on 
all  kinds  of  wild  goose-chases  after 
places  they  are  incompetent  to  fill  or 
places  unworthy  the  consideration  of 
teachers  having  their  special  qualifi- 
cations. A  reliable  agency,  then, 
would  have  as  its  object,  not  only  the 
bringing  of  supply  and  demand  into 
conjunction,  but  also  the  stamping  of 
value  on  either  applicant  or  school 
bearing  its  introduction. 

management  ™is  ca,n  be  Possible  in 
full  only  to  an  agency 
managed  by  a  man  who  is  or  has 
been  a  teacher  in  the  kind  of  educa- 
tional work  for  which  he  is  acting, 
and  who  has  a  wide  acquaintance 
among  both  schools  and  teachers. 
Commercial  teachers  today  cannot 
obtain  satisfactory  service  from  any 
of  the  general  agencies  now  establish- 
ed, because  those  who  manage  these 
agencies  have  had  no  experience  with 
commercial  work  and  do  not  have  the 
indispensable  intimate  comprehen- 
sion and  firm  grasp  of  the  requisites 
for  really  successful  commercial 
teaching,  be  it  public  or  private.  And 
the  agencies  that  have  been  conduct- 
ed especially  for  commercial  teachers 
are  managed  by  men  who  have  had 
very  limited  or  no  teaching  experi- 
ence, whose  training  and  experience 
lie  along  one  narrow  phase  of  com- 
mercial work,  or  who    lack   the   per- 


sonaKacquaintanceJessential  to  form 
correct  judgments  of  men  and  schools, 
or  whose  principal  interest  lies 
beyond  the  teaching  side  of  commer- 
cial education.  There  is  room  for 
something  better. 

methods  School      officials     who 

have  had  to  wrestle  with 
a  clamorous  host  of  applicants  turned 
loose  on  them  by  an  agency  having 
no  just  sense  of  the  fitness  of  things, 
and  teachers  who  have  had  to  join 
in  a  mad  scramble  for  a  position,  like 
street  urchins  fighting  for  a  penny 
that  someone  had  pitched  among 
them— both  sides  know  how  unsatis- 
factory is  the  method  of  naming  a 
long  list  of  applicants  for  the  same 
position.  An  earnest  effort  should  be 
made  to  select  the  teacher  whose 
qualifications  seem  most  nearly  to  fit 
the  requirements,  and  his  candidaey 
ought  to  be  pushed,  unless  there  is  a 
request  for  more  than  one  candidate 
in  order  that  the  official  may  make 
his  own  selection. 

Agencies  have  sent  teachers  on  long 
journeys  to  places  for  an  interview 
merely  that  the  teacher  might  think 
that  he  was  being  cared  for,  although 
there  was  no  possibility  of  his  ob- 
taining the  position  he  sought ;  in 
some  cases  it  having  been  already 
taken  by  another  candidate.- 

It  is  wrong  to  register  all  who  can 
pay  the  fee,  merely  that  the  fees  may 
be  used  to  sustain  the  office  expenses  ; 
wrong  because  many  ought  not  to 
have  their  money  taken,  there  being 
no  chance  for  reimbursement,  and 
wrong  because  it  puts  the  agency 
under  obligations  to  make  at  least 
the  appearance  of  doing  something 
for  its  registered  members,  even  at 
the  expense  of  some  unfortunate 
school  official. 

The  agency  that  claims  a  fee  for  a 
position  obtained  by  one  of  several 
candidates  it  has  named,  although 
having  advocated  the  candidacy  of 
an  unsuccessful  applicant,  is  lacking 
in  the  first  elements  of  morality.  But 
teachers  who  accept  positions  and 
then  give  them  up  ought  not  to  hesi- 
tate to  pay  the  tee  that  the  agency 
asks.  The  agency  has  done  its  work  ; 
it  is  entitled  to  its  pay. 

Ceacbers  There    is    a   point    that 

teachers  often  seem  to 
overlook,  although  it  ought  to  be  evi- 
dent to  any  intellect,  even  though 
commercial  law  has  not  been  studied 
and  the  binding  force  of  contracts  is 
not  fully  understood.  That  is  the 
disposition  to  break  a  contract  on 
short  notice,  or  without  any  notice. 
We  have  in  mind  a  man  who  this  fall 


telegraphed  about  forty-eight  hours 
before  his  work  was  to  have  begun, 
that  he  had  got  a  better  job,  and 
would  not  be  on  hand.  It  happened 
that  he  was  to  take  charge  of  a  de- 
partment, and  there  was  no  time  to 
obtain  a  satisfactory  substitute.  The 
damage  to  that  school  proprietor 
ought  to  be  set  forth  in  a  court  of 
law;  but  of  course,  so  irresponsible 
a  person  would  be  judgment-proof. 
Such  a  man  ought  to  be  known,  how- 
ever, from  one  end  of  the  profession 
to  the  other,  and  black-listed  every- 
where. 

A  teacher  ought  to  consider  it  his 
sacred  duty  to  fulfill  to  the  letter  his 
contract  engagements,  and  he  ought 
not  to  complain  if  his  emplover  de- 
clines to  let  him  resign  to  accept  a 
more  lucrative  position,  although  it 
is  generally  more  profitable  to -let  a 
teacher  go  under  such  circumstances. 
He  will  be  of  little  value  thereafter  in 
the  school  that  retains  him,  as  he 
thinks,  to  his  disadvantage.  How- 
ever, he  would  doubtless  think  it  very 
hard  if  his  employer  desired  to  dis'- 
miss  him  in  Febru'arv,  notwithstand- 
ing a  contract  to  keep  him  for  the  en- 
tire school  year. 

Results  Among    the    results    of 

the  work  of  a  properlv 
organized  and  conscientiouslvand  in- 
telligently managed  teachers''  agencv 
ought  to  be  the  following: 

The  promotion  of  well-trained 
teachers. 

The  providing  of  teachers  with  the 
kind  of  work  for  which  thev  have 
special   fitness. 

Supplying  school  officials  with  sat- 
isfactory teachers  of  experience  and 
ability  when  such  teachers  are  de- 
sired. 

Ability  to  meet  emergencies  caused 
by  the  sickness,  death,  or  resignation 
or  teachers. 

Change  of  teachers  from  the  West 
to  the  East,  and  vice  versa,  for  per- 
sonal reasons. 

Avoidance  of  friction  between 
school  officials  caused  byone  proprie- 
tor writing  to  a  favorite  teacher  em- 
ployed by  another,  trying  to  induce 
him  to  join  the  former's  force. 

Opening  the  door  of  opportunity  to 
capable  but  inexperienced  voung 
teachers  by  placing  them  in  schools 
that  cannot  pay  large  salaries  but  are 
willing  to  accept  those  who  want  ex- 
perience. 

Reducing  the  element  of  chance  in 
hiring  teachers,  by  the  exercise  of 
judgment  based  on' wide  visitation  of 
schools,  large  personal  acquaintance, 
live  experience  in  successful  teaching, 
participation  in  the  work  of  teachers' 
conventions,  and  extended  corre- 
spondence. 

Here  is  certainly  a  large  field,  at 
present  not  well  occupied  but  capa- 
ble of  yielding  profit  to  all  concerned. 


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i — 


DrPART>lENT    OF 

<£  o  m  m  c  r  c  i  a  1    (geography 


Hkank   O.   Carpenter 


The   Kilih.r  „r    (Ins    /V,„| 
Eimlifh    llt'jll    Stlninl     Hi^lm 

reply  must   n>   "II  cases  en 


museum   of  Commercial   Products    and 
Working  Collection  of  Specimens. 

The  proper  method  and  the  course 
of  study  of  the  subject  of  Commerce 
and  Industry,  was  discussed  in  the 
October  number  of  The  Business 
Educator.  Next  to  the  method  in 
importance  is  the  need  and  use  of  a 
commercial  museum— and  a  working 
collection  of  specimens  of  commer- 
cial products.  .    . 

So  important  in  the  editor's  opinion 
is  this  use  of  specimens,  that  he  be- 
lieves that  the  study  of  commercial 
products  without  having  the  actual 
specimens  in  hand  to  examine  as  the 
work  proceeds,  is  almost  useless  and 
should  be  confined  to  a  course  of  lec- 
tures only. 

The  child  or  the  youth's  imagina- 
tion is  very  vivid  a'nd  will  weave  a 
thousand  fancies  about  his  work  and 
play,  and  the  common  things  become 
wonderful  ones. 

As  Whittier  put  it :  — 

Sometimes  her  narrow  kitchen  walls, 
Stretched  awav  into  statelv  halls; 
The  weary  wheels  to  a  spinnet  turned. 
The  tallow  candle  an  astral  burned. 

But  the  imagination  of  the  youth 
does  not  so  readily  construct  the 
!  picture  of  an  actual  thing  that 
he  never  has  seen  from  the  mere  ver- 
bal description  of  the  thing.  This  is 
equally  true  of  many  untrained  adult 
minds',  that  is,  untrained  to  build  the 
actual  reality  from  words.  To  the 
architect  and  engineer  every  detail  of 
a  structure  stands  out  sharp  and  clear 
in  his  mind  as  he  studies  a  plan,  but 
to  the  ordinary  man  the  plan  is  an 
almost  meaningless  picture. 

So  to  the  student  of  this  subject. 
If  the  teacher  says,  for  example,  that 
some  kinds  of  brick  are  porous  and 
absorb  water  freely  and  that  others 
do  not,  the  student  does  not  usually 
the  difference  in  his  mind. 

If  however  the  instructor  has  speci- 
mens of  the  two  kinds  of  brick  before 
him  and  the  student  sees  that  water 
poured  upon  one  will  remain  undried 
for  a  half  hour,  while  the  same 
amount  of  water  on  the  other  kind 
is  absorbed  in  a  few  seconds,  the 
iary  picture  is  made  in  his 
mind  and  upon  that  real  foundation 
—his  imagination  will  carry  on  the 
idea  and  show  him  the  effect  of  the 
moisture  absorbed  from  rain  by  por- 
ous brick  in  a  building  upon  the 
woodwork  and  air  of  the  interior  and 
the  health  of  the  people  who  live  in  it. 

In  this  way,  by  the  use  of  actual 
specimens,  the  pupil  gets  a  real 
knowledge  that  is  of  practical  value 


when  he  goes  into  business,  and  the 
study  is  proved  to  be  valuable. 

The  editor  has  received  numerous 
letters  asking  for  information  about 
a  collection  of  specimens,  the  way  to 
form  it,  etc.,  and  is  glad  to  have  this 
occasion  to  answer  some  of  those  in- 
quiries. 

The  collection  of  specimens  should 
be  called  the  "Commercial  Museum" 
of  the  school.  It  should  have  two 
classes  of  specimens.  First:  The 
working  collection  of  specimens,  and 
Second:  A  museum  or  exhibition  set 
of  examples,  etc. 

FIRST.       THE    WORKING    COLLECTION. 

This  should  be  composed  of  speci- 
mens of  the  most  important  varieties 
of  food  substances,  textile  fibres, 
building  woods,  etc.,  in  such  quanti- 
ties that  each  student  can  have  a 
portion  to  examine  at  leisure. 

The  best  place  for  this  is,  of  course, 
a  special  laboratory  fitted  with  ap- 
paratus for  tests  and  experiments 
and  the  Central  High  School  of  Phil- 
adelphia and  a  few  other  schools 
have  such  rooms  where  each  pupil 
has  his  own  desk  and  apparatus. 

The  subject  is  so  new  in  the  schools, 
however,  that  few  schools  can  have 
such  a  laboratory,  and  the  subject 
must  be  taught  in  the  ordinary  class- 
room. 

The  working  specimens  do  not  need 
any  display  exhibition  cases,  as  they 
are  in  rough  masses,  and  are  to  be 
handled,  pulled  apart  and  examined. 
They  can  be  kept  in  boxes  or  a  closet 
and  only  be  brought  out  when  needed 
for  class  use. 

SECOND.      THE  EXHIBITION  OR  MUSEUM 
COLLECTION. 

There  are  manv  specimens  or  ex- 
hibits needed  to  illustrate  a  course  in 
commercial  products  which  are  too 
bulky  to  be  taken  into  a  class  room 
or  are  specially  fine  specimens  that 
handling  would  injure  seriously. 

For  example,  in  the  study  of  cotton, 
specimens  of  cotton  plants  with  the 
cotton  bolls  on  it  would  seem  almost 
a  necessitv  to  the  student  in  the  North 
or  West  United  States,  out  of  the 
"cotton  belt." 

The  editor  has  two  cotton  plants, 
each  about  five  feet  high  and  three 
feet  in  diameter.  Such  specimens 
cannot  be  passed  about  nor  is  it  nec- 
essary. The  desired  knowledge  can 
be  gained  by  looking  at  the  plants. 

To  preserve  them  from  dust,  in- 
sects, etc.,  such  specimens  should  be 
kept  in  a  glass  case,  which  become 
not  only  a  useful  but  also  a  most  or- 
namental addition  to  the  school. 


Ordinarily  the  working  collection 
and  the  museum  should  be  kept  sep- 
arate and  distinct,  but  there  are  vari- 
ous samples  of  commercial  products 
which  can  be  handled  without  injury 
and  yet  possess  a  value  and  beauty 
even  when  seen  without  handling  be- 
hind the  glass  of  a  museum  case. 
This  kind  of  specimens  can  there- 
fore be  kept  in  the  museum  cases 
where  the  pupils  and  visitors  to  the 
schools  can  see  them  at  their  leisure, 
and  can  be  taken  to  the  class  room 
when  desired.  The  quantity  and 
variety  of  the  specimens  in  a  working 
collection  will  be  determined,  of 
course,  by  the  subject  studied.  All 
the  main  distinct  classes  of  the  sub- 
ject should  be  represented. 

In  cotton,  for  example,  there  should 
be  at  hand  specimens  of  Sea  Island- 
Egyptian,  brown  and  white,  Ameri- 
can Upland— Gulf  cotton,  Peruvian, 
red  and  white— and  specimens  of  cot- 
ton seed,  black,  green,  white,  etc., 
all  of  which  are  special  types  and 
commercial  varieties. 

The  size  of  the  museum  collection 
is  limited  only  by  the  size  of  the 
building,  the  money  in  hand  to  pro- 
vide cases  and  buy  specimens  or  the 
enthusiasm  of  the  collectors.  In  the 
museum,  mere  curiosities  should  as 
a  rule  find  little  welcome.  A  rigid 
rule  should  be  made  that  only  such 
specimens  be  taken  as  might  show 
some  form  of  commercial  product 
which  actually  appears  on  the  market 
in  some  part  of  the  world  as  a  sub- 
ject of  trade,  or  specimens  and  pic- 
tures which  illustrate  and  describe 
some  form  of  human  labor  and 
industry.  This  rule  not  only  would 
result  in  a  well  ordered  practical  set 
of  specimens  for  use,  but  would 
protect  the  school  from  the  gifts  of 
well  meaning  and  enthusiastic  friends 
of  the  cause,  who  would,  if  un- 
checked, fill  the  cases  with  a  lot  of 
useless  curios,  which  the  teacher, 
without  the  rule,  would  not  always 
think  it  wise  to  refuse. 

If,  however,  the  giver  can  be  shown 
that  his  specimens,  though  of  great 
interest  are  not  actual  samples  of 
live  commercial  staples  or  merchan- 
dise, and  so  cannot  be  accepted,  the 
curiosities  are  avoided  and  the  good- 
will of  the  giver  still  retained. 

The  space  of  this  article  does  not 
permit  that  a  complete  list  of  speci- 
mens necessary  to  a  collection  be 
given,  but  a  few  subjects  will  be 
noted  as  a  guide  to  the  beginning  of 
a  set. 

In  the  editor's  opinion  the  study 
should  begin  with  the  study  of  foods 
and  that  the  cereals  should  be  the 
first  food  substances  discussed.  In 
the  collection,  therefore,  there  should 
be  a  set  of  specimens  of  the  chief 
grains  in  their  principal  varieties, 
and  samples  of  the  main  products 
manufactured  from  them.  See  the 
following  partial  list : 

WORKING    COLLECTION 
FOODS — CEREALS 

1.  Wheat—  A  sheaf  of  wheat,  if 
possible,  full  height. 

2.  In  bottles,  the  wheat  kernel  in 
the  principal  varieties  in  which  it 
appears  on  the  Minneapolis  and 
St.  Louis  markets,  as  :  No.  1.  Ahard 
spring  wheat;    No.  1,  Northern;  etc. 


*/kc  fiu,juvcj*>£cUccu,Wr    <**> 


3.  Samples  of  bran  and  middlings, 
flour  by  patent  process,  and  Graham 
and  whole  wheat  flour. 

4.  Wheat  breakfast  cereal  goods — 
like  shredded  wheat,  wheat  flakes, 
etc. 

5.  Specimens  of  crackers — maca- 
roni, etc.,  that  will  keep  indefinitely 
with  protection  from  the  air. 

6.  Specimens  of  bread  should  be 
shown  to  the  class  when  the  subject 
is_studied. 

7.  Pictures  of  wheat  fields,  plant- 
ing and  harvesting  machinery,  etc. 

1.  Com  —  Some  stalks  of  corn, 
showing  roots  and  having  the  ears 
on  them,  of  the  three  varieties  — field, 
sweet  and  popcorn.  These  stalks 
will  dry  and  keep  a  long  time. 

2.  Samples,  in  bottles,  of  the  three 
kinds  of  corn  _  in  several  distinct 
varieties. 

3.  Specimens  of  hominy,  samp, 
corn  meal  and  corn  flour. 

4.  Corn  breakfast  foods  and  pop- 
corn products. 

5.  By-products  of  corn,  as  glucose, 
grape  sugar,  gluten  meal,  starch, 
corn  oil. 

6.  The  corn  husk  and  its  uses- 
Cellulose  made   from  the  corn  stalk. 

7.  Pictures,  photos  or  otherwise,  to 
show  the  corn  story. 

In  the  same  way  the  other  grains- 
oats,  rye,  buckwheat,  barley,  rice 
and  millet  should  be  shown  but  not 
so  much  in  detail. 

I  'egetables  and  Fruits  cannot  be 
preserved  well  except  in  large  jars 
at  considerable  expense.  They 
•should,  however,  be  shown  to  the 
class  whenever  thev  can  be  easily 
obtained.  The  list  "  is  long  of  the 
common  fruits  and  vegetables. 

Nuts  can  be  kept  and  nut  products, 
and  these  should  show,  if  possible, 
husk,  kernel  and  by-products,  such 
as  peanut  oil,  cocoanut  husk  mat- 
tings, etc. 

Animal  Products  and  fish  cannot 
easily  be  kept  so  must  be  shown 
largely  by  picture,  as  also  the  stock 
raising  and  meat  packing  industries. 
In  cities  and  large  towns  near  the 
sea  the  common  kinds  of  fish  can  be 
obtained  for  a  lesson.  The  dairy 
products  can  be  shown  in  cheese, 
butter  and   milk. 

Beverages  can  be  shown  by  speci- 
mens of  tea,  coffee,  cocoa,  and  the 
chocolate  products  and  mate.  Whether 
specimens  of  wines  and  distilled 
liquors  should  be  shown  and  discuss- 
ed merely  as  commercial  products, 
depends  on  the  age  of  the  pupils  who 
are  in  the  class. 

TEXTILES. 

1.  Co/to?/  —  Cotton  plant  showing 
cotton  in  the  different  stages  from 
field  to  mill  where  it  is  to  be  manu- 
factured. 

4.  Series  of  specimens  showing  the 
manufacture,  as:  In  bale  —  from 
breaker— when  carded,  roving,  yarn, — 
in  cops,  bobbins,  spools,  etc.  Old 
and  new  shuttles  should  be  had  and 
explained. 

5.  Samples  of  cotton  cloth  of  com- 
mon kinds,  plain  and  printed,  and 
other  cotton  products  as  convenient. 

6.  Specimens  of  cotton  seed— cot- 
ton seed  oil,  cottolene,  etc. 

7.  Pictures  of  the  fields  and  mills 
where  cotton  is  used, 


1.  Wool— An  entire  fleece  if  pos- 
sible. 

2.  Samples  of  the  chief  varieties 
of  wool  as  it  appears  on  the  market, 
both  in  grease  and  scoured,  as: 
merino,  English,  cross-breds,  etc. 

3.  Specimens  of  the  same  kind  of 
wool  from  different  parts  of  the 
world— in  the  same  grade.  (  For"  this 
the  best  grade  should  be  used). 

4.  A  series  showing  all  the  com- 
mercial grades  of  some  type  wool, 
like  Ohio  wool,  from  best  grade  to 
worst. 

5.  Contrasting  series  of  clothing 
and  carpet  wools. 

6.  Set  of  specimens  showing  wools 
of  other  animals  than  the  sheep,  as: 
alpaca,  mohair,  camel's  hair,  vicuna, 
etc. 

7.  Series  (as  in  cotton)  showing 
the  processes  of  cleaning,  carding, 
spinning,  weaving,  etc. 

8.  Series  showing  woolen  cloth 
from  loom  to  finished  cloth  in  bale. 

9.  Specimens  of  the  grease  and 
potash  obtained  from  the  wool  in 
cleaning  it. 

10.  Samples  of  different  kinds  of 
woolen  cloth  and  other  woolen  pro- 
ducts. 

11.  Pictures  of  types  of  sheep, 
sheep  herding,  and  the  mills  where 
it  is  manufactured. 

1.  Si/A  —  A  series  showing  the 
story  from  eggto  finished  silk  thread. 

2.  Specimens  of  silk  cloth  and 
other  goods. 

So  on  through  the  line  of  textiles, 
building  materials,  etc.,  which  would 
require  a  catalogue  rather  than  a 
magazine  article.  The  above  will 
suggest  the  plan  of  making  the  col- 
lection which  is  to  show  the  princi- 
pal stages  in  the  manufacture,  and 
the  common  types  that  are  sold  on 
the  market. 

The  task  of  selecting  the  proper 
specimens  is  a  hard  one  but  is  not 
so  difficult  as  that  of: 

HOW   TO    OBTAIN   THE    SPECIMENS 

The  specimens  needed  for  the 
museum  and  working  collection  may 
be  obtained  as  follows,  many  of  them 
free,  though  some  must   be  bought : 

Teachers  in  the  country  are  more 
favorably  situated  for  collecting 
specimens  than  their  fellows  in  the 
city. 

Most  of  the  cereals  are  grown  on 
the  farms  near  by  and  can  easily  be 
obtained  from  the  farmers  in  all 
amounts  necessary  for  study.  Wheat 
is  not  grown  in  the  East  so 
commonly  but  some  could  be  sown 
next  spring  and  enough  raised  for 
the  next  year's  supply.  Fruits  and 
vegetables  also  can  be  had  in  season 
and  can  be  seen  in  growth.  Many 
varieties  of  nuts  grow  wild  in  most 
sections  of  the  country  and  the 
others  are  for  sale  at  low  prices  at 
the  grocery  stores. 

Tea,  coffee  and  chocolate  are  found 
also  in  all  stores.  The  cocoa  beans 
from  which  the  cocoa  and  chocolate 
are  made  are  more  difficult  to  get,  but 
the  Walter  Baker  Company,  of  Mil- 
ton, Mass.,  have  prepared  a  _  small 
case  showing  the  principal  points  in 
chocolate  and  cocoa  manufacture 
which  can  be  obtained  at  a  small 
cost.  Mate  is  hard  to  get.  Animal 
products  cannot  easily  be  preserved, 
but  booklets  are  issued   by  Swift  & 


Co.  and  Armour  &  Co.  which  show 
the  processes  of  meat  packing. 

Textile  fibres  are  hardest  to  get  in 
most  cases,  unless  the  teacher  lives 
in  the  wool  or  cotton  belt.  In  New 
England  this  is  easier  because  of 
the  many  mills.  The  teacher  must 
therefore  send  to  some  centre  like 
Boston  or  Philadelphia  for  such 
specimens.     They  are  not  expensive. 

Building  materials,  wood,  stone, 
brick,  cement,  etc.,  can  inmost  cases 
be  obtained  in  each  town,  as  they  are 
in  constant  demand  and  the  neces- 
sary grades  are  on  hand. 

Commercial  minerals,  outside  of 
building  stone,  are  not  many,  though 
the  ores  of  the  chief  metals  "ought  to 
be  had,  together  with  samples  of  the 
metal  and  its  manufactured  products. 

One  point  is  very  important.  In 
nearly  every  town  there  are  one  or 
more  industries  carried  on.  In  most 
cases  a  complete  set  of  specimens 
showing  the  progress  of  the  indus- 
try can  readily  be  obtained  for  the 
school,  and  the  editor  believes  that 
the  pupil  should  first  of  all  have  his 
attention  called  to  the  industries  and 
productions  which  are  to  be  seen  in 
his  own  home  town. 

Most  teachers  will  call  upon  their 
pupils  for  aid  in  collecting,  and  pupils 
readily  grow  enthusiastic  over  the 
collection  and  will  alone  or  by  the 
aid  of  their  parents  bring  in  many 
valuable  specimens.  For  the  things 
that  must  be  bought  the  teacher 
must  either  pay  for  them  himself  or 
get  a  subscription  among  interested 
people  to  buy  the  necessary  cases 
of  samples. 

The  specimens  foreign  to  each 
locality  may  be  obtained  usually  by 
writing  to  dealers  in  those  staples  in 
the  sections  of  the  country  where 
they  are  produced.  These  can  be 
found  by  consulting  the  advertise- 
ments in  the  trade  journals  of  differ- 
ent kinds. 

The  advertising  literature  issued 
by  Western  and  Southern  railroads 
to  attract  settlers  to  their  lands, 
while  not  very  reliable  as  to  figures, 
yet  give  many  valuable  illustrations 
not  otherwise  to  be  obtained,  and 
from  those  localities  specimens  can 
often  be  obtained. 

So  much  can  be  done  in  these  ways 
that  specimens  showing  the  main 
lines  of  a  subject  can  soon  be  ob- 
tained, but  there  are  many  links  that 
at  present  are  hard  to  get  and  which 
have  caused  the  editor  much  labor 
and  expense  to  obtain  for  his  collec- 
tion, which  is  yet  far  from  complete. 

Another  point  needs  mention.  The 
dealers  in  the  large  towns  and  cities 
who  now  are  ready  to  give  samples 
will  in  the  near  future  become  weary 
of  well  doing  and  will  refuse  to  make 
any  more  presents  of  their  goods. 

The  need  of  proper  bottles  and 
cases  for  the  specimens  to  be  used 
for  the  working  collection  is  great, 
and  the  best  forms  and  sizes  are  not 
yet  proved  by  experience. 

There  is,  however,  a  square  4  oz. 
bottle  with  an  aluminum  screw  top, 
manufactured  by  Whitall,  Tatum  & 
Co.,  of  Philadelphia,  which  is  in  all 
respects  satisfactory  for  class  use, 
being  light,  strong,  handsome  and 
large  enough  for  such  substances  as 
(Continued  on  Page  -il.) 


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DEPARTMENT    OF 


Practical  Mathematics 

GEORGE    E.  KING, 

Cedar   Rapids   Business  College, 

Cedak  rapids,  low  a 


multiplication 

This  is  one  of  the  most  interesting 
subjects  to  be  found  in  arithmetic, 
and  one  in  which,  perhaps,  there  is 
more  latitude  for  reasoning  out  short 
methods  than  in  any  of  the  other  fun- 
damental operations.  Multiplication, 
in  brief,  is  the  process  of  taking  a 
concrete  number  as  many  times  as 
there  are  units  in  another  number;  or 
it  is  a  short  process  of  addition,  when 
the  numbers  to  be  added  are  equal. 
The  terms  of  multiplication  are:  The 
multiplicand,  which  is  the  number 
to  be  taken  and  which  is  always  con- 
crett .  or  at  least  should  be  so  consid- 
ered; the  multiplier,  which  shows  the 
number  of  times  the  multiplicand  is  to 
be  taken,  and  which  is  always  an  ab- 
stract number;  and  the  product,  which 
is  the  result  obtained  by  taking  the 
multiplicand  as  many  times  as  there 
are  units  in  the  multiplier.  The  pro- 
duct is  always  of  the  same  name  and 
kind  as  the  multiplicand. _  As  in  ad- 
dition and  subtraction,  in  each  of 
which  we  have  three  terms,  or  items, 
to  consider,  so  in  multiplication  we 
have  three  terms;  and  these  terms  are 
so  related  that  if  any  two  of  them  are 
given,  the  third  may  be  found.  The 
general  principles  which  govern  the 
relationship  of  multiplicand,  multi- 
plier, and  product,  are  as  follows: 

Multiplicand  multiplied  by  multi- 
plier equals  product. 

Product  divided  by  multiplicand 
equals  the  multiplier. 

Product  divided  by  the  multiplier 
equals  the  multiplicand. 

Illustration  :•  1.  Multiplicand  $42, 
multiplier,  4,  product  $168. 

2.  Product  $168  divided  by  multi- 
plicand, $42,  equals   the  multiplier  4. 

3.  Product.  $168,  divided  bv  multi- 
plier., 4,  equals  the  multiplicand,  $42. 

CLASS   DRILL  ON    PRINCIPLES  OF 
MULTIPLICATION 

A  great  deal  of  the  drill  should  be 
given  upon  these  principles  and  the 
should  never  fail  to  criticise 
a  pupil  whenever  he  speaks  of  the 
multiplier  as  though  it  were  a  con- 
crete number.  As  a  class  drill,  the 
following  may  be  used: 

Product,  SO"  bushels,  multiplier  5; 
what  is  the  multiplicand  ?  Answer,  16 
bushels. 

Multiplicand,  10  lbs.,  product,  80 
lbs;  what  is  the  multiplier  ?  Answer, 
10  i  abstract  number). 

Multiplicand,  $35,  multiplier,  6  ;  what 
is  the  product?    Answer,  $210. 

Product,  80  horses,  multiplier,  5; 
what  is  the  multiplicand?  Answer,  16 
horses,  and,  continuing  this  drill  us- 


ing various  concrete  numbers  for  the 
multiplicand  and  product,  the  stud- 
ents will  soon  become  familiar  with 
the  principles  governing  the  relation- 
ship of  multplicand,  multiplier,  and 
product. 

It  should  be  explained,  however, 
that,  so_  far  as  theart  is  concerned,  the 
multiplicand  and  multiplier,  for  con- 
venience'sake,  maybe  transposed;  but 
in  speaking  of  the  multiplier  always 
refer  to  it  as  an  abstract  number, 
never  as  a  concrete  number.  In  tak- 
ing up  the  study  of  multiplication,  I 
should  devote  much  time  to  the  study 
of  short  methods,  beginning  with 
multiplying  a  number  by  10,  by  sim- 
ply moving  the  decimal  point  one 
place  to  the  right,  or,  if  an  integral 
number,  annexing  one  cipher  to  the 
right.  If  the  multiplier  is  100,  move 
the  decimal  point  two  places  to  the 
right,  or  annex  two  ciphers,  and  so  on. 
Then,  using  10  as  a  fulcrum,  so  to 
speak,  to  multiply  any  number  by  5, 
which  is  a  half  of  10',  multiply  the 
multiplicand  by  10,  and  take  J  of  the 
result. 

SCIENTIFIC   SHORT  CUTS  IN 
MULTIPLICATION 

To  multiply  by  3*,  which  is  \  of  10, 
multiply  by  10  and  take  \  of  the  result. 

To  multiply  by  23,  multiply  by  10 
and  take  \  of' the' result. 

To  multiply  by  lj,  multiply  by  10  and 
take  J  of  the  result. 

To  multiply  by  1\,  multiply  by  10 
and  deduct  J-  of  the  result. 

To  multiply  by  6s,  multiply  bv  10 
and  deduct  \  of  the  result. 

To  multiply  by  81,  multiply  by  10 
and  deduct  \  of  the  result. 

To  multiply  by  15,  multiply  bv  10 
and  add  \  of  the  result,  which  is  five 
times  the  number. 

To  multiply  by  13J,  multiply  by  10 
and  add  \  of  the  result. 

Then,  taking  the  aliquot  parts  of 
100,  tomultiply  any  number  by  12i,  mul- 
tiply the  multiplicand  by  100  and 
divide  the  result  by  8. 

To  multiply  by  14?,  multiply  by  100 
and  take  \  of  the  result. 

To  multiply  by  16f,  multiply  by  100 
and  take  \  or  the  result. 

To  multiply  by  25,  multiply  by  100 
and  take  \  of  the  result. 

To  multiply  by  33J,  multiply  by  100 
and  take  \  of  the  result. 

To  multiply  by  50,  multiply  by  100 
and  take  4  of  the  result. 

To  multiply  any  number  by  663,  mul- 
tiply by  100  and  deduct  k  of  the  result. 

To  multiply  any  number  by  75,  mul- 
tiply by  100,  and  deduct  J  of  the  result. 

To  multiply  any  number  by  87J ,  mul- 
tiply by  100  and  deduct  J  of  the  result. 


To  multiply  any  number  which  is  a 
little  less  than  100  or  1000,  etc.,  multi- 
ply the  number  by  the  100  or  1000  and 
deduct  from  the  result  as  many  times 
the  multiplicand  as  the  multiplier  is 
less  than  the  100  or  1000. 

illustration  :  To  multiply  $473  by  95, 
multiply  by  100  by  annexing  two 
ciphers,  which  gives  $47,300,  and  de- 
duct five  times  $473,  which  leaves 
$44,935. 

Operation  :  $473  x  100  equals  $47,300 
$473  x  5  equals  2,365 

$473    x  95  equals  $44,935 

To  multiply  $3,172  by  98,  annex  two 
ciphers,  and  deduct  twice  the  $3,172, 
which  leaves  $310,856. 

To  multiply  $3,125  by  989,  annex  three 
ciphers,  which  multiplies  the  number 
bv  1000,  and  deduct  eleven  times  $3,125, 
which  leaves  $3,090,625. 

To  multiply  by  any  number  which 
is  a  little  greater  than  10  or  some 
power  of  10,  we  may  shorten  the 
operation  by  first  multiplying  by  10, 
100,  or  1000,  and  then  add  thereto  as 
many  times  the  number  as  the  multi- 
plier is  greater  than  10,  100 or  1000,  etc. 

Illustration  :  Multiply  3,462  by  103. 
First  multiply  3,462  by  100  by  annex- 
ing two  ciphers  and  to  this  result  add 
three  times  3,462,  which  gives  356,586. 
Again,  multiply  2,725  by  1,008,  annex 
three  ciphers,  and  add  eight  times  the 
2, 725, which  gives  2,746,800  as  the  result. 
This,  as  you  notice,  centralizes  the 
multiplication  around  the  10  or  some 
power  of  ten. 

MISCELLANEOUS  SHORT  CUTS  IN    , 
MULTIPLICATION 

To  multiply  any  number  of  two 
figures  (the  sum  of  whose  digits  is 
less  than  10)  by  11,  simply  place  the 
sum  of  the  two  figures  between  the 
digits  of  the  multiplicand  ;  $42  milti- 
plied  by  11  equals  $462  :  $45  multiplied 
by  11  equals  $495 ;  simply  placing 
the  sum  of  4  and  5  between  the  4 
and  the  5.  This  is  a  short  cut  that  is 
very  easily  learned  and  it  is  easy  to 
remember. 

To  multiply  any  number  by  11, 
obtaining  the  result  direct,  we  may 
vary  the  above  method  slightly.  To 
illustrate  :  suppose  we  multiply  5,432 
by  11.  For  the  unit's  figure  of  the 
product,  bring  down  the  2,  then  for 
the  ten's  figure  add  the  units  and  tens 
of  the  multiplicand ;  that  is,  the  2  and 
3,  giving  5  for  the  ten's  figure  in  the 
product.  For  the  next  figure  in  the 
product,  add  the  tens  and  hundreds 
of  the  multiplicand,  3  plus  4  equals  7. 
For  the  thousand's  figure  of  the  pro- 
duct, add  the  hundreds  and  thousands 
of  the  multiplicand,  giving  4  plus  5 
equals  9,  and  for  the  tens  of  thousands, 
simply  bring  down  the  left  hand 
figure,  5.  The  reason  for  this  can 
clearly  be  shown  by  multiplying  the 
5,432  by  11,  using  the  partial  products, 
as  follows  : 

5,432 
11 

5,432 
5,432 

59,752 
By  this  outline  you  notice  that  we 
have  for  the  unit's  figure  of  the  pro- 
duct simply  the  2  in  the  partial  pro- 
duct to  bring  down,  and  for  the  ten's 
figure  of  the  product,   we  have  the  3 


£/ 1  ve  f  J  tt«>u  tc*>  *>  CcUtctttc r   &> 


and  2,  as  shown  in  the  partial  pro- 
duct, giving 5,  and  for  the  hundred's 
figure  in  the  product,  we  have  in  the 
partial  product,  the  4  and  3,  giving  7, 
and  for  the  thousand's  figure  in  the 
product,  we  have  the  partial  products 
4  and  5,  giving  9,  and  for  the  tens  of 
thousands  in  the  product,  we  have 
simply  the  5  to  bring  down.  The 
principle  of  this  may  also  be  applied 
in  multiplying  by  111,  1,111,  etc.  In 
carrying  out  this  method  of  multiply- 
ing bv  11,  we  mav  similarlv  multiplv 
by  22,  33,  44,  55',  etc.  To 'illustrate': 
suppose  we  multiply  3,245  by  22,  obtain- 
ing the  result  direct  and  not  using  the 
partial  products.  We  have,  then,  for 
the  unit's  figure  of  the  product,  two 
times  the  5  in  the  multiplicand,  which 
gives  10.  We  place  down  the  cipher 
and  carry  the  1  ;  then  for  the  ten's 
figure  of  the  product,  we  have  two 
times  (5  plus  4i,  which  givfs  18,  to 
which  we  add  the  1  to  be  carried,  mak- 
ing^. Write  the  9  and  carry  the  1.  For 
the  next  figure  of  the  product,  we  have 
two  times  (4  plus  2i,  which  equals  12, 
and  adding  the  1  to  be  carried,  we  get 
13.  We  place  the  3  in  the  product  and 
carry  thel.  Forthe thousand's  figure 
of  the  product,  we  have  2  times  the  sum 
of  2  and  3,  or  10,  plus  1,  making  11. 
Write  the  1,  and  carry  1.  Forthe  next 
figure  in  the  product,  we  have  simply 
2  times  3,  or  6,  plus  the  1  to  be  carried", 
making  7;  giving  us  for  the  product  of 
3,245  multiplied  by  22,  71,390.  In  this 
method  you  will  find  that  there  is  a 
great  saving  in  time. 

To  multiply  any  number  by  9,  we 
may  first  multiply  by  10  and  subtract 
each  figure  in  the  number  to  be  mul- 
tiplied, from  the  figure  to  its  right, 
which  is  the  same  as  multiplying  the 
number  by  10,  and  deducting  one  time 
the  number.  To  illustrate  :  multiply 
3,563  by  9.  Multiply  the  number  by  10 
and  we  have  35,630;  from  this  subtract 
one  time  the  multiplicand,  or  3,563. 
35, loll 
3,563 

32,067 

SUPPLEMENTS   AND  COMPLEMENTS 

Still  centralizing  our  multiplication 
in  the  10  or  some  .power  of  10,  when 
the  multiplier  and  multiplicand  are  a 
little  more  or  a  little  less  than  10,  100, 
or  1000,  etc.,  we  ma)",  by  the  use  of 
complements  and  supplements,  short- 
en the  operation. 

To  multiply  97  by  94,  find  the  com- 
plement of  each  number.  As  for  97, 
the  complement  is  3  and  for  94,  it  is  6. 
Subtract  the  complement  of  the  one 
number  from  the  other;  as,  3,  from  94 
leaves  91.  Consider  the  result  as 
hundreds  and  to  it  add  the  product 
of  the  complements  6  times  3,  giving 
for  the  final  result,  9,118.  Again,  mul- 
tiply 89  by  92.  The  complement  of  89 
is  11 ;  and  of  92  is  8  ;  then,  either  sub- 
tract the  complement  of  the  92,  which 
is  8,  from  the  89,  or  the  complement  of 
the  89,  which  is  11,  from  92,  leaving  in 
either  case  81,  which  is  to  be  consider- 
ed as  hundreds,  and  to  this  result  add 
the  product  of  the  complements,  8 
times  11,  or  88,  giving  the  result  8,188. 

Multiplv988by995.  The  complement 
of  988  is  12,  and  of  995  is  5.  As  in  the 
preceding  problem,  subtract  the  com- 
plement|of  the  one  factor  from  the  other 
factor,  as  5  from  988  leaves  983.  This 
result  is  to  be  considered  as  thousands, 


since  our  central  multiplier,  when  the 
factors  are  near  1000,  is  1000.  To  this 
result,  add  the  product  of  the  comple- 
ments, 5  times  12,  or  60,  making  the 
final  result  983,060. 

Multiplvl08bv  109.  The  supr  lenient 
of  108  is  8,  and  of  109  is 9;  that  is,  the 
8  is  the  excess  of  108  over  100  and  9  is 
the  excess  of  109  over  100.  Add  the 
supplement  of  the  one  factor  to  the 
other,  as,  9  added  to  108  equals  117. 
Consider  the  result  as  hundreds  and 
to  it  add  the  product  of  the  supple- 
ments, 9  times  8,  or  72,  giving  for  the 
rusult,  11,772. 

Illustration  : 

109    9  supplement. 

108    8  supplement. 

11,700    equals  109  plus  8  considered 
as  hundreds. 
72   equals   9  times   8,  product  of 
supplements 

11,772    Answer,  equals  109  times  108. 

Multiply  1,018  bv  1,005.  The  supple- 
ment of  1,018  is  18,  and  of  1,005  is  5.  5 
added  to  1,018  equals  1,023,  which  isto 
be  considered  as  thousands,  as  1,023,- 
000,  to  which  should  be  added  the 
product  of  the  supplements,  5  times 
18,  which  gives  the  final  result,  1,023,- 
090.  When  one  factor  is  a  little  great- 
er than  100  or  1000,  etc.,  and  the  other 
factor  is  a  little  less,  the  above  rules 
should  be  modified  slightly.  To  illus- 
trate :  multiply  96  by  108."  Write  the 
complement  of  the  number  which  is 
less  than  100;  as,  the  complement  of 
96  is  4,  and  take  the  supplement  of  the 
factor  which  is  greater  than  100;  as, 
for  the  factor  108  the  supplement  is  8. 
Add  the  supplement  of  the  one  factor 
to  the  other ;  as,  8  plus  96,  equals  104, 
or  subtract  the  complement  of  the  one 
factor  from  the  other  factor;  as,  108 
minus  4  equals  104.  Consider  this  re- 
sult as  hundreds  and  from  it  subtract 
the  product  of  the  complement  and 
the  supplement  ;  as,  4  times  8  equals 
32,  which  subtracted  from  the  104  con- 
sidered as  hundreds  leaves  10,368. 

Illustration  : 

96    4  complement. 

108  8  supplement. 

10,400    equals  96  plus  8,  the  sum  be- 
ing considered  as  hundreds. 
32     equals  4  times  8,  product  of 
complement  and  supplement. 

10,368    equals  96  time  108. 

Apply  the  above  rules  to  the  follow- 
ing problems  :  89  times  94,  92  times  96, 
93  times  89,  97  time  92,  98  times  97, 
103  times  105,  109  times  107,  112  times 
108,  111  times  109,  107  times  94,  106 
times  93,  113  times  95. 

To  square  any  number  ending  in  5, 
multiply  the  tens  by  the  tens  plus 
one,  and  annex  25  to  the  result. 

Illustration  :  85  times  85.  In  this 
number  we  have  8  tens.  1  added  to 
the  8  tens  equals  9  ;  9  times  8  equals 
72  to  be  considered  as  hundreds,  to 
which  we  add  5  times  5  or  25,  making 
the  result  7,225. 

125  multiplied  by  125.  In  this  num- 
ber we  have  12  tens.  The  number  one 
greater  than  12  tens  is  13.  13  times  12 
equals  156,  which  we  consider  as 
hundreds  and  to  which  we  add  5  times 
5,  or  25,  giving  for  the  result  15,625. 


Division. 

In  introducing  the  subject  of  divis- 
ion, give  special  attention  to  the  de- 
finition of  division.  The  following 
will  be  found  to  be  not  only  a  logical 
but  also  a  practical  definition  of  this 
fundamental  operation : 

Division  is  either  the  process  of 
finding  the  number  of  parts  into 
which  a  number  may  be  separated 
when  the  value  of  each  part  is  given, 
or  of  finding  the  value  of  each  part 
into  which  the  number  is  to  be  sepa- 
rated, when  the  number  of  parts 
into  which  the  number  is  to  be  sepa- 
rated, is  given.  The  terms  of  divi- 
sion are:  the  dividend,  which  is  the 
number  or  quantity  to  be  divided, 
and  it  is  always  concrete  ;  the  divisor, 
which  either  shows  the  value  of  each 
part  into  which  the  dividend  is  to  be 
separated,  or  the  number  of  parts 
into  which  the  dividend  is  sepa- 
rated, and  which  may  therefore  be 
either  concrete  or  abstract ;  the 
quotient  is  the  result  obtained  by 
the  division.  When  the  divisor  is  a 
concrete  number  the  quotient  shows 
the  number  of  parts  into  which  the 
dividend  is  separated,  and  it  is  there- 
fore abstract;  but,  if  the  divisor  is 
an  abstract  number,  then  the  quo- 
tient shows  the  value  of  each  part 
into  which  the  dividend  is  to  be  sepa- 
rated and  is  therefore  concrete.  As 
in  the  three  preceding  fundamental 
operations,  addition,  subtraction,  and 
multiplication,  so  in  division  we  have 
three  terms  which  are  so  related  to 
each  other  that  if  any  two  of  them 
are  given,  the  third  may  be  found. 
To  find  the  quotient  when  the  divi- 
dend and  divisor  are  given,  divide 
the  dividend  by  the  divisor.  To  find 
the  dividend  when  the  quotient  and 
divisor  are  given,  multiply  the  quo- 
tient by  the  divisor,  or  multiply  the  di- 
visor by  the  quotient.  To  find  the  di- 
visor when  the  dividend  and  quotient 
are  given,  divide  the  dividend  by 
the  quotient. 

Illustration :  Dividend,  $48;  divisor 
4,  an  abstract  number;  to  find  the 
quotient :  Divide  $48  by  4,  which 
equals  $12,  the  quotient. 

Quotient,  $12  ;  divisor,  4,  an  abstract 
number  ;  to  find  the  dividend  :  Mul- 
tiply the  quotient,  $12,  by  the  divisor, 
4,  which  equals  the  dividend,  $48. 

Dividend,  $48;  quotient,  $12;  to  find 
the  divisor  :  Divide  the  $48,  the  divi- 
dend, by  $12,  the  quotient,  which  will 
give  the  divisor,  4,  an  abstract 
number. 

FOR    CLASS    PRILL 

Dividend,  64  bushels  ;  divisor,  4, 
an  abstract  number ;  what  is  the 
quotient  ?     Answer,  16  bushels. 

Dividend,  80  lbs.;  divisor,  10  lbs.; 
quotient,  8,  an  abstract  number. 

Dividend,  $72  ;  divisor,  4,  an  abstract 
number;  quotient,  $18. 

Quotient,  20  apples  ;  divisor,  4,  an 
abstract  number;  what  is  the  divi- 
dend ?    Answer,  80  apples. 

Quotient,  30,  an  abstract  number; 
divisor,  $5;  what  is  the  dividend? 
Answer,  $150. 

Dividend,  80  acres;  quotient,  16 
acres  ;  what  is  the  divisor  ? 

Quotient,  48  bushels  ;  dividend,  144 
bushels  ;  what  is  the  divisor  ? 

PRINCIPLES    UNDERLYING  DIVISION 

The    following    principles,    six    in 


£n^@u^in»e^£d^&GbtoF  & 


number,  should  be  drilled  on  repeat- 
edly until  every  member  in  the  class 
can  not  only  give  them  but  under- 
stand them  as  well : 

1.  Multiplying  the  dividend  by  any 
number,  multiplies  the  value  of  the 
quotient  bv  that  number. 

2.  Multiplying  the  divisor  by  any 
number  divides  the  value  of  the  quo- 
tient by  that  number. 

:;.  Multiplying  both  dividend  and 
divisor  by  the  same  number  does  not 
change  the  quotient. 

4.  Dividing  the  dividend  by  any 
number  divides  the  quotient  by  that 
number. 

.S.  Dividing  the  divisor  by  any 
number  multiplies  the  quotient  by 
that  number. 

6.  Dividing  both  dividend  and 
divisor  by  the  same  number  does  not 
altei  the  Value  of  the  quotient. 

Each  of  these  principles  should 
be  fully  demonstrated  by  the  teacher. 

Much  emphasis  should  be  given 
to  these,  because  when  we  take  up 
the  study  of  fractions,  we  desire  to 
consider  that  subject  by  analogy,  as 
we  will  then  show  that  the  numerator 
of  the  fraction  corresponds  to  the 
dividend  in  division  ;  that  the  de- 
nominator of  a  fraction  corresponds 
to  the  divisor  in  division  ;  that  the 
value  of  the  fraction  equals  the 
quotient  in  division  ;  and,  there- 
fore, that  the  same  principles  which 
apply  to  the  dividend  and  divisor  in 
division,  apply  with  equal  force  to 
the  numerator  and  denominator  of  a 
fraction.  In  fact,  a  fraction  is  simply 
an  expression  of  division.  As  a  drill 
upon  these  six  principles  in  division, 
give  the  following  problems: 

Quotient  arising  from  dividing  the 
dividend  by  the  divisor  is  lti  bushels  ; 
what  would  the  quotient  be  if  the 
dividend  were  multiplied  by  -  ? 
What  would  the  quotient  be  if  the 
divisor  were  multiplied  by  2? 
What  would  it  be  if  both  dividend 
and  divisor  were  mutiplied  bv  2  ? 
What  would  it  be  if  the  dividend  were 
divided  bv  2?  What  if  the  divisor 
were  divided  by  2?  What  if  both 
dividend  and  divisor  were  divided  by 
2  ? 

Quotient,  20;  what  will  thequotient 
be  if  the  dividend  is  multiplied  bv 
3,  and  the  divisor  divided  by  2'? 
Answer,   121). 

Quotient,  4(1;  what  would  the  quo- 
tient be  if  the  dividend  were  divided 
by  2,  and  the  divisor  multiplied  bv  2  ? 
Answer,   Id. 

Quotient,  96;  what  would  it  be  if 
the  dividend  were  multiplied  bv  3, 
and  the  divisor  were  divided  bv  4  ? 
Answer,  1,152. 

Quotient,  60;  what  would  the  quo- 
tient be  if  the  dividend  were  multi- 
plied bv  3,  and  the  divisor  multiplied 
by  2  ?    ' 

In  this  drill,  require  that  the 
students  tell  how  and  why  thev  get 
tin-  results  they  do,  bv  insisting  upon 
their  giving  the  principles  stated 
above.  for  instance,  take  this 
problem:  the  quotient  is  $48;  what 
would  tin-  quotient  be  if  the  dividend 
multiplied  bv  2,  and  the  divisor 
divided  by  3?  Analysis:  [f  the  divi- 
jvere  multiplied  bv  2  according 
to  the  principle  that  multiplying  the 
dividend  by  any  number  multiplies 
the  quotient  by  that  number,  then 
our   new  quotient  will    be  two  times 


$48  or  $90;  and,  since  dividing  the 
divisor  by  any  number  multiplies  the 
quotient  by  that  number,  if  we  divide 
our  divisor  by  3,  our  quotient,  $9(>,  will 
be  multiplied"  by  3,  giving,  us  for  the 
final  quotient,  $288. 

MISCELLANEOUS    SHORT   CUTS     IN 
DIVISION. 

To  divide  any  number  by  2],  divide 
the  number  by  10  and  multiply^  the 
result  by  4,  because  2A  is  contained 
in  any  number  4  times  as  many  times 
as  10  is  contained  in  that  number. 

To  divide  any  number  by  31,  divide 
the  number  by  10  and  multiply  the 
result  by  3. 

To  divide  any  number  by  5,  divide 
the  number  by  10  and  multiply  the 
result  by  2. 

To  divide  by  6ji,  divide  by  10  and 
to  the  result  add  one-half  of  itself, 
because  6S  is  contained  in  any 
number  1.1  times  as  many  times  as  10 
is  contained  in  that  number. 

To  divide  any  number  by  7J,  divide 
the  number  by  10  and  add  \  the  result. 

To  divide  any  number  by  81,  divide 
the  number  by  10  and  add  !  the 
result,  or  divide  the  number  by  100 
and  multiply  by  12. 

To  divide  any  number  by  13*, 
divide  the  number  by  10  and  deduct 
1  of  the  result. 

To  divide  any  number  by  9,', ,  divide 
the  number  by  100  and  multiply  the 
result  by  11. 

To  divide  any  number  by  11,',, 
divide  bv  100  and'  multiply  the  result 
bv  9. 

To  divide  by  12.1,  divide  by  100  and 
multiply  the  result  bv  8. 

To  divide  by  14?,  divide  by  100  and 
multiply  the  result  by  7. 

To  divide  by  16ji,  divide  by  100  and 
multiply  the  result  bv  6. 

To  divide  any  number  by  2(1,  divide 
by  10  and  take  '  the  result. 


To  divide  any  number  by  25,  divide 
by  100  and  multiply  the  result  by  4. 

To  divide  any  number  by  33j,  divide 
by  100  and  multiply  the  result  by  3. 

To  divide  any  number  by  50,  divide 
by  100  and  multiply  the  result  by  2. 

To  divide  any  number  by66§,  divide 
the  number  by  100  and  add  J  the 
result. 

To  divide  any  number  by  75,  divide 
the  number  by  100  and  add  1  the 
result. 

To  divide  any  number  by  87J,  divide 
bv  100  and  to  the  result  add  f  of 
itself. 

To  divide  any  number  by  112A, 
divide  the  number  by  100  and  deduct 
J  of  the  result. 

To  divide  any  number  by  II63, 
divide  by  100  and  then  deduct  }  of 
the  result. 

To  divide  any  number  by  125, 
divide  by  100  and  deduct  J  of  the 
result. 

To  divide  any  number  by  1331, 
divide  by  100  and  deduct  j  of  the 
result. 

To  divide  any  number  by  150, 
divide  by  100  and  deduct  1  of  the 
result. 

To  divide  any  number  by  I66j, 
divide  by  1000  and  multiply  the  result 
by  6. 

To  divide  any  number  by  250, 
divide  by  1000  and  multiply  the  result 
bv  4. 

To  divide  any  number  by  333 J, 
divide  the  number  by  1000  and 
multiply  the  result  by  3. 

To  divide  any  number  by  500, 
divide  by  1000  and  multiply  the 
result  by  2. 

To  divide  any  number  by  666f, 
divide  by  1000  and  add  .V  the  result. 

To  divide  any  number  by  750, 
divide  bv  1000  and  add  ,1  the  result. 


T 


L 


DEPARTMENT  OF 


Commercial  £atr>. 

J     C.    BARBER, 

Bryant  &  Stratton  Business  College, 
Providence,  r.  i. 


7 


. 


mutual  Consent 


THE    AGREEMENT 


A  contract  is  a  binding  agreement, 
between  competent  parties,  for  a 
legal  consideration,  to  do  or  refrain 
from  doing  some  definite  aet  which 
is  lawful  and  possible  and  which  is 
not  compulsory  by  law.  Without  the 
agreement  there  is  no  contract.  But 
it  is  not  enough  that  there  should  be 
an  agreement  ;  it  must  be  of  such  a 
nature  as  to  show  that  the  parties 
intended  to  be  bound  by  it.  The 
agreement  of  parties  in  making  an 
appraisal  of  property  is  not  a  con- 
tract. An  invitation  to  dine,  although 
accepted  by  the  other  party,  does 
not  place  the  parties  under  contract- 
ual obligation,  because  the  nature  of 
the   agreement    shows   that    they  do 


not  intend  to  bind  themselves.  For 
the  same  reason  an  agreement  made 
in  jest,  and  so  understood  by  both 
parties,  is  not  binding.  But  where 
one  enters  into  an  agreement  which 
would  otherwise  be  binding  on  him, 
it  is  no  excuse  that  he  did  not  intend 
to  obligate  himself,  unless  he  can 
show  that  the  other  party  understood 
that  the  agreement  was  made  in  jest. 
It  is  a  general  rule  that  a  person  is 
presumed  to  have  intended  the  legal 
consequences  of  his  conduct.  In 
order  to  result  in  a  valid  contract, 
the  agreement  should  consist  in  a 
definite  offer  by  one  party,  to  do  or 
refrain  from  doing  some  lawful  act 
for  aconsideration,  and  an  acceptance 
of  that  identical  offer  bv  the  party 
to  whom  it  was  made. 


9K&  &\*J*M%ebb  &elMi&&£>eip   & 


THE    OFFER 

An  offer  may  be  made  orally  or  in 
writing',  or  by  any  other  means  by 
which  it  may  be  definitely  communi- 
cated to  the  other  party.  It  must  be  a 
real  offer  and  not  a  mere  "  expression 
of  intention  "  to  make  an  offer  at 
some  future  time.  A  says  to  B,  "I 
intend  to  sell  my  oxen  if  I  can  get 
$150  for  them,"  to  which  B  replies, 
"I  will  take  them  at  that  price." 
There  is  no  contract.  A  has  only 
said  that  he  may  offer  to  sell.  If, 
now,  A  should  accept  B's  offer,  there 
would  be  a  contract.  Circular  letters 
quoting  prices  are  not  offers  but  only 
invitations  to  open  negotiations.  Yet 
it  is  sometimes  hard  to  say  what 
amounts  to  an  offer  and  what  is  less 
than  an  offer.  An  offer  must  be  defi- 
nite. If  the  offer  is  vague  or  uncer- 
tain, no  acceptance,  however  clearly 
stated,  can  remedy  the  deficiency, 
for  then  the  acceptance  differs  from 
the  offer.  In  one  case  a  party  offered 
to  pay  an  additional  sum  for  a  horse, 
if  the  horse  should  prove  lucky  to 
him.  The  term  "lucky"  was  held 
to  be  of  such  doubtful  meaning  that 
the  promisor  could  not  be  held. 
Many  illustrations  of  this  nature 
might  be  given.  Some  offers  or 
promises  which  might  on  first  thought 
seem  uncertain  are  not  so  considered. 
An  agreement  to  sell  a  definite  num- 
ber of  carloads  of  lumber  was  held 
to  be  a  valid  contract  notwithstand- 
ing the  fact  that  there  is  a  great 
variation  in  the  capacity  of  cars.  Of 
course  an  offer  may  be  made  person- 
ally or  by  an  authorized  agent. 

THE    REVOCATION    OF    AN    OFFER 

A  simple  offer  does  not  make  a 
contract.  The  offer  may  be  with- 
drawn (revoked)  at  any  time  before 
it  has  been  accepted.  If  the  offerer 
agreed  for  a  consideration  to  keep 
the  offer  open  for  a  certain  time 
(which  transaction  is  known  as  an 
"option"),  withdrawing  it  before 
the  end  of  the  time  would  make  him 
liable  in  damages  to  the  other  party. 
An  offer  may  be  revoked  by  notice  to 
the  party  to  whom  it  was  made.  If 
communicated  from  a  distance,  as 
by  mail  or  otherwise,  notice,  to  be 
effectual,  must  actually  reach  the 
other  party  before  he  has  accepted. 
An  offer  may  be  revoked  by  an  act 
inconsistent  with  the  continuance  of 
the  offer,  but  the  other  party  must 
have  knowledge  of  such  act.  X  offers 
to  sell  Y  a  carriage  and  promises  to 
give  him  one  week  in  which  to  accept. 
On  the  next  day  X  sells  the  carriage 
to  Z.  Y  meets  Z  taking  the  carriage 
home  and  is  informed  of  the  sale. 
Y  at  once  notifies  X  that  he  will 
accept  his  offer.  Is  X  liable  to  Y  ? 
If  nothing  was  to  be  paid  for  keeping 
the  offer  open,  the  act  of  X  in  selling 
with  Y's  knowledge  amounts  to  a 
revocation.  It  would  have  been 
otherwise  had  Y  not  known  of  the 
sale  when  he  sought  to  accept  the 
offer.  For,  although  there  was  no 
consideration  for  keeping  the  offer 
open,  it  was  open  for  the  week  unless 
sooner  withdrawn,  and  it  could  not 
be  withdrawn  by  selling  to  another 
unless  Y  had  knowledge  of  the  sale 
before  he  undertook  to  accept. 
Where  offers  are  made  to  the  public 
generally,  such  as  offers   of     reward 


advertised  in  the  press,  notice  of 
withdrawal  of  the  offer  is  sufficient 
if  given  by  the  same  means  by  which 
the  offer  was  made,  whether  or  not 
notice  actually  reaches  the  party 
intending  to  accept. 

THE   ACCEPTANCE 

The  acceptance  must  be  identical 
with  the  offer.  The  offerer  may  also 
specify  any  conditions  as  to  the  man- 
ner of  acceptance,  and,  to  be  sure  of 
making  the  acceptance  binding,  the 
other  party  must  comply.  An  offer 
must  be  accepted  as  a  whole  if  at  all. 
If  the  acceptance  differs  materially 
from  the  offer,  surely  it  is  not  an 
acceptance  of  that  offer,  but  another 
offer,  which  in  order  to  bind  any  one, 
must  in  turn  be  accepted  bv  the  other 
party.  A  offers  to  sell  B '1,500  bar- 
rels of  salt  at  a  stated  price.  B  re- 
plies, ordering  1,000  barrels  at  the 
price  named.  Very  soon  after  B 
writes  that  he  will  accept  the  offer, 
and  asks  for  1,500  barrels.  There  is 
no  contract  between  A  and  B.  When 
B  varied  the  terms  of  A's  offer  he 
virtually  rejected  it  and  cannot  after- 
ward accept  unless  the  offer  is 
renewed  by  A. 

WHEN    ACCEPTANCE    TAKES    EFFECT 

"Acceptance  must  be  communi- 
cated" to  the  party  offering.  Before 
acceptance  the  contract  is  incomplete, 
but  from  the  moment  of  acceptance 
the  parties  are  obligated.  Hence  the 
importance  of  determining  just  when 
acceptance  takes  effect.  Where  two 
parties  make  an  agreement  in  the 
immediate  presence  of  each  other, 
the  above  question  does  not  arise. 
But  when  the  acceptance  is  communi- 
cated from  a  distance  it  is  necessary 
to  determine  at  what  moment  the 
agreement  is  completed.  In  case  of 
an  offer  by  mail,  according  to  the 
weight  of  authority,  the  acceptance 
takes  effect  from  the  time  it  is  mailed, 
properly  addressed  and  stamped. 
In  fact  nearly  all  courts  hold  to  this 
rule.  This  is  because  the  offerer  has 
made  the  mail  his  agent  and  the 
other  party  by  placing  his  acceptance 
in  the  mail  has  given  his  answer  to 
the  agent  of  the  offerer  at  his  implied 
request,  thus  completing  the  final 
act,  so  far  as  he  is  concerned,  in 
communicating  his  acceptance. 

A  writes  B  offering  to  sell  a  defi- 
nite quantity  of  cotton  for  a  price 
named.  B  forwards  his  acceptance 
by  return  mail  but  the  letter  mis- 
carries. After  allowing  time  for  B 
to  answer,  A  sells  the  cotton  to  C. 
Has  B  an  action  against  A  ?  If  there 
is  a  contract  between  A  and  B,  then 
A  is  liable  if  he  does  not  perform  his 
part.  As  stated  above,  nearly  all 
authorities  consider  the  contract  in 
such  a  case  complete  from  the  time 
of  mailing  the  acceptance.  There- 
fore B  has  an  action  against  A  for 
breach  of  contract.  X  sends  a  mes- 
senger to  Y  with  an  offer  to  sell  500 
shares  of  certain  stock  at  a  stated 
price.  Y  immediately  sends  his  own 
servant  with  a  note  in  which  he 
states  that  he  will  accept  the  offer. 
The  servant  fails  to  deliver  the  mes- 
sage, and  on  his  return  does  not 
inform  Y  of -his  failure.  After  wait- 
ing a  reasonable  time,  X  decides  to 
hold    the    stock   longer.     Is   there   a 


contract?  Y  did  not  place  his  replv 
in  the  hands  of  X's  agent  as  in 
the  above  illustration,  therefore  his 
acceptance  does  not  take  effect  until 
he  has,  through  his  servant  or  other- 
wise, performed  the  final  act  of  com- 
municating his  intention  to  X.  Y 
did  not,  by  sending  his  own  servant, 
place  the  message  beyond  his  own 
control  and  could  still  recall  it  at 
any  time  before  it  should  actually 
reach  X.  It  is  as  though  Y  had 
started  to  accept  personally  but  for 
some  reason  had  not  done  so. 

A  writes  B  :  "  Upon  condition  that 
I  receive  your  acceptance  bv  the  25th 
instant,  I  offer  to  sell  you  5,000 
bushels  of  wheat  at  $1.00  per  bushel." 
B  replies  by  return  mail,  accepting 
the  offer.  The  letter  miscarries  and 
does  not  reach  A  until  the  30th,  and 
after  he  has  sold  the  wheat  to 
another.  In  this  case  there  is  no 
contract  between  A  and  B.  The 
terms  of  the  offer  have  not  been 
fulfilled.  A  offered  upon  condition 
that  he  should  receive  a  reply  by  the 
25th  instant. 

HOW      ACCEPTANCE      SHOULD     BE    COM- 
MUNICATED 

In  the  absence  of  iustructions, 
acceptance  should  be  communicated 
by  the  same  agency  employed  in 
making  the  offer.  If  one  receives  an 
offer  by  mail  he  is  safe  in  replying 
by  return  mail.  If,  however,  he 
takes  other  means,  he  should  see 
that  he  reaches  the  offerer  within  the 
time  he  could  have  done  by  letter  in 
the  usual  course  of  the  mails.  If  the 
above  offer  is  sueh  as  not  to  require 
an  answer  so  soon  as  by  return  mail, 
of  course  the  acceptance  need  not 
reach  the  offerer  within  the  time  that 
a  letter  by  return  mail  would  do  so. 
Yet  if  other  means  of  communication 
are  employed,  the  acceptance  must 
actually  reach  the  offerer  and  it  must 
reach  him  within  a  reasonable   time. 

Acceptance,  by  Conduct. — Acceptance 
may  be  made  by  a  definite  act  within 
the  knowledge-of  the  other  party,  or 
by  his  silence  under  circumstances 
which  make  it  a  duty  to  speak.  A 
offers  B  $50  to  do  a  certain  piece  of 
work  for  him.  B  makes  no  reply  but 
immediately  begins  work,  with  A's 
knowledge.'  He  has,  by  his  act, 
accepted  A's  offer.  If  X,  without  any 
previous  agreement,  performs  services 
for  Y  under  circumstances  such  that 
Y  could  not  reasonably  expect  the 
services  to  be  gratuitous,  his  silence, 
with  a  knowledge  of  the  facts,  im- 
plies a  promise  to  pny  X  what  the 
services  are  reasonably  worth.  On 
the  other  hand,  an  act  of  which  the 
other  party  could  have  no  knowledge, 
even  though  done  in  good  faith  and 
with  intention  to  accept,  is  not  an 
acceptance.  Silence  in  accepting 
benefits  or  services  for  which  one  has 
no  reason,  under  the  circumstances, 
to  believe  that  the  other  expects  to 
be  paid  does  not  amount  to  a  promise 
to  pay.  A  daughter  remains  at  home 
after  becoming  of  age,  assisting  in 
the  household  duties  as  before.  The 
father  is  under  no  duty  to  speak, 
because,  unless  there  is  an  under- 
standing to  that  effect,  he  has  no 
reason  to  believe  the  daughter  ex- 
pects to  be  paid  for  her  services. 

(Continued  on  Page  39.) 


riKel^itUu^c^d^ltt&tJtWr   # 


T 


.^r^7\ 


/^rr~s»- 


i 


DEPARTMENT     OF 


CDf f tee  (Training 

AS  A  PART  OF  THE  COMMERCIAL  COURSE. 

s.  s.  hookland 

Banks  Business  College,  Philadelphia,  pa. 


transactions  for  Students  Doing  Busi= 
ness  with  the  Offices. 

Tin-    following   outline   is   given  to 
illustrate    the    various     transactions 
which  may  advantageously  be  i 
out   in  office  work.     While  space  tor- 
bids    the    outlining    of    an    extended 
or  the  giving  of  complete  de- 
tails in    connection  with  the  matter 
ted,    a    sufficient     number    of 
transactions  of  each  kind  is  included 
to  make  it  the  basis,  with  some  mod- 
ification  or  amplification,  for  a  short 
:  se.     It  would  be  more  to 
our  liking  to  give  a  course  in  which 
practice  is   introduced   at   the   begin 
ning    of    the    student's    work.     This, 
r.    is    immediately    less    prac- 
■  .i:i.l  be  done  at  all  in  the 

:  space  herein  afforded ,  as  most 

.  especially  public,  have  their 

courses  at    present    SO  arranged  as  to 

permit  i  >l  prai  I  ii  e  work  onlj  aftei 
extended  theoretic  instruction. 

ill  be  observed  that  the  com 
modities  to  be  bought  and  sold  in 
transactions    outlined    below  are   not 

specified.  These  should  be  supplied 
by  the  instructor  or  they  may  be  1<  it, 
as  a  matter  i  if  business,  to  bi  selei  ted 
by  the  student.  The  advantage  of 
having  them  given  bv  the  teacher  is 
that  lie  would  then  have  a  check  on 
each  student's  work,  while  having 
them  selected  by  the  student  affords 
a  more    elastic   scheme   for  the  trans- 

ai  t  ion  of  business. 

TRANSACTIONS. 

1.  Commence  business  with  a  cash 
investment    of    $5,000,    depositing 

money  in  bank. 

NOT)  i  "  'sit    daily    in    reg- 

ular course  of  business. 

.'.   Arrange   with    Real    Estati 

at  a  yearly 
rental  of  $1,000,  payable  weekly  ill 
advani  i  I  i  ■  igent  should  make 
out   lease. 

Note— Students    should    not    wait 
ansactions  initiated  by  them  to 
>i:t    should    pi <"  eed 
immediately  to   the  work    following. 
When  the  lease  is  presented  for  sig- 
nature, a  cheek  should   be  in 
for  the   tirst  week's   rent:    thereafter 
each  week's  rent  should  be  paid  when 
due,  without  further  instruction--. 
der  Ol    "  B  "   for  cash. 
s  oil    1      [he   quantity    af;  cell   kind 
of    merchandise     should 

i  tines  'he  amount   represented 
!,  and  three  kinds  of  mer- 
chandise should  be  sufficient  in  each 

NOT]    '-'.    All    orders,    bills,    cheeks, 

oved  by 
the  instrui  tor. 


4.  Order  of  "  C  "  on  account. 

5.  Order  of  House  No.  1,  terms,  P. 
O.D.I  pay  on  delivery  i .  Write  letter, 
enclosing' order,  giving  bank  as  ref- 
erence i  Form  1);  also  write  letter  to 
the  bank,  advising  of  reference  and 
requesting  that  proper  information 
in-  given  should  the  House  make  in- 
quiry concerning  your  financial 
standing  or  personal    responsibility. 

Note  1.  If  the  mail  is  handled 
through  the  Post  Office,  students 
should  call  for  letters  daily. 

Noti  '-'.  In  shipping  goods  by 
freight,  the  classification  and  tariff 
lists  of  railway  companies  may  be 
used  to  advantage.  If  this  is  not 
convenient,  however,  freight  may  be 
charged  for  at  the  rate  of  12  cents 
pei  cwt. 

ii.  Pay  manager  $18.50  for  books 
and  stationery,  purchased  for  office 
use;  also  $45.00  for  supply  of  wood 
and  coal   lor  store. 

7.  Order  of  House  No.  3.  Enclose 
witli  order  certified  check  for  one-half 
of  estimated  cost  of  goods.  Give 
permission  to  draw  against  balance 
through  the  bank  at  10  days'  sight. 

X.   Sell  to  "A"  for  cash. 

9.  Sell  to  "  K  "  on  account. 

10.  i  rive  manager  check  for  $47.30 
for  fixing  shelves  and  painting  front 
of  store;  also  check  for  $100  in  favor 
of  Remington  Typewriter  Co.,  in  pay- 
ment   for   typewriter    purchased    for 

Office  use. 

11.  Sell  to  House  No.  2  on  account, 
subject  to  draft.  Enclose  bill  and 
shipping  receipt  with  letter. 

11'.  Take  out  insurance  policy  for 
$3,000  to  cover  stock  of  merchandise 
to  be  carried,  paying  premium  of  2J 
per  cent. 

13.  Sell  to  "I,"  receiving  a  60-day, 
< >",, ,  interest-bearing  note,  payable  at 
the  bank,  for  one-half  the  bill,  and 
charging  the  balance  to  his  account. 

14.  Sell  to  House  No.  4.  Agree  to 
receive  in  payment  a  20-day,  5%,  in- 
terest-bearing note  for  one-third,  and 
check  for  one-third;  balance  subject 
to  dra 

15.  Give  manager  check  for  $258.60 
in  payment  for  office  furniture. 

he  I  Maw  at  sight  against  bill  sold 
lb. use  No.  2  in  section  11,  and  leave 
draft  at  the  bank  tor  collection. 

1/.  Sell  to  "O"  on  a  60-day,  6%, 
interest-bearing  note,  payable  at  your 

IS.    Sell     to      House     No.    I'    a     small 

quantity  of  tea,  and  ship  by  express. 

Prepay  expressage,  and  add  amount 

to  bill.     Enclose,  with   bill   and   ship- 

ceipt,  a  10-day  sight  draft  for 

i 


Note— Express  charges  may  be 
computed  at  75  cents  per  100  lbs. 

19.  Post.  Make  cash  statement 
(Form  2).  Close  the  Cash  Book. 
Present  statement  with  Check  Book 
and  Cash  Book  for  approval.  Take 
Trial  Balance  and  present  same  for 
approval. 

L'n.  Give  manager  check  for  amount 
of  clerk's  .salaries  for  number  of 
whole  weeks  since  beginning  busi- 
ness, computing  amount  due  Cashier 
on  the  basis  of  $15  per  week;  Assist- 
ant Bookkeeper,  $10  per  week  ;  and 
two  Salesmen,  each  $20  per  week. 

21.  Order  of  "  D  "  on  account. 

22.  Sell  to  "  V ,"  receiving  check  in 
part  payment. 

23.  Give  "C"  to  apply  on,  invoice 
for  goods  ordered  in  section  4,  draft 
on  House  No.  4  for  balance  of  bill 
sold  in  section  14.  Advise  House  No. 
1  of  draft  drawn. 

24.  Purchase  from  manager  one 
Railway  Coupon  bond,  face  value 
$1,000,  at  87,  to-day's  quotation  on 
Stock  Exchange,  paving  brokerage 
\%. 

25.  Sell  to  House  No.  8,  requesting 
that  remittance  be  made  bv  bank 
draft. 

2(i.  If  your  bank  account  runs  low, 
secure  a  loan  at  the  bank  of  an  amount 
not  to  exceed  $700,  on  your  30-day, 
non-interest-bearing  note,  consider- 
ing money  worth  5%.  Give  Railway 
Bond  as  collateral. 

27.  Discount  at  the  bank,  at  5%, 
note  No.  1  received  from  "I"  in  sec- 
tion 13. 

28.  Withdraw  $250  for  private  use. 

29.  Leave  Pass  Book  at  bank  to  be 
balanced. 

Note— If  deposit  is  made  before 
book  is  returned,  ask  Teller  for  a 
certified  duplicate  deposit  slip. 

30.  Sell  to  "E,"  receiving  in  pay- 
ment a  30-day,  non-interest-bearing 
note,  payable  at  the  bank,  for  such 
an  amount  as,  when  discounted  to-day 
at  the  bank  at  5%,  the  proceeds  will 
cover  amount  of  bill. 

31.  Sell  to  "  U  "  on  account. 

32.  Receive  from  "  E  "  part  payment 
of  bill  sold  in  section  9. 

33.  Call  at  manager's  desk  and  re- 
ceive legacy  of  $5,000  left  by  deceased 
relative.  Invest  same  in  the  busi- 
ness. 

34.  Deposit  amount  of  legacy  in  the 
bank,  receiving  certificate  of  deposit. 

35.  Arrange  with  Real  Estate  Office 
to  purchase  property  where  you  are 
now  doing  business.'  The  considera- 
tion should  be  $6,000.  Request  that 
an  abstract  of  title  be  furnished  with 
the  deed.  Give  inpayment  a  certified 
check  for  $1,000  and  the  certificate  of 
deposit  for  $5,000. 

36.  Order  of  "  F  "  on  account. 

37.  Sell  to  "I,"  receiving  in  part 
payment  a  30-day,  6%,  interest-bear- 
ing note,  payable  at  the  bank,  for 
an  amount  that  when  discounted 
to-day  at  the  bank,  will  yield  as 
proceeds  one-half  the  amount  of  the 
bill. 

38.  Post. 

39.  Get  Pass  Book  from  the  bank. 
Make  Cash  Statement,  showing  out- 
standing checks.  (Form  2).  Close 
the  Cash  Book.  Present  Statement, 
Check  Book,  and  Cash  Book  for  ap- 
proval. 

40.  Make    Bill    Proofs.     (Form    3). 


#tae©u^iia?<^£ebu>c**tor   <*£> 


Present  with  Ledger,  Bills  Receivable 
Book,  and  notes  on  hand  for  ap- 
proval. 

41.  Take  Trial  Balance  and  have 
same  approved. 

42.  .Make  Statement  of  Inventory, 
listing  goods  at  cost  prices.  Value 
office  furniture  at  10%  less  than  cost ; 


books,  stationery,  wood  and  coal, 
etc.,  charged  to  expense  account,  $25. 
Compute  value  of  premium  on  unex- 
pired insurance ;  also  interest  on 
notes  receivable  and  notes  payable. 
Drayage  bill  not  entered  on  books, 
$18.70. 
43.  Make    Financial     statement, 

FORM  1. 


showing    resources,    liabilities,    and 
present  worth. 

44.  Make  Business  statement,  show- 
ing sources  of  gains  and  losses,  net 
gain  or  net  loss,  and  present  worth. 

45.  Close  accounts  showing  losses 
and  gains.  Present  books  for  ap- 
proval. 


950  Market  Street, 

Philadelphia,  Pa.,  Sept.  7,  1903 
Messrs,  R.  W.  Hardrand  &  Co., 

New  York,  N.  Y. 
Gentlemen: — 

Kindly  ship  me,  by  fast  freight,  via  Pennsylvania  Railroad, 
goods  called  for  in  attached  order.   I  shall  remit  payment  by  check  in 
full  of  bill  upon  receipt  of  goods. 

As  to  my  financial  standing  and  personal  responsibility,  I  beg  to 
refer  you  to  the  First  National  Bank,  this  city. 

Immediate  attention  to  this  order  will  oblige, 

Yours  respectfully, 

H.  K.  Dorshimer. 

FORM  2. 
Cash  Statement,  Oct.  5,  1903. 


2 

Cash  a  |  c  Bal. 
Check  book  Bal. 

6750 

18 

7846 

25 

Cash  on  hand 

1096 

07 

7846 

25 

Pass  book  Bal. 

8350 

60 

Checks  outstanding : 

No.  7 

356  80 

15 

248  62 

16 

795. 

19 
Cash  in  bank 

200. 

1600 

42 

6750 

18 

Cash  on  hand 

1096 

07 

7846 

25 

FORM  3. 


BILL  PROOF, 


10 


Bids  Receivable 


Bills  Payable 


Notes  on  hand 


Notes  outstanding 


No. 


No.  2 
3 

6 


Dr. 

Cr. 


Cr. 
Dr. 


2783 
1256 


563 
250 
125 
588 


1500 
650 


150 
300 
400 


54 
20 


62 


50 

22 


1527 

1527 
850 

850 


34 


34 


(Transactions  Continued  in  December.) 


9h&&\ihivhebb&dM>*&&Qr  & 


T 


-rr~^7\ 


/^rr^ 


Q 


Jrom  thye  Business 

Manager's  Desk. 


JOHN"   A.   LUMAN,  PHILADELPHIA,  PA. 


. 


The  Influence  of  Commencement  Exercises 

Throughout  tin-  nation,  those  who  are  interested  in  the  work  of  commercial  schools 
recognize  in  Peirce  School,  Philadelphia,  one  of  the  largest  and  best  business  schools  in 
America,  and  unquestionably  the  foremost  private  school,  in  the  uniformly  high  charac- 
ter .if  it<  commencement  exercises,  and  in  the  brilliant  galaxy  of  speakers  tiiat  have  made 
these  occasions  memorable.  Among  the  great  men  who  have  honored  this  notable  school 
with  t In  1 1  presence  ;i-  principal  speakers  are  Benjamin  Harrison,  Grover  Cleveland, 
is  B.  Reed,  Chauucey  M.  Depew  and  Marcus  A  Hanna.  We  are  sure  that  our  read- 
ers will  enjoy  the  following  article,  which  Mr.  J.  A.  Luman,  Vice  Principal  of  Peirce  School, 
has  written  at  our  special  request. -The  Editor. 


university,  college,  or  school 
of    any    note    maps    out    well-defined 

"i  study,  upon  the  comple- 
tion of  which,  the  students  are  given 

or  public  recognition,  and  a 
definite  time  set  apart  by  the  insti- 
tution to  confer  the  honors  of  gradu- 
ation, known  as  commencement  day. 
The  appropriateness  of  the  name  has 
frequently  been  questioned.  Doubt- 
less, any  other  name  would  sound  as 
sweet  to  the  new-fledged  graduate, 
ready  to  doff  the  study  habit  and  to 
don  the  scholar's  cap.  Whatever  the 
name,  these  occasions  are  coeval 
with  institutions  of  learning  and  are 
of  the  utmost  importance  to  the 
graduates,  their  relatives  and  friends, 
and  to  the  institution;  but  too  fre- 
quentl)  they  exert  little  or  no  influ- 
ence on  the  life  of  the  community- 
main-    who   attend    consider    them   a 

necessary  evil  to  be  tolerated 
and  endured. 

Theii  ■  ii!'  acj    from  the  standpoint 
of  the  institution  and  student  cannot 
be    controverted,    for     they    act    as 
ome     incentives,     p'lacing    a 
premium  on   hard,   honest  work  and 
furnishing    a    powerful    yet     natural 
stimulus   to    faithful  effort   and   com- 
pliance  with    requirements.     It   is   a 
-ward  winch  all  alike  can  strive 
wealth,    birth,   or 
station  for    naught,     merit 

rewarded.     As    possible 

achievement    spurs    one    on    in    the 

•  r.  itv,  so  the   possibility 

iring   honors    with    fellow   stu- 

nem    da; 

a  inu    spirit     >f   m  alr\    and    dra--i  s 

dui  ing  his  school  days  his 

It    is  the   culminating    point   of  the 
si  hool  year,  the  students'  last  n 
a  day  in   which  joy  and   sorrow    are 
d,  joy  in  th  apli  ihment 

•  lav  Of 
varied  emotions,  that  rise  and  fall  as 
the  tide;  a  dav  of  mustering  out  the 
faithful,  with  honors.  In  thediploma 
issued  by  the  institution  is  wrapped 
much  of  the  hard  endeavors 
and  struggles  Of   the   student   that    it 


becomes  a  precious  document,  jeal- 
ously guarded  through  life.  In  fact 
this  is  the  one  day  above  all  others 
that  leaves  an  indelible  impression, 
and  therefore,  should  be  made  a 
memorable  occasion. 

This  imposes  a  responsible  duty  on 
the  institution,  which  it  cannot  shirk 
without  detriment  to  itself  and  the 
community.  As  salt  makes  food 
savory,  so  commencements  should 
add  tone  and  flavor  to  educational 
achievement.  Since  both  the  insitu- 
tion  and  the  community  suffer  or 
profit,  both  should  lie  intensely  in- 
terested.    It     is    but    right     that    the 


school  should  take  the  initiative  and 
prove  itself  worthy  of  the  moral  sup- 
port of  the  community,  which  will  be 
forthcoming  in  almost  every  deserv- 
ing case.  These  exercises,  so  often 
tame  and  uninteresting,  can,  by 
thought  and  care,  be  made  to  reflect 
credit  on  the  institution  and  inspire 
confidence  on  the  part  of  the  people. 
But  there  must  be  proper  consider- 
ation and  provision  for  the  friends  of 
education.  By  the  touch  of  an  elec- 
tric button  the  machinery  of  a  vast 
plant  may  be  set  in  motion,  but  every 
detail  had  to  be  carefully  thought 
out  and  arranged  beforehand,  so  as 
to  make  this  possible.  It  is  likewise 
true  of  large  commencements;  if  the 
program  is  to  be  interesting  and 
helpful  to  all,  it  must  be  arranged  to 
instruct  in  matters  of  vital  concern 
and  not  merely-  to  display  youthful 
knowledge.  To  the  man  of  experience 
and  affairs  it  is  rather  tedious 
to  listen  for  hours  to  the  graduates' 
chimerical  ideas  and  theories  of  cre- 
ating new  worlds— a  reverse  order 
would  serve  a  far  better  purpose. 

But  just  how  to  make  the  best  use 
of  a  great  opportunity  is  the  perplex- 
ing question,  yet  the  aim  should  be 
to  make  the  occasion  an  educative 
force  of  the  highest  character.  This 
can  and  has  been  done,  but  requires 
untiring  energy  and  tact  on  the  part 
of  those  entrusted  with  the  work. 
Every  favorable  opportunity  and 
agency  should  be  used  to  secure  the 
services  of  some  prominent  or  noted 
person  who,  by  his  life  work,  has 
earned  the  right  to  speak  ;  for  it  is  a 
most  opportune  time  to  impress  upon 
those  leaving  the  institution  lessons 
of  high  and  lofty-  ideals,  correct 
modes  of  conduct  in  all  relations  of 
life,  and  at  the  same  time  to  instruct 


PICTORIAL  POINTERS.  .New  York  State 
buildings  in  the  world-  cost  $25,000,000;  twenty 
Business  College  is  but  a  few  steps  from  this 


Capitol,  one  of  the  most  magnificent  public 
rive  years  in  course  of  construction.  Albany 
gorgeous  civic  edifice. 


.    I    Si  li  II     ..    .. 


'        ■■    "    !■        ■■      II      so 


Mlv^f^^utr^^^CfcUtccitWr   £*> 


the  public.  None  can  do  this  so 
effectively  as  those  who  have  achieved 
marked  success  in  some  professional 
or  business  pursuit,  and  who  have 
stood  in  the  limelight  of  public  crit- 
icism, fearless  and  unmoved.  Such 
men  are  inspiring  forces  and  helps, 
and  when  such  men  can  be  induced  to 
give  sufficient  of  their  time  to  address 
the  graduates,  the  community  is  at 
once  interested.  The  exercises  then 
become  the  medium  through  which 
great  men  enunciate  important  and 
valuable  truths  for  the  public  good, 
and  the  institution  thus  confers  a 
benefit  upon  the  people  in  general. 
Dead,  indeed,  must  be  the  person, 
morally  and  intellectually,  who  is  not 
anxious  to  see  and  hear  men  of  this 
type.  These  men  not  only  add 
dignity  and  interest  but  increase  the 
educational  fervor  and  life  of  the 
people.  They  give  moral  stamina 
and  add  imperishable  wealth  to  the 
public.  The  city  and  press  welcome 
them  as  benefactors. 

In  many  instances  these  occasions 
have  been  not  only  of  local  but  also 
of  national  interest.  This  is  particu- 
larly true  of  the  commencements  of 
the'Peirce  School  of  Philadelphia. 
In  the  last  quarter  of  a  century,  this 
institution  has  presented  a  continued 
and  unbroken  line  of  the  ablest  and 
most  distinguished  men  of  the  coun- 
try—men of  the  hour,  each  _  alike 
prominent  and  representative  in  his 
peculiar  field  of  activity,  and  each  and 
all  contributing  through  the  effort  of 
the  school  to  the  eleyation  and  gen- 
eral good  of  the  city,  state,  and 
nation.  The  most  renowned  orators 
of  the  pulpit  and  of  the  country,  the 
ablest  writers  and  journalists,  the 
most  advanced  thinkers  and  scholars, 
and  the  greatest  statesmen  have 
spoken  at  these  annual  events. 

Like  a  magnet,  these  occasions 
have  attracted  men  and  women  in 
every  walk  of  life  in  such  large  num- 
bers that  the  city's  most  commodious 
building,  the  American   Academy   of 


Pictorial    Pointers.  —  Interior   view,    College    Nati 
College.    Fitted  up  with  Marble,  Brass,  and  Plate  Glass. 


il    Bank,    Albai 


Music,  has  not  been  able  to  accom- 
modate them,  thousands  at  times 
having  failed  to  gain  admittance. 
Evidently  the  exercises  are  great  in- 
structive,' inspiring  forces,  for  in 
these  large  audiences  are  many  who 
have  no  personal  interest  inthe'grad- 
uates,  yet  who  return  year  after  year, 
as  unto  an  educational  Mecca.  The 
press  has  freely  given  voice  to  the 
fine  sentiments  expressed,  and  has 
thus  disseminated  them  among  a 
great  army  of  readers.  No  one  can 
adequately,  nor  approximately  judge 
of  the  far-reaching  influence  of  such 
educative  forces  on  the  general  good 
of  a  great  city. 

As  the  truly  great  things  of  this 
life  cannot  be  measured,  neither  can 
the    impetus  given  by    eminent   men 


on  such  occasions  to  the  intellectual 
and  moral  life  of  the  city.  One  utter- 
ance of  a  truly  great  man  may  accom- 
plish more  good  than  the  donation  of 
millions  to  the  public. 


This  is  as  true  today  as  when  first 
uttered,  and  the  city  owes  much  to 
the  agency,  whether  school  or  church, 
that  strengthens  the  moral  and  intel- 
lectual fiber  of  her  people. 


Pictorial  Pointers. —  Ad 
College.  Two  floors  have  pract 
the  thorough  work  in 


need  Bus 

lly  the  sa 
ess  Practice  dor 


iiL'--s  Practice  Department,  Albany  Business 
:ue  elaborate  equipment  represented  here,  for 
e  in  this  great  school. 


T^^kw^Jt^^  ~  ^kK^-xi£ 


Obituary. 

Thomas  H.  Shields,  of  the  Troy,  N.  Y., 
Business  College,  died  September  13th,  at 
the  age  of  60,  the  main  cause  being 
Bright's  disease.  Iu  1867  he  became  an  in- 
structor in  the  Utica  Business  College  with 
A.  C.Walworth.  In  '69,  with  H.  C.  McCreery, 
he  purchased  the  Utica  Business  College 
and  uutil  about  six  months  ago  was  con- 
nected with  it.  In  76  Mr.  McCreery  and  Mr. 
Shields  purchased  the  Troy  Business  Col- 
lege and  Mr.  Shields  took  charge  of  the 
institution.  In  '87  Mr.  McCreery  died  and 
Mr.  Shields  conducted  the  business  alone 
until  '97,  when  a  half  interest  was  sold  to  L. 
G.  Tuttle. 

Mr.  Shields  was  a  business  educator  con- 
siderably above  the  average,  and  the  Insti- 
tution with  which  he  has  been  connected 
has  been  recognized  as  high-grade,  progres- 
sive, and  practical.  The  profession  loses 
one  of  its  valued  members,  but  has  gained 
by  his  presence  in  it. 

Pictokial  Pointers.— The  Albany  Busi- 
ness College  occupies  all  of  this  fine  build- 
ing except  the  ground  floor. 


^>|vc{iitUlrv^i>£?^U^»atcT»   ^ 


^-^1\ 


DEPARTMENT  OF 


(Eommerctal   finalist?. 


i:     i:    IIAYLORD,  BEVERLY,  MASS. 


exactness  in  the  Use  of  Words. 

Owing  to  an  error  in  making  up  the  Sep- 
tember number  of  THE  EDUCATOR,  a  part 
,i  Hi,  suggestions  of  Doctor  Burton's  paper 
[tted.  Wo  repeat  these  suggestions 
ih,  ..I-  of  building  a  vocabulary. 

•■  There  are,  doubtless,  many  ways  left  us. 
l.,i  ua  indicate  several.  The  teacher  may 
belpa  little.  Let  him  make  words  interest- 
ing by  selecting  those  that  have  a  noble 
origin  or  an  attractive  history. 

I.     Take  the  following  as  suggestive: 

1.  heathen,  from  heath  or  country.  A 
man  of  the  heath;  so,  away  from  civiliza- 
tion. 

%.  pagan,  from  pagus,  woods.  A  man 
1 1,  ,in  i  In-  'a is;   so,  rude. 

:t.  villain,  from  villa.  A  man  from  the 
village;   so,  less  refined. 

t.  urbanity,  urbs,  city.  One  having  the 
culture  of  i  be  city. 

I  1.    Group  words  in  this  mariner: 

1.  regicide,  killing  of  king. 

2.  parricide,  killing  of  father. 

3.  homicide,  killing  of  man  (not  murder). 
I.     suicide,  killing  of  self. 

Ill  At  ill  times  spring  upon  the  class 
synonyms  and  antonyms: 

1.  science,  art.  1.  notoriety,    privacy. 

2.  practicable,  practical.  2.  nominal,  real. 

Mon.  character.  3.  neutral,  avowed. 

4.  slander,  calumny.  4.  libel,  eulogy. 

IV.  Select  words  to  be  looked  up  out  of 
class,    dictionary  habit.    Try  these: 

i  i  his  ">.  precedent  9.  caprice 

2.  capricious  ti.  tangible  10.   promiscuous 

It.  verbatim  7.  urotesnue  11.  deteriorate 

\.  insiniiM  -  -  ebrity  12.  superstitiuii 

\.    Assign  apecial  work  to  students.    Re- 
fer them   to  a   particular  book.    The  follow- 
sample  of  what  has  been  done  by  a 
student. 

Student's  arrangement : 

Polite,  civil. 
Polite,  w  '-11  bred. 
Civil,  relating  to  the  government. 

Populace,  population. 

Populace,  common  and  vulgar  people  in  a 
country. 

Population,  the  whole  number  of  people 
tntry. 

VI.  Distribute  in  the  class,  books  of  good 
authors.  Name  a  certain  page,  say  SO.  Ask 
tot  a  basty  examination  for  new  words. 
I  leflne  them 

VII.  Follow  the  same  method  with  mag 

\  [II.    Follow  the  same  method  wit h  news- 
IX.    Attempt  this,  supplying  three  other 

words  makiii 

light                            statement 
voluptuo  preliminary    

compulsory  Immediate 

[arbitration  Iconcil- 

:  tatioti 


X.  Ask  for  fifteen  words  of  the  stock 
market. 

Ask  for  fifteen  words  of  law. 
Ask  for  fifteen  words  of  medicine. 
Ask  for  fifteen  words  of  theology. 
Ask  for  fifteen  words  of  banking,  etc. 

XI.  Call  attention  to  the  value  of  words 
to  be  found  on  street  signs,  bill  heads, 
checks,  circulars,  etc. 

XII.  Suggest  the  noting  of  conversation, 
public  addresses,  newspapers,  etc.,  for  new 
terms. 

Thus,  in  a  word,  lead  the  student  to  call 
all  the  world  into  his  confidence,  and,  with 
Emerson,  "to  hitch  his  destiny  to  a  star." 
CLASS  EXERCISES. 

Let  the  students  read  the  following  sen- 
tences, omitting  the  first  italicized  word; 
then,  again,  omitting  the  second  italicized 
word.  Have  the  difference  in  meaning 
given  orally,  permitting  it  to  be  understood 
that  criticisms,  questions,  suggestions,  or 
illustrations  are  in  order: 

1.  The  speaker's  allusion-illusion  an- 
noyed his  hearers. 

2.  Did  you  notice  his  allusion-illusion? 
.'!.    What    was   the    ship's   complement- 
compliment  ? 

4.  The  compliment-complement  stimu- 
lated the  regiment  to  renewed  efforts. 

5.  The  expenses  of  the  council-counsel 
were  heavy. 

6.  The  council-counsel  was  wise. 

7.  The  a  ssa,r-essaj- cost  fifty  dollars. 

8.  What  was  the  subject  of  the  assay 
,-ssa  _>-.'- 

9.  That  criminal  seems  devoid  of  con- 
science consciousness. 

10.  Did  he  win  your  confidence-confi- 
dants? 

11.  Y"ou  should  have  no  confidence-con- 
fidants in  this  scheme. 

12.  Steamship  companies  are  responsible 
for  many  of  the  objectionable  features  of 
em  igra  t  ion- i  m  mi  urn  tion. 

13.  Immigration-emigration  is  a  sub- 
ject which  our  statesmen  have  debated. 

11.  The  policeman  used  the  ordinance- 
ordnance. 

15.    The  ordnance-ordinance  was  broken. 

Hi.    A  physician  needspa^ience-par/ents. 

17.  You  should  exercise  patients-pa- 
tience. 

is.  The  rhyme  rhythm  in  Shelley's 
"Cloud"  is  fascinating. 

19.  That  is  a  stationery-stationary 
store. 

•.'o.    The  king  liked  his  suite  suit. 

21.  His  solicitude  solicitation  excited 
in  \  interest. 

22.  Thai  statin, --statue  will  be  his  mon- 
ument. 

■_':s.  His  statue-stature  measured  six 
feet. 

21.  They  had  a  dispute  about  the  senator's 
stature  statute. 


25.  It  required  unusual  skill  to  draw  that 
sfarure-sfarue. 

Ask  the  members  of  your  class  to  fill  the 
blanks  in  the  following  sentences  with  the 
correct  form  of  one  of  the  words  indicated. 
To  avoid  a  waste  of  time  in  unnecessary 
writing,  let  them  write  on  their  exercise 
paper  merely  the  number  of  the  sentence, 
and,  opposite  it,  the  word  which  they  think 
ought  to  be  inserted : 

Advise,  Advice. 

1.  Booker  T.  Washington  is  giving  the 
negroes  good 

2.  I  should you  to  avoid  intoxicating 

drinks. 

3 does  uot  cost  much,  but  it  is  some- 
times invaluable. 

Devise,  Device. 

4.  Von    Moltke a   plan   to  defeat    the 

French. 

5.  Benjamin    Harrison  most    of    his 

property  to  his  wife. 

6.  This  is  a. .....to  regulate  the  speed  of 

motor  cars. 

7.  Who  invented  that ? 

Effect,  Affect. 

8.  It  is  hard  to  foresee  the of  Colum- 
bia's rejection  of  the  Panama  Canal  Treaty. 

9.  How    will    Nicaragua    be by    the 

action  of  Columbia  ? 

10.  If  the   United    States  cannot her 

purpose  by  peaceable  means,  there  are 
those  who  will  council-counsel  [which  is 
right  ?]  using  force. 

11.  A  contract  made  by  a  minor,  for  any- 
thing but  necessaries  of  life,  is  of  no 

12.  Sir  Thomas  Lipton's  defeat  does  not 
seem  to  have his  dignity  or  courtesy. 

13.  It  is  expected  that,  in  time,  Denmark 

will  succeed   in a   sale  of   the    Danish 

West  Indies  to  Uncle  Sam. 

Falseness,  Falsity. 

14.  The of    Machiavelli    has    become 

proverbial. 

15.  The of   the    rumor   that    Consul 

Nagellsen  was  assassinated  by  the  Turks 
at  Beirut  is  now  well  known. 

1G.  The  of  President  McKinley's  as- 
sassin brought  to  him  the  punishment  he 
deserved. 

17.  The  man  supposed  he  was  telling  the 

truth,    but    the of    his    statement    was 

easily  established. 

Import,  Importance. 

18.  Loyalty  is  of  the  highest in  any- 
business  office. 

19.  The  present  situation  in  Turkey  is  of 
vast to  all  Europe. 

20.  The    President's    action    in    the    coal 

strike  last  year  was  of  great to  the  coal 

operators. 

21.  Is     there     any attached    to    this 

movement? 

Novice,  Novitiate. 

22.  When  a  boy  begins  work  in  an  office, 
he  is  a 

23.  The  boy  is  serving  his 

24.  President  Roosevelt  served  his  polit- 
ical  as  a  member  of  the  New  York  leg 

islature,  and  later  as  the  governor  of  that 
state. 

25.  When  Theodore  Roosevelt  was  made 
Assistant  Secretary  of  the  navy,  he  was  a 
mere in  naval  affairs. 

Loose,  Lose. 
211.    Did  you  let  the  dog ? 

27.  Did  you your  kuife  in  the  water? 

28.  I  expected  he  would the  prisoner 

and  let  him  go. 

Populace,  Populous. 

29.  The  east  side  of  New  York  City  is  very 

and,  in  the  early  morning,  many  of 

the may  be  seen   sleeping  on  the  fire 

escape  landings. 

30.  The    Roman  were    the    Roman 

rabble. 


<toJke©M^lrfc&^£cU&&cbtor   &> 


national   Commercial    Ceacbers' 
federation 

To  tlie  Progressiva  Commercial  Teach- 
ers of  U»e  World  : 

The  Cincinnati  meeting  to  he  held  Decern 
ber  28-31,  1903,  will  be  the  largest,  strongest 
and  most  valuable  in  its  results  in  the  his- 
tory of  the  Federation.  Live  topics  of  educa- 
tional interest  will  be  discussed  by  promi- 
nent business  educators  and  representative 
business  men. 

The  arrangements  for  the  comfort  and 
social  enjoyment  of  members  surpass  any- 
thing heretofore  provided.  The  meeting 
will  be  a  bright  memory  gem  which  will 
richly  repay  the  small  outlay  of  time  and 
money  required. 

As  a"  teacher  you  will  make  yourself  more 
valuable  bv  attending  the  meeting,  and 
vou  will  carry  back  to  your  work  the  inspir 
ation  of  personal  contact  with  your  bright- 
est co-workers. 

BRIEFLY,    YOU    CANNOT    AFFORD    NOT     TO 
ATTEND. 

We  not  only  want  your  attendance,  but 
vour  personal  influence. 

Get  other  teachers  interested  and  urge 
them  to  attend. 

Consider  the  ways  and  means  for  making 
the  meeting  more  helpful  to  the  progressive 
commercial  teacher. 

Make  a  note  of  the  things  vou  would  like 
to  know  and  the  results  of  your  experience 
that  vou  think  others  should  know. 

Goto  the  meeting  loaded  with  live  ideas 
and  vou  will  be  afforded  the  opportunity  of 
giving  them  an  airing. 

If  you  are  a  specialist,  a  hobbyist,  a  crank 
or  a"  one-big-idea  man  or  woman,  we  want 
vou,  botli  for  our  benefit  and  your  own. 

X.,  matter  what  vou  teach,  nor  how  you 
teach  it,  you  naturally  want  to  do  better 
work  if  vou  can. 

There  will  be  no  controlling  factions  nor 
cliques.  All  earnest  teachers  with  right 
views  or  wrong  views  will  be  given  a  hear- 
ing. Those  having  right  ideas  will  be  en- 
couraged and  strengthened.  Those  having 
wrong  ideas  will  be  set  right. 

The  work  of  arranging  programs  for  the 
different   sections   is   now  well   under  way. 

Requests  for  information  or  suggestions 
regarding  what  should  not  be  done,  will 
have  prompt  attention. 

J.  W.  WARR,  Moline,  111., 
Pres.  National  Com'l.  Teachers' 
Federation. 


Program     of     the     national     Shorthand 

teachers'  Association,  Cincinnati, 

O.,  Dec.   28=31,  1903 

MONDAY    I'.   M.,    DEC.  28,  1903. 

1.  In  a  rive-hour  day.  supposing  two 
hours'  outside  work  m  addition,  how  should 
the  student's  time  lie  divided  as  to  study, 
dictation,  and  typewriting:-  Led  by  F.  E. 
llavmond,  Evansville.  Inil..  and  Killian 
Heid.  Collegeville,  Minn.  General  Discus- 
sion. 

2.  How  can  we  use  the  last  two  months  of 
a  shorthand  course  in  order  to  make  it  of 
the  most  value  to  the  student,  and  make  it 
comprehend  dictation  upon  general  sub- 
jects, various  lines  of  business  correspond- 
ence, law  forms,  mimeographing,  etc.?  Led 
bv  Geo.  P.  Lord,  Salem,  Mass..  and  T.  R. 
Cox,  Petersburg.  Va.    General   Discussion. 

3.  With  what  educational  lines  is  it  most 
important  for  a  shorthand  teacher  to  keep 
in  touch?  Led  by  Jerome  B.  Howard,  Cin 
cinnati,  Ohio,  and  George  Walker,  Craw- 
fordsville,  Ind.    General  Discussion. 

TUESDAY   A.   ?[.,  DEC.  29,  1903. 

1.  The  Piano  method  of  typewriter  oper- 
ating. Illustrated.  D.  D.  Mueller,  Cincin- 
nati. Ohio.    General  Discussion. 

2.  Should  a  teacher  aim  to  greatly  vary 
his  stvle  and  speed  in  dictating  to  the  same 
class?  If  so.  why?  Illustrate.  Led  bv 
H.  L.  Andrews.  Pittsburg.  Pa. ;  ami  Walter 
E.  Ingersoll,  Salem.  Mass.  General  Discus- 
sion. 

3.  How  can  the  teacher  best  handle  a  de- 
partment into  which  new  students  are 
being  admitted  at  all  times,  making  it 
necessary  for  him  to  deal  at  the  same  time, 
and  in  the  same  room  with  those  who  are 
just  beginning  the  subject,  and  those 
who  have  had  one,  two,  three  or  more 
weeks  advancement  ?  Led  bv  L.  A.  Arnold, 
Denver,  Colo.,  and  Thomas  P.  Soully,  Nor- 
folk, Va.    General  Discussion. 


Pictorial  Pointers—  Ex te 


r,  College  Hank,  Albany  Business  College. 


4.  The  Spelling  Problem,  A.  S.  Heanev. 
Providence  R.  L.  and  Mary  L.  Horner. 
General  Discussion. 

WEDNESDAY    A.   M.,    DEI  .  30,    1903. 

1.  Reporting  experiences  during  the  war. 
Benn  Pitman.  Cincinnati,  Ohio. 

2.  Should  a  pupil  be  taught  to  operate 
both  double  and  shift  key  machines,  and  if 
so  should  one  machine  be  mastered  before 
taking  up  the  other,  or  should  instruction 
be  given  alternately?  Led  by  J.  E.  Fuller, 
Wilmington,  Del.,  and  Clara  P.  Seippel, 
Chicago,  111.    General  Discussion. 

3.  Typewriting  Odds  and  Ends: 

Economy  of  time  in  spacing  and  re- 
turning carriage.  Illustrated.  Robert 
X.Todd.  Brooklyn,  X.  V. 

Facility  in  writing  figures.  Illustrat- 
ed.    W.  C.  Davis,  Erie,  Pa. 

Capital  letters  on  shift  and  double 
key  board  machines.  Illustrated.  W. 
H."  Howard.  Columbus,  Ohio. 

THURSDAY  A.   M.   DEC.  31,  1903. 

1.  Problems  to  be  solved  by  the  High 
School  shorthand  teacher.  Led  by  R.  A. 
Grant.  Rockford,  111.    General  Discussion. 

2.  Practical  Punctuation  for  Shorthand 
Writers.  Led  bv  Fred  Irland.  Washington, 
D.  C,  and  Hortance  L.  Allen,  Illinois.  Gen- 
eral Discussion. 

3.  In  what  way  may  shorthand  be  suc- 
cessfully presented  in  night  classes  to  stu- 
dents who,  having  practically  no  time  for 
preparation,  must  do  all  their  work  in  the 
class-room?  Led  bv  N.  B.  Van  Xatre. 
Omaha,  Neb.,  and  J.  S.  Fleisher,  Cleveland, 
Ohio.     General  Discussion. 


Discussion:    C.  P.    Zaner,    A.   X.   Palmer, 
C.  E.  Doner,  H.  G.  Healey. 
Query  Box. 

WEDNESDAY,   DEC.  30,  1903. 

9:00A.M.     Business  Ethics.     W.X.Ferris, 
Big  Rapids,  Mich. 
Discussion:    G.   W.    Brown,   H.   M.   Rowe, 

A.  G.  Sine.  H.  B.  Smellie. 

10:00  A.  M.  Should  Business  Practice  be  a 
Part  of  the  Shorthand  Course?  W.T.Boone, 
South  Bend.  Ind. 

Discussion:     F.  W.  Allen,  J.  C.  Walker.  W. 

B.  Van  Mater,  J.  A.  Hiner. 

11  mi  A.M.  Mental  Arithmetic.  C.  E.  Wes 
sel,  Big  Rapids,  Mich. 

Discussion:  W.  N.  Ferris,  W.  E.  White, 
E.  E.  Caylord. 

Query  Box. 

THURSDAY,   DEC.  31,  1903. 

9:110  A.  M.  A  Practical  Svstem  of  Account- 
ing for  Commercial  Schools.     W.   E.  White, 


i  h 


III. 


Program  of  the 
national  Business  teachers'  Association 


Mi  iNDAY.   DEC.  28,  1903. 

2:00  P.  M-,  Reception  and  Registration  of 
members. 

3:00  p.  M.  Report  of  Executive  Committee. 

3:10  P.  M.  Report  of  State  Representatives. 

3:30  P.M.  President's  Address.    R.  A.  Bru- 

beck,  Xew  London,  Ct. 

4:00  P.  M.  Query  Box. 

TUESDAY,  DEC.  29,  1903. 

9:00  A.M.  Evolution  of  Bookkeeping.  C. 
C.  Marshall.  Cedar  Rapids.  Iowa. 

Discussion:  A.  F.  Harvey.  J.  W.  Warr. 
Robert  C.  Spencer. 

10:00  A.  M.  Card  Svstem  of  Accounts.  H. 
M.  Gilbert.  Milwaukee,  Wis. 

Illustrated  Discussion:  The  Globe-Wern- 
icke  Co. 

11:00  A.  M.  Correlation  of  Penmanship 
with  other  Commercial  Branches.  W.  J. 
Smith,  Des  Moines,  Iowa. 


Discussion:  J.  A.  Lyons,  S.  H.  Goodyear, 
C.  W.  Benton,  Enos  Spencer. 

10:00  A  M.  Office  Practice. What  and  Why. 
J.  A.  Lyons,  Chicago,  111. 

Discussion:  I).  W.  Springer,  G.  E.  King, 
linns  Spencer,  M.  M.  Link.  Wm.  Linders. 
W.  11.  Whigam.  Ceo.  P.  Lord. 

U:3fl  A.  M.    Election. 


State  Secretaries. 

The  following  named  persons  were 
appointed  to  act  as  State  Secre- 
taries to  work  up  good  sized  dele- 
gations from  their  respective  states 
to  the  Cincinnati  Penmanship  Teach- 
ers Association  of  the  National  Com- 
mercial Teachers'  Association  in  ac- 
cordance with  the  resolution  to  that 
effect  passed  at  Milwaukee. 
Sincerely, 

C.  C.  Lister. 

Utica.  X.  Y. 

Fremont.  (  >hi,. 

Little  Rock.  Ark. 

-       Brazil.  In, I. 

Louisville.  Kv. 

-       St.  Loui,-,  Mm. 

McPhersou,  Kans. 

Omaha,  Neb. 

Des  Moines,  la. 

Milwaukee.  Wis. 

Wilmar.  Minn. 

Beverlv,  Mass. 

Huntington,  W.  Va. 

Winnepeg,  Can. 

Xew  Loud,  >n  ,  Coim. 

Chicago,  111. 


Prof.  T.  J.  Risinger      - 

"  Bert  German 

"  W.  P.  Jones 

'■  B.  A.  Munson 

•■  X.  H.  Wright 

"  R.  W.  James      - 

"  S.  B.  Fahnstock 

"  J.  A.  Savage 

W.  F.  Giesseman 

'■  O.  A.  Hoffman 

"  J.C.Jansrud 

"  E.  E.  Gaylord 

"  W.  A.  Ripley      - 

••  E.  1.  O'Sullivan 

"  R.  A.  Brubeck 

"  J.  F.  Fish 


&\-\&&\&ii\MbbC<AMx**&mr   & 


Wessons  in  Uptobak  Business  Penmanship 


(_^y^^^£^^^-^<^z^z^ 


TROY,  N.  Y. 


Replace  the  Old  for  the  new 

This  is  the  third  month  of  practice,  and  high  time  that  you  jump  out  of  the  old  rut  for  good.  Concerning  your  writing:  It  is  not 
irj  foi  me  to  remind  you  all.  especially  you  who  are  following  a  course  in  a  Business  College,  of  the  value  and  importance  of 
your  hand-writing.  Thus  far  most  of  your  writing,  outside  of  your  practice  moments,  has  been  executed  in  the  maimer  in  which  the 
writing  of  your  past  life  was  done.  This,  of  course,  was  quite  expected,  as  you  would  have  found  it  difficult  to  apply  new  methods  and 
i  your  actual,  everyday  work  To  allow  this  to  go  on,  however,  would  mean  the  continuation  of  one  extreme  battling  against 
another,  of  following  one  principle  at  one  time  and  another  principle  at  other  times.  You  should,  therefore,  discard  now,  all  old  habits 
concerning  your  writing  and  replace  them  with  the  new.  It  means,  likewise,  that  all  the  writing  you  do  in  the  future  will  be  executed 
hi  the  manner  in  which  you  practice.  So  you  see  this  "changing"  period  is  an  important  one.  The  few  days  following  will  undoubtedly 
be  hard  and  discouraging  for  you,  yet  it  is  a  furrow  that  all  must  turn  who  were  taught  and  trained  in  the  school  of  finger  movement. 
Once,  however,  you  have  discarded  the  old  and  adopted  the  new,  you  are  on  good  clear  sailing  and  your  improvement  will  be  far  more 
marked  and  noticeable.  Let  ell  your  writing,  therefore,  of  the  future,  be  executed  in  the  same  manner  in  which  you  write  during  your 
practice  moments.  Regardless  of  the  quantity,  let  it  all  be  done  carefully  and  thoughtfully,  freely  and  watchfully.  You  will  then  be 
developing  your  hand  both  in  and  out  of  your  practice  moments. 

I\i>i\  [DUALITY  will  make  itself  manifest  in  writing  as  in  other  things.  A  thought  as  to  how  readily  and  easily  we  recognize  the 
hand-writing  of  a  friend,  will  verify  this  statement.  To  become  skillful  in  any  art,  we  seek  the  advice  and  instruction  of  some  recog- 
nized master,  and  we  strive  to  imitate  his  methods  and  produce  his  results.  This  we  accomplish  to  a  certain  degree,  but  to  imbed  in 
■  Mir  results  his  individual  characteristics,  would  be  an  utter  impossibility.  The  very  same  in  writing.  There  is  no  established  style 
for  all,  I  nit  there  is  one  style  for  each.  It  would  develop  unconsciously,  and  it  does,  yet  the  degree  of  its  perfection  and  the  molding  in 
general  depends  exclusively  upon  each  individual.  You  are  the  guiding  star  by  which  your  efforts  are  coached  to  success,  with  the 
aid  of  models  and  suggestions.  Watch,  then,  with  a  keen  eye  during  this  developing  period,  that  the  road  to  good  writing  is  ever 
cautiously  guarded,  lest  "hustle  and  bustle"  lead  it  astray. 

Plate  14 

The  good  old  oval  exercise,  with  its  unlimited  number  of  designs,  has  been  the  means  by  which  thousands  have  acquired  ease 
iiil  speed  in  their  writing.  It  was  the  starting  point  of  interest  and  determination  for  the  majority  of  our  professionals  of  today, 
and  it  cannot  be  denied  that  those  students  who  are  most  enthusiastic  in  its  execution,  are  usually  the  best  writers  in  the  end. 
True  it  i--  that  practice  along  this  line  can  be  carried  to  the  extreme  as  in  anything  else,  yet  such  a  case  would  be  an  exception 
and  f;ir  from  the  rule.  Invent  and  work  hard,  therefore,  along  this  line.  It  gives  confidence  and  ease,  and  strengthens  the  eye  to  see 
as  well  as  the  muscles  to  act.  In  thi9  plate  we  have  several  different  designs  that  can  be  utilized  to  advantage.  When  working 
on  them,  the  arm  always  rolls  on  the  muscle  in  front  of  the  elbow,  and  no  finger  action  is  necessary.  Plan  your  design  first, 
see   it   clearly,   then  execute  it  cautiously. 


Plate  15 

I  rand  s  usually  give  the  average  student  some  trouble,  yet  clear  perceptions  as  to  how  they  should  be  made  will  carry 

nil  v  t.,  their  mastery-    Note  the  fact  that  the  r  is  narrow  and  that  it  contains  two  distinct  angles  at  the  top.    Students  make 

-   they  have  never  taken  the  time  to  observe  it  in  detail.    Curve  the  down  stroke  of  the  s  so  as  to  give  the  letter 

I'    made  too  slender  or  open  at  the  base  line  it  will  resemble  the  r.    Join  three  of  each  rapidly,  making  connecting 

•long.     Keep  two  letters  unlike  and  different  from  the  t  and  they  will  always  be  legible.    The  words  in  lines  3, 1,  5,  and  6 

«ili  afford  K'""i  material  fox  page  practice. 


Plate  16 

The  extended  exercise  in  line  1  will  be  found  valuable  for  developing  the  last  part  of  the  capital  M.  Round  turns  at  the  top  and 
angles  at  the  base  line  should  be  your  chief  aim.  The  M  is  an  N  with  au  addition.  Study  it  critically.  Keep  turns  at  the  top  round 
and  avoid  making  partial  loops  on  base  line.  Note  the  fact  that  third  part  is  lower  than  second,  and  second  lower  than  the  starting 
loop.  The  tendency  will  be  to  exaggerate  this  loop  at  the  start,  making  it  entirely  too  large.  If  such  is  the  case,  you  may  be  more 
successful  by  commencing  the  letter  with  a  dot  as  in  line  3.  Do  not  try  to  master  the  two  styles.  Select  one  and  develop  it.  Ending 
strokes  resemble  those  of  the  AT.  Lines  5  and  6  are  for  page  practice.  The  M  may  be  joined  to  the  following  small  letter  in  each  word 
or  not.     Punctuate  correctly. 


'  2   7* 

2      22^22222^^^^  X^72-2227^?^^    /^222227^<^^^^ 

■  2?  2/ 

2?  22  > 

2?  22  2?  22  2?  22  2?  2 

'  2{  ty  2?  2?  22  22  M  22  ?2  ^2  22  22 ^ 

' 2 22 

2  2?  22  . 

2i.  21-  22  2^  22  2  2?,  2i 

'  22^- 

r^2^% 

Z~^z^zj!^L2,       /^2(^>t^^^4^z?--?^L2    //^2t-^z^ri2. 

'  2^ 

-r^ts    2%.     ty*. 

^^^x  /^t^^^^y  Jtzu^w 

Plate  17 

Mark  rapidly  up  and  down  on  straight  line  exercise  in  line  1,  making  it  size  of  copy.  Study  small  t  in  line  2,  noticing  that  the  down 
stroke  retraces  on  the  up  stroke.  Style  in  line  3  serves  well  for  a  final  letter.  Its  characteristics  are  two  sharp  points  and  final  stroke 
which  is  quite  short.  The  word  "tint"  will  be  found  beneficial  for  practice  when  working  on  the  t.  Be  careful  to  make  crossing  stroke 
short  and  in  its  correct  position.  The  d  is  an  odd  letter  and  therefore  made  quite  illegibly  by  many.  Oval  partis  the  same  as  in  the  a. 
Retrace  on  up  stroke  as  in  the  t.  Style  with  loop  in  last  part  of  line  5  answers  for  a  final  letter,  as  it  can  be  quickly  made.  Ending  stroke 
in  this  form  comes  slightly  below  the  base  line.    The  combination   "  dind  "  employs  both  styles  and  will  serve  well  for  page  practice- 


t?0  ^22  <zO  ^22  <z22  <^2  &O  <?6/  &(  <^{  ^{  &{  <z(  <^f 

(^PL-i^yT^ipf  (^2<^-y^L^2   &2t^?^c2   t^2c^->^L^2 


ef 


Plate  18. 

Work  rapidly  and  vigorously  on  exercise  in  line  1,  making  turns  on  base  line  very  round  and  angles  at  the  top  quite  distinct. 
Work  at  the  rate  of  150  sections  per  minute.  No.  2  will  also  be  found  beneficial  as  it  starts  with  a  small  loop.  The  U  is  practically 
opposite  from  the  N,  the  round  turn  appearing  on  the  baseline  rather  than  at  the  top.  End  the  letter  similar  to  the  A'.  It  can  be  started 
with  either  the  loop  or  the  dot.  Adopt  one  style  for  now  and  develop  it.  Be  positive  you  see  clearly  that  which  you  are  striving  to 
produce.    When  your  efforts  prove  successful,  and  you  succeed  in  making  a  letter  that  meets  your  ideal,  investigate  its  good  points. 


£n^@u^irtt^£<&u?<Hfetor  & 


'2/OC^C^oooocy   T^Uasux^s    UaUOOCou^    1^000x^4    (yOOUxM/^ 

J  2/  7/  7/  (  (  2(   % 

" 2{  2(  2{  2/  2{  l(  2{  2< 


Plate   19 

Two  -i  |  les  'i  the  /<  are  given.  One  is  about  as  easy  to  make  as  the  other,  while  both  are  legible.  First  stroke  in  either  style  starts 
on  base  line  and  is  decidedly  curved,  while  down  stroke  is  straight.  Make  it  sharp  at  the  top.  If  you  adopt  the  style  in  line  2  be 
careful  a>  to  when-  and  how  you  place  the  oval.  Retrace  on  down  stroke  in  both,  forming  last  part  without  picking  the  pen.  Words  in 
\.  5.  and  6  are  toi  page  practice  Students  are  always  inclined  to  make  this  letter  too  long  and  too  large.  Note  the  fact  that  it  extends 
al>. 'lit  the  same  distance  above  as  below  the  line,  which  means  about  twice  the  height  of  the  m  and  n. 


7is 


A  general  summing  up  with  capitals  joined  to  the  following  small  letter.    It  is,  in  truth,  more  of  that  wide  spacing 
conjunct!. .ii  with  capital  letter  practice.    Master  each  line  thoroughly,  as  it  pays  well. 


Plate   21 

■cimen  .if   off-hand   and,  to  a  certain  degree,  thoughtless  writing.       It  was  written  quite   rapidly,  as   rotundity  of 

lfy.     It  was  composed  while  it   was  being  written,  and  surely  this  is  the  one  true  test  of  usefulness.    The  world  demands 

today  those  who  have  formed  the  habit  of  writing  well  while  thinking  of  other  things.    The  letters  in  the  above  could  have  been  easily 

■lore  accurately  had  time  and  thought  been  expended  to  that  end.    It  is  given  to  illustrate  how  freedom  and  speed 

can  be  applied  withoul  seriously  interfering  with  legibility.     In  trying  it,  sit  up  and  strike  out  manfully. 


Criticisms. 

J.  J.  S.— You  write  a  hand  that  is  far  above  the  average.  Work  reveals  plenty  of  freedom.  You  can  raise  your  standard  by  a  great 
deal  of  intelligent  practice.    Study  detail  closely.     Let  me  hear  from  you  often. 

L.  E.  S.,  Baltimore.— If  you  improve  your  plain,  unshaded  hand  it  will  strengthen  your  ornamental  hand.  Yes,  your  ink  is  now  O. 
K.    Your  cards  were  quite  nice. 

A.  B.  L.— Your  practice  was  good  throughout  and  very  neatly  arranged.     Watch  form  closely  and  persevere. 

E.  A.— You  have  made  a  good  start  and  will  surely  succeed.  India  ink  too  thick  for  general  use  but  good  for  practice.  Keep  your 
work  on  the  line. 

B.  B.  B.-Glad  to  hear  from  you.    Yes,  I  think  the  date  mentioned  is  correct.     Would  say  Xo  in  response  to  second  question. 

L.  G.  B.— For  the  use  to  which  you  put  your  writing,  ease  of  execution  is  more  important  than  beauty.  Work  faithfully  on  Lesson  1, 
and  heed  remarks  on  position  and  movement  very  carefully. 

Watson.— Practice  pages  were  good.    You  invariably  make  second  part  of  small  n  sharper  than  first.     Watch  it.    Persevere. 

W.  J.  F.— You  are  on  the  right  road.     Make  turns  in  small  letter  work  rounder  throughout.    Small  w  not  up  to  other  work.    Study  it. 


However,  your  impro\ 
^strokes  in  all  small  letter  woi 


lent  dv 


ik 


ot 


Georgians.— Your  ovals  are  good,  considering  the  difficulties  under  w 
the  past  month  reveals  the  fact  that  you  can  succeed.    Work  faithfully  on  n 

Brooks,  Mo.— Practice  work  good.    Do  not  shade  capitals  and  investigate  slant  of  d 
regularly. 

A.  B  C.— Doing  well.    Strengthen  all  your  work  by  strengthening  your  movement.    Perseverance  will  accomplish  it. 

Blank,  Wis.— Lower  part  of  capital  D  needs  attention.    Beyond  that  I  cannot  suggest  much.    Work  hard. 

W.  S.  R.— Think  more  and  write  less.    Small  writing  is  more  useful  today  than  large.    You  can  do  well  if  you  persevere. 

S.  E.  L.— You  write  a  model  hand,  and  it  is  a  pleasure  to  look  over  such  pages  as  you  prepare.    For  copy  and  show  you 
too  large,  but  for  practica'  work,  it  is.     Glpd  to  know  you. 

J.  D.  M.,  St.  Louis— Question  Xo.  1,  Xo.    Xo.  2,  Yes. 

M.  B.  D.— Glad  to  see  you  in  harness  again.    Your  work  was  up  to  your  usual  standard.    Study  form  critically  and  watch  slant. 

"  Friend."— The  copies  were  written  in  India  ink.     In  their  preparation,  "sincerity"  was  paramount,  while  "  reputation"  was  second 
ary.    I  believe  in  practicing  that  which  I  preach. 

C.  M.  M.— Doing  well.    Bring  it  all  down  smaller,  especially  capitals.    Small  a  needs  attention  and  care. 

H.  W. — Did  you  do  your  best  on  first  specimen  ?    I'm  afraid  not.    Practice  slips  on  Lesson  1  are  good.    Your  work  reveals  a  uniform 
line,  and  that  is  an  important  essential  already  mastered.    Come  again. 

Minnie.— Conditions  mentioned  are  rather  peculiar,  vet  I  would  advise  you  to  continue  with  your  right  hand,  by  all  means.    Let  me 
know  what  results. 


lessons  in  Practical  Business  tDriting 

BY 


CAVANAUGH  COMMERCIAL  COLLEGE,  NEW  BRITIAN,  CONN. 

zed  in  these  columns  free  of  charge.    Specimens  should  be  sent  to  Miss  Hudson,  Sen-  Britii 


Conn.,  by  the  fifth  of  < 


'  Be  patient !    Time  lost  in  discouragement 


Lesson  6. 

ight  be  employed  in  c 


ing  the  difficulties  that  caused  it." 

—  The  Gregg  Writer 


PLATE  21.  Xo.  1.  Have  an  easy  rolling  motion,  making  a  very  slight  stop  at  the  base  line.  Keep  the  crossings  at  the  height  of  the 
small/'.  Xo.  2.  The  same  exercise  with  wider  spacing.  Watch  the  top  of  the  l's,  not  to  have  them  pointed  or  flat-sided.  No.  3.  These 
exercises  are  to  help  you  to  get  the  proper  slant  of  the  /.    Xo.  4.    Keep  the  last  upcurve  parallel  to  the  first. 


flct-tez./ 


£JR©  ©U^il^G^  £eU^©Ct&Cr     <S 


Pl  vn.  ....  x,,  ,  The  /  with  the  V  ending.  Be  just  as  careful  about  the  crossing  as  in  Plate  21.  No.  2.  Notice  the  horizontal 
double  curve  between  band  v.  No.  .;  Omit  the  third  stroke  of  /  and  extend  second  stroke  down  one-fourth  space.  No.  4.  Remember 
that  the  extended  letters  govern  the  slant  as  the  minimum  letters  the  heigtit  in  page  writ  ins. 


^^i^C^i^c^  ^p^i>-<^^^ 


I'ia  i  i  _•.:.  No.  1  An  exercise  in  upward  curves.  Push  the  arm  out  of  the  sleeve.  No.  2.  The  first  two  strokes  of  the  1  and  the 
last  two  strokes  of  the  "  form  the  h  Keep  the  height  of  n  part  and  the  crossing  of  /  the  same.  No.  a.  A  modified  Ii.  The  second  down- 
stroke  t.i  be  kept  parallel  to  the  first 


?la,te.2J 


t^A^zst^^A^^Jx^z/  ^^zsPt^zs  ^Zs^k^^ny  ^/L^d^z^e?  ^z^/z^t^z^k^^ 


PLATE  24.     No.  1.     Make  the  loop  of  /  with  ending  stroke  lifted  one-fourth  of  a  space  from  base  line;  stop;  make  a  straight  down- 
stroke,  keeping  the  sami    general  slant;  stop  at  base  line.    Count  1-2-3.    No.  2.     Another  form  of  G.    Curve  the  last  stroke  to  the  left  and 
end  with  a  pressure  ol   the  pen.     No  3.    Still  another  form,  like  No.  2.  carrying  the  stroke  to  the  left,  across  the  upstroke,  stopping  before 
ing  t'i  the  right.     Keep  the-  an  tie  sharp. 


?\CLttZ-4 


£7Ee  @u^in?e^  ^d^acfctor   & 


Briticisms. 

J.  A.  B.  Much  more  careful  work.  You  are  using  the  fingers  too  much.  Get  more  curve  in  the  up-stroke  of  the  u  's  and  less  angle 
at  the  base  line.  Do  not  diminish  the  size  of  letters  in  a  word.  Keep  them  the  same  height.  Practice  much  more  upon  the  fourth  line 
in  Plate  13.  Make  the  o  as  large  as  other  letters  in  error.  Have  more  freedom  in  fourth  line,  Plate  14.  Do  not  lift  the  pen  until  you  have 
finished  the  word  (sorosis).    Make  a  decided  stop  in  the  downstroke  of  the  letter  p.    Do  not  lift  the  pen  in  the  rf  exercise. 

W.  T.  L.— Some  of  your  work  is  verv  good.  When  e  occurs  at  the  end  of  a  word,  keep  the  same  slant  as  in  the  other  letters.  Practice 
much  upon  the  small  g,  not  bringing  it  too  far  below  the  line.    Keep  base  line  even.     Lift  the  pen  at  base  of  downstroke  of  the  letter  p. 

J.  A.  B.— Have  a  wider  space  between  down  and  upstrokes  of  A.  Be  careful  to  close  the  small  a  at  the  top,  and  not  extend  the  up- 
strokes higher  than  the  rest  of  the  letter.  Do  not  lift  the  pen  between  a  and  a.  Have  the  downstroke  of  the  P  straight,  stopping  at  the 
baseline.  Have  the  oval  horizontal.  The  B's  are  too  high  and  narrow.  Have  the  loop  cross  at  one-third  the  way  down.  Have  more 
double  curve  in  the  top  of  the  T  and  F.    Keep  downstrokes  of  the.i-  and  g-straight. 

C.  M.  M.— The  top  of  the  r  should  be  an  extension  of  the  upstroke  of  the  letter  rather  than  slanting  to  the  left  of  the  paper.  Keep 
the  last  downstroke  of  the  n  straight.  Get  more  curve  in  the  upstroke  of  the  t.  In  Plate  14-4.  have  more  of  a  horizontal  curve  in  join- 
ing the  t's.  Have  no  loop  in  the  .s.  Do  not  slight  the  last  letters  of  your  words.  You  are  inclined  to  make  them  smaller  or  raised  from 
the  base  line.  Lift  the  pen  at  the  bottom  of  the  letter  p  and  get  more  curve  in  the  upstroke.  Get  more  curve  in  the  upstroke  of  d  so  that 
you  will  not  have  so  wide  an  opening  between  up  and  down  strokes  at  the  base  line.    Your  work  is  excellent. 


The  signatures  below  represent  the  work  of  Professor  Rudy's  advanced  class  in    Heald's   Business  College,  San    Francisco  Calif., 
and  shows  the  plain,  rapid  business  hand  developed  in  that  College.    There  is  no  surer  passport  to  a  business  position  than  the  ability  to 
!  a  rapid  and  legible  business  hand. 


Hiram.  Ohio,  Hi: 


iness  College,  and  Student  of  E.  C.  Mills 
The  Business  Educator. 


i-hose  copies  appear 


/A 


it   Exercises  by  Miss  Eli 


abeth  Foley,  pupil  in  the  Worcester,  Mass., 
C.  B.  Post,  president. 


isiness  Institute,  W.  H.  Vi 


^^fl  ^gSS^SSg^.  ft^~y„ 


L 


Specimens 

Received 


'  'ii,  ,,i  the  finest  letters  we  have  seen  for 
man  \  a  day  recently  came  from  "uresteem- 
and  co-worker,  D.  H.  Farley,  Tren- 
ton, N.  J.  Mr.  Farley  swings  a  pen  of  un- 
usual (Trace  and  accuracy,  and  writes 
equally  well  a  vertical,  medial  or  slanting 
hand.  When  it  comes  t"  a  combination  of 
skill  and  knowledge  in  penmanship  mat- 
ters, Mr.  1  rid  to  no  other. 

A  letter  written  with  white  ink  on  black 
pane;  has  been  received  from  G.  R.  Bailey, 
Milwaukee,  Wis.,  which  shows  a  splendid 
■  ommand  ol  the  pen.  Mr.  Bailey's  work  is 
quite  professional. 

P.  w  ■  Costell  i  .  ..i   Si  ranton, 


Pa.,  i  ei 


1  t  I  V 


red 


ith 


ally  good  engrossing  apitals  of 

which  were  made  offhand.  Some  of  the 
lines  were  too  dainty,  else  the  same  would 
have  been  presenter]  to  the  readers  of  liit 
Business  Educator  instead  ol  this  notice. 

II.  \v.  Stone;  the  engrosser  ol  B  iston, 
Favored  us  with  a  very  beautiful  print  of  a 
very  .-lain, rat,-  and  handsome  sel  oi  resolu 
ttons  w  I  Board  ol 

Aldermen  ol  the  cityol  Melrose,  Ma 
the  death  ol  President  McK 

S.     M. 


nk,  pent 
teacher  In  the  Meat 
<  oil,— e,  favored   n- 


and     '  oinmercial 

mmercial 

h  specimens  of  his 

ing  pen- 

ughls     profes 

ok  »  in.  ■  an  unusuallj  prac 

1  i-  an   em  husiasi  Ic 

.^.    of  penman-lii],    pu  I 

of  the  character  of  The  Hi  -i\i-.-- 
TOB. 


man-hip,  which 
sional.  Mr.  Funk 
tical  ban 
and  supporter 


A  page  of  unusually  good  penmanship 
came  from  C.  W.  Ransom  Hill's  Business 
College,  Sedalia,  Mo.  Fine  as  Mr.  Ransom's 
work  has  been  in  the  past,  he  is  pushing  it 
still  nearer  perfection. 

Mr.  J.  B.  Carter,  penman  in  the  Salt  City 
Business  College,  Hutchinson,  Kans.,  re- 
cently favored  us  with  a  couple  subscrip- 
tions together  with  a  specimen  of  his  off- 
hand, round-hand  penmanship  which,  for 
dash  and  precision  is  rarely  excelled.  Mr. 
Carter  is  a  young  man  possessed  of  good 
morals  as  well  as  good  penmanship. 

In  favoring  THE  BUSINESS  EDUCATOR 
with  a  club  of  subscriptions,  A.  R.  Merrill, 
Saco,  Me.,  enclosed  some  unusually  well 
written  cards  ;  cards  that  make  one  feel 
like  laying  all  else  aside  and  trying  his 
hand  on  the  same  combinations.  "Mr.  Mer- 
rill has  long  been  a  readerand  supporter  of 
The  Business  Educator. 

Some  very  clever  ornamental  writing  has 
been  received  from  S.  M.  Smith  of  the 
Springfield,  (Mo.)  .Normal  School  and  Busi- 
ness College.  His  work  has  the  swing  of  a 
professional.  Mr.  Smith  is  a  firm  friend 
and  supporter  of  THE  BUSINESS  EDUCATOR. 

Some  very  artistically  written  cards  have 
been  received  from  <;.  6.  Miller,  of  the  Kel- 
ler's Business  College,  Lewisburg,  Pa.  Mr. 
Miller's  work  possesses  strength,  accuracy 
and  delicacy,  and  if  we  mistake  not  he  will 
some  day  be  ranked  with  the  very  Hnest. 

W.  E.  Hill,  Keene,  X.  H„  though  not  fol- 
low ing  penmanship  professionally,  is  doing 
a  good  deal  of  good  pen  work  on  the  side. 


st.Jjdl//s. 


This  is  a  good  likeness  of  Mr.  S.  L.  Cald- 
well, teacher  of  Writing  and  Drawing  in  the 
Nebraska  State  Normal,  Peru,  Nebr.  He  is 
making  for  himself  in  that  institution  and 
surrounding  country  an  enviable  reputa- 
tion as  a  teacher  of  and  lecturer  upon  these 
subjects. 

We  have  known  Mr.  Caldwell  for  a  number 
of  years,  and  consider  him  one  of  our  most 
conscientious,  hard-working,  progressive, 
special  teachers.  His  specialties,  however, 
are  not  confined  to  writing  and  drawing,  as 
he  is  a  specialist  also  in  mathematics  and 
bookkeeping. 

His  work  at  institutes  is  such  as  to  call 
forth  highest  words  of  commendation.  But 
he  is  what  a  teacher  should  be;  a  man  in 
the  true  sense  of  the  word. 


£TFv©  @utailrfce&>  &&U&&&&F  & 


ZTCoDement  €xercises  for  Stuoents  of  practical  JDrtting. 


195  Grand  Avenue. 


£-Z^^S 


Rochester,  N.  Y. 


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fl  flood  Handwriting. 

BY  E,     V.  CAST,   PENMAN     1\     BLAIR'S    BUS] 
NESS  COLLEGE,   SPOKANE,  WASH. 

Tin-  value  of  a  k I   handwriting  can  be 

estimated  only   in   terms  of  business   sui 
, — .     It  ,,-  inorr  than  a  money  making  ac- 
complishment and  it-  benefits  are  express- 
ed in   higher  terms.     Good   writing   i-   the 
Sesame"  t"   many  a  coveted   posi- 
tion, since  it  carries  with  it  habits  of  neat 
Ispatch.     It   is  the  strong- 
est   recommendation  an  applicant  can  lay 
i  mi- in  ess  manager,  and  t  he  one  that 
the  closes!    attention.      It   reflects 
ilitj  as  certainly  as  a  mirror  reflects 
tin-  features,  an, I  i-  a-  -ate  a  guide. 

THE  I  Ik'- I  STEP. 
Th,  young  man  seeking  employment 
finds  writing  a  positive  requirement. 
Should  he  fail  in  this,  his  other  qualifica- 
tion- win  scarcely  hold  the  field  against 
some  in'  mj  lished  competitor.    First 

impression-    are  Strong  as   well    as    lasting. 

How   ii irtant,   then,   that    the   first    step 

-houl.l    be  well  taken,  the   first    letter  well 
The  letter  of  application  may  be 
but  the  p  i- of  intimate  associa- 

tion. It  i-  the  herald  sent  to  announce  the 
coming  of  its  author.  It  should  be  clothed 
in  easy,  legible  characters  and  faultless 
_,  ,  tor  from  his  representative  we 
judge  whether  the  sender  has  the*'  wedding 
garment."  If  the  letter  is  poorly  written 
it  bars  the  way  to  nearer  approach  on  the 
part  of  one  who  might  in  many  other  re- 
ppea  i  to  ad  \  antage. 

I    Mali,    POSSIBILITIES. 

The  study  of  Latin,  literature,  philosophy, 
and  poetry,  is  recommended  to  secure  cul- 
ture,  ease  and  refinement.  Tlie  study  and 
practice  of  writing  is  fraught  with  untold 
possibilities  in  the  training  of  imagination, 
memory, observation,  judgment  and  correct 
habit-  of  life.  Proper  exercises  strengthen 
the  nerves,  secure  muscular  control  and 
lead  directly  toward  mental  supremacy  and 
physical  freedom.  Under  proper 
conditions  the  work  is  full  of  inspiration. 
It   is    never  dull   except  in   those   unhappy 

ces  w  here  natural  ambition  has  been 
repressed  bj  "blind  leaders  of  the  blind," 
that  unfortunate  class  of  teachers  who  in- 
flict writing  as  a  punishment  or  do  violence 

cation  in  the  name  of 

■■  BUSY     WORK." 
To  take  advantage  of  the  educative  value 

at  tenti mat  be  paid 

to  the  learner's  facility, the  reader's  natural 

■I  the  time  element.     The    first   ele- 

il owing    motion;    the 

second,   foi    legibility,   and     the    third,  for 

speed.    Speed  inusl  be  th,-  result  of  increas- 

■  i  ontrol,  not  oi   spasmodic  effort, 

'It  lie    mot  ion    must 
'I     at     all    tunes,  hand    and    arm    re 

si> bug  t"   rhythmic  impulses.    Such  re- 

-ult-  cat secured  only  when  the  teacher 

rough  knowledge  of  the  road  to  be 
lb-  Miii-t  know  each  student  and 
en  i-e.    Will 
the  next  hope  and  encourage- 

ment   or    will    it    end     in    the    perils  of    di-ap 

pointinenl  and  despair? 

NERVE,  \.\  B,  AND     .1  SCLE    i  EST. 

••  -t  ot  an  education  .-  the 

■  «  hich  it  impresses  upon  the  stu 

'      -Hege  must    tram    lor 
more  than    visible,  material    ?UI  I      3S       Does 

th,-  study  ol  penmanship  pr te  the  for- 

trengthening  habits? 
Once  arouse  the  energies  and  stimulate  the 

ami. Hi.,,,  ,,f   :,   young  man.  infuse  him  with 
i   in  penmanship  and  each 

a  te-i  of  nerve,  ej  •-. 

:""1    muscle.      The   1,-a-t   use  of   narcot,,  -  ,,,' 
Stimulants  will   be  mirrored   before  hi,,,  ,,„ 

■  his  writing.  The  slightest 
dissipation  ,-  ,  ,-rt.,i,,  to  impair  quality  of 
line  :,,,,!  precision  ,,i  stroke.    Steadj  nerves 


a  clear  eye,  an  unclouded  brain,  are  indis- 
pensable in  acquiring  a  good  handwriting. 
The  habits  that  lead  to  success  in  writing 
are  the  habits  that  lead  to  the  formation  of 
resolute  character. 

Training  that  leads  to  concentration  and 
sustained  attention,  is  of  itself  an  educa- 
tion. No  style  of  writing  can  be, mastered 
by  the  careless  student,  the  idler,  or  the 
shirk.  In  arithmetic  he  may  copy  solutions 
and  save  appearances,  but  in  the  writing 
class  he  stands  upon  his  merits.  The  result 
of  his  practice  is  apparent  to  all.  He  must 
be  a  man,  do  a  man's  work,  or  rank  below 
boys  and  beginners. 

SELF-CONFIDENCE     ENGENDERS     SELF- 
RESPECT. 

A  well  organized  penmanship  class  is 
a  school  of  disciplii>e.  In  it  the  student 
becomes  aware  of  his  own  responsibility. 
He  grows  into  self-activity  and  receives 
his  reward  in  proficiency  and  a   known   in- 


The  [iu^inrss  Manager  of  The  Business 
EDUCATOR,  E.  \V.  Bloser,  and  two  of  his 
three  interesting  children,  as  thev  appeared 
while  taking  a  day  oil  at  HuckeveXake,  near 
(_  olumbus.  No  one  will  be  more  surprised  or 
less  pleased  than  he  to  see  it  here.— C.  P.  Z. 


crease  of  power.  The  success  of  today 
prompts  to  greater  effort  on  the  morrow, 
self-confidence  engenders  self-respect,  and 
soon  the  student  will  be  anxious  to  set  for 
himself  tasks  unimposed  by  the  teacher. 
Poor  writers  should  receive  every  encour- 
agement to  continue  in  this  discipline  and 
no  student  should  be  discouraged  or  turned 
away  by  the  teacher. 

As  an  accomplishment,  accurate  writing 
ranks  with  music  and  drawing.  It  conveys 
to  every  beholder  an  assurance  of  character 
and  ability,  giving  to  correspondence  the 
charm  that  music  gives  to  entertainment. 

TEX    TO    ONE. 

Good  writing  is  a  necessity  in  modern 
life.  It  enters  into  the  daily  life  of  the  home, 
the  school  and  the  state.  The  typewriter 
has  taken  away  part  of  the  burden,  but 
no  method  of  recording  or  transmitting 
thought  has  as  yet  lessened  the  demand 
for  good  writers.  On  the  contrary,  business 
expansion  has  outstripped  improvement  in 
devices  for  recording  transactions,  and  to- 
day ten  good  writers  are  demanded  where 
there  was  need  of  one  a  few  years  ago. 
With  all  this  the  standard  of  efficiency  lias 
been  raised.  It  is  the  good  writer  who  is  in 
demand.  There  is  an  over  supply  of  fairly 
competent  men  in  every  line  of  business. 
The  business  manager  has  difficulty  in 
finding  time  to  go  on  a  vacation,  while  the 
fly-chaser  must  protect  his  interests  by 
close  application  to  business.  A  hundred 
hands  are  idly  waiting  for  him  to  lose  his 
position.  The  six-hour  and  six  dollar  man 
is  perennially  seeking  employment.  The 
thoroughly  competent  man  is  generally 
employed.  The  one  thinks  business  over- 
done, the  field  crowded  ;  the  other  finds 
himself  rushed  and  remarks  upon  the  diffi- 
culty of  securing  well  qualified  assistants. 

The  teacher  of  penmanship  should  have 
a  good  general  education.  He  should  be 
competent  to  give  instruction  in  the  ordi- 
nary English  branches,  as  he  will  be  called 
upon  to  answer  many  questions  of  a  general 
nature.  He  should  be  able  to  explain  his 
theories  by  the  use  of  appropriate  language 
and  apt  illustrations,  to  surround  his  stu 
dents  with  an  atmosphere  of  inspiration, 
and  to  be  a  living  example  of  industry, 
honesty,  and  high  aim.  No  teacher  can 
command  the  respect  of  his  pupils  if  he  is 
master  of  but  one  branch  in  the  course  of 
study. 

SPECIALIZATION    REQUIRES  A  BROAD  AND 
SAFE  FOUNDATION. 

The  penman  of  toda\  needs  thorough 
training  in  the  theory  and  practice  of  teach- 
ing. He  must  consider  the  elements  tend- 
ing toward  that  unity  which  we  call  a 
school.  A  proper  conception  of  the  teach- 
ing process  and  of  mind  development 
should  also  be  a  part  of  his  equipment. 
Actual  business  experience  is  an  absolute 
requirement.  The  student  is  preparing  to 
meet  conditions  as  they  exist  in  the  world 
today.  The  teacher  must  obtain  his  knowl- 
edge of  these  conditions  by  actual  contact 
with  the  outer  world.  Under  any  other 
hypothesis  instruction  must  be  vague,  the 
guide  directing  the  stranger  toward  a  goal 
which  neither  has  seen. 

THROUGH    BLINDING  TEARS. 

Above  all  consideration  of  commercial 
value  and  educational  worth  stands  the 
human  element  in  handwriting.  Many  an 
autograph  letter  or  manuscript  has  been 
sold  for  a  higher  price  than  an  exact  copy 
would  have  brought  though  engraved 
upon  gold  leaf  and  illuminated  by  the  high- 
est art.  The  mere  words  of  the  ordinary 
letter  have  no  power  to  stir  the  emotions 
beyond  a  feeling  of  interest  and  satisfac- 
tion, yet  we  gaze  through  blinding  tears 
upon  the  same  missive  after  its  author  has 
passed  forever  from  our  view.  As  we  trace 
the  familiar  lines  old  dreams,  hopes,  and 
aspirations  return  to  lend  their  coloring 
and  warmth  to  life,  and  the  reward  of  affec- 
tion is  known  to  be  near  at  hand. 


&h&  &\AJzht\eb*  &dA*c&£>vr   & 


I 


lT^>r-v 


Ct  history  of  penmen,  (Early 

Business  €6ucattort,  anb 

€5ucators  in  Clmerica. 

By  A.  H.  HIXMAX,  Worcester,  Mass. 


7 


The  late  arrival  of  copy  for  Mr.  Hinman's  History  is  the  excuse  for  its  omission  this 
>nth,  but  it  will  appear  in  the  December  number.  It  is  a  most  interesting  contribution 
d  worth  waiting  for.  -Editor. 


Prof.  A  H.  Hinman,  of  Worcester,  Mass., 
has  written  for  The  Business  Educator 
a  very  interesting  article  in  regard  to  early 
Business  Colleges  and  their  founders.  He 
savs:  "  In  1848,  R.  C.  Bacon  of  Bacon's  Mer- 
cantile College,  of  Cincinnati,  Ohio,  opened 
a  branch  College  at  Cleveland,  Ohio,  and 
later  another  at  Madison,  Wis." 

I  wish  to  continue  the  history  of  this  latter 
branch  college  through  some  of  its  later 
changes:  Mr.  D.  H.  Tullis,  of  Cincinnati, 
one  of  Prof,  Bacon's  graduates,  organized 
this  branch  college  in  February,  1854,  and  it 
continued  under  his  management  until  1S*>5. 

B.  M.  Wort hin gton,  now  of  Chicago, 
started  a  Business  College  in  Madison, 
Wis.,  in  1865,  and  bought  the  interest  in  the 
Tullis  Business  College,  which  was  not 
exceedingly  prosperous  at  that  time  on 
account  of  the  absence  of  so  many  young 
men  fighting  the  battles  of  the  nation. 
Prof.  Worthington  had  charge  of  the  college 
for  about  ten  years  and  during  his  time  it 
received  the  name,  "The  Northwestern 
Business  College."  This  name  has  been  re- 
tained until  the  first  of  June  of  the  present 
year. 

The  writer  became  a  partner  of  the  college 
Aug.  7, 1876,  and  continued  as  one  of  its  pro- 
prietors until  June  1,  1903.  H.  M.  Wilniot. 
now  of  Milwaukee,  was  a  partner  from  1874 
to  1879.  J.  C.  Proctor,  still  a  resident  of  this 
city,  was  a  partner  from  1879  to  1899. 

The  new  proprietors,  R.  H.  Boyd,  G.  E. 
Spohn,  and  L.  D.  Atkinson,  who  assumed 
charge  June  1,  1903,  have  seen  fit  to  change 
the  name  of  the  college  to  "The  Capital 
City  Commercial  College,"  under  which 
title  it  is  hoped  the  college  will  continue  for 
many  years,  to  educate  the  young  people 
for  business.  R.  G.  DE?IIN(;. 

Madison,  Wis.,  Sept.  21, 1903. 


^rr^^1\ 


^>^^, 


News  Notes 

and  Notices, 


R.  G.  Deming,  formerly  of  the  North- 
Western  Business  College,  Madison,  Wis., 
intends  entering  the  Auditing  business. 

Cupid's  darts  have  been  flying  through 
the  air  of  smoky  Pittsburg.  That  fat  little 
urchin  with  his  bow  pierced  the  hearts  of 
two  of  Duff's  College  teachers  this  summer. 
In  Julv  H.  B.  Hamill  was  married  to  Ger- 
trude "Sims,  of  Wheeling,  and  Thomas  C. 
Whipple  to  Miss  Rothenstein,  of  New  York 
City.  These  happy  swains  hied  away  to 
Atlantic  City  where  other  people  were  so 
thoroughly  preoccupied  in  their  own  en- 
joyment that  they  could  give  no  attention 
to  the  bliss  of  cooing  couples. 


Prof.  A.  S.  Fries,  an  1898  Zanerian.  is  again 
at  his  place  in  the  St.  Joseph  (Mo.)  Com- 
mercial High  School.  Last  winter  he  was 
compelled  to  take  a  leave  of  absence  on 
account  of  poor  health,  and  spent  the 
spring  and  summer  at  Asheville,  N.  C, 
Colorado  Springs,  Colorado,  and  the  Minne- 
sota Lakes.  He  returns  to  his  work  feeling 
practically  recovered. 

Mr.  Fries  has,  in  the  past  few  years,  built 
up  this  department  of  the  city  schools 
until  it  is  the  leading  and  most  popular 
feature,  and  is  the  largest  department  of 
its  kind  in  the  Mississippi  Valley  west  of 
St.  Louis. 

Mr.  W.  C.  Hall,  of  Tower  City,  111.,  is  now- 
teaching  penmanship  and  bookkeeping  in 
the  Mankato,  Minn.,  Commercial  College. 
Mr.  Hall  recently  returned  from  Durban,  on 
the  east  coast  of  South  Africa  where  he 
taught  last  year.  Owing  to  the  illness  of 
his  sister,  he  was  obliged  to  return  to  this 
country. 

Malcolm  E.  Nichols,  the  expert  shorthand 
teacher  of  St.  Paul,  Minn.,  has  been  made 
chairman  of  the  committee  on  Education, 
of  the  St.  Paul  Commercial  Club,  a  very 
influential  organization  of  business  men". 
Those  who  know  Mr  Nichols'  breezy,  en- 
thusiastic way  of  energizing  the  things  he 
takes  hold  of,  will  expect  something  out  of 
the  ordinary  from  this  committee. 

W.  G.  Bishop,  of  the  Lincoln  Business 
College,  Lincoln,  Neb.,  like  many  another 
ambitious  school  man,  put  in  his  vacation 
time  at  work.  Hedid  three  weeks'  teaching 
in  a  Nebraska  Institute.  That  is  the  wav 
J.  M.  Mehan  laid  the  solid  foundation  of 
the  excellent  "Four  C's "  in  Des  Moines, 
and  it  is  the  way  he  hastened  his  departure 
for  the  other  shore.  The  profession  needs 
men  of  this  stamp  too  much  to  see  them 
working  themselves  to  death  without  a 
protest. 

Mr.  J.  A.  Clark,  principal  of  the  American 
Business  College,  Pueblo,  Colo  ,  reports  a 
progressing  school,  new  students  enrolling 
every  week,  with  encouraging  prospect? 
still  ahead.  Mr  and  Mrs.  Clark  are  exper- 
ienced, capable,  energetic,  conscientious 
business  college  people,  and  we  do  not 
wonder  at  their  success. 


/^  "best  Ever"  x<2) 
^..usAiisag,,,^' 


Mr.  F.  T.  Weaver,  E.  Liverpool.  Ohio,  in 
fa  voring  us  with  his  subscription  enclosed 
some  of  his  penmanship  which  discloses 
the  fact  that  he  writes  a  hand  well  up  with 
the  professional.  Mr.  Weaver  was  a  student 
of  ye  Editors  twelve  years  ago.  He  reports 
over  one  hundred  students  in  daily  atten- 
dance at  the  Ohio  Valley  BusinessCoIlege 
of  which  he  is  principal  The  institution  is 
one  of  the  most  thorough  and  practical  to 
be  found  in  our  smaller  cities. 

We  are  pleased  to  learn  that  the  Sadler- 
Knwe  Co.,  Baltimore,  Md..  are  handling 
"  The  New  Rapid  Shorthand  "  publications. 
Somehow  we  have  always  been  favorably 
impressed  with  the  merits  of  this  svstem, 
but  have  never  thought  that  it  received  the 
push  necessarv  to  determine  its  real  worth. 

You  may  do  well  to  look  into  the  matter, 
and  to  address  the  publishers  as  requested 
in  their  advertisement  on  the  cover  page. 

Miss  F.  P.  Tilton  is  the  instructor  of 
shorthand  at  the  Rhode  Island  College, 
(State  Agricultural  Institution  i,  Kingston, 
Rhode  Island 


Mr.  H.  K.  Durkes,  of  Rochester.  Ind.,  a 
recent  graduate  of  the  /.anerian.  has  charge 
of  the  business  department  in  the  Aurora, 
Neb.,  Business  College.  He  has  recently 
favored  us  with  a  good  sized  club,  also 
says  he  is  using  **  Lessons  in  Practical 
Writing  "  as  a  basis  for  his  class  work.  Mr, 
Durkes  is  a  well-educated,  level-headed, 
conscientious,  hard  working,  thoroughly 
upright  and  moral  young  man,  and  merits 
the  success  he  is  achieving. 


H.  W.  Ellsworth,  of  the  Ellsworth  Co., 
No.  127  Duane  St.,  New  York  City,  is  out 
with  a  new  edition  of  his   well  known  copy 


We  are  pleased  to  note  that  our  esteemed 
friend,  J.  W.  Warr,  is  again  the  full-fledged 
editor  of  The  Practical  Age,  Moliue,  III.  We 
have  missed  you  brother,  and  hope  that 
you  may  never  desert  us  again. 

Mr.  Henry  C.  Walker,  of  St.  Louis,  has 
been  appointed  Engrosser  for  the  Louisana 
Purchase  Exposition.  It  simply  means 
that  a  good  job  and   a  good  man  have  met. 

Miss  Besse  J.  Mumaw,  of  Mechanicsburg. 
Ohio,  and  a  receut  Zanerian  graduate,  is 
now  employed  as  special  teacher  of  writing 
and  drawing  in  the  So.  Charleston,  Ohio, 
Public  Schools.  Mi^s  Mumaw  is  a  penman 
of  more  than  usual  ability,  and  like  most 
good  penmen  she  is  possessed  of  an  un- 
usual amount  of  modesty.  She  is  a  young 
lady  possessed  not  only  of  skill  but  of 
feminine  graces  and  qualities  somewhat 
rare  these  days  of  commercial  and  feminine 
enterprise. 

W.  LeRov  Brown,  who  has  stepped  into 
the  skillful"  shoes  of  Mr.  H.  B.  Lehman,  in 
the  Spencerian  Commercial  School,  Cleve- 
land, Ohio,  is  making  for  himself  a  reputa 
tion  as  a  teacher  of  practical  writing  in  that 
well  known  school.  Mr.  Brown  is  also  a 
practical  engrosser,  writing  an  engrosser's 
hand  of  unusual  excellence. 


E.  P.  Miller,  formerly  with  the  Ferris 
Institute,  Big  Rapids,  Mich.,  is  now  con- 
nected with  the  Meadville  (Pa.)  Commercial 
College.  As  many  of  our  readers  are  aware, 
Mr.  Miller's  penmanship  is  first-class,  and 
we  hope  that  we  may  be  able  to  present 
more  of  it  during  the  coming  vear.  The 
Business  Educator  certainly  wishes 
him  much  success  in  his  new  field  of  work. 

Sidney  L.  Daily,  of  Aurora,  111.,  is  now 
director  of  the  commercial  department  of 
the  High  School  at  Harvey,  111.  He  expects 
to  be  at  Cincinnati  the  coming  holidays. 

Mr.  Archibald  Cobb,  Principal  of  Banks 
Business  College,  Philadelphia,  reports 
that  quite  a  number  of  business  school 
proprietors  have  written  him  since  the  pub- 
lication of  his  able  paper  entitled  "  Guaran- 
teeing Positions"  in  the  June  BUSINESS 
EDUCATOR  stating  their  conversion  to  the 
faith  and  their  intention  to  adopt  the  plan 
and  suggestions  offered  therein. 


Shorthand    Competition    for   Silver   and 
Bronze  medals. 

Silver  aud  bronze  medals  are  now  being 
supplied  to  BCbools  and  college?  teaching 
either  the  [8a ac  Pitman  shorthand  or  a 
modification  of  same,  by  Messrs.  Isaac 
Pitman  >V  Sons,  31  Union  Square.  New  York, 
i  hr  same  to  l>e  offered  by  schools  as  first 
and  second  i>n/.i-s  for  the  most  proficient 
shorthand  student  during  the  school  year. 
IIm-  progressive  concern  is  ever  to  the  fore 
with  new  ideas,  and  we  are  sure  this  inno 
ration  will  be  eagerly  grasped  by  the  large 
number  oi  schools  now  teaching  this  sys- 
t. -in.  as  it  «  ill  undoubtedly  be  an  incentive 
to  better  and  more  thorough  work  in  the 
class  room.  The  medals  which  measure 
r_  l.\  %  inches  thick,  are  extremely  artistic. 
and  'in  the  obverse  side  bear  the  head  of  Sir 
[saac  Pitman,  and  the  words,  "  Inventor  of 
Phonography,"  and  on  the  reverse  side  h 
laurel  wreath,  drawn  with  singular  grace 
and  charm,  and  the  inscription.  "For  Pro- 
Bciency  in  Pitman's  Shorthand."  Each 
medal  is  enclosed  in  a  very  handsome  sole 
leather  satin  lined  case,  and  we  consider 
the  happy  possessor  of  one  should  have 
cause  for  congratulations.  Further  partic- 
ular- can  be  obtained  bv  writing  to  Isaac 
Pitman  &  Sons,  HI  Union  Square,  New  York. 


Look  Here!     1000  best  qual- 
ity  cards,   white  or   assorted 
colors.         Prepaid,        $1.75. 
Auto  I'en  and  Ink  Mfg.  Co.,  Chicago. 


THIS       IS      IT'     Twenty-five  years  ago  I  be- 

1  '""      '"      '  '    ■     gan  advertising  my  ornate 

writing,  a    style    different 

then  ixisiing  kinds,  and  it  became  the 
vogne  for  young  ambitious  students,  although 

lu ■'!  by  tin-  barnacles  of  the  profession. 
Toda)  it  lias  attained  the  dignity  of  a  standard. 
and  is  /ion-  the  goal  of  off-hand  penmen.  This  is 
the  Madarasz  style.  A  LETTER  written  in  my 
happiest  vein  will  be  sent  to  you  for  one  dollar— 
m.  Your  name  written 
for  photo-engraving  for  a  signature  cut.  one  dol- 
lar. Three  dollars  buys  a  large  stick  of  INDIA 
INK.  the  best  writing  kind,  gives  perfectly  black 
shade  and  finest  hair  line  possible  to  be 
made  with  a  pen— it  look  me  twenty  years'  search 
to  find  this  particular  quality.  My  summer  class 
in  methods  of  teaching  business  writing  and  the 
execution  of  ornamental  writing— ■' the  Madarasz 
Method"  and  the  Madarasz  style  "—will  be 
held  next  .lulv.and  you  should  have  mv  circular, 

.  2c.  stamp.  SCRIPT  CUTS  of  any  of 
.voids  -it  business  college  advertising, 
60and  70  cents  each.  Hccording  to  size.  See  sam- 
pies  in  the  Penman's  Art  Journal.  No  other  line 
of  penwork  executed,  so  don't  request  it.  I  have 
no  circulars  advertising  penwork. 


1281  THIRD  AVENUE 


CARDS!     CARDS!     CARDS! 
Are    you     In     need    of    any     Cards  ? 

.'  Inn.  ink,  2  iloz    l.'"ir      Tinted  <  'hi. I. 

Iiliick  ink,  -  -,    ..II  cards 

Kaide    1 

;  in,'.  .1  in  Shaded  old  Entr- 

untr.  in.-. 

PENMEN'S  SUPPLIES 

FEB  1,1 

B  |-i% .  Wadding  Bristol,  7! 

S  Ply,  Wi  i  2  To  4  25 

2  711  4  ■>.-, 

8 PI},  Perfi  uo  475 

1  65  2  50 

2  41 1  3  75 
<      s'lis.  per  1  IKlU.Sy  25 

■■■    '  link'    l'«l" 


.  Knvel" 


50c 


an.. 


D      I    i-Vlnt.-J,,. 
Ak*''lit-    ...  ,        |;„„k       All 

i     inptly  tilled.    3,-nil  lur  »»i 

W.  McBEE,  I  9  Snyder  St. ,  Allegheny,  p. 


School  and 

Professional 


ts  thai 


( ).  P.  Del. and,  Appleton,  Wis., 
DeLand's  Business  College  had  ceased  and 
had  no  successor.  From  his  communica- 
tion we  would  infer  that  he  had  retired  or 
gone  into  other  business. 

"A  Good  Move  in  the  Right  Direction,"  is 
the  title  of  a  marnon-covered  and  printed 
circular  announcing  the  removal  of  the 
well  known  Batik's  Business  College,  Phil- 
adelphia, Pa.,  from  the  Penn.  Nut.  Life  Ins. 
Building  to  the  Zane  Building,  "a  modern 
office  structure,  with  the  most  approved 
elevator  service,  electric  lights,  steam  heat, 
and  a  broad,  well-lighted  stairway." 

The  graduating  class  of  Child's  Business 
College,  Xew  Haven,  Conn.,  on  the  evening 
of  Tuesday,  Sept.  S,  1903.  called  at  the  home 
of  Mr.  and"  Mrs.  Sydney  P.  Butler  and  pre- 
sented him  with  a  solid  gold  fob  chain  with 
appropriate  inscription,  and  to  Earnest  M. 
Butler  a  beautiful  quartered  oak  library 
table. 

\V.  VV.  Merriman,  formerly  of  the  Lanier 
Business  College,  Macon,  Ga„  is  now  pro- 
prietor of  the  Bristol  Business  College,  Bris- 
tol, Tenn.,  having  opened  a  new  school  at 
the  latter  place  September  7th.  He  reports 
a  very  encouraging  outlook,  and  THE  BUSI- 
NESS EDUCATOR  certainly  wishes  him 
much  success.  Mr.  Merriman  was  once  a 
student  in  the  Zanerian  and  we  have  always 
regarded  him  as  an  energetic,  capable  and 
reliable  gentleman;  we  therefore  predict 
for  him  a  large  and  flourishing  institution. 

C.  A.  Faust,  of  the  Auto  Pen  &  Ink  Mfg. 
Co. ;  Chicago,  111.,  recently  paid  the  Zanerian 
a  visit  and  gave  the  students  an  intensely 
interesting  and  practical  talk  on  penman- 
ship. Mr.  Faust  is  a  many-sided,  widely 
experienced,  capable,  popular  penman, 
whose  circle  of  professional  acquaintances 
is  perhaps  secotid  to  no  other.  Come  again, 
brother.    The  latch  string  is  always  out. 

Mr.  O.  C.  Dorney,  principal  and  proprietor 
of  the  American  Business  College.  Allen- 
town,  Pa.,  has  invented  a  desk  and  chair 
which  can  be  adjusted  to  students'  size, 
condition  and  physical  requirements.  Tin- 
Daily  City  Item  of  that  city  contained  a 
very  flattering  notice  on  Thursday.  August 
19th,  1903,  relative  to  this  invention.  We 
await  with  interest  further  developments. 

F.  O.  Putnam,  who  has  been  supervising 
writing  and  drawing  the  past  two  years  at 
Bowling  Green,  Ky.,  now  has  charge  of  the 
writing  and  drawing  in  the  Joplin,  Mo., 
Public  Schools.  Mr.  Putnam  is  a  level 
headed,  skillful  penman  and  a  practical 
teacher  of  practical  drawing.  We  congratu- 
late the  good  people  of  Joplin  upon  their 
wisdom  in  securing  Mr.  Putnam  to  take 
charge  of  their  work. 

W.  H.  Vigus,  penman  in  the  Worcester 
Business  Institute,  Worcester,  Mass.,  re- 
ports a  good  school,  and  a  fine  place  to  live. 
Mr.  Vigus  is  a  penman  whose  ability  is 
ranked  well  up  with  the  topnotchers,  and 
the  same  is  the  result  of  pluck  and  perse- 
verance. Moreover,  he  is  a  young  man  of 
Splendid  habits,  unusual  industry,  and 
energy  that  knows  no  tire. 

The  Michigan  Business  College,  of  Detroit, 
Mich.,  is  the  name  of  a  new  institution  in 
that  citv,  under  the  joint  proprietors!! 
J.  C.  Walker,  formerly  of  Danville.  111.,  W 
ti.-l.l  S.  Osborne,  and  Geo.  B.  Withee,  both 
of  Detroit.  A  four-page  announcement  just 
received  has  the  true  ring  to  it,  which  in- 
dicates that  the  people  of  Detroit  may  ex- 
gect  to  hear  from  this  institution,  as  it  has 
rains,  experience  and  push  back  of  it. 
(Continued  on  Page  42.) 


lip  o 
Win 


of 


The    Pratt    Teachers'    Agency, 

70  Fifth  Avenne,  Hew  York, 

Recommends  college  and  normal  gradu- 
ates, specialists,  and  other  teachers  to  col- 
leges, schools,  and  families. 


The  Agency  receires  many  calls  for  com- 
mercial teachers  from  public  and  prirate 
schools,  and  business  colleges. 

WM.  O.  PRATT,  Manager 


E.   C.   MILLS 

Script  Specialist  and  Engraver 
I  95  Grand  Ave.,  Rochester,  N.  Y. 
Script  illustrations  are 
educational  for  works  on 
Bookkeeping,  Business-Prac 
tice.  Correspondence,  t'opy 
Mips,  etc.  I  make  a  specialty 
of  furnishing  THE  BEST 
script  plates  for  these 
purposes 


WEAVER'S  Correspondence  School  of  Pen- 
manship and  Drawing,  Mt.  Morris,  Ills  , 
Offers  the  best  instructions  in  the  various 
branches  of  Penmanship  and  Drawing. 
Write  today  for  full  particulars. 


THE  KINSLEY  STUDIO 

DESIGNERS      ENGROSSERS 
ENGRAVERS        PRINTERS^ 

ample  of  letter-    |         Diplomas, 


and  all 
loot  work 
specialty 


r*  A  D  n  O  Cards,  white  ink.  20c.  per 

UAnUb  doz.      No    1  Blank  Cards, 

from  50c.  per  1,000  to  $'.00. 

Oblique  Holder,  10c.  White  Ink.  20c.  per 
bottle,  postpaid.  Send  10  cents  for  samples 
of  20  shades  of  cards,  and-  sample  of  pen- 
manship. 

A.  B     SMITH 
Sox  586  lake  Geneva,  Wis. 


Free.  Solid  gold,  diamond- 
set  Medal,  to  users  of  the 
Myograph.      You  can  get  it. 

Write  for  circular.     Auto  Pen  and  Ink  Mfg. 

Co.,  Chicago. 


THE  PBTTOH  PIETBOB, 

TOUCH      TYPE     WRITING. 

FOR     USE     IN     PUBLIC     SCHOOLS 
AND     BUSINESS  COLLEGES. 


An  easy  gradated  method  of 
fingering  and  also  the  more 
complicated  forms  of  tabula- 
ted work.  Now  being  adopt- 
ed by  the  public  schools  and 
leading  business  colleges  of 
New  York  City.      «      «.      *. 

Single  copy  25  cents.  Special  discounts  to 
Schools.  Should  be  in  the  hands  of  every 
stenographer.        Address  all  orders  to 

I.  W.  PATTON.  Publisher. 

69  West  132nd  SI..         NEW  YORK,  N.  Y. 


|  Cfcti's^rSt^tsrJ  o^u?  *2tcJ-&*l4i^Tj  -*4*t&  £&<isrzsfe-  ^u-<^c-  /ztt  . 


7~ri*sn«7  cs?i*e.  TjA^d^sn^La '£*^t^cxz^ir?' 


£fHe  &vibirfee&>  &&M&&ik&r  & 


Catalogues  and 

Circulars 


A  leatherette-like  covered  catalogue  of  the 
Capital  City  Business  College  and  Conserv- 
atory of  Music  and  Art,  Helena,  Mont.,  F. 
Marion  Brown,  President,  gives  the  impres- 
sion of  a  meritorious  institution. 

"What  Has  Been  Done,"  is  the  striking 
title  of  a  S'^xS'u  inch  booklet  issued  by 
Sadler's  Bryant  &  Stratton  Business  Col- 
lege, Baltimore,  Md.  The  booklet  is  printed 
iu  blue  and  red,  colors  which  stand  for  true 
worth  and  aggression,  both  qualities  of 
which  are  typical  of  this  well  known  insti- 
tution. 

The  Concord  Normal  Business  College, 
Athens,  W,  Va.,  T.  G.  Little.  Principal,  issues 
a  very  neat  gray-backed  catalogue  of  2S 
pages,  bespeaking  a  good  school. 

The  Kankakee,  111.,  Business  College  is- 
sues a  3f>-page  catalogue  indicating  merit 
back  of  it.  It  is  covered  with  gray-green 
with  white  and  red  title,  making  it  very 
effective. 


ceived  from  the  following:  Detroit  Com- 
mercial College,  Detroit,  Mich.,  Joplin,  Mo., 
Business  College,  Patrick's  Business  Col- 
lege. York,  Pa.,  Jamestown,  N.  Y.,  Business 
College,  Kankakee,  111.,  Business  College, 
The  Cambria  Business  College.  Johnstown, 
Pa.,  Brown's  Business  College.  Kockford, 
III.,  Mack's  College,  Moncton,  X.  B., Canada, 
Iowa  Citv  Commercial  College,  Iowa  City, 
la..  The  Orange  Valley  Business  College, 
Riverside,  Calif. 

The  McDonald  Business  Institute,  Mil- 
waukee, Wis.,  puts  out  a  catalogue  which, 
for  uniqueness  and  artistic  elegance,  is  in  a 


class  by  itself.  It  contains  fifty-six  pages, 
10  X131!: "inches,  printed  in  black  and  orange 
on  fine  enameled  paper  with  illuminated, 
pasted,  elaborate  initials.  The  type  is  un- 
usually large  and  open  and  the  margins 
are  over  two  inches  wide.  Money  seems  to 
have  been  a  secondary  consideratioti  in  the 
evolution  of  the  catalogue,  the  desire  evi- 
dently having  been  to  put  out  something 
first-class,  irrespective  of  expense. 

The  Northwestern  Business  College, 
Spokane,  Wash.,  issues  a  very  neat  cata- 
logue of  3'J  pages,  covered  in  yellow  with  an 
elaborate  half-tone  title  page  a  portion  of 
which  is  printed  in  bright  red,  making  it 
very  pleasing  and  effective. 

The  American  Business  College,  Pueblo, 
Colo.,  J.  A.  Clark,  proprietor,  issues  a  very 
neat  'JO-page  catalogue  evidencing  a  first- 
class  institution. 

Thibodau's  Business  College.  Fall  River, 
Mass.,  favore  i  us  with  one  of  the  largest 
and  most  elaborately  illustrated  college 
journals  received  at  this  office  for  many  a 
day.  From  the  portraits  appearing  therein, 
we  should  judge  that  the  school's  patron- 
age comes  from  among  the  best  class  of 
young  people  in  that  community. 

The  Wheeling,  W.  Va.,  and  Bellaire,  O., 
Business  Colleges  issue  a  very  nicely  print 
ed  catalogue  of  41  pages  with  the  usual 
number  of  illustrations  which  go  to  make 
up  catalogues  of  a  great  many  business 
schools.  A  neat  leather-like  covered  book- 
let of  24  pages  accompanied  the  same,  giving 
additional  information  concerning  this 
widely  known  institution,  the  founder  of 
which  is  one  of  the  pioneers  in  business  ed 
ucation,  J.  M.  Frasher. 

"Souvenir  of  Dixon,  111.,  College,"  is  the 
title  of  a  t went  v-four  page  circular  illustrat- 
ing the  work  of  that  master  penman,  Mr.  L. 
M.  Kelchner,  and  that  of  a  number  of  his 
pupils.  The  penmanship  and  flourishing  is 
unexcelled,  and  the  art  work  is  fair.  All  in 
all,  it  is  a  most  creditable  production. 


ling  Bristol, 

White  or  Colored,  per  100,  20c.;  500,  65c;  1000, 
$1.25,  post  paid.  1000  or  more  by  express,  90c. 
per  thousand.  Cards  written  in  Dashy,  Artistic 
Style,  per  doz.,  15.;  2  doz.  25c.  ;  5  doz.55c.  Liberal 
discount  to  boys  for  soliciting  orders.  Orders 
filled  promptly. 


FERGUS  FALLS,  MINN. 


To  the  Writing  Teacher  :  If 
you  have  a  student  that  cloea 
not  use  muscular  movement 
all  the  time,  have  him  use  Faust's  Patent 
Myograph.  It  does  the  business.  Sample 
25c.     Auto  Pen  and  Ink  Mfg.  Co.,  Chicago. 


OF  PENMANSHIP 

Fresh  from  the  pen  with  each  of  my 
artistic  little  booklets  containing  In- 
spiration for  Penmen.      <£      J*      •£ 

25C   CENTS   STAMPS   OR   SILVER 


very  neat  little  catalogue  is  recei 
n  the  School  of  Commerce.  Harrisbi 
,  Schumberger  &  McClure,  proprietor 


' ADDRESS         

M.  A.   ALBIN 

METROPOLITAN   COLLEGE 

MINNEAPOLIS,   MINN. 


The  National  Commercial 
Teachers'  Agency 

Helps  Good  Schools  and  Good  Teachers  to  find  each  other. 

It  is  managed  by  an  experienced  commercial  teacher, 
whose  acquaintance  with  both  schools  and  teachers  is 
nation-wide;  whose  activity  as  a  traveler  anions  com- 
mercial schools,  from  the  Atlantic  to  the  Pacific;  as  a 
■well-known  worker  in  commercial  teachers'  conven- 
tions; asan  editorof  THE  BUSINESS  EDUCATOR, and  as 
the  director  of  one  of  the  best  organized  and  equipped 
high  school  commercial  departments  in  this  country, 
fits  him  especially  for  conducting, on  a  broad  scale,  the 
agency  work  which  he  has  been  carrying  on  in  a 
quiet  way  for  some  time,  to  the  benefit  of  both  teachers 
and  schools. 

It  Costs  Nothing  to  Register 

Therefore,  the  Manager  will  feel  under  no  obligations 
to  recommend  anyone  who  is  not  competent  to  do  the 
work  required  in  a  given  position.  We  want  only 
teachers  of  ability  and  good  moral  character  on  our 
list.  We  can  occasionally  place  those  who  have  but 
little  experience,  if  they  have  the  foregoing  qualifica- 
tions, but  we  shall  make  a  specialty  of  positions  and 
men  WORTH  from  $1,000  upward. 


The    Only   Charge   Made  is 
Accepted  Positions. 


a    Commission    for 


No  teacher,  therefore,  need  invest  anything  until  he 
has  made  a  contract  profitable  enough  to  him  to  per- 
mit his  paving  the  moderate  commission  required  and 
still  be  the  gainer.  A  postal  card  will  bring  applica- 
tion blanks  and  printed  matter. 


ADDRESS 


E.  E.  GAYLORD,  Manager, 


Prospect  Hill 


Beverly,   Mass. 


AT  THE  HEAD 


The  Benn  Pitman    System    of    Phonography 


If  a  Benn  Pitman  student 
fails  to  make  an  accurate 
stenographer  he  must 
look  to  some  other  source 
for  the  cause  of  his  trouble 
than  the  system  which  he 
uses.  Any  one  of  a  score 
of  shorthand  s\  stems  is  as 
good  as  another,  if  stud- 
ied for  amusement;  if 
studied  for  business,  there 
is  only  one  system— the 
Benn  Pitman.  —  Arthur  A 
Cur  me,  Jr.,  official  Court 
Reporter,  Wayne  Circuit 
Court,  Indiana. 

We  teach  the  Benn  Pit- 
man system,  a  system  of 
Shorthand  that  is  easily 
learned,  easily  read, 
adapted  to  all  kinds  of 
reporting,  and  writt  n  by 
the  leading  expert  short 
hand  reporters.  —  Ooldey 
Wilmington  Commercial 
and  Shorthand  College,  H. 
S.  Goldey,  Principal  and 
Founder,  Wilmington,  Del, 


TO-DAY 


FIFTY  YEARS 

It  has  outlived  a  yard  of  EASY 
systems,  POSITIONLESS  sys- 
tems, SHADELESS  systems, 
systems  which  require  NO 
STUDY,  and  systems  which 
NEVER  MADE  A  REPORTER- 

It  continues  to  do  the  Short- 
hand business  of  the  country  at 
the  old  stand,  and  is  taught  by 
all  schools  and  teachers  who  are 
wisely  aiming  at  THE  BEST  in 
their  work. 


Published    by  '. 


The    Phonographic    Institute    Co., 


CINCINNATI 


Benn  Pitman.  Pr 


ne  B.  Howard.  Mgr. 


I   Cfe£v-g^r-£<*±4srJ  &^n*/  ^ZotJ$-£c<!lsA^TJ  ^t4*t^£  £^i*zsrtsfe  su^us  /irr  sryz^?T^£L't7-rzst^T^&   (dftl*.  73^c&tsn^u <  &c£cooei£c-7'  I 


**)  I  ve  f J  tu>ls  tc*>  *>  £clu,octtor   #> 


A  very  compact,  straightforward,  well 
illustrated     and    written    catalogue    of    18 

l>;i>.--  i-  rerei\  ed  from  'Mir  old  friend,  A.  t  . 
Ives,  ill  Watertown,  N.  Y.  Tlie  school, 
i  hough  ii»i  as  large  as  many  in  this  country, 
is  Brsl  class  in  appointments,  course  oi 
studj  ai  'l  results  Becured. 

The  Bryant  &  Stratton  Business  College, 
Pro\  idence,  R.  1..  Theodore  K.  Stowell.  prin- 
cipal and  owner,  is  issuing  oneof  the  best 
catalogues  of  the  season,  printed  on  linen. 
deckel  edge  paper,  and  bound  in  flexible. 
limp-like  brown  cover  of  like  character  and 
quality.  The  half  tones  have  a  lithographic 
effect  indicating  that  they  were  reproduced 
bj  some  process  out  of  the  ordinary.  The 
pen  draw  n  \  ignetts  printed  in  green-yellow 

i  ding  t ii  notion,  a  little  off  color 

-i  with  the  half-tone  plates. 

The  Mountain  State  Business  College  of 
Parkersburg,  W.  Va.,  and  Cumberland,  Md., 
\.i..  Sine.  Pres..  favored  us  with  one  of  the 
!.iri;e--t,  most  expensive  and  elegant  cata- 
logues of  the  year.  The  half-tone  illustra- 
tlons  represent  large,  beautifully  decorated 
and  expensively  furnished  room's,  well  tilled 
with  students,  all  of  which  betoken  a  pro- 
gressive, practical  school. 

Merrill  College,  a  School  of  Business. 
Shorthand  and  Tvpewriting."  Stamford, 
i  onn.,  Mr-.  Manson  Arthur  Merrill,  princi 
pal.  i-  the  title  of  a  literarv-like  catalogue 
received  from  that  well  known  institution. 
The  cover  is  of  a  dark,  copper-like  brown. 
The  paper  within  is  linen,  and  the  type  is 
unusually  large.  The  tone  of  the  catalogue 
bespealcs  a  high-grade  institution. 

I  he  Imta  City.  la..  Commercial  College 
and  School  of  Shorthand,  issues  a  32-page. 
convenient  size  catalogue  which  gives  one 
the  impression  of  a  reliable,  efficient,  con- 
Bervattve  yet  progressive  institution. 

I  he  Stoughton.  Wis..  Business  College. 
Messrs.  Dale  and  Gough,  principals,  issues 
a  catalogue  bespeaking  a  small  but  first 
Class  school.  Thev  occupy  a  beautiful 
building  erected  by  the  citizens  of  Stough- 
ton, n  Inch  they  fitted  with  all  conveniences 
necessary  to  make  and  carry  on  a  first-class 
business  school. 


The  San  Francisco,  Calif.,  Business  Col- 
lege. G.  E.  Howard,  manager,  issues  a 
modest-sized  catalogue  of  forty  pages,  dem- 
onstrating a  practical,  up-to-date  school.  It 
contains  specimens  of  penmanship  from 
three  of  the  teachers  of  the  institution, 
Messrs.  Weaver,  Dixon,  and  Bridges,  which 
show  that  the  students  of  this  institution 
secure  ample  instruction  in  this  important 
art. 

The  Cambria  Business  College,  Johns- 
town, Pa.,  opened  its  doors  to  the  public. 
September  Bth,  1903,  W.  f.  McCarty,  presi- 
dent. Miss  Cora  E.  Holland,  secretary,  and 
J.  L.  Holtsclaw,  business  manager. 

We  predict  for  the  new  institution  success, 
because  it  is  backed  by  people  who  are  suc- 
cessful because  they  are  efficient,  practical, 
progressive,  and  thoroughly  reliable. 

The  Auto  Pen  &  Ink  Mfg.  Co.,  78  Rush  St.. 
Chicago.  111.,  is  putting  out  a  convincing, 
well  written  and  illustrated,  twenty-page 
circular  in  the  interests  of  C.  A.  Faust's 
Myograph,  Faust's  New  Improved  Auto- 
matic Shading  Pen,  and  Automatic  Spec- 
ialties in  general.  The  firm  is  an  enterpris- 
ing and  reliable  one,  and  its  goods  are  time- 
ly and  practical. 


M  I  LLS'S  Correspondence 
School  of  Penmanship 
Is  conceded  by  the  leading 
penmen  of  this  country  to  be 
the  most  thorough  school  of 
its  kind.  You  cannot  do  a 
better  thing  than  to  send 
stamp  todny  for  full  particu- 
lars concerning  our  courses. 


Earn  some  cash  on  odd  time. 
Get  our  special  $2  outfit  of 
automatic  pens  and   inks  for 

sign   writing,  etc.     Write  us  today.      Auto 

Pen  and  Ink  Mfg.  Co.,  Chicago. 


rw 
bn 


W«NTFD  -  Teachers  and  Manager  for 
branch  Colleges.  Good  Salaries.  Address, 
DRAUGHON'S  PRACTICAL  B"S.  COLLEGE  DO. 
Nashville.  Ttnn. 


WANTED 


Teacher  of  Penmanship,  Arith- 
metic and  Bookkeeping,  for  a  de- 
sirable and  permanent  position. 
A  good  opportunity  for  a  superior 
penman. 

ADDRESS 

ALBANY  BUSINESS  COLLEGE 

ALBANY,  N.  Y. 


SPENCERIAN 


PERFECT 


Steel  Pens 

USED  BY  EXPERT  AND  CAREFUL 
PENMEN  FOR  NEARLY  FIFTY  YEARS 
Sample  card.  12  pens  different  patterns, 
will  be  sent  fur  trial  on  receipt  of  6  cents  in 
postage  stamps.     Ask  for  card  RM 

SPENCERIAN    PEN    CO. 

349  BROADWAY,  NEW  YORK 


A  Business  Speller 


U    Comprehc 
**   of    words 

tisive  little  book    on   Spelling,  120  pages 

most    frequently    seen    in    business  cor- 

respondence. 

Divided    into    lessons    of    fifty    words 

each.       Sever 

al    lessons    of    words    pronounced    alike, 

I, m     Bpelled 

differently.        Just    the    thing    for    the 

school   room. 

Sample  copy  sent  postpaid  for  25  cents. 

Business  Letter  Writing 


One  of  the  neatest  and  brightest  little  works  on 
Commercial  Correspondence.  Cnlike  anything  else 
published.  Write  for  sample  pages.  Single  copy 
-■■nt    postpaid   for   fifty    cents. 

Other  books  published  are  "Musselman's  Practi- 
cal Bookkeeping,"  "High  School  Bookkeeping," 
"Commercial    Law,"  "Commercial    Arithmetic' 


Try  a    Box    of    MUSSELMAN'S  PERFECTION    PENS,  25c 


D.  L.  MVSSELNAN 


Publishing 

Qulncy 


C  o  m  p  a  n  y 

Illinois 


A  Course 

In  Punctuation 


That  Presents 

ACTUAL  CONDITIONS- 

Not  Ideals, 

REAL  LETTERS— 

Not  Literary  Fiction, 


And  Trains 
Stenographers 


To  punctuate  the  kind  of 
English  they  have  to 
"  TAKE,"  prepared  for  a 
well  known  school,  is  offered 
for  general  use. 

Single  Copies,  50o. 

Write  for  full  information  and  special  price  to  schools. 


Lord  ©,  Spence,  Pub. 

Salem,   Mass. 


J    Cfa^^sriiA^rj  asn^  Tie^^cd^Le-^J  -a+ij£  £A*Zs7^6. sif<nt,  fzrr  ^n^yz^^rrT-L^yz^    cTtu.  A^UaJtvudsf  €<^<^c<z^r-    \ 


' 


y< 

,  Yf/ff/:  SY, 

^///stf   Jf//fYf//y.  <S$/YXYs/Jy    s///sy//   Jrssy///  //////    Srr 
//)     rff//YfYf/f    //y?y/  y/yA  r////Y  /r    /v    /ysjyy/  tfKS^Ote&t^ 
/tY///r////'fr//J,    Ays/ ff/j<    ///r/YY/tv//    //Y//sj//Y  rr//f/.J-f /<//</ 
^vtYJf/'S'Yj    rf//</  //r/f/frf//  //^//<y///yJ. 


Cessons  in  Engrossing,  no.  25,  by  R-  W.  Kibbe,  1$1  Crcmont  St 
Boston,  mass. 


When  the  matter  to  be  engrossed  is  not  in  the  form  of  resolutions,  pages  may  be  made 
up  of  each  paragraph,  starting  with  the  ornamental  initial  letter.  When  the  page  is  ruled 
ready  for  writing,  execute  the  initial  letter,  sketching  whatever  ornamental  work  is  to  be 
made  around  it  lightly  in  pencil  and  then  proceed  with  the  body  of  the  page.  When  a 
paragraph  is  very  short  it  may  be  written  in  short  lines  all  to  the  right  of  the  initial  letter. 
In  such  a  case  the  ornamentation  of  the  initial  may  extend  down  the  side  of  the  page  to 
any  desired  point. 


/  //JOutfrr 


TLOULS. 
;.lusi  Published 
A  new  and  most  valuable  instructor  for  home 
stadenis,  conceded   to  be  Ihe  best  and  most  com- 
plete ever  published,  comprising  original   and 
scientific  instruction    for  beginners  and   profes- 
sionals, with  photos  illustrating  the  many  differ- 
ent positions  of  the  hand  and  body  for  the  various 
kinds  of  work.     It  contains  48  pages  of  high  class 
pen  work,   lomprising   Business    \  riting,  Orna- 
mental  Writing,  Steel  plate   Writing.  Flourish- 
ing, Engraving,  Resolutions  and  Diploma  Making 
GOOD  PEN  WORK  GALORE. 
Price,  50    cents,    Postage    Prepaid. 


The  Penman's  Art  Jonr- 
A  NFW  PROP  nal  "t>rary.  Bo.  i, 
ft  11C»Y  tRUI  Ornate  Writing,  print- 
—  ed  on  fine,  heavy  plnte 
paper  by  pri  tcrs  who 
knew  their  busine  s,  forty  generous  sized  pages, 
durably  bound  containing  mastetpieces  of  writ- 
ing by  such  people  as  Flickinger.  Lyman  P. 
Spencer,  Shavlor.  Root,  Wiesehahn.  Gaskell, 
Schofield,  Dennis,  Farley,  A  I)  Taylor.  Kelch- 
ner.  Madarasz.  and  24  other  contributors. 


all— 3»  i 


i  all. 


CAN  YOU  AFFORD  TO  NOT  HAVE  IT  ? 

Enough 


and  tc 
cents  is  the  pric» 
a  standard  book- 
to  have  our  impri 
is  the  price. 


in  this  book  to  practice  after 
feast  on  for  a  decade.  Sixty 
not  its  worth,  however  It's 
nd  one  on  which  we  are  proud 
t.      Price  is  60  cents    60  cents 


A    $2,000    Pen    Drawing    tor    $1.00. 

A  Masterpiece  of  the  Day,  "  The  Crucifixion." 

This  great  pen  drawing  the  result  of  many  years 
of  the  most  scientific  training  is  from  the  pen  of 
S  N.  Falder,  whom  we  believe  to  have  no  peer  in 
his  profession.  We  offer  an  engraved  facsimile 
copy  of  this  great  drawing,  printed  on  elegant 
board  22x28  inches  for  $l.uf>.  The  original  pen 
drawing  is  33x  '8  inches,  and  is  believed  to  be  one 
of  the  largest  pieces  of  solid  pen  drawing  in  exist- 
ence. It  contains  thirty -three  subjects  and  makes 
a  most  complete  picture  of  the  highest  order. 

Send  your  order  at  once  and  secure  the  Master- 
piece.    Remit  P.  O.  Money  Orders  or  Stamps. 
Address,  Pen  Art  Publishers, 

(Agents  wanted. i  Box  108  St   Louis,  Mo. 


THB  PENMAN'S  A    T  JOURNAL 

203  Broadway,  New  York 


M  I  LLS'S  Correspordence 
School  of  Penmanship 
Is  an  exclusive  school  of  pen- 
manship. If  yon  feel  the 
need  of  improving  your 
writing  vou  should  send 
stamp  at  once  for  full  infor- 


school.    Addr 


ing 


ESTERBROOK'S  NEW  PENS  i: 


MODIFIED    SLANT   OR 
"MEDIAL"    WRITERS. 


702     Slightly  Elastic 


707     Elastic 


AMONG  PENMEN  there  is  a  demand  for  a  pen  that  is  adopted  to  the  Modified 
Slant  or  "Medial"  Writing,  to  combine  increased  speed  with  the  legibility  of 
the  Vertical.    To  meet  this  we  present  our  Modified  Slant  Pens.    These  Pens 
are  made  from  the  highest  grade   steel  and  are  finished  with  the  same  care  that 
has  made  Esterbrook  Pens  the  Standard  for  nearly  half  a  century. 

THE     ESTERBROOK     STEEL     PEN     MANUFACTURING     COMPANY, 
2*  John  Street,  New  York.  Works,  Camden,  N.  J. 


FINEST    SDPPLIES 

^For  Penmen  and  Artists — 

CARDS.  INK.  PAPER,  ETC 
On  goods  listed  below  we  pay  postage  on 
those  that  go  by  mail  and  purchaser  pays 
carriage  charges  on  those  that  go  by  express 
or  freight.  Of  course  the  cheapest  way  is  to 
order  in  fair  sized  quantities  and  have  them 
(jo  by  freight. 

Blank  Cards— White  bristol  with  finest 
surface  for  fine  penmanship 

100  by  mail  postpaid 28c 

500  by  express  _.75c 

1000  by  express.   .   $135 

Black  Cards— Best  made  for  white  ink. 

100  by  mail  postpaid  28c 

500  by  express 75c 

1000  by  express. _ $1.35 

White  Cardboard— Wedding  Bristol  for 
fine  pen  work.    Sheets  are  22x28. 

6  sheets  by  express. $  .fiO 

12  sheets  by  express 1  00 

2  sheets  by  mail  postpaid 50 

White    Cardbiard— With    hard    finish, 

much  like  ledger  paper.     Sheets  are 

20L2  x  23- 

6  sheets  by  express.   $  .40 

IS  sheets  by  express 70 

3  sheets  by  mail,  postpaid .50 

Black  Cardboard— Finest  for  white  ink. 

Sheets  are  22x28 

6  sheet6  by  express $  .50 

12  sheets  by  express. 75 

2  sheets  by  mail,  postpaid ...   .50 

Wedding  Paper—Finest  for  penmanship 

or  drawing.    Sheets  are  21  x  33. 

6  sheets  by  express $  .50 

12  sheets  by  express .70 

3  sheets  by  mail,  postpaid. 50 

Zanerian  India  Ink— A  fine  drawing  ink 

and    best     for    preparing    script    and 

drawings  for  photo-engraving. 

1  bottle  by  mail,  postpaid $  .30 

1  dozen  bottles  by  express 2.00 

Arnold's  Japan  Ink  - 

Nearly  l2  pint  bottle  by  mail,  post- 
paid     40c 

1  pint  by  express 45c 

1  quart  by  express  __ 75c 

White  Ink— Very  fine. 

1  bottle  by  mail,  postpaid $  .25 

12  bottles  by  express 1.85 

Writing  Paper—Finest  12  lb.  paper 
made.  960  sheets  per  ream,  ruling 
wideand  faint.     1  ream  by  express $2.25 

Writing  Paper— Same  quality  as  above 
mentioned   but    10    lb.  per    ream.      1 

ream  by  express _ $2.00 

Practice  Paper-Best  for  the  money  to 

be  had.     1  ream  by  express  $1.50 

Send  stamp  for  samples  of  paper. 
Envelopes-100  fine  blue  by  mail,  post- 
paid.  40c 

'*            100  fine  white  by  mail,  post- 
paid  40c 

1000  either  kind  by  express. $1.50 

Address,  ZANER   k.   BL0SER.  Colnmbns,  0. 


I     £/Sz^i*-'7'^<^>^    <«^^^  cffl^73^Cd*S?7^£^<£^c£t*s€<€Z^&~r.     I 


^/Ivcl^wUu^^^^Ufc&Ujtor   <$> 


Ok 

4 


(Drnamental  Capitals  by  fy.  23.  €et)tnan,  Chicago,  311. 


JHICAGO   BUSINESS  COI.I.Et.E. 


9£ 


'cz^-z-cm^1 


Colored    Cards 

The  Kind  That  Bring  the  Dimes. 

Six  Colon,  Best  Quality.  90c  per  I.OOO 

Larger  quantities-better  prices.     Write. 

H.  0.  KEESLING,  law,rassce 


«s  B»a5s.     Vhy  go  to  "College  "  — i 
"-      TO  LEAKN  BOOK-KEEPING 
WHEN  I  WILL  MAKE  A 


{W-Class  Bookkeeper 


Xttf/     Hl"!K  pip  six  nocks  lor  S3  or 

%fy       IM'.'ITl.'N  Money.    Fair  enough? 

-^  1  llnil  POS1TIOYW,    too.  ovcrT- 

.  lit  Hi; !     lliivepl.-iiTilTIIOCSANliS.    l'er- 

--    plane    YOU,   too'    <!.?  jj   : ,'st 1 1 1 .< .ti' ■:* I s 

"iii  pupils!    .v.i  17-:  rills  a xn  write. 

I>\\  IN,  Kipprl   Accountant.    Boom 
15   Brautniij,  \I!W    YORK.  X.  Y. 


FOR     SALE 

A  Business  College  in  a  city  of  10,000  in 
the  Eastern  States.  No  opposition  of  im- 
portance within  twenty-five  miles.  Splen- 
did opportunity  to  work  a  thriving  nijjht 
class,  as  well  as  a  good  day  class.  Equip- 
ment and  furniture  new  and  elegant.  Rea- 
son for  selling,  —  present  proprietor  has 
large  interests  in  Canada  and  cannot  give 
his  time  to  Eastern  School.  Will  sell  cheap. 
Address,  Box  492.  Woodstock,  Ont. 


Distinguishing  C^i  A  ~|  "1 

Features  tf™       btailttartt 

Commercial  Publications 

are  Clearness,  Conciseness,  Practicability.     These  koolfs  always  insure  satisfactory  results 

Nelson's  Commercial  Arithmetic 

A  thoroughly  practical  business  arithmetic  for  commercial  schools.   The  various  mercantile  subjects 
treated  according  to  the  best  business  practice  of  today. 

Spencer's  Commercial  Law 

I  he  language  used  is  clear,  accurate  and  attractive,  resulting  from  years  of  practical  experience  in 
the  class  room. 

Taylor's  Natural  Method  of  Shorthand 

The  method  is  natural,  combining  the  best  features  of  'he  Graham  and  1'itmanic  systems.    Com- 
plete, including  reporting  style,  in  one  book. 

THE  BOBBS-MERRILL  COMPANY  :  INDIANAPOLIS  USA 

CORRESPONDENCE  INVITED 


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#lve&u^lrw^i>£d^oetWr   <**> 


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Published  September  26. 


REDWArS 


,1 


$ 


CHARLES  SCRIBNER'S  SONS     St 

New  York.  And  Chicago  \a. 

5s 

a 


C&ns~£s7~Ct43-£srd    tZsr&cf    /^6C<$-£c*l'/L4s7zf  -st4*V&-    &&€&■  ?Zsfe>  -^*?J^>    /^?' x^T'Z^^Z^^^^C^?^^'     C%£-  /S^^^^^t-i^^C^tfZ^^^^^^r    I 


Initial  designs  should  be  so  drawn  that 
type  matter  may  be  set  near  to  the  letter, 
and  while  the  decoration  may  run  below 
the  letter  to  any  reasonable  length,  ii  should 
not  extend  far  above.  The  letter  should  be 
easv  to  read,  and  the  ornaments  used 
should  not  detract   from  its  legibility. 

Study  the  form  of  the  ornaments,  and 
their  light  and  shade  yalues  critically,  and 
make  a  finished  pencil  sketch  before  apply- 
ing the  ink.  I'se  a  medium  tine  pen  and 
India  Ink. 

The  Design  Bhowsa  pleasing  combination 
Of  lettering  and  scroll  work.  All  work  oi 
tin-,   class   must    first   be  drawn    in   pencil. 


"i  -iii«-  l'i.  lure-."  a  thousand  subjects, 
-mall  Blze,  6x8  .  inches,  large  size,  10x13  9-15 
inches,  are  the  line-t  thing-  of  the  kind  we 
have  ever  seen  tor  school  and  home  direc- 
tum. The  mechanical  reproduction  of  these 
art  subjects  i-  hen-  reduced  to  perfection,  if 
such  a  thing  is  possible.  Published  bv  the 
Cosmos  Pictures  Company,  296  Broadway, 
New  J 

"Gleanings"  Kumbei  One.  and  "Select 
Readings"  Number  Two,  by  Isaac  Pitman 
A-  S..O-,  :i  I  nion  Square,  N    Y.  City,  price  20 

ire   the   titles  of  two  \erv  compact, 

well   written   and    printed    hand    books  of  )s 

d    a-    supplementary 

aid-  in  the  teaching  of  their  system  ol  short 

ban. I. 

ntentsof  number  on,-  i-  as  follows: 
Reporting  n-  .,  Mental  Exercise  I  V 
Reed), Sound  and  Sense  (T  A.  Reed), Short 
I. ami  Writers  ami  Reporters  I.  I.  Scott), 
Qualifications  tor  a  Reporter  f.  A.  Reed), 
ami  Hearing  and  Mis  hearing  i  T.  A.  Reed). 
Number  two  i-  printed  entirely  in  short 
hand    n<  .     no-    auch   articles    as 

kid.-  Bight)  ■)  ears  Vgo,  \  First 
Night  at  Sea,  Tlu-  vision  of  Mir/ah.  The 
<  landid  Man,  el 

Like  all  of  their  publications,  they  are 
well  engraved,  well  written,  and  well 
printed. 

)  .       Hanking       and        1- 'mam  e,"       by 

Mberl  S  Bolli  s,  Ph  D.,  L.  I.  D.,  published 
bj  the    Vmerii  an   Booh  I  o..  New  Fork,!  in 

cinnati   and    i  bicago,    cloth    bound,    three 
hundred  and  thirty-six  pages,  price  $1.25. 
"  It  is  designed  especially  for  three  classes 


of  students,  or  readers:  Those  who  intend 
to  devote  themselves  to  the  business  of 
banking;  those  who  are  thus-engaged  ;  and 
those  who  are  studying  the  history  and 
theories  of  banking." 

For  the  commercial  teacher  it  is  one  of 
the  most  important  books  of  the  day.  It 
deals  with  the  nature,  function  and  various 
kinds  of  money,  and  it  explains  how  to 
organize,  officer,  conduct  and  close  various 
kinds  of  banks,  describing  in  detail  the 
duties  of  the  directors,  president,  cashier, 
tellers,  bookkeeper  and  other  employees. 

The  third  and  last  part  of  the  book  is  de- 
voted to  Bank  and  Railway  Finance.  The 
book  is  not  only  well  and  clearly  written, 
but  is  interesting  as  well  as  instructive  and 
authoritative. 

No  commercial  teacher,  or  student  pre- 
paring to  enter  the  service  of  banking, 
should  fail  to  read  the  book. 

"First  Lessons  in  Finance"  (school  edi- 
tion of  "  Funds  and  Their  Uses"),  by  Fred- 
erick A.Cleveland,  Ph.  D.,  cloth,. '104  pages, 
published  by  D.  Appleton  &  Co.,  X.  Y.  The 
book  is  beautifully  printed  and  profusely 
illustrated,  there  being  upwards  of  one  hun- 
dred illustrations.  The  book  is  divided  in 
three  parts,  the  first  of  which  is  devoted  to 
"What  Are  Funds,"  the  second  to  "How 
Funds  are  Obtained,"  and  the  third  "  Insti- 
tutions and  Agencies  Employed  in  Fund- 
ing Operations."  It  iseverythingirnplied  in 
the  title,  and  no  commercial  teacher  should 
be  without  it,  or  student  who  intends  enter- 
ing into  the  services  of  moneyed  institu- 
tions, such  as  banks,  loan  associations, 
trust  companies,  insurance  companies,  etc. 
The  illustrations  show  all  sorts  of  commer- 
cial papers  from  a  simple  note  to  a  bond. 


P.  H.  MASON.  Beloit.  Wis. 

Panman-Invutmant  A^ent 
1  have  studied  investments  for  many 
months.  Mv  partner  in  the  Business  Col- 
lege received  a  check  for  $300,  his  dividend 
on  a  $3000  investment.  I  have  several  relia- 
ble investments— I  sell  no  other-  now  yield- 
ing 10  per  cent.  You  can  buy  them  at  $5  or 
$10  per  month.  Write  for  my  references  and 
literature. 

B«lolt      Business     College 


This  is  the  way  the  veteran  engrosser  of 
Washington,  J.  W.  Swank,  swings  the  pen 
at  the  age  of  68.  Who  can  beat  it  at  that 
age?  Mr.  Swank  is  evidently  young  for  one 
of  his  years,  and  doubtless  more  abstemious 
in  ways  more  than  one,  than  is  customary 
at  the  capital. 

When  you  buy  of  the  Auto 
Pen  and  Ink  Mfg.  Co.,  Chi- 
cago, you  know  just  what  the 
goods  will  cost  you.  We  (unlike  others) 
prepay  charges.  


CHRISTMAS 


ill 


be 


here    and    you 


want  some 
both  white 
.     Trial  100, 


blank  cards.  I  have  th 
and  colored.  Samples 
assorted,  20c. 

L.  E.  STACY,  Camden,  H.  J 


MILLS'S 
C0RRESP0NOENCE    SCHOOL 

OF  PENMANSHIP 
la  helping  scores  of  ambi- 
tious people  to  acquire  a 
fine  style  of  penmanship  at 
horn-.'  We  are  r.  ady  to  help 
YOU  also.  Send  stamp  for 
information. 

E.  C.   MILLS 
1 96  Grand  Ave  ,  Rochester.  N.  Y. 


WE      SVPPLY 


1 


The  best  schools  with  the  best 
teachers.  Correspondence  with 
first-class  Schools  and  first-class 
Teachers  solicited. 

We  can  also  use  some  good 
stenographers   and   book-keepers. 


Continental  Employment  Ag'cy   [ 

Bowling  Green,  Kentucky  [ 


|  Cfttw-esrCm^-rJ  cm*/  'fiUt^-£ij4i4srj ^u^*££  £A**snsfc.  ^m. 


C%-£  73^ldl*sn^£<3 '  &&U4sC*zt>£<r7~.    I 


9Re>  @uU>Jlrc?e&{>  ficUjb&cbfcer   6^ 


Modern  Commercial  Penmanship. 


MODERN   IN   EVERY   RESPECT. 


E  take  pleasure  i 


penmanship,  designed  to 
*.    The   plan   of  the  book  i: 


id  at  the  end  to  open  flat. 
-  prepared  by  four  experit 


id  to  make  the  work  of  the  teacher  easy. 


unouncing  that  we  have  just  placed  upon  the  market  a  hook  on 
quirements  of  schools  wishing  to  teach  a  plain,  rapid,  medium-slant  style  of  writin 
cm  tains  sixty  lessons  —  three  months'  work  —  twelve  weeks  of  five  lessons  each. 

The  copies  are  on  t lie  right  hand  pages,  and  the  instruction  on  the  left.  The  book  i-  bo 
were  written  by  the  most  expert  business  writer  in  the  United  States,  and  the  instruction  « 
ers.  working  together. 

There  is  something  in  the  copies  and  instruction  to  inspire  the  student 

The  book  is  handsomely  bound  in  blue  or  red  cloth  and  st 

It  retails  for  50  cents  ;  sample  copies  to  teachers  for  exam 

There  are  several  inferior  books  on  the  market  at  $2.00. 

Put  this  book  into  your  classes  and  revolutionize  the  penmanship  work 


OTIHIIEIR,     GOOD     BOOKS. 


ieet  the  re- 
unique.     It 


The  copies 
iced  teach- 


iped  in  gold. 

iMltS. 


DO  NOT  FORGET  THAT  WE  PUBLISH 
Modern  Commercial    Bookkeeping, 
Modern  Commercial  Banking, 
Williams'  Commercial  Law, 
Williams'  English   Grammar, 


The  New  Business  Speller, 

The  New  Business  Correspondence, 

Clark's   Graham  Pitmanic  Shorthand, 

The  Complete  Guide  to  Touch  Typewriting, 

Yours   Truly,  a  Practical  Dictation  Manual. 


And  do  not  forget  that  we  carry  a  full  line  of  Blank  Books.  Practice  Paper.  Typewriter  Paper,  Pens,  i 
other  Commercial  College  Supplies.    Correspondence  with  teachers  and  school  proprietors  is  invited. 


THE  COMMERCIAL  TEXT  BOOK  CO.,  DES  MOINES,  IOWA. 


Commercial  Caw. 

( Continued  from  Page  15.) 

WHIN    AX    OFFER    MAY    BE    ACCEPTED 

An  offer  can  be  accepted  only  while 
it  is  open.  If.  by  its  terms,  it  is  to 
continue  for  a  definite  time,  it  can- 
not be  accepted  after  that  time  has 
expired.  If  it  has  been  withdrawn 
or  has  lapsed,  it  cannot  then  be 
ited. 

Lapse  of  Offer. — An  offer  for  a  spec- 
ified time  will  lapse  if  not  accepted 
within  that  time.  If  no  time  is  speci- 
lied,  it  will  lapse  at  the  expiration  of 
a  reasonable  time.  Just  what  is  a 
reasonable  time  must  be  determined 
by  the  nature  and  circumstances  of 
each  case.  An  offer  by  telegraph 
would  naturally  demand  a  prompt 
reply.  An  offer  requesting'  a  reply 
by  return  mail  would  probably  lapse 
if  not  accepted  by  the  next  mail 
leaving  at  a  reasonable  hour.  Where 
there  are  several  mails  in  a  day,  an 
answer  by  any  mail  on  the  day  of 
receiving  the  offer  would  probably 
be  sufficient.  It  would  seem  that  an 
offer  to  sell  land  would  hold  good 
longer  than  an  offer  to  sell  stocks, 
the  market  value  of  which  might 
change  at  any  minute.  An  offer  will 
lapse  at  once  on  its  rejection,  on  the 
making  of  a  conditional  acceptance, 
or  on  the  death  or  insanity  of  the 
offerer. 

WHO    MAY    ACCEPT   AN    OFFER 

Only  the  person  or  persons  to  whom 
the    offer    is    addressed,   can    accept. 


Of  course  acceptance  may  be  made 
through  an  agent.  A  person  has  a 
right,  as  a  general  rule,  at  least,  to 
with  whom  he  will  deal.  He 
might  be  willing  to  offer  credit  to 
one  partv  and  not  to  another.  In 
one  case  X  refused  to  deal  longer 
with  Y,  a  certain  Ice  Co.,  and  began 
buying  from  Z.  another  company. 
Y  subsequently  purchased  Z's  busi- 
ness without  the  knowledge  of  X, 
and  furnished  him  with  ice.  When 
X  learned  of  the  change  he  refused 
to  pay  for  ice  delivered  by  V,  and 
the  court  held  that  he  was  not  bound 
to  do  so. 

Offers  are  sometimes  made  to  no 
definite  person  but  to  the  public 
generally.  Such  offers  must  be  ac- 
cepted by  some  definite  party  before 
the  offerer  will  be  bound.  An  offer 
of  reward  is  a  good  example.  Before 
the  offerer  is  bound  by  his  offer  some 
definite  party  must  accept  by  per- 
forming the  service  required.  As  to 
whether  the  party  performing  must 
have  known  of  the  offer  when  he 
performed  the  service,  authorities 
are  not  agreed.  It  is  difficult  to  see 
how  one  can  accept  an  offer  of  which 
he  has  no  knowledge. 

"  While  conduct  may  take  the  place 
of  words  "  in  making  a  contract,  an 
offer  cannot  be  so  made  as  to  turn 
the  silence  of  the  offeree  into  an  ac- 
ceptance. A  makes  B  a  definite  offer 
for  an  article,  saying,  "If  I  hear  no 
more  front  you  about  it,  I  shall  con- 
sider the  article  mine."  B  is  under 
no  duty  to  reply.  His  silence  is  no 
acceptance. 


Faust's  Superior  White  Ink 
is  the  best  made.  It's  white 
and   will   not   crack  nor  peal 

off.      1  oz.,  prepaid,  25c.      Auto  Pen  and 

Ink  Mfg.  Co.,  Chicago. 


j   Cfc&v^rCtd^rJ  asrn/  l£Ue*£-&4Jl^r3  -^v-t&  <££*7 


c^Le.  TB^c^c^z^iia '  £*£t^o6i-£0- 


XJr3/lV& 


:C. 


Ecssons  in 

Show-Card  marking 
and    Painting,    and 
Automatic  Lettering 

BY 

\V.    A.    Thompson, 

PO.NTIAC,   MICHIGAN 

number  Eleven 

In  this  number  we  have  the  alphabet  as 
given  in  March  issue,  but  done  with  the 
Automatic  Shading  Pen.  To  combine  the 
Shade  .it  flat  tint  in  this  style  of  lettering. 
Careful  Btudy  ill  the  construction  or  make 
up  of  each  letter  is  very  important,  as  suc- 
cess in  shading  pen  lettering  depends 
almost  entirely  upon  a  definite  knowledge 
of  how  and  when  each  part  or  stroke  of  the 
letter  is  made  and  connected. 

Persistent  practice  on  the  alphabet  in 
March  issue  will  help  you  wonderfully  in 
freedom  oi  movement  in  the  style  of  letter- 
ing we  present  in  this  lesson.  Practice 
carefully  on  vertical  si  rokes  and  always  try 
to  keep  your  work  compact,  not  too  large 
in  beginning:, 

<..-i  a  definite  idea  of  the  strokes  of  the 
letter  you  intend  to  make  before  starting 
the  movement  and  stop  the  movement 
before  or  as  you  raise  the  pen.  In  begin- 
ning ilit-    lirst  stroke  o!    second  .1,  (large  let 

n  the  pen  downward  the  Length  of 

letter,    next     add     CroSSbai      just     belov,     the 

then  place  pen  at   top  or  beginning 

of  lirst  stroke  and  draw  horizontal  stroke 
about  half  length  ot  crossbai  and  run  slant 
Ing  stroke  to  the  base  line  see  alphabet. 
Note  the  construction  of  letters  in  tirst  line 
of  this  illustration. 

When  you  have  mastered  the  work  ot  this 

and  former  numbers  you  will  be  able  to  do 

vers  creditable  work  in  general  show  card 

pen  lettering  and  othei  styles,  su<  ii  as  <  *ei 

Kt, « >id  English 

Our  next  will  contain  photos  of  finished 
Show  i  ardB,  marking  and  shading  pen  let- 
tering. 


L.  E.  S.,  Baltimore,  desires  information 
relative  to  the  use  of  an  oblique  holder  by  a 
left  hand  person,  and  on  which  side  the  tin 
should  be  attached. 

If  it  were  possible  to  simply  reverse  mat- 
ters, holding  the  left  hand  in  the  same  po- 
sition that  the  right  one  is  held,  and  write 
from    right   to   left   instead   of  from   left    to 


One  dozen  colored  cards,  white  ink,  Q  Cp 

any  name,  for  but *«" 

One    dozen    white  cards,   plain    or  Oflp 

ornamental  style fcUU 

Letter,   showing    style  of  business  1  C« 

writing I  Ub 

Twelve  lessons  in  business  writ-     fl>  C    (If) 

Work  will  please  you. 
Order  and  be  convinced. 

Winner  of  first  premium.  Oregon  State 
Fair,  1902.  No  free  specimens;  send  10 

cents  for  samples. 


ARLINGTON,   OREGON. 


right,  then  it  would  be  all  right  to  have  the 
oblique  attachment  of  the  holder  on  the 
right  side  when  using  the  left  hand.  You 
will  see  that  this  is  an  impossibility,  how- 
ever. An  oblique  holder  is  not  of  much  ad- 
vantage to  a  left-handed  writer,  although 
some  of  them  do  use  it  seemingly  quite 
successfully.  So  much  depends  upon  the 
position  of  the  paper,  manner  of  holding 
the  pen,  etc.,  that  it  is  difficult  to  state  posi- 
tively what  is  best  for  left-hand  writers, 
unless  all  of  these  things  are  known  and 
taken  into  consideration.  We  are  inclined 
to  think,  however,  that  for  the  average  left- 
handed  person  a  straight  holder  is  best. 
For  unshaded  or  business  writing  an  ob 
lique  holder  is  now  out  of  date,  as  it  was  in- 
vented solely  for  smooth  shading.  If  possi- 
ble, shift  the  paper  or  your  position  so  that 
the  shades  will  be  made  in  the  direction  of 
the  holder.  If,  however,  you  cannot  do  this, 
then  invent  an  attachment  suited  to  your 
peculiar  needs. 

J.  B.  K.,  Conn.:— Your  penmanship  dis- 
closes splendid  training,  and  the  fact  that 
you  can  become  a  masterful  penman  if  you 
persevere  in  the  direction  indicated. 

I  would  suggest  that  you  watch  more 
carefully  your  final  strokes,  as  you  have  a 
tendency  to  curve  them  much  more  and 
slant  tliern  much  less  than  your  initial 
strokes.  A  little  more  time  spent  in  making 
the  a  would  also  improve  it. 

Yes,  your  signature  can  be  combined  in  a 
great    variety  of    ways,   and   it  is  one  that 
looks  well  in  almost  any  style. 
(tEXTLEMEN: 

I  have  on  hand  two  copies  of  "Munson'a 

Magazine."  published  in  New  York  in  1896, 
which  I  have  found  very  interesting,  but 
owing  to  the  changes  made  in  the  Munson 
system  of  shorthand,  I  find  it  necessary 
to  get  more  modern  copies.  Can  you  inform 
me  whether  the  aforesaid  magazine  is  still 
published  and  if  it  is  what  is  the  address? 

If  it  is  not  published,  can  you  give  me  the 
address  of  some  magazine  of  the  same 
order,  illustrating  the  Munson  system  of 
shorthand-  Thanking  you  in  advance  for 
t  he  same  I  remain, 

fours  truly, 

RUSSELL  E.  SNOW. 

P.  S.— In  replying  please  address  me  care 
Lanier  Southern  Business  College,  Macon, 
Ga. 

I  Will  some  one  please  advise  Mr.  Snow 
concerning  the  above  ?— EDITOR.] 


C.  A.  Faust's  elegant  color- 
plate  Compendium  on  Auto- 
matic Pen  Lettering,  72  pages, 
107  colored  Alphabets  and  designs.  Self 
instructor,  *1  prepaid.  Auto  Pen  and  Ink 
Mfg.  Co.,  Chicago. 


Leader  Of  Cbem   HII 
n  my  opinion  The  Business  EDUCATOR 
the  leader  of  them  all.    Kindly  keep  my 
me  on  your  list. 

HENRY  P.   SCHNIEL, 

Milwaukee,  Wis. 


I   C^^*^t£^±j^t^  <zsn4f  T^tc^^c^i^yTd -*&*&,  &L<zsrzsfe  sys0T*s  fzrr  , 


<d%~£.  TB^C^^yi^d^ '  £<£€4s€>C2s£€rr-    I 


9H&  f^>  tu>u  \>cb  u  <2cUtci,iXt/r   &> 


(Commercial  Geography 

(Continued  from  Page  II.) 

grain,  flour,  sugars,  etc.     The  square 

and  round  8  oz.  are  also  equally  good 

for  specimens  that  are  of  larger  size. 

Many  requests  have  come  to  the 
editor  for  specimens  and  information 
to  form  working  collections  for  the 
subject  of  Commerce  and  Industry, 
that  he  was  unable  to  attend  to  and 
which  showed  a  demand  that  must 
be  met  before  the  schools  could 
properly  begin  the  subject  in  the 
right  way.  A  company  therefore  has 
just  been  formed  in  Boston  called 
the  "Commerce  and  Industry  Sup- 
ply Co."  which  proposes  to  supply 
the  schools  with  specimens  needed 
for  the  study  of  commercial  products 
—with  the  necessary  bottles,  cases, 
labels,  etc.,  to  preserve  the  speci- 
mens—and other  apparatus  and  sup- 
plies needed  for  the  study.  The 
editor  is  to  have  advisory  charge  of 
the  selection  and  preparation  of  the 
specimens  needed  in  the  different 
lines  of  the  work.  Although  not  as 
yet  in  all  respects  fully  equipped, 
the  company  is  prepared  to  receive 
orders  from  teachers  for  specimens 
and  other  supplies  in  this  line,  and 
will  fill  these  orders  as  quickly  as 
possible  at  fair  prices. 

Letters  of  inquiry  may  be  addressed 
to  the  company  at  Boston  and  will 
be  answered  promptly. 

On  this  subject  the  editor  especially 
desires  information  of  collections 
and  apparatus  proved  valuable  by 
teachers  to  the  end  that  all  teachers 
in  the  work  may  be  helped  and  the 
standard  of  work  improved. 


c 

c. 

CANAN, 

173  Congress 
ARTISTIC 

St.,     -:-     Bradford 

Pa. 

rs 

-     ALPHABE' 

is  a  boo 

k  cont 

•lining  high-grade 

ex- 

aniples 

of      D 

ain    and    ornamei 

tal 

pen  ma 

nship, 

engrossing,   flour 

sh- 

ing,  ca 

d-writ 

ing,  pen-drawing  and 

design 

ng. 

"A  Work 

Send  fou 

of  Art. 
r  cents 

Special    Price, 

75c. 
Pen 

in  stamps  for  tine 

nansh 

p   Engravings. 

QIPLOMAS 

IF  YOU  HAVE  NOT  OUR 
CATALOGUE  OF  STOCK  DE- 
SIGNS ON  FILE  PLEASE  NO- 
TIFY  US     :::::::::     : 


AMES  &  ROLLINSON 
COMPANY, 

203  Broadway,  New  York 


1^^    ( >nr  snnerior   bin. 

'k  card 

writ- 

fl 

Ha        ing  (lithographic 

effect) 

ink, 

a™ 

^^           sample  bottle,  1  c 

iz.,  pre 

>aid, 

25c 

Auto  Pen  and  Ink  Mfs.  ( 

o.,  Chi 

'ago. 

The 

Card 

Writer 

Wri 

es    c 

nls 

ill 

Ific. 

per 

doz< 

n. 

Any 

Sty 

e,    a 

i  v 

c.     Fine 

id 

tod 

>«y. 

Co  Penmen. 

We  had  hoped  to  present  in  this 
number  a  complete  program  of  the 
Penmanship  Teachers'  Association  at 
Cincinnati  the  coming  holidays,  but 
as  the  same  is  still  uncompleted  we 
shall  give  it  in  the  December  num- 
ber, which  will  be  in  ample  time  for 
ycu  to  learn  of  the  good  things  in 
store  for  all  who  will  attend. 

Mr.  H.  G.  Healey,  editor  of  the 
Penman's  Art  Journal,  N.  Y.  City,  is 
chairman  of  the  Executive  Committee, 
and  any  one  who  knows  Healey  knows 
very  well  that  any  program  that  he 
may  get  up  will  be  a  successful  and 
interesting  one.  If  you  have  any  sug- 
gestions to  make,  it  is  not  too  late  to 
write  to  him  regarding  the  matter. 

But  what  we  wish  to  impress  upon 
you  is  the  fact  that  the  program  is 
hot  the  whole  thing,  nor  in  fact  the 
most  important  thing,  important 
though  it  is  unquestionably.  After 
all,  it  is  the  good  social  time  and 
personal  contact  with  fellow  workers, 
that  makes  these  meetings  unforget- 
able  and  really  profitable. 

Be  up-to-date  by  being  on  hand  and 
by  participating  in  some  of  the  liveli- 
est discussions,  contests  and  exhibi- 
tions vou  have  ever  witnessed. 


AS     FINE     AS     THE      FINEST. 

22X2K   IN.    FLOURISHED    DESIGNS. 


12x 


.  H.5H;  11x14  i 


Hx  III 


nls.  •_'-„ 

In  Artistic  Writing,  J8.50.    12  Lesson* in  11.imii.-ss  Willing, 
»HIK).    12  Lessons  in  Flourishing,  «H. 50.  Address, 

W.   A.  WEAVER,   Penman  Artist, 

"Hege  McKINNEY,   TEXAS. 


Mi-Kil 


"  Yes,  we  consider  the  means  greater  than 
the  end,  I  suppose,"  said  one  commercial 
school  manager  to  another. 

"  How  is  that?"  said  his  friend. 

•'  Why,  we  spend  a  great  deal  of  time  on 
the  technicalities  of  shorthand  writing, 
which  is  a  means  of  transcribing  thought; 
but  we  give  merely  incidental,  if  any, 
attention  to  the  expression  of  thought,  to 
language,  which  is  the  end  we  must  reach 
if  we  are  ever  to  satisfy  the  business  men 
who  take  our  product." 

"  Well,  that  sounds  plausible." 

"  Sounds  plausible?  Is  it  not  plain  com- 
mon sense  ?" 

"  Well,  now,  I  don't  know  about  that.  I 
have  been  in  various  parts  of  the  country, 
among  the  commercial  schools  and  I  find 
that  very  few  of  them  are  giving  any 
serious  attention  to  theteachingof  English. 
They  say  that  they  have  not  time,  or  that 
they  admit  only  those  who  are  high  school 
graduates,  and  who,  therefore,  do  not  need 
to  study  English." 

"Oh,  tell  me  something  new!  I  am  so 
utterly  weary  of  having  that  diaphanous 
excuse  held  up  every  time  I  speak  of 
English  in  the  commercial  school  that  I 
am  sometimes  half  tempted  to  believe  that 
anything  to  get    the  money,    rather    than 


anything  to  improve  the  product,  is  the 
policy." 

"  I  can't  help  it.  There  are  no  good  books 
on  the  subject  and  teachers  do  not  know 
how  to  make  the  subject  interesting." 

"You  are  right  about  many  of  the 
teachers.  They  admit  it.  But  I  was  in 
New  York  last  summer,  and  I  ran  across  a 
book,  or  a  group  of  books,  that  seemed  to 
have  remarkable  popularity  among  the 
various  schools  in  and  about  the  city." 

"Indeed!    What  were  they?" 

"Well,  there  is  a  book  on  Spelling  and 
another  on  Letter  Writing,  but  my  interest 
was  chiefly  with  a  text  book  called  Plain 
English  and  an  exercise  book  called  Plain 
English  in  Practical  Exercises,  that  was 
designed  to  be  used  with  the  text-book." 

"  Who  was  using  these  books?  " 

"  1  do  not  know  how  many  schools,  for  I 
did  not  call  on  all  of  them,  but  I  saw  these 
books  in  use  at  the  Packard  School, 
Browne's  Business  College,  The  Euclid 
School,  Brooklyn  Business  Institute, 
Charles'  Commercial  College,  The  Mer- 
chants' and  Bankers'  School,  Mr.  Hope's 
Harlem  Institute,  Walworth  Business  In- 
stitute, B.  H.  Spencer's  new  school,  The 
Kagan  School,  of  Hoboken,  New  Jersey,  and 
several  others.    I  was  told,  too,  that  a  large 


number  of  the  Catholic  schools  and  several 
of  the  branch  associations  of  the  Y.  M.  C.  A. 
had  introduced  it." 

"  Did  you  examine  it  at  all  ?  " 

"Certainly,  and  I  liked  it  so  much  that  I 
am  going  to  give  it  a  trial  myself.  I  believe, 
as  Mr.  Eagan  expressed  himself  in  his 
beautiful  office,  while  speaking  of  his  intro- 
duction of  this  book,  of  which  he  recently 
ordered  300  copies,  that  the  way  to  test  a 
book  is  to  teach  from  it." 

"You  make  me  curious  to  see  this  publi- 
cation.   Where  can  I  get  a  copy  of  it?" 

"It  is  published  by  The  Practical  Text 
Book  Company,  Cleveland,  Ohio,  and  I  am 
told  that  they  send  sample  copies  of  the 
two  books  to  teachers,  prepaid,  for  fin  cents." 

"  Thank  you.  I  shall  send  for  ttiese  books 
and  the  others  on  Spelling  and  Business 
Correspondence." 

"I  don't  think  you  will  regret  it.  This 
Company  publishes  text-books  for  about 
every  technical  commercial  subject,  and  I 
understand  that  they  are  widely  used  in 
this  country  and  Canada  and  in  many 
foreign  lands." 

"Good!  You  have  put  me  under  obliga- 
tions to  you.  When  you  are  out  my  way, 
drop  in  to  see  me." 

"  I  shall  be  glad  to  do  so.    Good  day." 

"  Good  day." 


1  Cfc£v^r£t44srrf  tzsrz*/  72ti^-£od<A^srd '^t<Ms££  £>fa<z^zs&>  sifu^u'  /~*rr  /m^rt^vn^r^  c7?lc.  73>tt<!Usn^d<1  £c&oc*>ez£trK  I 


Cio^z^^^-^^ 


s^Ztl^g&'s 


' 


HIGH  ART   I\    PENMANSHIP  IIY  C.  C.  <    \\  V\,   HUAHFOBD,  PA. 


This  is  an  excellent   likeness  of  Mr.  J.  M. 

hei  in  the  Commercial  I  >eparl 

men!  ol   the  Bradford  Public  Schools,  Brad 

ford,   Pa.      Mr.    Holmes  i-  an   I  Ihl v.  a 

farmer  first,  then  a  countr:    ?chno]  teacher, 

next  ;i   penman    and    c lercial   teacher, 

and   last    I, >it    no!    least,  always  a  true  and 
l  '-in  lemnn  from  top  ti 

He  became  interested  in  penmanship 
through  Gaskell's  Compendium,  and  later 
organized  night  classes  in  penmanship 
while  teaching  country  school.  To  per 
feci  bis  art  and  the  teaching  of  it,  he 
attended  the  ZANERIAN  ill  '9.', '16,  and  '97. 
Mr-    Holmes    -  n  inrate. 

skillful  pen— unusual]  ringthe 

facl   thai  l.ut   little  tin  ed  to  the 

art.     He  i-  single   (by  choice,  he  says,  but 
medium  in   - 1  ■■     opti 
mis  tic  in  all  things,  and  lovei  oi  the  beauti 
ful    in   art    and    nature,  and    a 
all,  including  sex. 

Having  had  extensive  experience  in  com- 
mon  public    schools,  in   business  colleges, 
and  in  the  commercial  department   ol  the 
liool,  be  i-  a  man  whose  services  are 
valuable   and    ill    demand.         I  he    pro 

h  as  he. 
Mr.  Holmes   is   also  familiar  with   Gregg 
shorl  hand,  thus  I 
ialist.     The  facts  are,  he  has  devoted  up 

il   a  decade  In  prepai 
ialist.  and    has  given    little   thought   to  the 
immediate  betterment  of  his  salary.     \-  a 
consequence  he  was  surprised  recently  by 
a  handsome  increase  in  in-  salary, 


School  and  Professional. 

(Continued  from  Page  ■'<'--< 
Mr.  I'.  A.  LeMaster,  who  for  some  years 
has  been  located  at  Hamilton,  Ohio,  with 
Bartlett's  Commercial  College,  is  now  with 
the  Drake  Business  College,  Fersey  City, 
X.  J.,  A.  J.  Gleason,  President.  '  Mr.  LeMas- 
ter is  a  fine  man  and  a  number  one  commer- 
cial teacher. 

Mr.  G.  P.  Roach  of  Morion,  Colo.,  but  more 
recently  of  the  Zanerian.is  now  teacher  of 
penmanship  and  bookkeeping  in  the 
Holdrege,  .\"el>r..  Business  College.  He  re- 
ports a  good  outlook  for  the  new  school, 
Mr.  S.  S.  Hayman  being  the  proprietor. 

Mr.  Argu bright.  President  of  the -Michigan 
Business  and  Normal  College,  of  Battle 
Creek,  Michigan,  reports  that  the  first  six- 
teen days  of  September  show  an  increased 
attendance  of  more  than  forty  per  cent. 
over  the  entire  business  of  September. 

Mis-   Minnie  C.Pratt,  of   Miller's   Scl 1, 

-\".  V.  City,  has  charge  of  the  typewriting 
department  in  the  Mankato,  Minn.,  Com- 
mercial College. 

Mr.  II.  \V.  Iiarr.  a  graduate  of  the  Busi- 
ness find  Pen  Art  departments  of  the  Gem 
City  Business  College,  tjuincy.  111.,  and 
bead  of  the  commercial  department  in  the 
Storm  I.ake  I  Cowat.  High  School  during  the 
liast  two  years,  has  been  added  to  the  teach- 
m g  i  in  e  in  tin-  Commercial  Department  of 
tin-  Rockford.  111.,  High  Scl 

Stiehl's  Business  Colleges,  Canton  and 
Ulirichsville,  Ohio,  are  using  full  page  ad- 
vi  rtisements  in  a  number  of  papers  to  ac- 
quaint the  people  with  the  merits  of  those 
schools. 

The  Southwestern  Business  University, 
Milan  ,\  Miller.  Proprietor-,  Oklahoma 
City,  <  Iklahoma,  are  putting  out  some  large 
attractive  advertisements  in  their  local 
paper.  "The  Dally  I  Iklalloman." 

1'ark's  Business  College,  Arkansas  City, 
Kans.,  E.  11.  Barrows,  Proprietor,  which  was 
nrganized  a  year  ago.  has  been  so  success- 
ful that  it  is  in  :dof  an  additional  teacher. 

Anyone  desirous  of  a  position  or  an  interest 
in  that  section  would  do  well  to  correspond 
with  the  proprietor. 

Mr.W.F.  Band,  recentlj  of  Minneapolis. 
Minn.,  is  i„,u  located  with  the  High  School 
at  Brainard,  Minn. 

Mr.  Clarence    Baxter,   last    year   with   the 
n    Normal  College.  Shenandoah,  la., 

is  now  with  the  Rochester  Business  and 
Normal     College,     Rochester,    Minn. 


TheG 


iCitj   Bi 


-  College  has  open- 
ed with  the  largest  attendance  in  its  his- 
tory, and  President  Musselman  expects  to 
enroll  1,200  students  this  year,  of  whom  a 
large  number  will  receive  THE  EDI  c  VTOH 
regularly.  We  should  like  to  have  you  join 
the  procession.    Club  rates  very  low. 


Mr.  E.  E.  McClain.  whose  smiling,  rotund 
countenance  appears  above,  is  an  Ohio  son. 
a  third  of  a  century  young.  With  a  com 
mon  school  education  at  the  age  of  fifteen 
he  began  and  followed  for  a  number  of 
years  the  business  of  mechanical  engineer- 
ing. Becoming  interested  in  penmanship 
through  Gaskell's  Compendium,  he  attend- 
ed Michael's  National  Pen  Art  Hall  and 
Business  College,  Delaware,  Ohio,  after 
which  he  taught  and  studied  three  years  in 
Fenton  Normal  and  Business  College,  Fen- 
ton.  Mich.  He  also  taught  penmanship  in 
the  public  schools  of  that  city,  and  then 
traveled  a  year  in  the  interest  of  an  art  pub- 
lication. He  was  then  employed  with  the 
Mechanics  and  Miners  Co-operative  Associ- 
ation of  Michigan,  following  which  he- 
was  principal  of  the  commercial  depart- 
ment of  the  Fairfield.  X.Y.,  Military  Acad- 
emy four  years.  Resigning,  be  accepted  a 
position  in  a  business  school  of  Buffalo  for 
two  years,  since  which  time  he  has  taught 
Civil  Government,  Commercial  Law,  Book- 
keeping, and  Penmanship  in  the  Bradford 
High  School,  Bradford,  Pa. 

Many-sided,  well-qualified,  good-natured, 
a  tine  physique,  wholesome  morals,  and 
almost  handsome,  he  is  a  credit  to  the  cause 
,,l  business  education. 

In  1903  he  attended  the  ZAXKRIAS  to  im- 
prove his  penmanship,  and  declares  his  in- 
tention of  doing  so  again.  He  w  rites  well 
and  teaches  an  intensely  practical  semi- 
simple  and  rounding  style  of  penmanship. 


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Zanerian  Ideal  Fen-  One  of  the  best  pens 
made  for  general  penwork — business 
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Zanerian  Business  Pen-A  smooth,  dura- 
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Glllott's  Principality  Ho.  I  Pen— A  fine 
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Glllott's  Double  Elastic  E.  F.  Ho.  604  Pen— 
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Glllott's  Magnum  Quill  £.  F.  Ho.  601  Pen— 
A  business  pen.     Gross  $1.00,  M  Gross 
25c,  I  Doz 12c. 

Glllott's  Ho.  303  E.  F.  Pen- Used  largely 
for  drawing  purposes.  Gross  |1.00, 
H  Gross  25c.  1  Doz 12c. 

Gillott's  Lithographic  Pen  Ho.  290-One 
of  the  finest  pointed  drawing  pens 
made.    6  pens  25c,  3  pens 15c. 

GUlott'i  Crow  Quill  Pen  Ho.  659-Very 
fine  points.    6  pens  25c,  3  pens 16c. 

Soennecken  Lettering  Pen— For  making 
German  Text,  Old  English,  and  all 
broad  pen  letters.  Set  of  12— numbers 
1,  1%,  2,  V-A,  3,  3}4,  4,  5  and  6  single 
pointed  and  10,  20,  and  30  double 
pointed 26c. 

Double  Holder  for  Soennecken  Pens- 
Holds  2  pens  at  one  time 10c. 

Zanerian  Obiqne  Penholder  —  Hand- 
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beautiful  and  perfect  bolder.  1  holder  60c. 

Fine  Art  Obiqne  Holder-Inlaid  and 
fancy,  hand-made,  rosewood,  and  by 
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1  holder  sent  in  a  small  wooden  box.  $1.00 
Excelsior  Obliqne  Holder— The  best  low 
priced  oblique  holder  made.  Many 
hundreds  of  gross  have  been  sold. 

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Straight  Penholder-Cork  tipped  and 
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holders 06c. 

We  handle  the  best   and    can  save  you 
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Cash  must  accompany  all  orders.    Prices 
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PONTIAC,  MICH. 


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GILLOTT'S  PENS, 

THB  MOST  PERFECT  OF  PXlfS, 

HAVE  GAINED  THE 

GRAND    PRIZE, 

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Stock  diplomas  for  all  kinds  of  schools  and 
colleges.  Our  specialty  is  furnishing  diplomas 
filled  out  complete,  ready  for  signatures. 
Special  designs  prepared  on  short  notice. 
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school  proprietors.  Resolutions  engrossed. 
Commercial  Designing.  Highest  grade  work. 
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rAddress. 


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Cash  For   Manuscripts 

THE  PRACTICAL  AGE  will  buy  a  lot  ot 
*  manuscripts  from  some  one— maybe 
from  you.  Short  stories,  essays,  sketches, 
reviews,  will  be  among  the  available  mate- 
rial. But  comparatively  few  writers — partic- 
ularly young  writers— combine  purposeful 
and  earnest  work  with  technical  literary 
skill,  true  conception,  and  a  faultless  analy- 
zation  of  men  and  affairs  Herein  is  where 
we  help  you.  Although  it  is  difficult  to  get 
the  average  young  writer,  or  for  that  mat- 
ter, many  an  older  one,  to  see  his  or  her 
mistakes,  the  mistakes  generally  abound. 
The  same  mistake  which  caused  the  rejection 
of  a  Ms.  last  week  is  inserted  into  a  new 
article,  causing  its  rejection  this  week. 
This  is  the  fault  of  loose  observation,  inex- 
perience, or  a  feverish  desire  to  dash  off 
masterpieces  in  an  hour. 

THE  PRACTICAL  AGE  BUREAU  of 
Literary  Criticism  can  serve  you  in  this 
respect.     Read  carefully  the  claims : 

hirst.  We  place  no  Mss.,  except  those 
that,  after  criticism,  in  the  opinion  of  our 
editors,  are  available  to  the  needs  of  the 
PRACTICAL  AGE.  For  such  Mss.  we  state 
that  we  will  pay  in  cash,  and  await  the 
author's  acceptance  or  rejection  of  our  offer. 

Second.  We  offer  combined  criticism  and 
suggestion;  and,  in  the  instance  of  a  salea- 
ble Ms.,  a  list  of  magazines  most  likely  to 
accept.  For  these  services  we  charge  as  fol- 
lows: 

frOse  Mss.  (not  dialect),  llrst  1,000  words,  50  cts,; 
lur  each  additional  l.Otio,  or  traction  thereof  more 
than  100,  23  cents.    This  must  he  one  article  oratory. 

For  dialect  stories  and  book  Mss  ,  the  cost  of  crit- 
icism, suggestions,  ete.,  will   be  made  known  upon 

In  every  instance  the  fee  for  criticism  and  sugges- 
tion must  accompany  each  Ms.  ,  every  Ms.  must  be 
fully  prepaid  and  accompanied  by  return  postage 
and  self-addressed  envelope.         ADDRESS, 

LITERARY    BUREAU    PRACTICAL    AGE 

Moline,  Illinois 


I    Cfe&v-tsrZttL&r^f  £X^z^/  HQccd-£c<ddius?d  ^cv-l&.  £A*ezsrzsfe  /tf*?-z<s  j^zry  • 


C7%^.  /B^tdt^z^Ld '  &€6<sC4>eZs&r7:  I 


Easily  Learned! 

Legible  as  Print! 

Exceedingly  Rapid! 


a  SHORT  time  since  we  announced  the  fact  that  we  had  taken  over  the  publication  of 
N  KW  RAPID  SHORTHAND.  The  hundreds  of  inquiries  we  have  received  from  shorthand 
teachers  everywhere  is  conclusive  evidence  that  these  teachers  are  not  thoroughly  satisfied  with 
the  results  obtained  from  the  different  systems  of  shorthand  they  are  using.  In  other  words,  an 
entirely  satisfactory  shorthand  system  lias  not  been  found.     There  is  room  for  improvement. 

When  Mr.  McKee  first  published  the  NEW  RAPID  SHORTHAND  he  stated  that  the  world 
was  demanding  a  system  that  could  be  EASILY  LEARNED,  would  be  as  LEGIBLE  AS  PRINT 
and  could  be  WRITTEN  RAPIDLY.  Although  a  suit  for  alleged  infringement  of  copyright, 
which  was  later  dropped,  caused  him  to  devise  another  system,  (which  also  accounts  for  the  fact 
that  NEW  RAPID  has  never  been  pushed), in  devising  the  NEW  RAPID  system  he  was  build- 
in":  better  than  he  knew. 


It  is  REMARKABLY  EASY  TO  LEARN,  is  PERFECTLY  LEGIBLE, 
and  is  susceptibe  of  being  WRITTEN  at  a  very  high  rate  of  speed. 
225  words  per  minute  and  over  is  the  record  of  stenogra- 
phers who  are  writing  it. 


This  advertisement  is  intended  to  bring  us  letters  of  inquiry  from  every  teacher  of  shorthand 
who  may  read  it  and  who  feels  that  he  would  like  to  have  information  that  will  enable  him  to 
judge  somewhat  of  this  system. 

A  postal,  indicating  that  the  writer  is  a  teacher,  and  giving  the  name  of  the  school  with 
whi.h  he  is  connected,  will  bring  two  booklets  describing  NEW  RAPID  SHORTHAND  some- 
what in  detail — enough  to, judge  pretty  accurately  what  it  is  and  what  it  is  not.  Already  several 
teachers  have  been  so  favorably  impressed  with  its  advantages  that  they  have  concluded  to  adopt 
it  in  their  classes  as  soon  as  they  can  prepare  themselves  to  teach  it. 


NEW  RAPID  SHORTHAND 
Is  destined  to  become  one  of  the  Leading  Systems 


SADLER-ROWE  COMPANY 

BALTIMORE,   MD. 

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9Re  J3vU'uve*>*>  &tlu,ociWr   ^ 


Leading  Commercial  Publications. 


INCLUDING  THE  WELL-KNOWN  WILLIAMS  &   ROGERS  SERIES. 


Modern  Business  Penmanship. 

Modern   Illustrative  Bookkeeping,  (Three  Courses). 

Modern  Illustrative   Banking. 

Office  Routine  and  Bookkeeping,   (Two  Courses). 

Snyder  &  Thurston's  Practical  Bookkeeping. 

New  Complete  Bookkeeping. 

New  Introductive  Bookkeeping. 

First  Lessons  in  Bookkeeping. 

New  Commercial  Law.         Business  Law. 

Test  Questions  in  Commercial  Law. 

Commercial  Arithmetic. 

Business  Arithmetic. 

Mental  Commercial  Arithmetic. 

Piatt's  Pitmanic  Shorthand  Instructor. 

Blank  Books,  Vouchers,  and 


Heffley's  Manual  of  Phonography. 
English-Spanish   Phonography. 
Seventy  Lessons  in  Spelling. 
Test  Lessons  in  Spelling. 
Kutner's   Commercial   German. 
New  Practical  Grammar. 
Curtiss's  High  School  Bookkeeping. 
Business  Correspondence. 
Buehler's  Practical  Exercises  in   English. 
Bolles's  Money,   Banking,  and   Finance. 
Benedict's  English   Punctuation. 
Fitch's  New  Civil  Government. 
Laughlin's   Elements  of  Political  Economy. 
Pen-Written  Copies,  Reproduced. 
Forms  for  the   Bookkeeping  Systems. 


F'sis    oo3vC^»x-e:i,e:    descripti-ve 


)3VE.      ^.DDRESS 


AMERICAN  BOOK  COMPANY,  Publishers 

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The 

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Have    lUU    examined 

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Gilbert" ' s  Modem  Business  Bookkeeping 

Spencer  s  Commercial  Law 

C  These  are  the  best   books  on  the  market  and 
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The  Bobbs- Merrill  Company,  Publishers 

INDI  AHA  PO  LIS,     U'rS.  A  . 

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A  Letter 

FROM  A  LEADER 

New  York,  Nov.  2,  1903. 
Dear  Mr.  Gaylord: 

There  are  several  persons  who  will,  sooner  or  later,  seek  the 
co-operationof  such  an  Agency  as  you  propose  to  establish.  Among 
these  may  be  mentioned  the  following  : 

1.  The  teacher  who  is  out  of  a  job. 

2.  The  proprietor  who  is  too  busy  to  "pick 'em  out"  himself. 

3.  He  who  seeks  an  annual  change  dike  the  fellow  who  said  that 
he  took  a  bath  once  a  year  whether  he  needed  it  or  not ). 

4.  The  School  Board  that  is  determined  to  fit  the  square  plug 
into  the  round  hole,  because  it  is  the  cheapest. 

5.  The  teacher  who  knows  his  business  ;  knows  that  he  knows  it ; 
and  knows,  also,  that  the  other  fellow  is  selfishly  capitalizing  his 
professional  generosity. 

6.  Those  proprietors  who  want  the  best  teacher  that  can  be 
obtained  for  the  highest  salary  which  they  can  honestly  afford  to  pay. 

7.  He  who  writes  commercial  text-books  for  the  permanent 
credit  of  some  person  other  than  himself. 

8.  The  teacher  who  receives  less  salary  than  he  deserves. 

9.  The  d'shonest  proprietor  who  '*  buys  sheep  and  sells  deer,"  and 
;qually  contemptible  teacher  who  degenerates  into    a  profes- 


>nal  shirk. 
10.     Tho 


%hn 


to 


ail  themselves  of  the  co-operation 
tance  among  commercial  teachers 


resultant  from  the  wide  acqu 

and  oroprietors  possessed  by  yourself. 

My  best  wishes  attend  you,  therefore,  in  the  conscientious  dis 
charge  of  the  responsible  obligation  which  true  service  to  these 
several  types  of  patrons  imposes  upon  you.  That  you  will  be  faithful 
to  your 'duty  and  true  to  your  educational  ideals,  I  have  not  the 
slightest  doubt.  Sincerely  yours, 

Edgar  M.  Barber. 

Mr.  Barber  is  known  throughout  the  profession  as  one  of 
its  "bright  particular  stars"  who  has  moved  nearer  the 
zenith  by  passing  from  the  schoolroom  to  a  confidential  posi- 
tion with  the  U.  S.  Appraiser  at  the  Port  of  New  York.  If  his 
earnest,  intelligent,  analytical  letter  impresses  you  favorably, 
send  for  application  blanks.  No  charge  for  registration. 
Usual  commission  on  accepted  positions.  The  National 
Commercial  Teachers'  Agency  helps  good  schools  and  good 
teachers  to  find  each  other.    Address, 

E,  E.  Gaylord,  Manager 

Prospect  Hill,  Beverly,  Mass. 


A 


Business 

Speller 


m  Comprehensive  little  book  on  Spelling,  120  pages 
**  of  words  most  frequently  seen  in  business  cor- 
respondence. Divided  into  lessons  of  fifty  words 
each.  Several  lessons  of  words  pronounced  alike, 
but  spelled  differently.  Just  the  thing  for  the 
school  room.     Sample  copy  sent  postpaid  for  25  cents. 


BUSINESS  LETTER    WRITING 


One  of  the  neatest  and  brightest  little  works  on 
Commercial  Correspondence.  Unlike  anything  else 
published.  Write  for  sample  pages.  Single  copy- 
sent   postpaid   for  fifty    cents. 

Other  books  published  are  "  Musselman's  Practi- 
cal Bookkeeping,"  "  High  School  Bookkeeping," 
"Commercial   Law,"  " Commercial    Arithmetic." 


Try  a  Box  of  Musselman's  Perfection  Pens,  25c. 

D.  L.  Musselman  Pub.  Co. 


Quincy 


Illinois 


More  than  10,000 

*  Remington  +  Typewriters  * 

are  used   for  instruction  purposes  in  the  schools 

of  the  United  States   and  Canada over    2,200 

more  than  all  other  makes  of  writing  machines  combined. 

This  condition  is  created  by  the  demand  for 
Remington  operators;  therefore  it 
clearly  reflects  the      *     *      *      * 

Choice  of  the  Business  World. 


REMINGTON  TYPEWRITER  COMPANY 

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»/|<v©  fcJuuUvo.)  CcUtoctWr  ^ 


FAILURE 


ACTUAL  BUSINESS 
FROM  THE  START 

EDUCATES 

u  YOUNG 

MBNa'pW0MM 


success 

<J  |  V-,-: 

m 


5SURED  IN  THEIR 
FIRST  YEARS  OF 

BUSINESS  LIFE. 

PUBLISHED  J  F.HBU35  4W/M//M 


I   C&wr£€4x*j  ci^c?  ~£^^<^^J^^  Ct^^^^^c^zWW^^ 


WASH  DKAWINi;  AN  II  LETTERING    IIV  HV  C.  WAI.KEK,  ST.  LOL'IS,  ?IO- 


AT  THE  HEAD 


The  Benn  Pitman    System    of    Phonography 


If  a  Benn  Pitman  student 
fails  to  make  an  accurate 
stenographer  he  must 
look  to  some  oilier  source 
for  the  cause  of  his  trouble 
than  the  system  which  he 
uses.  Any  one  of  a  score 
of  shorthand  s\  stems  is  as 
good  as  another,  if  stud- 
ied for  amusement ;  if 
studied  for  business,  there 
is  only  one  system— the 
Benn  Pitman.— Arthur  A. 
Curiae,  Jr.,  Official  Court 
Reporter,  Wayne  Circuit 
Court,  Indiana. 

We  teach  the  Benn  Pit- 
man system,  a  system  of 
Shorthand  that  is  easily 
learned,  easily  read, 
adapted  to  all  kinds  of 
reporting,  and  writt  n  by 
the  leading  expert  short- 
hand reporters.  —  Goldey 
Wilmington  Commercial 
and  Shorthand  College,  H. 
S.  Goldey,  Principal  and 
Founder,  Wilmington,  Del. 


is    the     American     system     or 
Shorthand 

TO-DAY 

Just    as    it    has   been  any    time 
during  the  last 

riFTYTEARS 

It  has  outlived  a  yard  of  EASY 
systems,  POSITIONLESS  sys- 
tems, SHADELESS  systems, 
systems  which  require  NO 
STUDY,  and  systems  which 
NEVER  MADE  A  REPORTER- 

It  continues  to  do  the  Short- 
hand business  of  the  country  at 
the  old  stand,  and  is  taught  by 
all  schools  and  teachers  who  are 
wisely  aiming  at  THE  BEST  in 
their  work. 


Published   by  : 


The    Phonographic    Institute    Co., 


Benn  Pitman.  Pr 


CINCINNATI 

Jerome  B.  Howard,  Mgr. 


Engrossing  Script  by  Mr.  Horace  G.  Healev,  editor  of 
the  Penman's  Art  Journal,  New  York  Citv,  N.  Y.  Many 
friends  of  Mr.  Healey  will  be  surprised  as  well  as  delighted 
at  the  unusual  skill  and  knowledge  of  form  evidenced  in 
the  above,  as  he  has  not  been  known  to  do  this  line  of  work. 


In  all  its  grace,  dash  and  delicacy,  sparkling  with  life 
and  motion,  and  fresh  from  the  pen  of  four  of  our  present 
day  leaders— five  pages  of  fine  art — forms  one  of  the 
many  features  of  the  finest  book  of  penmanship  ever 
offered  to  the  public.  *  «  »  Inspiration  is  a  book  con- 
taining from  one  to  twenty  of  the  master  efforts  of  the 
leading  modern  penmen  and  pen  artists,  prepared  especial- 
ly for  the  book,  and  representing  the  height  of  skill 
in  conception  and  execution.  *  *  *  This  wealth  of 
marvelous  skill  and  beauty  is  interspersed  with  the 
choicest  gems  of  thought  along  penmanship  lines  from 
the  brilliant  and  enthusiastic  of  the  profession.  The 
poetry  of  the  art,  the  breadth  of  the  field,  its  future- 
just  what  the  zealous  and  ambitious  need — inspiration 
that  will  make  him  a  top-notcher.  *  *  *  Elegantly 
printed  and  bound,  it  is  a  fine  art  production  from  the 
bookmoker's  standpoint.  Not  a  reproduction  of  old  speci- 
mens, but  all  new  ones  prepared  especially  for  the  book. 
First  edition  is  limited.  Only  300  copies.  (Half  are  al- 
ready sold.)  Each  autograph  copy  of  this  edition  de  luxe 
numbered.  *  *  *  Order  at  once  or  you  will  be  too 
late.  There  will  be  no  more  like  editions.  The  value 
of  such  a  book  will  double  in  a  year's  time,  for  it  con- 
tains the  touch  of  hand  that  gives  personality  and  can- 
not be  duplicated.  Superbly  beautiful  beyond  description. 
*  *  *  Price  five  dollars.  One  dollar  with  order,  bal- 
ance after  book  is  delivered.  If  you  doubt  it  is  the  finest 
thing  yet  published  I  will  send  it  for  examination.  Just 
your  order  wanted  now.  Book  will  be  complete  January 
1st.     Booklet    for   the   asking. 

M.    A.    ABLIN, 
Minneapolis,  Minn. 
Metropolitan  College. 

The  same  work  I  am  furnishing  you  for  each  book 
could  not  be  secured  for  the  price  of  the  book,  quality 
considered. — J.    A.    Wesco,    Penman. 

I  enclose  money  order  for  $5.00  in  payment  for  an 
autograph  copy  of  the  book  Inspiration.  «  *  *  Your 
book  will  be  a  jewel  of  rare  worth.  You  are  to  be  con- 
gratulated.—W.   I.   Staley. 


1  Cfe6v-esr£cd-esrj  asn*/  ^U4~&-£t*d>6~&^f  ^t4*L^£  £6*txsrisfe  s^cnc* 


0%^  Ticcd^yi^^ta '  &z£ic>c<x^<r^~  I 


Sh&  ©u^Ln?e&-  ficUbccbbor  & 


THE  YOUTH 


Of  the  Twentieth  Century  must  be 

educated  for   Business 


THE  TEACHER 


Must  see  that  Proper  Facilities  For  the 
Purpose  are  Provided 

here:  are  some  valvable  helps  : 
TWENTIETH  CENTURY  HANDBOOKS  OF  BUSINESS 

ADAMS'S  COMMERCIAL  GEOGRAPHY 
ADAMS'S  ELEMENTARY  COMMERCIAL  GEOGRAPHY 
BURDICK'S  ESSENTIALS  OF  BUSINESS  LAW 
CLEVELAND'S  FIRST  LESSONS  IN  FINANCE 
JOHNSON'S  AMERICAN  RAILWAY  TRANSPORTATION 
PRATT'S  WORK  OF  WALL  STREET 
MEADE'S  TRUST  FINANCE 
CANNON'S  CLEARING  HOUSES 

OTHERS    COMING.      Get  Catalogue  Now. 

D*    Applcton    1§L    Company 

New    York         Boston  Chicago         San    Francisco         L,on«ion 


&  be  13  wbiffce^  £^lu,c  ttt  cr   & 


% 


^ 
& 


TO  PENMEN 


s 


GREGG    SHORTHAND 

Is  the  system,  par  excellence,  that  appeals  to  penmen,  because  of  its  inherent 
beaut)-,  its  graceful,  flowing  outlines  of  artistic  curves  that  are  an  inspiration 
to  every  true  lover  of  art. 

Based  on  those  longhand  principles  that  "embody  the  wisdom  of  ages" 
it  has  ever  been  in  the  hands  of  penmen  and  novice  alike,  the  instrument  that 
calls  forth  the  best  that  is  in  the  artistic  hand,  and  satisfied  the  highest  con- 
ception in  the  cultured  brain. 

This  is  but  one  of  the  many  reasons  why  Gregg  Shorthand  has  reached 
its  phenomenal  popularity. 

Shorthand  systems,  in  the  eyes  of  the  cold  and  critical  commercial 
world,  are  judged  by  the  PRACTICAL  results  attained  by  their  use.  Gregg  Short- 
hand has  found  its  way  into  more  than  half  of  the  leading  commercial  and 
public  schools  in  America  because  of  the  practical  results  attained  by  its 
writers  and  its  superiority  over  all  other  systems  in  point  of  real  utility. 

Beauty  of  outline  is  a  source  of  personal  satisfaction  to  the  individual 
writer ;  but  results  accomplished  are  the  desideratum  of  the  practical 
writer.  Gregg  Shorthand  fulfills  both  requirements,  and  incidentally,  all 
others,  to  the  highest  degree. 

We  wish  to  call  the  attention  of  penmen  to  the  "Lessons  in  Shorthand 
Penmanship,"  now  appearing  in  the  Gregg  Writer,  which  shows  the 
wonderful  adaptability  of  Gregg  Shorthand  to  the  principles  of  teaching 
longhand.     We  believe  they  will  find  something  of  interest  therein. 

Allow  us  to  suggest  that  the  phenomenal  popularity  of  Gregg  Short- 
hand—popularity based  on  solid  results  obtained  by  its  use  — is  making 
untold  opportunities  for  advancement  in  both  public  and  private  schools 
for  penmen  equipped  with  a  knowledge  of  it. 


Write  for  a  booklet  "About  Gregg  Shorthand,"  and  give  us  an  oppor- 
tunity to  acquaint  you  fully  with  the  merits  of  the  system.  If  you  are  a 
teacher,  ask  for  "  A  Talk  to  Teachers." 


GREGG  PVBLrlSHINQ   CO., 


57   Washington    St., 


CHICAGO. 


m&m 


Cf^S~£s?&t<±£S?^    tZsVZsc/   &CC-$-£l<d4l4s7Ld -*VL&.  £&€Z<?2s/3-  /Zf€™Cr  /^"  yT^T^^^k^ryT^C^Z^    C^l^,73^4^<^U^d^6^t^C<Z^r^'    I 


WIvc  f^vU'utcjj^cLLVcttWr   & 


ISAAC  PITMAN  S 
SHORTHAND 


j*     Has    Been  Introduced    Into    the     J* 
Brooklyn  Commercial  High    School 

Vnder  Control  New  York  Board  of  Education 

Displacing  the  Pernin  Light-Line  System. 


This  high  school  was  one  of  the  first  to  introduce  this  subject,  and  has 
a  larger  number  of  Shorthand  students  than  any  other  educational 
institution    in    the  United    States.  J*  **  J*  J* 


BOOKS  THAT  REALLY  COUNT. 


ISAAC  PITMAN'S 
JN3TRUCT0R 


ISAAC  PITMAN'S  SHORTHAND  INSTRUCTOR. -Revised 
Twentieth  Century  edition.  Used  in  the  New  York  High 
i  ,i  Commerce,  Brooklyn  Commercial  High  School, 
and  Girls'  Technical  High 
School,  etc.  This  work  is  a 
new  presentation  of  the  sys- 
tem based  on  the  accumulat- 
ed experience  of  the  past 
sixty  years,  and  includes 
many  "valuable  improve- 
ments which  appear  for  the 
first    time.      Cloth,    gilt,    276 

pages $1.50 

"  1  believe  that  the  incor- 
poration of  the  new  ideas, 
and  the  simplifying  of  the 
old  tines,  will  make  this  book 
pre-eminently  the  shorthand 
textbook  of  the  century.  The 
introduction  of  sentences  im- 
mediately after  learning  the 
consonants  and  long  vowels, 
will  be  a  valuable  aid  to  a 
quicker  acquisition  of  the 
subject.  I  anticipate  excel- 
lent results  from  the  use  of 
in  our  school."— P.  B.  .S.  relers.  Director 
Department,    Manual     Training    High 


School,  A; 


is  Citj  .  No. 


TWENTIETH  CENTURY  DICTATION  BOOK  AND  I  HflAL 
FORMS.-  I'hird  Edition.  Revised  and  enlarged.  Contain- 
ing an  up-to-date  collection  of  genuine  business  letters 
used  in  i  ion  of  actual  work,  covering  fiftyiUs- 

lines    of    husines-;      Legal     Korms,    and    a     judicious 

selection  of  practice-mnttei  for  general  dictation.  Also 
on  Spelling,  Punctuation,  Capitalization,  and 
Shorl  Practical  Talks  with  the  Vmauuensis.  Progressive 
schools  everywhere,  without  reference  to  the  system  of 
Shorthand  taught,  are  adopting  this  work.  272  pages, 
i rds  and  cloth  back,  75c;  clotl $1.00 


ISAAC  PITMAN'S  SHORTHAND  DICTION ARY. -Contains 
the  Shorthand  Outlines,  printed  from  engraved  charac- 
ters, of  over  61,000  Words  and  Proper  names,  with  Tvpe 
Key.  Also  a  complete  list  of  Grammalngues  and  Con- 
tracted Words.  20th  Century  (Eighth)  Edition.  312  pages, 
cloth,  gilt $1.50 

BUSIVKSS  CORRESPONDENCE  IN  SHORTHAND. -Nos.  1, 
2,  and  3.  Actual  business  letters  in  engraved  shorthand 
and  type  key,  40  pages  each.         ....         Each,  25c. 

MANUAL  DE  FONOGRAPIA  ESPANOLA,  (Spanish  Phonoe- 
rapny)  -  By  Guillermo   Parody.    New   edition   now  ready. 
A  practical  adaptation  of  Isaac  Pitman's  Phonography  to 
the  Spanish  Language.    Complete  in  one  volume. 
Cloth,  gilt ■  .        .         $1.50 

PITMAN'S  PRACTICAL  SPANISH  GRAMMAR.  (Pitman's 
Rapid  Series)  —An  entirelv  up-to-date  method  of  learning 
Spanish,  with  Copious  Vocabulary,  and  Imitated  Pronun- 
ciation.   112  pages,  stiff  paper  cover,  40c.;  cloth,         .       50c. 

"  This  honored  house  lias  a  right  to  style  itself  '  rapid,' 
for  it  not  only  is  at  the  front  with  rapid  stenography  and 
with  the  best  rapid  methods  of  learning  French  and 
German,  but  it  is  rapid  in  getting  into  the  Held  with  new 
books  for  nevv  issues.  We  would  advise  well-educated 
young  men  to  master  Spanish.  It  is  not  a  difficult  lan- 
guage, and  Pitman's  Practical  Spanish  Grammar  makes 
it  doubly  easy.  In  saying  anything  of  the  Pitmans,  we 
think  of  their  shorthand  equipment.  There  is  not  much 
trouble  in  acquiring  the  ability  to  write  Spanish  in  short 
hand  after  one  thoroughly  masters  the  language.  The 
future  is  very  promising  in  this  direction  for  American 
youths  who  know  Spanish."— Journal  of  Education 
i  H os ton). 


Send  for  sample  of  "  Pitman's  Shorthand  Weekly 
pp.  Catalogue,  with  list  of  over  100  works  in  the  Isaac 
man  system,  and  "  Reasons  Why," 


ISAAC    PITMAN   <&   SONS,   Publishers, 


31    Vnion    Square    West, 


NEW    YORK. 


ggf(oiisiderol.le  ini, -rear  in  now  being  shown  in  the  Isaac  Pitman  system,  owing  to  its  adoption  by 
the  .V.   Y.  High  School  or  Commerce,  ami  other  leading  .schools    throughout   the  country,   and   it 
will  pay  teachers  to  look  into  the  merits  of  this  system.     The  demand  for  first-class   teachers    in    tliis 
"i  is  daily  increasing. 


I  Cfttv^^Ccd^rJ  tz^z^  72n&£i44i^rd -4V1&-  £Si*zsnsfe  /z^wt. 


drftt.  73*i4^6*rL&d*4  €e£t£sC^l£<r7;    I 


5USINBSJMAT0R 


iMM 


DEl'uIED    TO    THE    INTERESTS    OF    BUSINESS    EDUCATION   AND   PENMANSHIP. 


Vol.   IX.     No.  4. 


COLUMBUS.  0..   DECEMBER.    1903. 


THE  BUSINESS  EDUCATOR. 
Entered   at  Columbus,  Ohio,  Post  Office  as  Se 


Published  Monthly  (Except  July  and  August), by 
Zaner  &  Bloser,  118  North  High  St.,  Columbus,  O  . 
at  $1.00  a  Year.     Foreign  Subscriptions,  30c.  extra. 


C.  P.  Zan 
E.  E,  Gai 
E.  W.  Bl 


r,  Columbus.  O. 
.crd,  Beverly,  Mas 
ser,  Columbus,  O. 


Editor 
Associate  Editor 
usiness  Manager 
Address  all  communications   to  Zaner   &   Bloser, 
Columbus,  O.,  except  those  relating   to  the  depart- 
ments, which  should  be  sent  to  Mr.  Gay  lord. 

Change  of  Address.  If  you  change  your  ad- 
dress, be  sure  to  notify  us  promptly  (in  advance,  if 
possible),  and  be  careful  to  give  the  old  as  well  as 
the  new  address.  We  lose  many  papers  each  issue 
through  negligence  on  the  part  of  subscribers. 

Back  Numbers  cannot  be  supplied. 


The  Business  Educator  is  devoted  to  the  pro- 
gressive, and  practical  interests  of  Business  Educa- 
tion and  Penmanship.  A  journal  whose  mission  is 
to  dignify,  popularize,  and  improve  the  world's  new- 
est and  neediest  education.  It  purposes  to  inspire 
and  instruct,  both  pupil  and  teacher,  and  to  further 
the  interests  of  those  engaged  in  the  work,  in  pri- 
vate, as  well  as  in  public,  institutions  of  business 
education.  Your  co-operation  will  strengthen  us  in 
our  endeavor  and  thus  help  you  and  the  cause  we 
love  and  believe  in.  Good  penmanship,  aside  from 
a  good  character,  being  the  best  passport  to  a  good 
position,  is  given  the  space  and  attention  it  deserves. 

Rates  to  Agents  and  Club  Raisers  sent  up- 
on application.  Be  sure  to  write  for  them,  whether 
you  are  in  a  position  to  send  few  or  many  subscrip- 
tions. Sample  copies  furnished  to  secure  sub- 
scriptions. 

Considering  the  fact  that  we  issue  no  incomplete 
or  cheap  editions;  that  our  journal  is  high-grade  in 
every  particular ;  that  progressive,  practical  lessons 
in  penmanship  are  a  distinctive  feature  of  the  mag- 
azine; that  departments  of  interest  and  helpfulness 
to  students  and  teachers  in  subjects  relating  to 
Business  Education  are  found  only  in  the  Business 
Educator,  you  will  readily  see  that  the  Business 
Educator  is  not  only  the  best  but  the  cheapest,  when 
quality,  character,  and  quantity  are  considered. 

Advertising  Rates  furnished  upon  application. 
The  Business  Educator  being  the  highest  grade 
journal  of  its  class,  is  purchased  and  read  by  the 
most  intelligent  and  well-to-do  among  those  inter- 
ested in  business  education  and  penmanship,  in  the 
United  States,  Canada,  England,  and  nearly  every 
country  on  the  globe.  It  circulates,  not  alone  among 
business  college  proprietors,  teachers,  and  pupils, 
but  also  among  principals  of  commercial  depart- 
ments of  High  Schools,  Colleges  and  Religious 
Schools',  as  well  as  among  office  workers,  home 
students,  etc.  It  is  preserved  as  is  no  other  journal, 
because  of  its  beauty,  practicality,  timeliness  and 
progi esMveness.  Our  subscription  list  is  rapidly 
increasing,  though  our  advertising  rates,  for  the 
present,  are  not  nearly  so  high  as  those  of  other 
journals  not  nearly  so  widely  read  among  school 
officials.  If  you  want  to  get  in  on  the  ground  floor, 
apply  for  rates  early.  No  similar  journal  ever  in- 
creased in  substantial  advertising  patronage  so 
rapidly  as  The  Business  Educator. 


much  for  Cittlc. 


Messrs.  Zaner  &  bloser, 

Columbus,  Ohio. 

Dear  Friends:  Under  separate  cover  I 
am  sending  vou  the  script  for  my  page  of 
work  for  the  November  issue  of  THE  BUSI- 
NESS EDUCATOR.  I  hope  this  will  arrive  in 
good  time  and  that  you  will  be  pleased  with 
the  work.  Every  time  I  see  a  copy  of  your 
paper,  I  cannot  help  but  think  what  an  im- 
mense amount  of  labor  it  takes  to  produce 
one  issue  of  such  a  journal.  The  young 
people  of  to-day  certainly  have  the  advant- 
age of  securing  a  great  many  good  things 
in  this  line  with  but  very  little  expense. 

Wishing  you  success,  I  remain, 

Your  friend, 

E.  C.  mills. 
Rochester,  N.  Y.,  Sept.  29, 1903. 

The  above  communication  suggests 
two  lines  of  thought.  The  first  is 
that  few  people  have  any  idea  of  ' '  the 
immense  amount  of  labor"  and  cap- 
ital that  it  takes  to  produce  a  journal 
like  The  Business  Educator.  Labor 
and  money  do  not  cover  it  all.  The 
word  experience  expresses  another 
element,  which,  perhaps  more  than 
any  other,  goes  to  make  up  a  success- 
ful journal.  This  experience  is  the 
result  of  years  of  thought  and  effort. 
Therefore,  it  takes  much  experience, 
much  labor,  and  much  money  to  pub- 
lish an  up-to-date  journal.  Viewed 
in  this  light,  the  dollar  which  the 
subscriber  pays  seems  much  smaller 
than  it  usually  does  when  he  is  about 
to  part  with  it. 

The  other  thought  suggested  was 
the  fact  that  "  the  young  people  of 
to-day  certainly  have  the  advantage 
of  securing  a  great  many  good  things 
in  this  line  with  but  very  little  ex- 
pense." This  is  certainly  true.  For 
but  one  dollar,  or  even  less  in 
clubs,  the  young  person  secures  the 
most  practical  penmanship  in  the 
world  in  abundance,  with  the  most 
critical  and  scientific  instruction,  to- 
gether with  articles  along  the  line  of 
business  education  that  are  well-nigh 
invaluable.  Moreover,  the  subscriber 
is  kept  in  touch  with  the  doings  of 
his  profession,  and  is  also  informed 
along  the  line  of  supply  and  demand 
as  concerns  his  products  of  penman- 
ship and  teaching. 

A  journal  like  The  Business  Edu- 
cator is,  in  a  large  measure,  the 
mouth-piece  of  its  profession,  mirror- 
ing, as  it  does,  the  forces  most  active 


therein,  being  shaped  by  its  publish- 
ers from  a  mass  of  material  collected 
from  every  nook  and  corner  of  the 
country,  from  brainy  and  skillful 
people,  some  of  whom  are  old  in  ex- 
perience, while  others  are  young  in 
enthusiasm. 

Yes,  it  takes  much  experience, 
much  labor,  and  much  money  to  pro- 
duce even  a  single  number  of  The 
Business  Educator,  but  there  is  a 
compensation,  not  measured  alone 
by  the  dollar,  which  comes  to  the 
ones  producing  it.  There  is  a  satis- 
faction which  comes  with  such  a  pro- 
duct which  no  money  can  pay  for, 
and  for  which  none  is  asked. 

But,  we  must  confess,  the  following 
which  came  just  after  the  above  was 
written,  makes  the  editor  smile,  not 
alone  because  our  work  is  approved 
and  appreciated,  but  because  it  con- 
tained the  "  wherewith  "  which  makes 
for  fat  (but  not  fast)  living,  as  well 
as  for  progress. 

Enclosed  find  a  list  of  ten  names  for  the 
best  penmanship  paper  in  the  world— THE 
Business  Educator— together  with  New 
York  draft  to  cover  price  of  subscriptions. 

The  October  number  just  came,  and  I 
want  to  congratulate  you  on  its  make-up. 
The  articles  are  timely  and  practical,  the 
lessons,  interesting  and  up-to-date,  the 
cover,  seasonable,  and  the  typographical 
appearance,  beautiful  The  idea  of  running 
the  same  cut  in  various  sizes  for  the  differ- 
ent headings  is  a  novel  conception  and  is 
well  worked  up.  These  little  things  all  help 
to  keep  the  maga/.ine  in  the  front  class  and 
are  well  worth  the  trouble  and  expense. 

E.  D.  PENNELL,     . 
Alma  Commercial  College.  Alma,  Mich. 


Cbank  Vou 

We  hereby  acknowledge  the  receipt  of 
the  many  valuable  suggestions,  courteous 
criticisms,  and  sincere  commendations 
concerning  the  character  of  and  contribu- 
tions in  The  Business  Educator.  Each 
and  all  have  been  and  are  still  being  con- 
sidered seriously  by  the  editors,  with  the 
view  of  acting  upon  and  adopting  a^  many 
of  them  as  possible. 

We  feel  better  acquainted  with  you,  and 
assure  you  that  our  aim  shall  be  For  the 
best  possible  in  penmanship  and  business 
education. 

But  let  us  hear  from  you  as  often  as  you 
have  a  suggestion  or  criticism,  and  thereby 
keep  us  in  touch  with  your  needs  and  your 
ideals. 

You  have  far  more  to  do  with  the  making 
of  a  high  grade  journal  than  is  generally 
believed.  Y'our  co-operation  is  therefore 
desired. 

Again  we  thank  vou  for  vour  interest  in 

out   work  and  welfare. 


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Writing,  as  taught  in 
Trom  Good  the  priman  grades, 
to  Bad.  and  whether  by  the  analy- 
Chen  Ulorse  tical,  synthetical,  word, 
sentence  or  sound 
method:  whether  slant,  vertical,  or 
medial  style;  and  whether  with  or 
without  copy-books,  has  resulted  in 
fully  plain,  Legible  writing  at 
the  bands  of  the  pupils  of  nine  and 
ten    ye  Pupils,    as   they 

enter  the  grammar  grades,  write  re- 
markably well  as  concerns  form. 
The  most  that  can  be  said  against 
such  writing  is  that  it  is  laboriously 
produced. 

Follow  these  same  pupils  who  have 
written  so  well  in  the  primary  grades 
as  they  pass  up  through  and  graduate 
from  the  grammar  grades,  and  behold 
they  write  less  well  at  the  age  of  four- 
teen than  at  ten.     The  form  of  their 
writing  is  less  regular,  accurate,  and 
.    and    their    execution,    while 
some  faster,  is  still  cramped  and  ex- 
in    finger   action,  or   if   they 
have  been  drilled  in  movement,  it  is 
ly  and  scarcely  legible, 
follow  these  same  pupils    through 
the   high   school  (the  remaining  few 
who    go    through)  and   their    writing 
5S    and   less    formal    and 
more  and  more  illegible  and  scrawly, 
with    but    little  improvement    in    the 
of  writing.     They  write  poorer 
ami  faster  than  when  they  graduated 
from  the  primary  grade,  but  in  much 
the  same  manner. 

Frequently  the  ones  who  won  prizes 
for  best  penmanship  in  the  grades, 
now  write  poorest.  Michael  used  to 
declare  that  the  discouragement 
which  came  from  the  breaking  up 
and  abandonment  of  the  slow,  linger 
movement,  and  consequently  with 
the  loss  of  the  beautiful,  precise,  sys- 
tematic Style  so  painstakingly  acquir- 
ed and  laboriously  written  or  drawn, 
resulted  in  the  other  extreme  of  reck- 
lessness and  indifference  so  charac- 
teristic of  the  average  high  school 
scrawl. 

And  there  was  some  truth  and  logic 
in    the    argument,  though    the    cause 
'ban  he  and  others  divin- 
ed.    But  we  are  not   pessimists.    We 
are  but  taking  soundings  to  learn  the 
true  condition  and  depth   of  the   dis- 
so  that  the  knife  may  be  sharp- 
to  the  right  length,  "and     good 
writing  rescued  from  further  prolong- 
ed  and  paralyzing  illness. 

The   method   now  most 
Form  and  universally  employed  in 

movement  teaching  writing  in  the 
experiments  public  schools  is  as  fol- 
lows: Form  bv  the 
finger  movement  is  taught  in  the  pri- 
mary grades.  Little  arm  movement 
-1.  except  perhaps  On  some 

ind    upon    the 

blackboard.     Pupils  draw  rati 
write  the  letters  and  enter  th 
mar    grades    with     a     formal,    legible, 
even  accurate,  laborious  handwriting. 
Where    a    supervisor    is    employed, 


movement  is  usually  begun  the  first 
vear  in  the  grammar  grade  (the  fifth 
year  in  school)  with  somewhat  of  a 
vim,  and  sometimes  with  a  vengence. 
Strenuous  training  is  necessary  in 
order  to  break  up  excessive  finger 
movement,  and  vigorous  practice 
upon  exercises  is  required  to  over- 
come slowness  and  cramptness. 

With  the  habits  of  gripping,  ex- 
cessive finger  movement,  and  labori- 
ous slowness  to  overcome  and  break 
up;  with  the  new  muscles  to  train; 
and  with  quickened  mental  and  phys- 
ical impulses  to  stimulate  and  con- 
trol, the  pupil  and  teacher  alike  have 
their  hands  more  than  full. 

Movement  is  easily  taught  and 
created,  but  not  of  the  kind  that  can 
be  used  in  regular  written  work,  and 
as  a  consequence  pupils  plod  along 
with  finger  movement  in  their  lan- 
guage and  other  written  work,  and 
practice  free  movement  only  during 
the  writing  lessons  and  recess. 

Some  few  learn  to  apply  the  arm 
movement,  but  the  majority  fail  utter- 
ly to  do  so.  The  average  pupils'  writ- 
ing is  executed  laboriously  or  scrawl- 
inglv  when  he  enters  the  high  school 
or  goes  out  into  life  work.  This, 
even,  where  expert,  supervisors  are 
employed.  As  a  rule,  the  supervis- 
or's hands  are  tied  by  the  superin- 
tendent's, and  his  are  tied  by  educa- 
tional standards  so  standard  they 
are  fixed  and  sadly  out  of  date. 

The  seriousness  of  the  question  en- 
larges as  one  probes  thoroughly  into 
the  conditions  which  actually  exist  and 
confront  us  upon  every  hand,  if  we 
will  but  look  about  us  with  open  eyes 
and  minds,  and  with  prejudices  and 
prejudgments  at  bay. 

The  foregoing  para- 
Hppeal  to  graph  may  seem  a  little 

Penmen  overdrawn  as  concerns 

the  movement  question 
as  handled  in  the  average  public 
school,  but  we  wish  to  candidly  ask 
our  teachers  of  penmanship  in  busi- 
ness schools  whether  they  notice 
much  if  any  difference  between  the 
writing  of  young  men  and  women  en- 
tering business  schools  from  rural 
districts,  from  graded  schools  with- 
out supervisors  of  writing,  and  from 
schools  where  supervisors  are  em- 
ployed ? 

Is  there  enough  difference  to  attract 
your  attention  ?  Do  you  not  find  it 
necessary  to  instruct  them  all  about 
the  same  ?  And  between  the  city 
supervised  boy,  and  the  uncouth,  un- 
taught country  lad,  would  you  not 
prefer  the  latter? 

By  this  we  do  not  wish  to  lay  the 
blame  where  it  does  not  belong.  The 
average  supervisor  of  writing  endeav- 
ors i  onscientiously  to  instruct  in  the 
most  improved  way,  and  to  earn  his 
salary  month  by  month.  But  as 
before  stated,  his  hands  are  usually 
tied  by  the  superintendent,  who  in 
turn  is' tied  by  traditional  standards, 
as  well  as  by  politics  and  publishers. 

Ri  forms  are  very  frequently  brought 
about  by  persons  somewhat  removed 


from  the  evils  which  need  reforma- 
tion. Let  penmen  in  business  schools 
grasp  the  situation  from  beginning 
to  end,  and  we  believe  reforms  can  be 
brought  about  of  a  nature  which  will 
mean  better  writing  on  the  part  of 
those  who  enter  business  colleges  to 
perfect  their  art  as  well  as  to  acquire 
accounting  and  stenography. 

How  much  better  the  work  of  teach- 
ing writing  in  business  schools  could 
be  carried  on,  and  how  much  fuither 
it  could  be  carried  and  perfected,  if 
the  pupils  entering  brought  with 
them  a  reasonably  legible  and  free 
handwriting  !  Such  we  hope  to  see. 
To  that  end  we  indite  these  articles, 
and  to  that  purpose  we  dedicate  these 
pages.     Let  us  have  your  help. 


Our  mail. 


A  publisher's  mail  is  something 
more  than  the  dollars  it  contains. 
The  real  golden  nuggets  are  found  in 
letters  of  commendation  and  criti- 
cism, the  former  confirming  in  the 
things  well  done,  and  the  latter  point- 
ing the  way  to  betterment. 

"I  hope  we  shall  be  able  to  do 
more  for  you  in  the  clubbing  line  this 
year.  You  have,  by  far,  the  best 
journal  in  the  field.  The  15  cents 
stands  in  the  way  of  some,  but  not 
with  people  who  make  careful  com- 
parison." This  came  from  a  wide- 
awake, high-minded,  commercial 
school  proprietor  in  Nebraska. 

"The  September  number  of  The 
Business  Educator  is  by  far  the 
best  you  have  issued  yet,  and  I  think 
the  wide  scope  of  its  articles  and  its 
high  editorial  tone  have  made  The 
Business  Educator  a  periodical  of 
which  the  business  educators  of 
America  may  well  feel  proud."  This 
came  from  New  York  City  from  a 
penman  and  business  educator  of 
wide  reputation  and  extended  exper- 
ience. 

"  I  thought  your  magazine  was  fine 
years  ago,  but  it  is  far  better  now. 
How  do  you  manage  to  keep  so  far  in 

the  lead  of  all  others  ?     Mr. 

has  charge  of  our  penmanship  and 
will  club  The  Business  Educator." 
This  came  from  a  school  proprietor 
in  Minnesota. 

A  penman  and  commercial  teacher 
of  New  Jersey,  in  one  of  the  largest 
and  most  progressive  schools  in 
America,  says  :  "  Those  new  depart- 
ments you  are  conducting  just  '  Fill 
the  bill  with  me.'  " 

These  are  but  a  few  of  the  many 
congratulatory  letters  recently  re- 
ceived. Space  forbids  more.  .  They 
spur  us  on,  that's  all.  We  have  an 
ideal  not  vet  realized.  Will  you  help 
to  realize  "it  ?  Ideals  of  today  become 
realities  tomorrow. 


iUSINESS  fDUCATOR 
i  E      S         T  L  V  E  R 

i  e  a  t  s  everything 
'etters  Everybody 


Cessons  in  Simple,  Practical  Pen 
Lettering. 

Beginning  in  this  number  we  pre- 
sent the  first  of  a  number  of  lessons 
in  simple,  practical  pen  lettering, 
which  we  hope  to  make  of  interest 
and  profit  to  students  generally,  as 
accountants,  shipping  clerks,  etc., 
find  that  good  lettering  is  sometimes 
as  indispensable  as  good  writing. 


^/Ivc  towiJUtcjj£clu,cciior   & 


Cbc  Report  of       On    another    page  we 
of  nin  J"  present  the  last  report 

of  the  Chairman  of 
the  Committee  of  Nine,  appointed  in 
1901  to  draw  up  a  model  course  of 
study  for  commercial  work  in  our 
public  schools.  It  should  be  under- 
stood that  this  outline  is  merely  a 
tentative  one,  submitted  as  much, 
perhaps,  to  draw  criticism  as  to  offer 
suggestions.  It  is  distinctly  stated 
that  the  resultant  course  of  study  now 
presented  does  not  meet  the  ideas  of 
any  single  member  of  the  Committee. 
We  may  therefore  be  pardoned  for 
suggesting  some  possible  changes 
and  the  reasons  therefor. 

English  is  fundamental  to  any 
course  of  study  in  the  high  school- 
indeed,  in  what  kind  of  school  is  it 
not  a  foundational  subject  ?  It 
should  have  not  less  than  four  per- 
iods each  week  during  the  four  years, 
beginning  with  at  least  a  half  year  of 
thorough  review  on  grammar,  and  fol- 
lowing with  extended  work  in  compo- 
sition and  the  critical  study  of  Eng- 
lish Literature,  not  the  History  of 
English  Literature.  There  is  alto- 
gether too  much  study  about  good 
literature  as  it  is,  instead  of  the  study 
of  the  literature  itself.  It  is  not  clear 
why  the  subject  should  be  allowed 
but  three  periods  in  the  second  year 
and  the  first  half  of  the  third,  and 
permitted  to  drop  out  entirely  in  the 
second  half  of  the  third  year,  unless 
it    be   to  give  the  pupil  a  chance  to 

father  strength  for  the  full  task  of 
ve  periods  each  week  in  the  fifth 
year. 

Bookkeeping  is  applied  mathemat- 
ics, and,  since  practically  all  of  the 
work  in  this  subject  is  given  before 
Advanced  Commercial  Arithmetic  is 
taken  up,  in  the  last  half  of  the  fourth 
year,  there  is,  according  to  the  Out- 
line, but  a  half  year  of  commercial 
arithmetic  on  which  to  base  the 
practical  mathematics  of  what  is  at 
least  a  long  course  in  the  study  of 
accounts  and  business  papers.  We 
should  have  arithmetic  to  extend 
throughout  the  second  year,  though 
four  periods  would  probably  be 
sufficient. 

The  arrangement  of  history  is 
admirable. 

The  modern  languages  and  the 
natural  sciences  might  well  have  been 
made  elective,  in  order  to  provide  a 
somewhat  more  elastic  course,  where, 
if  desired,  more  attention  might  be 
given  to  such  subjects  as  penman- 
ship, spelling,  and  typewriting. 
Every  practical  teacher  of  the  com- 
mercial branches  in  the  high  school 
knows  that  it  is  impossible  to  give  a 
business  appearance  to  the  writing  of 
the  average  school  boy  in  one  year  of 
two  or  three  periods  weekly.  There 
should  be  at  least  two  periods  for 
each  of  the  first  two  years,  and  one 
period  for  each  of  the  last  two  years. 


The  writer  fancies  he  has  been  able 
to  teach  business  penmanship  with 
some  small  degree  of  success,  vet  his 
pupils  are  given  two  periods  each 
week  for  two  years  and  one  period  for 
three  years.  It  is  not  too  much,  even 
though  Mr.  C.  E.  Doner,  an  expert, 
is  now  in  charge  of  the  classes. 

The  arrangement  for  bookkeeping 
and  business  practice  seems  inexpli- 
cable, but  the  Committee,  or  those 
responsible  for  this  plan,  thought  it 
well  to  place  bookkeeping  early  in 
the  course  in  order  to  induce  pupils 
to  enter  the  high  school,  and  so  as  to 
provide  those  who  might  be  compelled 
to  drop  out  in  the  first  or  second 
year,  with  something  that  they  might 
be  able  to  use.  We  believe  the  plana 
faulty  one.  To  offer  a  little  book- 
keeping and  typewritingin  the  earlier 
years,  as  laid  down  in  this  Outline,  is 
to  offer  a  strong  inducement  to  pupils 
to  drop  out  of  the  high  school  at  the 
end  of  the  second  year,  and  go  to  a 
private  commercial  school  to  com- 
plete their  course. 

Now,  the  private  schools  are  doing 
a  splendid  work,  and  we  are  too  thor- 
oughly in  sympathy  with  their  mis-- 
sion  to  cavil  at  anything  that  will 
strengthen  and  popularize  their  voca- 
tion among  the  people,  either  profes- 
sionally or  financially,  but  it  is  the 
business  of  public  school  officials  so 
to  arrange  their  courses  that  the 
training  obtained  shall  be  effective 
and  that;  so  far  as  possible,  pupils 
shall  be  induced  to  remain  to  com- 
plete the  courses  as  outlined.  The 
high  school  commercial  course  that 
does  not  fit  its  competent  pupils  for 
office  work,  without  an  intermediate 
finishing  course  at  a  private  commer- 
cial school,  might  better  re-arrange 
its  course  or  drop  it. 

It  is  an  excellent  plan  to  place 
shorthand  and  typewriting  in  the  last 
two  years  of  the  course— these  strict- 
ly technical  subjects  should  all  be 
reserved,  so  far  as  possible,  for  the 
last  two  years  of  the  course — but  any 
practical  teacher  knows  that  it  is  not 
possible  to  give  a  thorough  prepara- 
tion, to  high  school  pupils,  in  both 
shorthand  and  typewriting  (if  any 
Pitmanic  system  of  shorthand  be 
used]  in  two  school  years,  using  five 
periods  each  week.  Think  of  it! 
Not  making  any  allowance  for  the 
loss  occasioned  by  holidays,  exami- 
nations, visiting  days,  conventions  or 
institutes,  preparations  for  com- 
mencement week,  and  the  other  inter- 
ruptions that  seem  inevitable  to  pub- 
lic school  work,  the  Committee's  Out- 
line allows  eighty  weeks,  four 
hundred  periods  (never  more  than 
forty-five  minutes  long),  about  three 
hundred  actual  hours  ( fully  ten  per 
cent,  should  be  deducted  for  the 
hindrances  already  noted),  from 
seventy-five  to  one  hundred  school 
days  of  the  kind  that  private  com- 
mercial schools  give  to  their  students, 
not  taking  into  consideration  the 
great  amount  of  extra  work  done  by 
private  school  students  out  of  regular 
hours.  What  would  our  friends  of 
the  public  schools  and  colleges  say 
of  the  private  commercial  school  pro- 
prietor that  advertised  to  give  a  com- 
plete course — a  broad  course — in 
shorthand  and  typewriting  in  from 
four  to    five    months  ?     It  is    absurd. 


Each  of  these  subjects  should  have 
as  much  time  as  the  Committee  has 
granted  to  both  of  them. 

Space  fails  us  to  take  up  in  detail 
all  of  the  things  that  we  should  like 
to  criticise,  but  why  should  a  commer- 
cial pupil  be  compelled  to  take 
mechanical  drawing  ?  Why  should 
he  be  compelled  to  take  Geometry, 
either  plane  or  solid  ?  We  have  today 
among  the  brightest  pupils  in  our 
senior  class,  those  who  would  have 
been  dropped  from  the  course  if  their 
staying  in  it  had  depended  on  their 
passing  in  geometry.  As  William 
Hawley  Smith  puts*  it,  "  They  were 
born  short  "  on  that  subject. 

And  when  will  the  carpenters  of 
courses  in  "commerce,"  for  chil- 
dren, quit  inserting  such  pompous 
titles  as  Finance,  Accounting,  Organ- 
ization, and  Auditing;  Study  of  Trade 
Journals,  etc.  ?  There  is  not  one  in  a 
hundred  of  those  who  frame  such 
courses  that  ever  taught  or  practiced 
these  subjects  or  that  has  even  a 
glimmer  of  a  clear-cut,  definite  idea 
how  to  go  about  the  preparation  of 
material  for  such  instruction.  It  is 
worse  than  foolish.  It  is  a  waste  of 
time  that  is  more  precious  than 
rubies. 

We  trust  that  teachers  everywhere 
will  take  so  earnest  an  interest  in  this 
matter  that  they  will  comply  with  the 
request  of  Chairman  Springer,  and 
write  to  him  their  comments  on  the 
course  as  outlined ;  for,  when  this 
report  is  finally  submitted  in  finished 
form,  it  will  bob  up  to  confront  many 
a  dismayed  teacher,  whose  superin- 
tendent or  principal,  though  knowing 
little  or  nothing  about  the  matter, 
will  calmly  point  to  the  authority  with 
which  the  Outline  is  backed  up.'  The 
Committee  wants  your  advice  and 
criticism.  Send  it  now. 
Cbe  The     programs     already 

mcctTiTa  issued  for  the  holiday 
convention  of  the  National 
Commercial  Teachers'  Federation 
indicate  one  of  the  best  conventions 
ever  held  by  this  large  and  influential 
organization.  The  host,  Mr.  C.  M. 
Bartlett,  will  so  far  surpass  all  former 
records  of  hospitality  that  the  next 
candidate  for  the  privilege  of  enter- 
taining the  Federation  may  well  think 
twice  before  framing  his  invitation 
speech.  Complimentary  entertain- 
ments, with  music,  dancing,  and 
refreshments,  thrown  in  ;  and  com- 
plimentary theatre  parties,  with  the 
whole  first  floor  reserved,  are  features 
that  come  in  a  convention-goer's  ex- 
perience only  about  once  in  a  life- 
time, that  is  one  feature  which  every 
one  who  goes  to  Cincinnati  may 
enjoy. 

Loo.j  at  the  views  of  the  spacious 
and  beautiful  new  rooms  in  which 
the  convention  is  to  meet,  read  the 
attractive  program  that  has  been 
prepared;  think  of  the  incomparable 
arrangements  that  have  been  made 
for  social  pleasure ;  reflect  on  the 
professional  advantage  to  be  derived 
from  contact  with  the  leaders  in  the 
profession,  who  will  be  there;  con- 
sider the  financial  advantages  that 
may  accrue  to  you  through  acquain- 
tances formed  and  impressions  made 
while  attending  this  meeting;  bear  in 
mind  the  advantage  of  travel,  and — 
plan  to  be  there  !  ! 


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DEPARTMENT  OF 


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KAV  I.(  Ik'll,  BEVERLY. 


32.  King  Saul's was   so  great 

that    he    stood    head    and    shoulders 
above  the  other  people. 

33.  When  common  law  is  embodied 
in  an  act  of  a  legislative  body,  it  be- 
comes...  law,  and  is  spoken  of  as 


glass   Exercises   in    the    Discriminative 
Use  of  Words 

For  this  work  students  ought  to 
consult  a  good  unabridged  diction- 
ary or  a  reliable  handbook  of 
synonyms.  We  know  of  none  better 
than  "Crabbe's  English  Synonyms," 
published  bv  the  American  Book 
Company.  The  copy  we  use,  was 
bought  for  one  dollar,  nearly  fifteen 
years  ago.  Perhaps  it  can  be  had  for 
less  now.  At  any  rate,  a  copy  of  it 
should  be  in  every  school  where 
English  is  taught,  and,  if  much  writ- 
ing is  done,  it  should  be  given  a 
companion  in  "Roget's  Thesaudrus 
of  English  Words  and  Phrases,"  pub- 
lished by  T.  V.  Crowell  &  Co.,  New 
York,  and  sold,  we  believe,  at  $1.50. 
It  is  a  veritable  gold  mine  for  every 
one  who  has  to  write. 

Ask  your  students  to" fill  the  blanks 

in   the  following  sentences  with    the 

i    form  of  one  of  the  indicated 

To  save  time,  let  them  write 

only  the  number  of  the  sentence  and 

the  word  they  would  insert.     In  class 

they    may    read    the    sentences    from 

The    Educator,  if  they  are  readers 

of  it,  and  insert  orally  the  words  that 

they    have    written    on    their    paper. 

Afterward,  the  teacher  may  take  up 

student's  papers   and,  if   he  desires, 

tin-  written  with  the  printed 

numbers,    observing    how    faithfully 

tlie  student  has  done  his  work. 

Resource,   Recourse 

1.     In  trouble  some  men   have 

to  drink:  some,  to  prayer. 
-'■      I  be   pupil    in  trouble    finds    his 
his  natural 

3.  His  grit  was  his  only 

4.  He  turned  to    his    faithful    pen 

as     his     last     ,    and     his     skill 

brought  him  bread. 

Stimulant,     Stimulus. 
.5.     Whiskey   is  a ;  ambition,  a 


6.  Poverty  is  a to  many   who 

would  be  otherwise  indolent. 

7.  A  nin,  a  cold  plunge,  and  a  rub- 
down  0]  

ept,  Except . 

S.     I  cannot vour  present. 

•'■     " these   abide   in   the  ship, 

unit  be  saved." 

All  may  remain John. 

Bound,  Determined,  Certain. 

11.  When  an   honorable  man  gives 

his    word,   he    feels to    keep    his 

promise. 

12.  1    have    followed  the  right  prin- 
ciple, and    I   am to   get    I 

rect  result. 


13.  You  said  I  might  go,  and  I  am 
to  do  so. 

14.  I  signed  the  contract,  and  so 
I  am  to  carry  out  its  provisions. 

15.  I    am to  reach   the  top  of 

the  ladder  of  success. 

Captivate,  Capture. 

16.  It  is  expected  that  Mary  Ander- 
son     will everybody     with     her 

readings  this  season. 

17.  Aguinaldo  was by  a  ruse. 

18.  Many  a  Union  soldier  was 

bv    Southern    women   and    then 

by  Southern  men. 

19.  Madame  De  Stael every- 
one with  her  inimitable  intellectual 
graces. 

Requisites,  Requirements. 

20.  While  the  politicians  of  Phila- 
delphia make  fealty  to  the  party  one 

of  the to  be  met  by  a  candidate 

for  the  position  of  city  auditor,  the 
position  is  such  that  a  thorough 
knowledge  of  accounts  is  an  indis- 
pensable  

21.  One    of   the of    the     Navy 

Department  and   one    of   the for 

the  commander  of  a  battleship  is 
some  familiarity  with  international 
law. 

22.  Ability   to    read    Spanish    was 

one   of   the    employer's but    the 

young  man  found  that  it  was  not  a 
in  order  to  hold  the  position. 

23.  What  is  demanded  by  the  em- 
ployer  is    a ;    what  is    required 

because  of  the  nature  of  the  work,  in 
a  position  is  a 

24 are  indispensable;  

may  or  may  not  be  necessary. 

25.  A may  be  unrelated  to  the 

subject  of  it;  a is  always  inti- 
mately connected  with  its  subject 
matter. 

Solicitude,  Solicitation. 

26.  Few  of  us  realize  how  often 
President  Roosevelt  has  to  refuse  the 
of  impudent  beggars. 

27.  At      the      earnest of     his 

mother,  the  boy  began  to  lay  care- 
fully sound  foundation  stones  on 
which  to  build  his  character. 

28.  God's for     His     children 

ought  to  arouse  their  love  and  de- 
votion. 

29.  A  nation  yearned  with   tender 

over  the  death-bed  of  President 

McKinley. 

Statue,  Stature,  Statute. 

30.  A    written    law    is    a ;    a 

marble  figure,  a ;  a  man's  height, 

his 

31.  We     saw    the of     General 

Sherman  in  Washington. 


34.  If  the of  Benjamin  Frank- 
lin in  Park  Row,  New  York,  is  of  life 
size,  "Poor  Richard"  must  have 
been  a  man  of  unusual 

Capacity,  Ability. 

35.  Not  every  man  who  has  great 
has  great! 

36 is    the  power   to  take  in; 

the  power  to  do. 

37.  Some  men  would  never  become 
scholarly,  even  though  sent  to  school 
for  a  lifetime,  because  they  have  no 

;  others,  with  whom  Nature  has 

been    prodigal,    never    acquire , 

notwithstanding   their   evident , 

because   they  are   too  lazy   to   apply 
themselves. 

38.  President  Roosevelt's for 

various  kinds  of  knowledge  is  equaled 

only  by  his to  use  it  at  the  right 

time. 

Convince,  Convict. 

39.  We a  man   when  we  make 

him       understand;       we     him 

when    we    prove    him    guilty    of    an 
offence. 

40.  The  evidence the  jury,  and 

the  jury the  prisoner. 

41 implies   guilt;    does 

not. 

Convoked,  Convened. 

42.  Congress  was by  the  Pres- 
ident   November  9th,    and   it on 

that  day. 

43.  Since  their   Chairman the 

meeting,  it   might  have  been  called  a 

;  but  since  the  members  , 

it  might  also  have  been  called  a 

44 means    to    call    together; 

,    to    come    together.     Properly 

used,  convoke  is  transitive;  convene, 
intransitive. 

Discover,  Disclose. 

45.  We that  which  existed  be- 
fore, but  which  was  unknown.  We 
that  which  was  concealed. 

46.  The  thief the  name  of  his 

confederate  to  the  officers. 

47.  Gold  was in  the  Trans- 
vaal, and  the  news  was  soon to 

the  world. 

Infer,  Imply. 

48.  The  reader  or  the  hearer ; 

the  writer  or  the  speaker 

49.  Your  assertion dishonesty 

on  my  part. 

50.  Be  careful  not    to  draw  unfair 

from  the  sayings  or  doings  of 

others. 

The  following  sentences  can  be 
justified,  no  matter  with  which  word 
they  may  be  used.  Ask  your  pupils 
to  invent  conditions  to  justify  the 
correctness  of  the  sentences,  using 
first  one  word,  then  the  other  : 

1.  They  looked  at  the  ballot-ballet. 

2.  He  lost  the  ballot-ballad. 

3.  They  foundthe sunken  boy-buoy. 

4.  Did  you  find  the  bra?i-brand  on 
the  horse? 

5.  We  brought  her  a  carol-rot-al 
for  a  present. 

ti.  It  was  plain  to  see  that  there 
was  great  dtfference-defererce  among 
them. 


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iS^Scsat 


DEPARTMENT    OF 

Commercial    (Seograpfyy 

Frank  O.  Carpenter. 

The   Editor  of  this    Dvpttrtmeiit    mar/  l>r  adtlrt-Hsrd  directly  at    tlie 
Enuii.-h    lliall    Sr),...l.  B,..l»»,  1)m.«..  I.»i  ,:oiiiiiiini,;itinus   requiring  a 


maps,  Charts,  €le.  -~ 

The  first  need  in  the  teaching  of 
the  science  of  Commerce  and  Indus- 
try is  a  collection  of  specimens  as 
described  in  the  November  number 
of  The  Business  Educator.  Next, 
however,  comes  the  need  of  maps 
and  charts  of  various  kinds,  because 
just  as  soon  as  the  pupil  has  studied 
some  commercial  staple,  its  produc- 
tion, manufacture  and  distribution— 
or  rather  at  the  same  time,  he  should 
see  upon  the  map  where  the  staple 
is  produced,  where  it  is  manufac- 
tured, and  by  what  routes  by  sea  and 
land  it  is  carried  to  the  distant  con- 
sumer. 

In  this  way  he  gets  the  picture  in 
his  mind  of  the  subject,  from  begin- 
ning to  end,  and  when  he  takes  up, 
later  in  the  year,  the  subject  of  Com- 
mercial Geography,  he  is  able  to 
understand  the  great  struggle  which 
the  nations  of  the  world  make  for 
the  control  of  the  world's  markets, 
or  for  the  carrying  trade  on  the  seas. 

The  aids  properly  classified  under 
the  title  "  maps  "  are  of  five  kinds  : 

1.  Maps,  as  usually  understood, 
of  large  size,  as  wall  maps,  or  in 
sheets  for  class  use. 

2.  Outline  maps  for  recitation  and 
examination. 

3.  Atlases  and  geography  books 
with  their  small  maps  for  individual 
use. 

4.  Charts  and  diagrams  to  show 
productions,  movements  of  trade, 
transportation,  routes,  etc. 

5.  Globes  and  relief  maps. 

1.      MAPS 

For  pupils  in  the  United  States 
two  wall  maps  are  absolutely  neces- 
sary and  they  should  be  as  large  as 
can  be  obtained. 

First — A  map  of  the  world  on  one 
sheet.  This  should  be  preferably  a 
map  on  the  Mercator  projection. 
There  is  a  new  map  published  by  the 
J.  L.  Hammett,  Co.,  made  on  what  is 
called  the  "equivalent"  projection, 
which  is  superior  to  the  Mercator  in 
many  respects. 

The  second  map  necessary  is  one 
of  the  United  States,  also  as  large  as 
possible.  This  want  can  be  easily 
supplied,  because  the  United  States 
government  issues  a  map  of  the 
country  and  its  colonial  possessions, 
which  for  size,  accuracy  of  informa- 
tion, and  completeness  surpasses 
any  other  general  map  of  the  United 
States  issued  by  any  map  publisher. 
It  is  about  six  feet  high  by  eight  feet 
wide,  mounted  on  cloth  with  wooden 


rollers.  It  shows  the  various  details 
of  the  states  and  territories,  the 
national  parks,  reservations,  etc.  It 
is  worth  many  dollars,  but  only  costs 
eighty  cents  by  mail.  It  can  be  ob- 
tained for  any  school  or  individual 
by  sending  the  eightv  cents  by  money 
order  or  in  cash  (no  stamps)  to  the 
Secretary  of  the  Interior,  Washing- 
ton, D.  C,  and  asking  for  the  wall 
map  of  the  United  States,  drawn  by 
Harry  King,  Engineer,  dated  1895. 
Ask  for  the  last  edition. 

The  editor  cannot  emphasize  too 
strongly  his  opinion  that  schools 
should  at  once  obtain  this  map,  be- 
fore the  edition  shall  become  entirely 
exhausted. 

After  these  two  maps,  which  must 
be  used  for  satisfactory  work,  the 
schools  should  get  wall  maps  of  the 
continental  divisions,  as,  North 
America,  South  America,  Europe, 
Asia,  Africa,  etc. 

The  wall  maps  at  present  on  the 
market  are:  The  Excelsior  Maps 
issued  by  J.  L.  Hammett  Supply  Co., 
which  are  very  good;  Johnston's 
ordinary  wall  maps  and  the  imperial 
size,— these  maps  are  also  issued  in 
outline  form  ;  Stanford's  wall  maps  ; 
Rand-McNally  series.  Prices  of 
these  maps  range  from  $2.50  to  $5.00. 

The  Navy  and  War  Department 
maps  and  charts  are  next  in  value 
and  importance,  and,  like  all  other 
scientific  work  of  the  United  States 
government,  are  splendidly  done. 
They  give .  the  harbors  and  coasts, 
not  only  of  the  United  States,  but  of 
the  world.  They  can  be  bought  for 
small  sums  from  the  Hydrographic 
Office  of  the  Navy  Department".  They 
are  printed  on  stout  paper,  which 
could  be  mounted  on  cloth,  and  many 
are  large  enough  for  wall  maps. 

Note— As  wall  maps  unmounted 
are  easily  injured,  it  is  advised  that 
they  be  first  backed  with  cloth  and 
then  mounted  on  ordinary  window 
shade  rollers  which  can  be  fastened 
at  the  top  of  the  blackboards,  one 
above  another,  and  rolled  up  when 
not  in  use  and  so  kept  free  from  dust 
and  injury. 

2.      OUTLINE    MAPS 

Outline  wall  maps  of  the  world  and 
of  the  United  States  are  of  great 
value.  They  should  be  outlined  in 
white  on  a  black  surface,  and  this 
surface  should  be  such  that  it  can 
be  drawn  on  with  chalk  and  easily 
erased. 

There  is  no  way  of  testing  the 
pupil's  knowledge  of  areas  and  local- 
ities of  production  and   manufacture 


so  quickly  or  surely  as  to  send  him 
to  the  board  to  draw  upon  the  out- 
line map  the  great  wheat  fields,  the 
cotton  states,  the  great  trade  routes, 
etc. 

D.  C.  Heath  &  Co.  issues  a  large 
wall  map  of  the  United  States  drawn 
on  manila  paper,  which  is  of  excep- 
tional value,  and  most  of  the  map 
publishers  issue  outline  maps,  wall 
size,  and  in  smaller  size  for  individ- 
ual use.  There  are  three  kinds  of 
small  outline  or  development  maps  : 
The  McKinley  maps,  the  Morse  Co. 
maps  and  the  D.  C.  Heath  &  Co. 
maps,  all  quite  good. 

If  a  blackboard  can  be  spared  the 
outline  of  the  United  States  or  the 
world  could  be  drawn  on  it  with 
white  paint,  and  is  then  ready  for 
use  at  any  time. 

The  outline  maps  should  be  used 
as  follows :  Each  pupil  should  be 
given  an  outline  map  of  the  world 
and  of  the  United  States. 

As  he  studies  the  production  of  the 
great  commercial  staples,  as  wheat, 
he  should  shade  upon  the  map  of  the 
world  the  countries  where  wheat  is 
produced  and  used,  indicate  the  great 
wheat  shipping  ports,  inland  and  on 
the  sea  coast,  and  the  trade  routes 
by  land  and  water  by  which  wheat  is 
transported. 

On  the  map  of  the  United  States 
the  boy  should  shade  the  regions  or 
states  which  produce  the  largest 
quantity  of  wheat,  in  both  the  spring 
and  winter  varieties.  In  the  same 
way  the  other  cereals  should  be 
shown. 

As  a  guide  and  copy  the  teacher 
should  have  wall  maps  colored  to 
show  areas  of  wheat  production,  etc. 
These  must  be  colored  by  the  teacher 
himself,  for  there  are  no  satisfactory 
wall  maps  on  the  market  which  show 
areas  of  production,  etc.,  from  which 
the  pupil  can  copy  on  his  own 
smaller  outline  blanks. 

If  a  boy  can  go  to  the  board  and 
draw  the  areas  of  wheat  or  corn  or 
cotton  he  knows  his  lesson,  and  later 
when  he  takes  up  commercial  geogra- 
phy in  its  comparative  view  of  the 
nations  and  their  productions,  these 
staples  are  to  him  real  things  with 
which  he  is  familiar. 

3.      ATLASES,     ETC. 

Each  school  should  have,  if  possi- 
ble, a  good  atlas.  These  are  rather 
expensive,  and  the  grammar  school 
geographies  can  be  used  in  place  of 
them  in  many  cases.  There  are  few 
commercial  atlases  of  any  value. 
Bartholomew's  Commercial  Atlas, 
published  by  MacMillan  &  Co.,  is  the 
best  issued  in  English.  Scobel's- 
Handel's  atlas,  1902,  is  complete,  and 
of  great  value  to  all  who  can  read 
German.  Every  teacher  of  commer- 
cial geography  should  get  the  book 
($2.00),  because  there  is  a  large 
amount  of  information  shown  in  a 
most  vivid  way,  which  can  easily  be 
copied  upon  the  pupils'  outline  map. 

There  is  a  method  of  making  com- 
mercial maps  when  the  outline  maps 
can  not  be  conveniently  obtained. 
The  editor  used  it  last  year  with  good 
results.     It  is  as  follows  : 

In  large  cities,  it  is  possible  to 
obtain  at  the  railroad  offices  or  at  the 
hotels    enough    railroad     folders    to 


dhe©ubirv^£eUfc&cfctor  & 


supply   a   class.      These  folders    will 

give  a  map  of    the  United  States  of 

considerable     size,    sometimes    18x34 

which  is  correct  usually  in  its 

detail  except  for  the  great  black  line 

indicating  the  route  of  the  particular 

hat  issues  the  folder. 

When  these  folders  can  be  obtained 

the  pupil  should  be  directed  to  draw 

upon    the    map    in    pencil  or  ink  the 

main  trunk  lines  of  railroads  crossing 

the  United  States  from  East  to  West, 

and    from    Xorth    to    South,    and    to 

shade  the  areas  of  wheat  or  cotton  or 

t(  .     Each  live  teacher  will  find 

other  profitable  ways  of  using  these 

So  far  as  possible  a  complete  series 
of  these  railroad  folders  should  be 
kept  on  tile. 

As  has  been  said  a  series  of  wall 
of  large  size  which  were  suita- 
bly colored  to  show  areas  of  cereals, 
cotton,  etc.,  would  be  of  great  value, 
but  i  here  are  none  to  be  had  so  far  as 
the  editor  has  been  able  to  find. 

The  teacher  may,  however,  get  some 
of  considerable  size  of  the 
United  States,  such  as  those  sent  by- 
Mr.  Eustis,  General  Agent  of  the 
Burlington  R.  R.,  for  ten  or  fifteen 
and  can  color  the  maps  for 
themselves. 

This  exercise  will  also  result  in  a 
more  accurate  and  vivid  knowledge 
to  the  teacher  himself  as  to  the  limits 
of  the  areas  of  wheat,  cotton,  etc. 
There  should  be  several  of  these. 
One  for  foods,  wheat,  corn,  oats, 
etc.,  and  the  great  cattle  ranges. 

(  hie  for  textiles,  the  cotton  states, 
and  the  great  sheep  grazing  states. 

( )ne  for  coal,  iron  and  petroleum. 

I  >ne  for  building  materials,  show- 
ing the  forest  areas  and  localities 
where  building  stone  is  quarried. 

One  for  the  metals,  gold,  silver, 
copper,  lead,  tin,  nickel,  etc. 

One  showing  the  trunk  lines  of 
railways  East  and  West,  and  North 
and  South,  with  the  canals  and  navi- 
gable rivers,  and  the  chief  commer- 
cial portsof  the  United  States.  Stencil 
maps  are  of  value.  Large  sizes  are 
not  at  present  on  the  market  but  will 
be  soon,  as  some  are  now  under  con- 
sideration. 

Teachers  can,  for  the  present,  have 
home-made  ones.  TJake  large 
sheets  of  heavy  manila  paper,  or 
light  pasteboard,  draw  the  outlines 
of  the  region  desired,  and  then  cut 
out  the  outlines  by  double  lines  a 
quarter  of  an  inch  wide,  leaving  cross 
bars  every  few  inches.  This  stencil 
placed  against  the  blackboard  and 
gently  tapped  over  the  open  spaces 
with  a  blackboard  eraser  loaded  with 
chalk  will  leave  on  the  blackboard  an 
outline  that  will  be  plain  enough  to 
sIimw  across  the  room,  or  could  in  a 
few  minutes  be  drawn  over. 

Any  teacher  interested  in  these 
stencils  may  send  their  names  and 
addresses  to  the  editor,  who  will 
•hem  on  file  and  inform  them 
when  the  projected  stencils  are  readv 
for  sale. 

4.      CH  \KTS,   DIAGRAMS,  ETC. 

I   of  great  value  in 
training  the  pupil's  mind  to    under- 
pins   of    commerce 
are  the  diagrams  that  show  compara- 
tive   views    of  imports,   productions, 
Hnued  a//  pa 


^rr'^fs 


f^^^ ... 


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DEPARTMENT    OF 


Practical  ZTIatfyematics 

GEORGE    E.  KING, 

Cedar   Rapids  Business  College, 

Cedar  rapids,  Iowa 


" 


Fractions 

If  the  proper  drill  has  been  given 
in  the  fundamental  operations,  and 
especially  in  division,  the  subject  of 
fractions,  although  it  is  usually  con- 
sidered difficult,  will  be  easily"  mas- 
tered. 

The  terms  of  a  fraction  are  the 
numerator  and  denominator.  As 
compared  with  the  terms  in  division, 
the  numerator  of  a  fraction  corre- 
sponds to  the  dividend,  and  the  de- 
nominator corresponds  to  the  divisor. 
The  denominator  of  a  fraction  is 
always  an  abstract  number,  and  shows 
the  number  of  parts  into  which  the 
unit  or  quantity  is  divided.  The  nu- 
merator of  a  fraction  shows  the  num- 
ber  of  parts  taken. 

To  illustrate:  Take  three-fourths 
of  an  apple.  The  denominator  four, 
which  is  placed  below  a  horizontal 
line,  shows  that  the  unit  or  apple  is 
divided  into  four  equal  parts;  and 
the  numerator  three,  which  is  placed 
above  the  denominator,  shows  that 
we  have  taken  three  of  the  four  parts. 
Although  the  denominator  of  a  frac- 
tion indicates  in  an  abstract  way 
simply  the  number  of  parts  into 
which  the  unit  is  divided,  yet,  it  is 
the  denominator  of  the  fraction  which 
gives  us  the  "  key  note  "  to  the  value 
of  the  parts  taken,  as  indicated  by 
the  numerator.  In  fact,  the  word 
"denominate"  meaning  to  name,  in- 
dicates that  the  denominator  names 
the  parts  taken,  just  as  the  word 
"lemons"  indicates  the  value  of  the 
three  in  the  expression  three  lemons, 
so  the  denominator  in  the  fraction, 
three-fourths  gives  the  idea  of  the 
value  of  the  three  fractional  units,  or 
parts  taken,  as  is  indicated  by  the 
numerator  of  the  fraction.  If  an 
apple  is  divided  into  three  equal 
parts,  one  of  the  parts  is  equal  to 
one-third  ;  two  of  the  parts  are  equal 
to  two-thirds.  If  into  four  equal 
parts,  one  of  the  parts  is  equal  to 
one-fourth.  Now  show  that  the  fewer 
the  parts  into  which  a  unit  is  divided, 
the  larger  will  be  each  part. 

Take  an  apple.  If  divided  into  two 
parts,  each  part  will  be  larger  than 
it  would  be  if  the  apple  were  divided 
into  four  equal  parts.  This  can 
clearly  be  shown  by  drawing  a  line 
upon  the  blackboard  and  separating 
it  into  two  equal  parts,  and  then, 
beneath  it,  place  another  line  of  the 
same  length  and  separate  it  into  four 
equal  parts.  Then,  by  comparison, 
show  that  it  takes  two-fourths  to 
make  one-half,  or  that  one-fourth  of 
the   line   is   only  half  as  long  as  one- 


half  of  the  line,  and  thus  arises  the 
general  principle  that,  increasing  the 
denominator  of  a  fraction  decreases 
the  value  of  the  fraction,  because  it 
increases  the  number  of  parts  into 
which  the  unit  or  quantity  is  divided, 
thereby  diminishing  the  size  of  the 
parts ;  but,  since  this  increase  of  the 
denominator  of  a  fraction  is  usually 
accomplished  by  multiplication,  and 
not  merely  by  miscellaneous  addi- 
tions to  the  denominator,  it  is  better 
to  say  that  multiplying  the  denomi- 
nator of  a  fraction  by  any  number 
divides  the  value  of  the  fraction  by 
that  number. 

PRINCIPLES       GOVERNING       FRACTIONS. 

At  this  time  I  should  introduce  the 
six  principles  in  fractions  as  follows  : 

1.  Multiplying  the  numerator  of  a 
fraction  by  any  number  multiplies 
the  value  of  the  fraction  by  that 
number. 

2.  Multiplying  the  denominator  of 
a  fraction  by  any  number  divides  the 
value  of  the  fraction  by  that  number. 

3.  Multiplying  both  numerator  and 
denominator'  of  a  fraction  by  the 
same  number  does  not  change  the 
value  of  the  fraction. 

4.  Dividing  the  numerator  of  a 
fraction  by  any  number  divides  the 
value  of  the  fraction.by  that  number. 

5.  Dividing  the  denominator  of  a 
fraction  by  any  number  multiplies 
the  value  of  the  fraction  by  that 
number. 

6.  Dividing  both  numerator  and  de- 
nominator of  a  fraction  byT  the  same 
number  does  not  change  the  value  of 
the  fraction. 

CLASS     TESTS. 

It  has  been  my  experience  that,  at 
least  nine  out  of  ten  pupils  who  come 
to  us  from  the  high  schools,  and  even 
from  the  colleges,  do  not  fully  under- 
stand these  six  principles.  I  think, 
however,  that  this  is  not  the  fault  of 
the  pupils  themselves,  but  rather  of 
the  teachers,  and,  in  some  instances, 
of  the  text-books  used.  Ask  the 
members  of  the  class,  as  a  test,  this 
question:  Multiplying  the  numerator 
of  a  fraction  by  any  number  produces 
what  effect  upon  the  value  of  the 
fraction  ?  I  think  you  will  find  that 
the  majority  of  the  pupils  will  say 
that  it  increases  the  value  of  the 
fraction.  Or,  ask  them  this  question: 
Multiplying  the  denominator  of  a 
fraction  by  any  number  produces 
what  effect  upon  the  value  of  the 
fraction  ?  I  think  you  will  find  that 
the  majority  of  the  class  will  say  that 
it  decreases  the  value  of  the  fraction. 
Now  this    is    not    always    true.     The 


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reverse  is  true  sometimes.  Their 
answers  would  be  correct  if  the  mul- 
tiplier were  greater  than  one. 

To  illustrate:  Take  the  fraction  „i:- 
and  multiply  the  numerator  (i  by  the 
number  ',  and  it  will  give  you  for  the 
result,  2V  In  this  instance,  you 
notice  that,  instead  of  increasing  the 
value  of  the  fraction,  we  have  de- 
creased its  value.  Again,  take  the 
same  fraction,  ,'v,  and  multiply  the  de- 
nominator by  !,  giving  you,  for  a  new 
fraction,  |,  and  here  again,  instead  of 
decreasing  the  value  of  the  fraction, 
we  have  increased  its  value.  But  we 
have  divided  the  value  of  the  fraction 
by  '-, .  You  will  note  that  in  the  six 
principles,  as  I  have  stated  them,  I 
have  not  used  the  words  "increase" 
or  "  decrease,"  but  instead  have  used 
"multiplying"  and  "dividing." 

TEACH       LOGICALLY,      XOT      MECHANIC- 
ALLY. 

In  taking  up  these  fundamental 
operations  of  Addition,  Subtraction, 
Multiplication,  and  Division  of  frac- 
tions, give  special  reasons  for  the 
way  in  which  the  operations  are  per- 
formed. In  Addition,  the  question 
may  arise.  Why  should  fractions  be 
reduced  to  a  common  denominator? 
The  answer  is  simply  this,  that  we 
cannot  add  unlike  numbers,  and  the 
denominator  gives  us  the  names,  as 
it  were,  of  the  parts,  and  we  can  no 
more  add  J  and  i  by  simply  adding 
the  numerators  3  and  4  and  calling 
the  result  7  than  we  could  add  3 
apples  to  4  oranges  and  call  _  the  re- 
sult 7.  Therefore,  as  a  preliminary 
to  the  subject  of  Addition  and  Sub- 
traction of  Fractions,  give  special 
drill  in  finding  the  Least  Common 
Multiple  of  two  or  more  numbers. 
If  the  student  understands  how  to 
find  the  Least  Common  Multiple  of 
two  or  more  numbers,  he  will  not 
experience  any  difficulty  in  finding 
the  Least  Common  Denominator  of 
two  or  more  fractions. 

In  subtraction  of  fractions,  the 
fractions  must  be  reduced  to  a  com- 
mon denominator  for  the  reason  that 
we  can  not  subtract  unlike  numbers, 
and  therefore  the  fractions  must  be 
reduced  to  the  same  name  or  denomi- 
nation, and  the  difference  between 
the  numerators  will  be  placed  over 
this  common  denominator. 

THE     "WHY"     OF     MULTIPLICATION    OF 
FRACTIONS. 

Multiplication  of  fractions  is  very 
simple,  and  it  does  not  require  very 
much  time  to  teach  a  pupil  how  to 
multiply  one  fraction  by  another.  To 
multiplv  i  by  },  we  may  say  multiply 
the  numerators  together  for  a  new 
numerator  and  the  denominators 
together  for  a  new  denominator; 
but  the  question  may  arise  in  the 
mind  of  some  inquisitive  pupil,  why 
multiplying  the  numerators  together 
for  a  new  numerator  and  the  de- 
moninators  for  a  new  denominator 
will  multiply  one  fraction  by  another. 
I    think  that  if   the  required   amount 


of  drill  has  been  given  on  the  six 
principles  in  fractions,  the  answer 
to  this  question  can  be  quite  easily 
explained  as  follows :  Take  the 
problem  given,  J  to  be  multiplied  by  |. 
First  multiply  |  by  the  unit  1,  giving 
us  for  a  result  |.  Now  instead  of 
multiplying  directly  by  j,  suppose  for 
the  sake  of  illustration,  we  multiply 
|  by  \.  Since  our  multiplier  here  is  k 
of  a  unit,  the  product  obtained  will, 
therefore,  be  J  of  the  product  obtain- 
ed when  we  multiply  |  by  1,  or  it  will 
simply  be  the  |  divided  by  3.  We 
have  found,  according  to  principle 
number  two,  that  multiplying  the  de- 
nominator of  a  fraction  by  any  num- 
ber divides  the  value  of  the  fraction 
by  that  number,  and  therefore  if  we 
multiply  the  denominator  4,  by  3,  giv- 
ing us  for  a  new  result  ,'.,,  we  have 
divided  the  fraction  by  3 ;  or  accord- 
ing to  principle  number  four,  that  di- 
viding the  numerator  of  a  fraction  by 
any  number  divides  the  value  of  the 
fraction  by  that  number,  we  may  di- 
vide the  numerator  of  the  fraction  i 
bv  the  3  in  the  fraction  .'  which  will 
give  us  for  our  result  the  numerator 
1  and  denominator4,  or  ', .  Xow,  since 
our  multiplier  is  not  §,  but  is  -,  which 
is  just  twice  the  A,  the  product  will  be 
twice  the  product  obtained  when  we 
multiply  by  \.  And  now  to  multiply 
a  fraction  by  any  number,  we  may, 
according  to  principle  number  one, 
either  multiply  the  numerator  of  the 
fraction,  or  according  to  principle 
number  five,  divide  the  denominator 
of  the  fraction,  giving  us  for  the  re- 
sult two  times  the  i,  (the  result 
obtained  when  we  multiplied  \  by  i) 
or  |,  which  reduced  to  lower  terms 
equals  h.  By  the  same  process  of 
reasoning,  it  can  easily  be  shown 
why  it  is  that  in  division  of  frac- 
tions we  invert  the  divisor  and  pro- 
ceed as  in  multiplication  of  fractions. 

SOME  HARD  PROBLEMS  REASONED  OUT, 

If  A  can  do  a  piece  of  work  in  ',  of 
a  day,  and  B  can  do  the  same  piece 
of  work  in  |  of  a  day,  how  long  would 
it  take  A  and  B  working  together  to 
do  the  work  ? 

Although  this  appears  at  first  to  be 
a  very  easy  problem,  and  in  fact,  it 
is  an  easy  problem,  if  approached 
from  the  right  direction,  yet  to  a  great 
many  it  is  quite  a  difficult  problem. 
In  explaining  this  and  similar  prob- 
lems, we  should  reason  to  unity  and 
from  unity  to  the  required  result. 
Since,  in  this  problem,  the  question 
is  :  How  long  will  it  take  both  to  do 
the  work,  working  together?  Let  us 
assume,  as  a  starting  point,  that 
these  men  work  for  one  day,  and 
that  we  ask  this  question  :  If  A  can 
do  a  piece  of  work  in  ',  of  a  day,  or, 
let  us  suppose  that  he  can  husk  one 
row  of  corn  in  \  of  a  day,  how  many 
rows  can  he  husk  in  one  day?  The 
answer  is,  that  he  can  husk  as  many 
rows  of  corn  in  one  day,  as  |  is  con- 
tained times  in  one,  or  four  rows  in 
one  day. 


If  B  can  husk  a  row  of  corn  in  \  of 
a  day,  he  can  husk  as  many  rows  in 
one  day  as  J  is  contained  times  in 
one,  or  three  rows  ;  hence  B  can  husk 
three  rows  of  corn  in  one  day.  Xow 
if  A  can  husk  four  rows  of  corn  in 
one  day  and  B  can  husk  three  rows 
of  corn' in  one  day,  both  together  can 
husk  the  sum  of  four  rows  and  three 
rows  of  corn  in  one  day,  or  seven  rows. 
If  A  and  B,  working  together,  can 
husk  seven  rows  of  corn  in  one  day, 
it  will  take  them  as  many  days  to 
husk  one  row  of  corn  as  seven  rows  is 
contained  times  in  one  row,  or  ]  of  a 
day. 

Also  take  the  following  problem : 
A  can  do  a  piece  of  work  in  five  days, 
and  B  can  do  the  same  piece  of  work 
in  four  days,  how  long  will  it  take 
both  of  them,  working  together,  to  do 
the  piece  of  work?  Here  again,  let 
us  find  out  how  much  of  the  work 
each  can  do  in  one  day,  the  same  as 
in  the  preceding  problem.  Xow,  sup- 
pose for  the  sake  of  illustration,  we 
assume  that  this  piece  of  work  is  dig- 
ging a  row  of  potatoes.  If  A  can  dig 
one  row  of  potatoes  in  five  days,  in 
one  day  he  can  dig  as  many  rows  of 
potatoes  as  five  is  contained  in  one 
or  !,  of  a  row  in  one  day.  If  B  can 
dig  a  row  of  potatoes  in  four  days,  in 
one  day  he  can  dig  as  many  rows  as 
four  is  contained  in  one,  or  |  of  a  row 
in  one  day.  Now  if  A  can  dig  \  of  a 
row  in  one  day  and  B  can  dig  j  of  a 
row  in  one  day,  both  together  can  dig 
the  sum  of  J  of  a  row  and  \  of  a  row 
or  £,  of  a  row  in  one  day.  If  both 
together  can  dig  f5  of  a'row  in  one 
day  it  will  take  them  as  many  days  to 
dig  one  row  as  j90  is  contained  times 
in  one,  or  2|  days. 

MISCELLANEOUS    PROBLEMS    FOR  CLASS 
DRILL. 

If  A  can  do  a  piece  of  work  in  J  of 
a  day,  B  can  do  the  same  piece  of 
work  in  \  of  a  day,  and  A,  B,  and  C 
can  do  the  work  in  Js  of  a  day,  how 
long  will  it  take  C,  working  alone,  to 
do  the  work  ?  How  long  will  it  take 
A  and  C,  working  together,  to  do  it? 
How  long  will  it  take  B  and  C  to  do 
it? 

If  A  can  do  a  certain  piece  of  work 
in  |  of  a  day  and  B  can  do  the  same 
piece  of  work  in  U  days,  how  long  will 
it  take  both,  working  together,  to  do 
two  such  pieces  of  work  ? 

If  A,  B,  and  C  can  do  a  certain 
piece  of  work  in  £  of  a  day,  and  A 
and  B,  working  together,  can  do  the 
work  in  i,  of  a  day,  how  long  will  it 
take  C,  working  alone,  to  do  the  work  ? 

A  can  do  a  certain  piece  of  work  in 
three  days,  B  can  do  the  same  piece 
in  four  days,  and  C  can  do  the  same 
piece  of  work  in  six  days  ;  how  long 
would  it  take  A,  B,  and  C  working 
together,  to  do  the  work  ?  How  long 
would  it  take  A  and  C  working 
together  to  do  the  work?  How  long 
will  it  take  B  and  C  working  together  ? 
And  how  long  would  it  take  A  and  B 
to  do  the  work  ? 


r^hef3u,yuw^£d^oa*tor  ^ 


-*rr~^7\ 


DEPARTMENT  OF 


Commercial  £atp. 

J.    C.    BARBER, 

Bryant  &  Stratton  business  College, 
Providence,  R.  I. 


mistake. 

<  >ne  or  both  of  the  parties  intending 
;  into  a  contract,  may  be  mis- 
taken as  to  the  law  or  as  to  some  fact 
erning  the  agreement. 

MISTAKE    OF    LAW. 

In  general,  it  is  no  excuse  for  one 
that  Be  did  not  know  enough  about 
the  law  of  his  own  State  to  under- 
stand the  legal  consequences  of  his 
agreement.  Where  one  has  paid 
money,    acting  under   the   false   im- 

Eion  that  he  could  be  compelled 
v  law  to  do  so,  he  cannot,  generally, 
recover  what  he  has  paid.  But  where 
one  party,  who  is  familiar  with  the 
law,  gives  another,  who  is  illiterate 
and  ignorant,  a  false  impression  as 
to  the  legal  effect  of  his  agreement 
5  a  result,  the  second  party  acts 
under  a  mistake  of  law,  a  court  of 
equity  would  be  likely  to  set  aside 
mtract.  Although  a  mistake  in  ' 
the  use  of  technical  terms  employed 
in  drawing  up  such  formal  mstru- 
as  deeds,  etc.,  is  a  mistake  of 
law,  vet  courts  of  equity  usually  re- 
form such  instruments  to  conform  to 
the  intention  of  the  parties.  Where 
a  deed  reads,  "  to  B  and  his  bodily 
heirs,"  when  the  intention  is  to  con- 
vey an  estate  in  fee  simp/t,  it  will  gen- 
erally be  reformed  to  read,  "  to  Band 
his  heirs,"  so  as  to  give  the  legal 
effect  which  the  parties  intended. 
Some  courts  refuse  to  grant  relief 
where  "the  words  are  written  as  the 
parties  intended  they  should  be  writ- 
ten or  supposed  they  were  written,  no 
matter  how  much  tlie  parties  may  be 
mistaken  in  the  meaning  of  those 
words.''  A  mistake  as  to  ownership 
is  considered  a  mistake  of  fact,  not- 
withstanding that  the  fact  of  owner- 
ship must  be  determined  by  law.  A 
mistake  in  regard  to  the  law  of  a  for- 
eign State  is  also  regarded  as  a  mis- 
i  fact.  In  this  respect  the  diff- 
ent  states  of  the  union  are  foreign  to 
one  another. 

MISTAKE   OF   FACT. 

When  there  is  a  mistake  as  to  facts 
ning  an  agreement,  where  the 
mistake  has  any  effect  at  all,  it  will 
render  the  contract  void. 

.  /  Mistake  as  to  the  Character  of  the 
'■cut  may  make  the  contract 
void,  if  the  mistake  is  caused  bv  an- 
other, and  the  mistaken  party  can 
Show  that  he  was  not  negligent.  A, 
who  is  illiterate  and  cannot  read  for 
himself,  is  li  a  bill  of  ex- 

change, by  I'.'s  telling  him  that  he  is 
signing  a  guaranty.  Can  a  third  per- 
son who  is  a   bona   fide  purchaser  of 


the  bill,  hold  A  as  indorser?  In  such 
a  case  the  jury  found  that,  under  the 
circumstances,  A  was  not  guilty  of 
negligence,  and  the  court  decided 
that  the  indorsement  was  void  on  the 
ground  that  "A's  mind  did  not 
accompany  his  signature."  It  is  no 
defense  against  the  bill  in  the  hands 
of  a  bona  fide  purchaser,  that  A's  sig- 
nature was  procured  by  fraud  or  mis- 
representation. A  must  show  that  he 
acted  under  a  mistake  and  under  such 
circumstances  that  the  writing  over 
his  signature  is  not  his  contract.  In 
order  to  do  so  he  must  show  that  he 
was  not  negligent.  The  above  illustra- 
tion is  drawn  from  a  leading  English 
case,  but  the  principle  involved  seems 
to  be  supported  by  a  majority  of  our 
courts.  Where  one  who  is  able  to 
read,  signs  a  contract  without  read- 
ing it,  relying  on  the  false  represen- 
tation of  another,  he  can  avoid  it  only 
on  the  ground  of  fraud.  Such  a  de- 
fense is  available  only  between  the 
immediate  parties  to  the  contract. 
In  the  absence  of  fraud,  it  is  no  de- 
fense against  any  one,  that  the  party 
signing  did  not  know  what  the  con- 
tract contained,  or  that  he  did  not 
take  the  pains  to  ascertain  the  legal 
effect  of  its  contents. 

A  Mistake  as  to  the  Person  with 
\\  'horn  the  Deal  is  Made  usually  renders 
the  contract  void.  Of  course  this 
would  be  the  case  only  where  one  had 
undertaken  to  deal  with  some  definite 
party,  and  it  does  not  apply  where 
offers  are  made  to  the  public  gener- 
ally. Where  A  had  sold  out  his  busi- 
ness to  B,  and  C,  not  knowing  that 
the  business  had  changed  hands,  sent 
A  an  order  for  goods,  which  order  B 
filled,  not  notifying  C  of  the  change, 
it  was  held  that  B  could  not  recover 
the  price  of  the  goods.  A  had  bought 
ice  from  B,  and  becoming  dissatisfied 
had  stopped  taking  ice  of  him  and 
contracted  with  C  for  ice.  C  after- 
ward sold  out  to  B  who  from  that 
time  on  supplied  A  with  ice,  A  suppos- 
ing that  he  was  dealing  with  C.  B 
was  not  allowed  to  recover  the  price 
of  the  ice.  At  the  trial  it  was  said 
"  A  person  has  a  right  to  select  and 
determine  with  whom  he  will  contract 
and  cannot  have  another  person 
thrust  upon  him  withouthisconsent." 

Mistake  as  to  the  Existence  of  the 
Subject  Matter.  Where,  unknown  to 
the  parties,  the  subject  matter  of  the 
contract  is  not  in  existence^  at  the 
time  of  making  the  agreement,  the 
contract  is  void  on  the  ground  of  mis- 
take. A  contracts  with  B  for  the  sale 
of  a  certain  horse.  Unknown  to  the 
parties  the  horse  is  dead  at  the  mo- 


ment of  making  the  agreement. 
There  is  no  contract.  Where  one 
agrees  to  sell  goods  which,  at  the 
time  of  the  agreement,  but  unknown 
to  him,  have  already  been  disposed  of 
by  his  agent,  as  a  matter  of  necessity 
to  keep  them  from  perishing  on  his 
hands,  the  agreement  is  void.  The 
above  should  not  be  confused  with 
cases  where  the  parties  have  con- 
tracted to  take  the  risk  with  regard 
to  something  which  both  understand 
to  be  doubtful. 

Mistake  as  to  the  Identity  of  the 
Subject  Matter.  Where  A  offers  to 
sell  B  his  gray  horse  for  a  certain 
sum  and  B  agrees  to  take  the  horse 
at  that  price,  if  it  turns  out  that  A 
had  two  gray  horses  and  he  had  in 
mind  one  while  B  had  in  mind  the 
other,  there  is  no  contract.  On 
account  of  the  mutual  mistake,  the 
minds  of  the  parties  do  not  meet. 
Where  a  party  agreed  to  buy  a  cargo 
of  cotton  to  arrive  on  the  ship  "  Peer- 
less," and  the  buyer  had  in  mind  one 
vessel  while  the  seller  meant  another 
of  the  same  name  which  was  to  sail 
at  a  different  date,  it  was  held  there 
was  no  contract. 

Mistake  as  to  the  Quality  and  Char- 
acter of  the  Subject  Matter.  If  the 
seller  alone  is  mistaken  as  to  the 
quality  of  what  he  is  selling,  or  if  the 
buyer  alone  is  mistaken  as  to  the 
quality  of  what  he  is  buying,  neither 
condition  will  render  the  sale  void. 
Probably,  even  a  mutual  mistake  as 
to  quality,  which  affects  the  subject 
matter  materially,  would  not  destroy 
the  validity  of  the  contract  unless  the 
mistake  was  such  as  to  make  the 
thing  contracted  for  essentially  dif- 
ferent in  kind  from  that  which  really 
exists.  Then  the  contract  would  be 
void  for  the  reason  that  the  subject 
matter  which  the  parties  contemplat- 
ed, did  not  in  fact  have  an  existence 
at  the  time  of  the  agreement. 

Mistake  as  to  the  Quantity  of  the 
Subji-ct  Matter.  If  the  seller  offers 
and  intends  to  sell  a  certain  specified 
quantity  of  goods,  and  the  buyer, 
misunderstanding  the  offer,  accepts, 
thinking  he  is  bargaining  for  a  differ- 
ent quantity,  there  can  be  no  con- 
tract. The  acceptance  is  not  identical 
with  the  offer.  If  A  offers  B  70  bar- 
rels of  flour  at  a  certain  price  per 
barrel,  and  B,  misunderstanding  the 
offer,  thinks  he  is  buying  7  barrels, 
there  is  no  contract.  The  minds  of 
the  parties  do  not  meet.  Where  a 
contract  has  already  been  made  and 
by  mistake  the  quantity  delivered  is 
greater  or  less  than  that  specified  in 
the  contract,  the  question  is  one  of 
performance  and  does  not  affect  the 
validity  of  the  agreement.  A  mistake 
as  to  price  is  really  a  mistake  as  to 
quantity.  Where  a  party  offered  to 
sell  for  $165.00,  and  the  other  party 
thought  he  said,  $65.00,  it  was  held 
that  there  was  no  contract.  In  this 
case  the  goods  had  been  delivered. 

Mistake  as  to  the  Nature  of  theProm- 
ise.  Known  to  the  Other  Party.  Under 
this  head  should  be  considered  only 
those  cases  where  the  mistake  is  not 
apparent  from  the  terms  of  the  con- 
tract. One  may  be  mistaken  in  his 
own  mind,  as  to  the  quality  or  value 
of  what  he  is  buying,  but  if  the  seller 
does  nothing  to  cause  the  mistake, 
(  Continued  on  page  41.) 


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DEPARTMENT    OF 

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AS  A  PART  OF  THE  COMMERCIAL  COURSE. 

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S.  S.  HOOKLAND 

**—' 

Banks  Business  College,  Philadelphia,  Pa. 

i 


(Continued  from  November  Issue.) 

46.  Form  a  partnership  with  the 
Manager  for  the  purpose  of  continu- 
ing, with  increased  capital,  the  busi- 
ness already  established.  Invest  all 
resources  now  in  the  business,  and 
have  the  firm  assume  all  liabilities. 
The  Manager  will  invest  $7,500  in  cash. 
.Student  is  to  manage  the  business, 
and  receive  a  salary  of  $25  a  week  for 
his  services.  Each  partner  will  be 
permitted  to  withdraw  $15  each  week 
tor  private  use.  Losses  and  gains 
are  to  be  divided  according  to  invest- 
ment. 

47.  Draw  up  Articles  of  Agreement, 
attaching  Bill  of  Sale. 

48.  Make  opening  entry,  showing 
resources  and  liabilities,'  including 
Manager's  investment. 

49.  Transfer  bank  account,  by 
check,  to  firm's  name. 

50.  Write  a  letter  to  each  firm  with 
which  you  have  been  doing  business, 
advising  of  the  formation  of  a  part- 
nership, and,  on  behalf  of  the  firm, 
soliciting  continuance  of  patronage 
for  the  future. 

51.  Submit  statements  of  account, 
requesting  that  they  be  verified,  and 
reported  if  incorrect. 

52.  Withdraw  $300  from  the  bank 
for  the  cash  drawer.  Pay  all  ex- 
penses, freight,  insurance,  etc.,  in 
currency,  keeping  a  supply  of  cash 
continually  on  hand  for  this  purpose. 

53.  Employ  a  stenographer.  Pay 
the  salary,  $8.00,  regularly  at  the  end 
of  each  week. 

54.  Take  out  insurance  on  real 
estate  for  $5,000,  paying  a  premium 
of  2\%. 

55.  Sell  to  "O,"  allowing  a  trade 
discount  of  3%  and  a  cash  discount 
of  1%  for  payment  in  10  days,  net 
amount  paj'able  within  30  days. 

Note.  Hereafter,  goods  sold  should 
be  billed  "3%  off,  l/10-n/30,"  and  all 
goods  bought  should  be  billed  at  "3 
and  2%  off,  l/20-n/30."  To  afford  the 
best  practice,  cash  discount  should 
be  allowed  on  part  payments,  and 
figured  according  to  correct  mathe- 
matical principles. 

56.  Order  of  House  No.  5,  re- 
mitting bank  draft  inpayment  of  one- 
half  of  estimated  cost,  goods  to  be 
shipped  f.  o.  b.  Request  discount  for 
part  payment. 

57.  Discount  a  note  received  from 
"  E  "  in  section  30,  at  the  bank,  con- 
sidering money  worth  5%. 

58.  Sell  to  "U,"  receiving  part 
payment  in  cash. 

59.  Ship  to  House  No.  20,  goods  to 
be  sold  on  commission. 

60.  Sell  to  House  No.  10,  shipping 


goods  by  freight,  C.  O.  D.,  prepaying 
charges,  and  adding  amount  to  bill. 

61.  Solicit  a  consignment  from 
"  D."  When  goods  are  sold,  render 
an  Account  Sales,  charging  commis- 
sion 5%,  insurance  1%,  storage  $15, 
and  drayage  $4.50,  and  giving  check 
for  proceeds. 

62.  Order  of  House,  No.  7,  remit- 
ting in  part  payment  a  bank  draft, 
exchange  1/8%',  goods  to  be  shipped 
C.  O.  D.,  for  the  balance;  freight,  f.  o. 
b. 

63.  Sell  a  small  quantity  of  goods 
to  House  No.  12,  shipping  by  express, 
C.  O.  D.,  charges  unpaid. 

64.  Draw  at  3  days  sight  on  House 
No.  4,  discounting  draft  at  the  bank. 

65.  Leave  your  Pass  Book  at  the 
bank  to  be  balanced. 

66.  The  Manager  wishes  to  with- 
draw $500  from  the  business.  Look 
up  the  Articles  of  Agreement,  and 
carry  out  transaction  in  accordance 
therewith. 

67.  Draw  check  for  each  partner's 
allowance  for  whole  number  of  weeks 
since  formation  of  partnership,  in 
accordance  with  the  agreement. 
Make  such  withdrawal  regularly  at 
the  end  of  each  week.  (Personal 
account.) 

68.  Credit  yourself  for  salary  to 
date.     (Personal  account. ) 

69.  If  clerks' salaries  have  not  been 
paid  regularly  each  week,  draw 
checks  for  amount  to  current  week. 
(Give  checks  to  Manager  when  trans- 
actions cannot  be  carried  out  with 
the  persons  themselves). 

70.  The  firm's  property  has  been 
assessed  at  a  valuation  of  $15,000. 
Pay  taxes  by  Cashier's  check  at  a 
rate  of  $1.85  per  $100. 

71.  Purchase  house  and  lot  at  No. 
1525  Richland  Ave.,  for  residence; 
price $3,500.  Withdraw,  in  accordance 
with  agreement,  $2,500,  and  give  the 
same  in  part  payment  for  the  house 
and  lot.  Make  out  four  equal  prom- 
issory notes  secured  by  mortgage, 
drawing  interest  at  6"0,  for  the  bal- 
ance, running  respectively  10,  20,  30, 
and  60  days.  The  firm  assumes  lia- 
bility for  payment  of  these  notes 
when  due. 

72.  Give  "D"  a  check  for  one-half 
of  the  bill  of  goods  ordered  in  section 
21,  and  a  30-day,  6%'  interest-bearing 
note  for  such  amount  as  that  if 
discounted  today  at  5%,  the  proceeds 
will  cover  the  balance. 

73.  Ship  House  No.  24  goods  to  be 
sold  on  commission,  requesting  that 
proceeds  be  credited,  subject  to  draft. 

74.  Get  your  Pass  Book  from  the 
bank  and  make  a  cash  statement,  also 


make  Bill  Proofs  and  take  aTrial.Bal- 
ance. 

75.  .Sell  to  House  No.  14,  on  regu- 
lar terms,  "dating  ahead"  one 
month. 

76.  Pay  gas  bill  to  date  $34.60 ;  also 
wood  and  coal  bill,  $48. 

77.  Receive  from  "E"  payment 
for  the  balance  of  the  bill  of  goods 
sold  in  section  9,  allowing  a  cash  dis- 
count of  2%  for  immediate  settlement. 

78.  Draw  for  part  of  the  value  of 
goods  shipped  House  No.  24  in  section 
73,  and  leave  the  draft  at  the  bank  for 
collection,  writing  it  "  Three  days 
after  date." 

79.  Receive  a  consignment  from 
•lB,"  to  be  sold  on  joint  account  of 
himself  and  yourselves,  each  one- 
half.  When  goods  are  sold,  render 
an  Account  Sales,  charging  commis- 
sion, 5%  ;  insurance,  1%  ;  storage, 
$18.50  ►  and  drayage  $3.75,  allowing 
for  your  one-half  loss  or  gain,  and 
giving  check  for  proceeds. 

80.  Accommodate  Harold  Huttel 
with  a  loan,  taking  his  30-day,  non-in- 
terest bearing  note  for  such  an  amount 
that,  when  discounted  today  at  the 
bank  at  6%,  the  proceeds  will  equal 
$350.  Take  a  chattel  mortgage  on 
his  piano,  Weber  upright,  23,562,  to 
secure  payment. 

81.  The  Manager  has  decided  to  go 
into  the  business  of  manufacturing 
stoves,  and  desires  to  withdraw  his 
investment.  You  are  agreeable  to 
his  proposition  to  discontinue  part- 
nership, and  consent  to  hand  over  a 
check  for  $5,000  at  once  ;  the  balance 
of  his  share,  per  agreement,  to  be 
settled  for  after  closing  the  books 
and  adjusting  the  accounts.  It  is 
agreed  that  an  allowance  of  5%  shall 
be  made  for  interest  on  tardy  pay- 
ments, claims,  and  possible  bad 
debts,  to  be  computed  on  total  of 
uncollected  notes,  and  balances  of 
accounts  receivable.  All  goods  on 
hand  are  to  be  inventoried  at  cost 
price,  plus  5%  for  handling,  and  the 
value  of  office  furniture  and  fixtures 
on  hand  at  previous  closing  should 
be  estimated  at  10%'  less  than  the 
amount  shown  in  the  previous  inven- 
tory. It  is  also  agreed  that  the  rail- 
way coupon  bonds  shall  be  inventor- 
ied at  85,  yesterday's  quotation  on 
Stock  Exchange. 

82.  Hand  the  Manager  a  check  for 
$5,000,  taking  his  receipt  for  same. 

83.  Send  statements  of  accounts  to 
firms  owing  you,  requesting  that  re- 
mittance be  made  immediately. 

84.  Write  letters  to  firms  which  you 
owe,  and  request  that  they  send  de- 
tailed statements  of  account  to  date. 

85.  Make  an  entry  for  your  salary; 
and  draw  a  check  for  partners'  allow- 
ances to  the  end  of  the  current  week  , 
also  pay  salaries  and  rent,  to  date,  if 
unpaid.  Compute  interest  on  invest- 
ments and  withdrawals  in  accordance 
with  agreement.  (Enter  in  personal 
accounts.) 

86.  Make  Cash  Statement,  Bill 
Proofs,  and  Trial  Balance. 

87.  Make  a  statement  of  Inventory, 
valuing  merchandise,  office  furniture 
and  fixtures,  and  railway  bonds  as 
agreed  ;  items  charged  to  Expense 
Account,  $63;  Real  Estate,  $5,700. 
Compute  inventory  on  insurance; 
also  on  interest  on  notes  receivable 
and   notes   payable,  excepting  notes 


9hiQ  £ivUlrtc^*>  &clt&&ttWr  & 


given    for  house  and  lot  at    No.  1525 
Richland  Ave. 

Make  a  Balance  Sheet,  showing 
sources  of  losses  and  gains,  also 
resources  and  liabilities  (Figures  1 
and  2.) 

s;i.  Close  accounts  showing  losses 
or  gains.  Debit  Loss  and  Gain,  and 
credit     "Reserve    for     Bad     Debts" 


account    for    the    5%'     allowance    on 
accounts  and  notes  receivable. 

90.  Close  each  partner's  personal 
account  into  his  investment  account. 

91.  If.  there  is  not  sufficient  cash, 
give  the  Manager  your  individual 
note,  for  20  days  without  interest,  for 
the  balance  of  his  investment  account. 

92.  Write  an  announcement  of  dis- 


solution of  partnership  to  be  inserted 
in  the  daily  papers  in  accordance 
with  the  requirements  of  law. 

93.  Transfer  the  bank  account,  by 
check,  to  your  own  name,  and  leave 
the  Pass  Book  at  the  bank  to  be  bal- 
anced. 

94.  Pay  all  liabilities,  turn  all 
resources  into  cash,  and  retire  from 
the  business. 


FIGURE  1. 


Statement  of  Losses  and 


Cains,   December  31,    1903. 


Cash  Discount 

Freight 

Gain  on  Merchandise 


on  hand  Nov.  30th 
purchased  during  Dec. 


credit  bal.  deducted 
carried  down  * 


College  Railway  bonds,     cost 

inventory 
Rent.  cost 

Furniture  and  Fixtures,    cost 

inventory 
Expense  cost 

Interest  and  Discount        excess  of  debits 

due  on  Bills  Payable 

due  on  Bills  Receivable 
Reserve  for  Bad  Debts.  5%  onperso'la/cRec. 

■■   ■■  Bills  Rec. 
Salary.  cost 

Shipment  No.  2 
Gain  from  business  carried  down  * 


Manager's  net  gain. 
B.  C.  Student's  net  gain 


890 
1092 

I:. 
75 
90 
25 

1948 

74 

*  972 

1T995 

10 

1982 
34 

930 
920 

194 
184 

20 

78 

83 

9 
98 

4 

243 

103 

12 

*  601 

2 
9 

11 

7 

02 

52 
54 

19 
03 

146 
97 

1 165 

300 
300 
601 

sales  during  Dec. 
on  hand  as  perlnv'try 


Gain  on  Merc'dse  brought  down 
Insurance  rec  on  Consignments 

unexpired 


Commission 

Storage 

Shipment  No.  1 
"  No  4 
"       No.  5 


Gain  from  the  business  brought  down 


13  76 
J540 
20  76 
15  80 


2238 
756 


Statement  of  Resources  and 


FIGURE  2 


Liabilities,   December  31,    1903. 


Cash                                in  bank 

Bills  Receivable                notes  on  hand 

Merchandise                      inventory 

College  Railway  Bonds,    valued  at 

Furniture  and  Fixtures. 

Insurance                           unexpired 

Interest  and  Discount       due  on  Bills  Receiv'ble 

Accounts  Receivable         personal  a/c  debit  bal. 

Shipment  No.  3                valued  at 

Present  Worth                  brought  down 

8430 

1940 

756 

920 

184 

6 

7 

2923 

943 

32 
60 
82 

78 
40 
22 

SO 
50 

Bills  Payable         notes  outstanding 
Interest  and  Discount  due  on  Bills  Payable 
Reserve  for  Bad  Dts.  al'ce  5%  on  a/c  rec 

Bills" 

Accounts  Payable      Person  I  a/c  cr.  bal. 
Firm's  Present  Worth  '■'•' 

Manager                    net  investment 
net  gain 
present  worth 

B.  C,  Student           net  investment 
net  gain 
present  worth 

146 
97 

19 
03 

1490  70 
9  52 

243  22 

1237 

:i13/32 

80 
20 

16113 

4  4 

16113 

4  4 

13132 

20 

6265 
300 

6265 
300 

36 
74 

36 
74 

6566 
6566 

10 

10 

13132 

20 

13132 

20 

*  These  entries  and  all  horizontal  rulings  should  be  made  with  red  ink. 


PiCTOJtIAX  POINTERS.— Assembly  Room  of  Bartlett's  Commercial  College,  Cincinnati,  O.,  where  the  Nati 
imercial  Teachers'  Federation  meetings  will  he  held.    This  magnificient  room  is  nearly  S*J  x  100  feet. 


Cbc    Ulork   of   the  Committee  of 
nine. 

At  the  Boston  meeting  of  the  National 
Educational  Association,  Chairman  D.  W. 
Springer,  of  the  Committee  of  Nine,  made 
the  following  report: 

At  the  Detroit  Meeting  of  this  body,  the 
president-elect  was  authorized  to  appoint  a 
committee,  to  which  was  assigned  the  work 
of  preparing  a  monograph  on  Commercial 
Education  in  the  American  public  schools. 

The  following  committee  was  named: 

Durand  \V.  Springer,  Director  Commercial 
Department,  High  School,  Ann  Arbor,  Mich.; 
William  E.  Doggett,  Assistant  Principal, 
Commercial  High  School.  Brooklyn,  X.  Y. ; 
Clieesman  A.  llerrick,  Director  School  of 
Commerce,  Central  High  School,  Philadel- 
phia, Pa.;  Allan  Davis,  Principal  Business 
High  School,  Washington, D.C.;  LO.Crissy, 
State  Inspector  of  Business  Education, 
Albany,  N.  Y. ;  J.  H.  Francis.  Principal  Com 
mercial  High  School,  Los  Angeles,  Calif.; 
H.  M.  Kowe,  Author  and  Publisher  of  Busi- 
ness Text  Hooks.  Baltimore,  Md.;  E  E. 
Gaylord,  Director  Commercial  Department, 
High  School,  Beverlv,  Mass.,  Associate  Ed- 
itor of  The  Business  Educator,  Colum- 
bus, Ohio;  T.  W.  Bookmeyer,  Principal  San- 
dusky Business  College,  Sandusky,  Ohio. 

The  first  meeting  of  the  Committee  was 
held  in  Philadelphia,  March  27-28,  1902,  the 
only  absentees  being  Messrs.  Bookmeyer 
and  Francis.  During  one  of  the  sessions, 
we  were  favored  with  the  presence  of  Prof. 
Charles  DeGarmo,  of  Cornell,  and  Dean 
Haskins,  of  the  School  of  Commerce,  Ac- 
counts and  Finance,  of  the  University  of 
New  York.  A  discussion  of  the  general 
problems  involved  occupied  our  entire  time, 
it  being  agreed  [that  the  course  of  study 
outlined  should  be  four  years  in'length. 

The  programs  for  the  departmental  meet- 
ings, at  both  Minneapolis  and  Boston,  were 
arranged  with  the  idea  of  assisting  thecom- 
mittee  in  its  work  by  securing,  in  the  dis- 
cussion of  the  formal  papers  presented, the 
opinions  and  experience  of  a  large  number 
of  commercial  teachers. 

In  connection  with  the  Minneapolis  meet- 
ing, the  committee  held  three  sessions,  with 


six  members  present,  and  an  open  confer- 
ence meeting,  attended  by  about  one  hun- 
dred persons.  Each  member  had  drafted  a 
course  which  he  advocated  and  each  course 
was  submitted  to  those  present  for  criticism. 
Much  of  the  time  was  spent  in  discussing 
the  classification  of  the  technical  subjects 
that  should  be  given  in  a  commercialcourse 
and  the  order  of  their  presentation.  The 
following  general  statements  were  agreed 
upon  as  governing  the  committee  in  its 
further  deliberations: 

The  paramount  factor  in  shaping  com- 
mercial courses  in  public  schools  should  be 
the  welfare  of  the  student  who  goes  directly 
from  the  high  school  to  his  life  work.  It  is 
expected,  however,  that  such  courses  will 
provide  a  training  of  such  a  character  as 
will  fit  the  student  completing  them  to  en- 
ter the  schools  of  commerce  and  industry 
now  being  established  by  many  colleges 
and  unis'ersities  as  well  as  other  modern 
courses  in  colleges  and  universities. 

We  believe  that  where  possible  separately 
organized  commercial  schools  are  advis- 
able; but  we  realize  that  in  the  great  ma- 
jority of  places  the  work  must  be  given  in 
regular  public  high  schools  as  one  of  the 
several  courses  thereof. 

Commercial  courses  will  include  many 
subjects  now  taught  in  public  high  schools, 
although  the  methods  of  presentation  in 
some  cases  may  not  be  those  best  adapted 
to  the  needs,  of  the  business  student.  We 
realize  that  in  most  schools  it  will  not  be 
be  possible  to  organize  separate  classes  in 
those  subjects  for  the  commercial  students 
with  methods  especially  modified  to  meet 
their  wants. 

During  the  past  year,  work  has  been  car- 
ried on  by  correspondence  and  this  week 
three  sessions  have  been  held,  attended  by 
members  whose  names  are  signed  to  this 
report.  We  herewith  submit  an  outline  of  a 
four-year  Commercial  High  School  Course. 
It  is  needless  to  say  that  it  does  not  follow 
exactly  the  original  plan  submitted  by  any 
member  of  the  committee.  Neither  is  it  ex- 
pected that  it  will  suit  every  commercial 
teacher  or  public  school  superintendent.  It 
is  hoped  that  it  may  be  of  service  to  all,  in 
that  it  is  suggestive.  Allowances  must  be 
made  for  local  conditions  and  the  personal 
equation. 


FIRST   YEAR. 

FIRST    HALF. 

Recitations 
per  week. 

English 4 

German  or  French  or  Spanish 5 

Algebra 5 

Bookkeeping 3 

Drawing 3 

Penmanship 3 

Total *23 

SECOND  HALF. 

English 4 

Same  Language  Continued 5 

Algebra 5 

General  History  to  800  A.  D 4 

Bookkeeping 3 

Penmanship 2 

Total *23 

"The  suggestions  as  to  the  Dumber  of  recitation  p  Tiods 

are  based  on  the  supposition  that  the  length  of  a  period 

is  4.r»  minutes. 
II  i8SUggest'«l  that  wherever  possible,  periods  be  added 

for  Physical  Culture. 

SECOND  YEAR. 

FIRST   11AI.K. 

History  of  English  Literature;  Comp'n,  3 

Modern  Language  Continued 5 

Commercial  Arithmetic 5 

Study  of  Commercial  Products  or  Local 

History  and  Industries 5 

Bookkeeping 5 

Total 23 

SECOND  HALF. 

History  of  English  Literature;  Commer- 
cial Correspondence 3 

Modern  Language  Continued 5 

English  and  European  History 5 

Commercial  Geography 5 

Typewriting 5 

Total 23 

THIRD    YEAR. 

FIRST    HALF. 

Rhetoric  and  Composition 3 

Political  Economy 5 

Physics  or  Chemistry 5 

Bookkeeping  and  Office  Practice T> 

First   Language  Continued  or    Second 
Modern  Language  or  Shorthand   and 

Typewriting 5 

Total 23 

(Continued  on  page  41.), 


&  h?&  f^tvjlrvc  j  *>  £tlu,*t*  Wr   ^ 


Cbc  Suggested  Scheme  of 
Organization 

The  proposed  American  Institution  of 
Commercial  Schools  has  been  planned  to 
permit  of  the  organization  <•!  the  educa- 
eats  of  all  the  commercial 
schools  of  the  country,  As  provided  in  the 
proposed  articles  of  Incorporation  "the  par- 
ticular objects  Of  the  institution  are  the 
promotion  of  commercial  and  industrial 
ed  neat  ion  and  the  maintaining  of  an  insti- 
tution of  learning  in  all  those  branches  of 
literature,  art  and  science, or  either  of  them, 
that  pertain  to  commerce  and  industry. 

A-  it  effects  the  commercial  schools  di- 
rectly, the  plan  of  the  institution  is  two-fold: 

1st.  1"  provide  courses  of  study  for  the 
training  of  commercial  teachers. 

2nd.    To  offer  a   scheme  of   affiliation  to 

established  commercial  schools. 

The  institution  will  maintain  at  least  two 
courses  of  study:  A  teachers' grad- 
uate course  of  four  years  and  a  post  gradu- 
ate  course  of  four  years,  with  the  privilege 
1  nts  of  pursuing  these  courses  at 
their  homes,  and  receiving  proper  credit 
for  the  work  accomplished,  by  passing  sat- 
isfactory examinations  at  such  times  and 
places  as  shall  be  designated. 

Provisional  and  permanent  teacher's  cer- 
tificates will  be  issued  and  appropriate 
diplomas  will  be  granted  in  the  various 
with  the  purpose  of  establishing 
educational  standards  for  commercial 
teachers'in  all.classes'oT'schools. 


In  the  scheme  of  affiliation  the  institution 
proposes  to  accept  jurisdiction  over  the 
educational  interests  of  all  schools  which 
may  desire  affiliation,  and  which  can  satis- 
fy the  board  of  trustees  that  they  possess 
the  proper  educational  facilities  and  equip- 
ment, and  that  they  will  strictly  adhere 
and  live  up  to  the  requirements  of  the 
institution  governing  courses  of  study, 
qualifications  of  teachers,  conducting  of 
examinations  for  graduates  and  such  other 
rules  and  regulations  as  shall  entitle  them 
to  recognition  of  the  institution  and  to 
association  with  other  schools  affiliated 
with  the  institution. 

The  institution  will  prescribe  the  mini- 
mum course  of  study  in  every  branch  to  be 
maintained  by  affiliated  schools,  which 
will  be  outlined  in  a  syllabus  which  shall 
designate  the  general  subject  matter  of  the 
course  of  study  and  the  requirements  for 
final  examinations  in  the  various  branches 
of  the  curriculum.  The  institution  will 
maintain  definite  standards  in  courses  of 
study  by  conducting  the  final  examination 
of  candidates  for  graduation  in  the  various 
affiliated  schools  through  the  members  of 
the  faculty  or  such  other  qualified  persons 
as  may  be  assigned  to  conduct  these  exam- 
inations. The  certificates  or  diplomas 
issued  to  the  graduates  of  affiliated  schools 
will  be  signed  bv  the  proper  officers  of  the 
school  and  also  by  the  representative  of  the 
institution  conducting  the  examination, 
and  by  the  dean  and  the  president  of  the 
institution  under  the  seal  of  the  institution. 

The    plan    also    provides     that     affiliated 


schools  shall  employ,  as  far  as  possible* 
only  those  teachers  who  hold  a  teacher's 
certificate  issued  by  the  institution. 

The  institution  will  be  thoroughly  organ- 
ized with  proper  officers  and  a  faculty. 
Each  affiliated  school  will  have  direct  rep- 
resentation in  the  institution  through  an 
advisory  council  which  shall  consist  of  one 
member  from  every  affiliated  school.  The 
income  of  the  institution  will  be  derived 
from  membership  fees  and  dues  from  affili- 
ated schools,  tuition  fees  and  endowments. 

From  the  above  brief  outline  of  the  plan 
it  will  be  seen  that  the  jurisdiction  of  the 
institution  extends  only  to  the  educational 
interests  of  affiliated  schools  and  does  not 
interfere  in  any  way  with  the  financial 
management  of  these  schools  as  long  as 
they  are  conducted  honestly  and  on  sound 
business  principles. 

The  effect  of  the  proposed  organization  of 
commercial  schools  on  the  statue  of  com- 
mercial education  in  this  country  must  be 
far  reaching  and  of  vast  importance.  It 
will  standardize  courses  of  study  and  give 
definite  value  to  commercial  training  in 
commercial  schools.  It  will  compel  the 
employment  of  qualified  teachers  and  give 
the  diplomas  issued  to  the  graduates  of 
affiliated  schools  an  authoritative  value. 
It  will  establish  a  conclusive  distinction 
between  standard  schools  and  inferior 
schools,  and  will  thus  enable  prospective 
students  to  select  intelligently  a  school  in 
which  they  know  they  will  receive  proper 
instruction. 

(Continued  on  page  41.) 


PICTORIAX  Pointers.— Advanced  Shortha 
the  Private  Commercial  School  Managers'  Ass< 


and  Typewriting  Ro 
tion  during  the  Fed 


lercial  College.    This  will  be  occupied  by 


PICTORIAL  POINTERS— Primary  Dictation  Correspondence  Room  of  the  Bartlett  Commercial   College.    This   bright,  large,  cheer 
ful  room  will  be  occupied  by  the  National  Penmanship  Teachers'  Association  during  the  holidays. 


First  meeting  of  the  first  High  School 
Commercial  Ceacbers'  Association 

Friday  evening,  November  16,  thirty  or 
forty  persons  met  in  the  large  and  attract- 
ive assembly  hall  of  the  Providence,  (R.  I.) 
Classical  High  School  building,  to  listen  to 
the  address  by  Dr.  W.  H.  P.  Faunce,  which 
will  be  published  in  another  number.  After 
the  conclusion  of  the  lecture,  those  present 
went  across  the  street  to  the  English  High 
School  building,  where  the  large  Evening 
High  School  was  in  session.  The  teachers 
were  much  interested  to  see  one  man  try- 
ing to  teach  bookkeeping  to  seventy-five  or 
eighty  evening  students.  The  man  did  so 
well  that  some  of  our  New  York  friends 
would  be  after  him  if  they  realized  his 
"  saving"  grace. 

Saturday  morning  at  ten  o'clock  probably 
seventy-five  commercial  teachers  gathered 
to  take  part  in  what  proved  to  be  a  very 
interesting  and  profitable  program.  For 
once,  it  appeared  that  a  convention  was 
being  conducted  purely  for  professional 
gain.  There  was  no  exhibit  of  books  or 
typewriters,  though  the  brethren  of  these 
guilds  were  present  by  special  invitation  ; 
and  it  was  voted  not  to  invite  the  publishers 
or  the  typewriter  manufacturers  to  exhibit 
at  these  meetings,  though  of  course  no  bar 
was  put  up  against  their  cordial  representa- 
tives, whose  genial  presence  adds  much  to 
the  pleasure  of  every  commercial  teachers' 
meeting. 

The  only  fault  to  be  Ifound  was  in  regard 
to  the  number  of  subjects  placed  on  the 
program.  It  was  practically  impossible  to 
complete  the  program  as  arranged,  with 
full  discussion,  and  so  some  of  the  subjects 
were  passed  over  too  hurriedly.  The  lead- 
ing papers  on  Comercial  Geography,  by 
Miss  Mary  Killpartrick,  of  Lowell,  Mass.; 
Typewriting,  b}'  Miss  Mary  Kerwin,of  Prov- 


idence ;  Penmanship,  by  M.  D.  Fulton,  of 
Pawtucket,  R.  I.;  and  Bookkeeping,  by 
Geo.  B.  Kingsbury,  of  Hartford,  Conn.,  were 
all  well  prepared,  practical  expositions  of 
the  subjects  they  represented,  and  extend- 
ed discussion  would  have  followed  each 
one  but  for  a  feeling  of  restraint  due  to  the 
insufficient  time  that  had  been  allowed. 

Probably  the  most  interesting  feature  of 
the  meeting  was  the  round-table  discussion 
of  the  course  of  study  prepared  by  the 
Committee  of  Nine.  This  discussion  was 
started  by  a  scholarly  paper  read  by  Mr. 
C.  C.  Ramsay,  formerly  principal  of  the 
Fall  River  High  School,  but  now  treasurer 
of  a  large  concern  in  Boston.  Mr.  Ramsay 
has  for  many  years  been  recognized  as  one 
of  the  foremost  among  New  England's  able 
leaders  in  secondary  education.  He  made 
the  following  points  against  the  published 

F.  E    LAKEY,  President. 


Outline,  after  a  most  interesting  and 
thoughtful  introduction  : 

1.  Based  on  the  usual  New  England  high 
school  program  of  five  periods  daily,  there 
are  too  many  hours  of  work  assigned.  Four 
periods  might  be  assigned  to  those  that 
have  been  allowed  five. 

2.  But  one  year  should  be  given  to  Physics 
and  Chemistry. 

3.  Too  large  a  proportion  of  the  time  is 
given  to  technical  commercial  subjects. 
There  should  not  be  more  than  fifty  per 
cent,  of  the  time  thus  employed. 

4.  Accounting  in  the  fourth  year  should 
be  omitted. 

5.  LetterWriting  and  Commercial  English 
should  be  united. 

6.  Commercial  Geography  and  the  Study 
of  Commercial  Products  should  be  united. 

7.  U.  S.  History  and  Civil  Government 
should  be  united  and  placed  in  the  fourth 
year. 

8.  Political  Economy  should  be  given  in 
the  fourth  year. 

9.  Bookkeeping  should  be  studied  four 
periods  each  week  during  the  first  two 
years,  and  shorthand  and  typewriting 
ought  to  be  left  until  the  last  two  years,  to 
take  advantage  of  the  acquisition  of 
English  and  to  have  the  benefit  of  the 
"weeding  out"  of  incompetents  that  will 
have  been  accomplished. 

The  general  discussion  was  lively,  and 
the  general  sentiment  was  in  favor  of  post- 
poning the  technical  subjects,  as  far  as  pos- 
sible, to  the  last  years  of  the  course.  It 
seemed  to  be  the  common  idea  that  the 
course  as  outlined  would  make  the  high 
school  an  excellent  feeder  for  the  private 
business  school. 

The  next  meeting  will  be  held  next  Octo- 
ber in  New  Haven.  New  officers  were 
elected  as  follows:  President,  F.  E.  Lakey, 
(Continued  on  page  39.) 


*/lvc /itu/uwc^£clu,ou,lcr   & 


KT^1\ 


J^^, 


Q  history  of  penmen,  (Early 

Business  (Education,  anb 

€5ucators  in  Ctmerica. 

liv  A.  H.  H IX  MAX,  Worcester,  Mass. 


7 


BND  OS    niK   BRY  \XT  ,v    STRATTON  CHAIN. 

While  the   Bryant  &   Stratton  chain  was 

unpeting  schools,  there 

was   much  inharmony  within  their  ranks. 

aerally  advertised  course  of  study 

pleted  in  about  three  months,  and 

a  life  scholarship  was  sold   at    from  $;J0.00  to 

rhese  scholarships  were  good  for 
tuition  in  each  link  of  the  chain.  Some  of 
the  schools  tried  to  lengthen  their  courses 
of  atudy,  and  increase  the  prices  of  their 
scholarships.  At  that  time,  in  New  York 
(  ity  and  Philadelphia,  life  scholarships, 
good  in  all  link  schools,  were  being  sold  at 
$75.00,  and  a  student  could  purchase  in 
Trenton  a  scholarship  for  $40.00,  and  take 
the  course  in  Mew  York  or  Philadelphia, 
where  he  paid  no  money.  The  inharmony 
among  the  members  of  the  chain  resulted 
in  their  annual  meetings  diminishing  in 
size,  till  the  last  meeting ih  Baltimore  con- 
sisted of  the  President  and  the  Chairman 
oi  the  Executive  Committee.  There  was  no 
uniform  system  of  teaching  among  the 
chain  schools,  and  many  of  the  schools  of 
ii\  trained  their  bookkeeping  stu- 
dents  with  well  written  manuscript  sets, 
which  were  bound  together  or  pasted  on 
numbered  cardboards.  Between  IS50  and 
1880  it  was  a  custom  among  business  men  to 
take  large  boys  into  their  service  as  appren- 
mnd  by  agreement  be- 
-  and  merchants)  to  build 
fires,  sweep, and   gradually  grow  up  in   the 

-,  and  end  in  their  service  when  of 
age,  with  a  1.  now  ledge  of  the  firm's  book- 
keeping and  a  small  sum  of  money.  It  was 
against  this  apprenticeship  system  that 
lieges,  for  many  years. 

Uged  to  <mii i pete.  Most  of  the  early 
works  on  bookkeeping,  made  by  Duff, 
Comer,   Mayhew,  Soule,  and    others,  were 

Bold  for  use  more  extensively  tO  merchants 

than    to    business   colleges      Between   1865 
and  1880,  Bryant,  Stratton   &    Packard,  pub 

lished    primary,  elementary,  ;md    complete 

:ping  textbooks  tea<  hing  single  and 
double  entry,  and  endeavored  to  secure 
their  introduction  into  union  scho.il>,  seril- 
tnies,  and  business  c alleges, 
but  their  acceptance  and  use  was  nol  gen- 
eral.   In  1880,  Williams  &  Rogers,  of  Roches- 

i  .,    prepared    and     pushed    into    the 

I  he   country,  the    lirst 

widely  ctbooks. 

Thes  opened  the  subject  of  accounts  to  stu 

i  ■  ,aftei  w  hich  accounts 

le  ent  r>  were  briefly  explained. 
Most  bookkeeping  textbooks  previously 
published  had  opened  the  teaching  of  ac- 
count- through  a  somew  hal  length 
of  single  entry,  following  it  with  Instruc- 
tion by  sets  worked  out   b>   doubl 

■   LAX    \ki  I  HMBTICS. 

The    tirst     great     commercial     arithmetic 
published     in     this    country    was    by    R,   M 


Bartlett,  of  Cincinnati,  one  of  the  pioneers 
of -.business  education.  The  book  was  sold 
all  over  the  world  on  account  of  its  exten- 
sive monetary  tables,  which  were  copied 
for  many  years  by  later  arithmetfes.  For 
many  years  commercial  arithmetics  were 
published  and  sold  chiefly  for  use  in 
business  offices,  then  called  counting- 
rooms,  and  they  gradually  found  their  way 
into  business  colleges.  Bartlett,  Mayhew, 
Packard,  Nelson,  and  Sadler,  were  among 
the  earliest  publishers,  but  it  was  to  the 
credit  of  Colonel  Soule,  of  New  Orleans,  to 
prepare  and  publish  the  most  extensive 
and  philosophical  business  arithmetic 
provided  for  counting  rooms,  teachers, 
and  business  schools.  Though  not  exten- 
sively pushed  into  business  colleges,  its 
merits  and  methods  have  been  recognized 
by  most  of  the  strongest  teachers  of  the 
country.  The  first  commercial  arithmetic 
widely  adopted  b>r  business  colleges  was 
published  about  1870,  by  W.  H.  Sadler,  of 
Baltimore,  which  book  was  later  followed 
by  arithmetics  on  a  similar  plan,  prepared 
by  S.  S.  Packard,  of  New  York. 

TELEGRAPHY  AND  NAVIGATION. 
Between  I860  and  1875,  when  railroads  were 
being  spread  over  all  parts  of  the  country, 
telegraph  lines  were  also  being  established, 
and  operators  were  in  great  demand.  Tele- 
graph departments  were  established  in 
most  of  the  business  colleges,  but  they 
found  it  difficult  to  find  competent  instruct- 
ors. While  many  of  the  students  gained 
employment  and  became  competent 
through  experience  in  telegraph  offices,  the 
business  colleges  failed  to  meet  the  de- 
mands and  requirements  of  the  telegraph 
companies.  It  then  became  the  policy  of 
telegraph  companies  to  begin  their  present 
system  of  making  operators  of  their  mes- 
senger boys  who  grow  up  in  their  offices. 
When  the  products  of  our  own  and  other 
countries  were  carried  in  sailing  vessels 
there  was  a  great  demand  for  instruction  in 
Navigation  in  the  coast  cities  of  our  coun- 
try and  numerous  business  colleges  suc- 
cessfully met  this  demand.     In  18R5,  when  I 


.  was  teaching  in  the  Bryant  &  Stratton 
college  of  St.  Louis,  it  was  then  the  custom 
of  merchants  each  early  Spring  to  load 
heavily  large  river  steamboats  with  good? 
salable  among  the  Indians.  They  would 
start  up  the  Missouri  river,  and  meeting  the 
Spring  freshets  from  the  melting  snows  of 
the  mountains,  would  ride  upon  the  swollen 
river  nearly  eighteen  hundred  miles  to 
Fort  Benton,  Montana,  and  there,  and  at 
points  on  the  way,  exchange  their  goods 
with  Indian  traders  for  skins,  furs,  and 
Buffalo  hides,  then  rush  back  on  the  swift 
river  current  to  St.  Louis,  make  a  second 
trip,  and  return  on  the  last  of  the  freshet. 
COLLEGE  MONE'i  , 
As  steamboating  on  the  Ohio,  Missouri, 
and  Mississippi  rivers  was  the  principal 
means  of  travel  and  transportation.it  was 
apart  of  the  work  of  Pittsburg,  Cincinnati, 
St.  Louis,  and  New  Orleans  Business  Col- 
leges, to  teach  steamboat  accounting.  At 
that  time  Bryant  &  Stratton  were  furnish- 
ing for  their  colleges  and  advertising, 
elegantly  engraved  college  money,  and  the 
gamblers  constantly  traveling  on  the  ele- 
gant passenger  steamboats  would  fleece 
the  ignorant  passengers  at  games  of  cards 
by  staking  elegant  business  college  money 
against  genuine  government  money.  One 
of  my  Spanish  students  from  Mexico  took 
thousands  of  dollars  of  Bryant  &  Stratton 
college  money,  and  going  among  ignorant 
cattle  raisefs  of  the  West,  bought  a  large 
herd  of  cattle,  drove  them  to  and  sold  them 
in  Kansas  City,  then  a  river  town  of  a  few 
thousand  inhabitants.  There  being  so 
much  swindling  done  with  busines^college 
money  the  government  passed  stringent 
laws  against  business  schools  or  others 
printing  anything  that  bore  any  resem- 
blance to  the  money  of  our  government. 


Reception    Committee   of  the   Cincinnati 
federation  meeting. 

Chairman— J.  B.  Howard,  of  The  Phono- 
graphic Institute. 

A.  E.  Elliott,  of  The  American  Book  Com- 
panj 

Miss  Bettv  Littleford,  of  The  Littleford 
Shorthand  School. 

Richard  J.  Nelson,  Jr.,  of  The  Nelson  Busi- 
ness College. 

II.  A.  Zimmerman,  of  The  Smith  Premier 
Typewriter  Co. 

C.  F.  Barber,ofThe  Remington  Typewriter 
Co. 

F.  A.  Britton,  of  The  Underwood  Type- 
writer Co. 

W.  B.  Ferris,  of  the  V.  M.  C.  A. 

Mrs.  I).  1).  Mueller,  of  The  Bartlett  Com- 
mercial College. 

Florence  Horsley,  of  The  Bartlett  Com 
mercial  College. 

Marcella  Conrov,  of  The  Bartlett  Com- 
mercial College. 

Alice  Conroy,  of  The  Bartlett  Commercial 
College. 

C.  R.  Tate,  of  The  Bartlett  Commercial 
College. 

W.  F.  Baird,  of  The  Bartlett  Commercial 
College. 


9hiQf  &t>tfeirfce&>  &&ka&&foonp  & 


Program    national    Commercial 
Ceacbers'  federation 


MONDAY  EVENING,  DEC.  28. 


Re 


C.  W.  Blodgett,   Pastor 


Invocati 
St.  Paul's  M.  E.  Chur 

Address  of  Welcome,  Harry  L.  Gordon, 
Lieut.  Governor  of  the  State  of  Ohio  and 
Vice-Mayor  of  Cincinnati. 

Response.  Dr.  H.  M.  Rowe,  of  Sadler- 
Rowe  Co.,  Baltimore.  Md. 

President's  Address,  J.  W.  Warr,  Moline, 
III.,  Editor  "  The  Practical  Age." 

Informal  Reception,  Music,  etc. 

TUESDAY  AFTERNOON,  DEC.  29. 

Addresses  By  Cincinnati  Business  men 

1:00  P.  M.  "Wherein  Have  Commercial 
School  Graduates  Fallen  Short  of  the  Re- 
quirements of  the  Business  World?"— Jas. 
A.  Green,  of  Matthew  Addy  &  Co. 

1:20  P.  M.  "  Wherein  Have  the  High-grade 
Commercial  Schools  Been  a  Benefit  to  the 
Business  Community?"— Wm.  B.  Melish, 
Member  of  Cincinnati  League,  also  Member 
of  the  Board  of  Water  Works  Commission- 

1:40  P.  M.  "What  maybe  Done  to  Over- 
come the  Shortcomings  and  yet  Retain  the 
Advantages  of  Commercial  Schools?"— 
Thomas  P.  Egan,  President  of  J.  A.  Fay  & 
Egan  Co.,  also  Member  of  Cincinnati 
League. 

2:00  P.  M.  '•American  Institution  of  Com- 
mercial Schools."  H.  M.  Rowe,  of  Sadler- 
Rowe  Co.,  Baltimore,  Md. 

3:00  P.  M.  "Science  of  Penmanship  Dem- 
onstrated." A.  H.  Hinman,  Proprietor  Hin- 
man  Business  College,  Worcester,  Mass. 

3:43  P.  M.  Round  Table  Discussions  of  all 
Topics. 

TUESDAY     EVENING. 

9:00  P.  M.  Complimentary  Reception  at 
the  Burnette  House  tendered  to  the  mem- 
bers byC.  M.  Bartlett,  President  of  the  Bart- 
lett   Commercial  College. 

An  Evening's  Entertainment  of  Readings 
by  Montaville  Flowers,  M.  A  ,  President  of 
the  Flowers'  Academy  of  Speech  and  Dra- 
matic Arts,  Cincinnati.  At  the  close  of  Mr. 
Flowers'  Entertainment  there  will  be  re- 
freshments, dancing,  etc. 


WEDNESDAY  AFTERNOON,  DEC.  30. 

1:00  P.  M.  "The  Successful  Teaching  of 
Writing  '  Anvwhere  and  Everywhere."— 
A.  X.  Palmer,  Cedar  Rapids,  Iowa,  Editor 
"The  Western  Penman." 

1:45  P.  M.  "  Essentials  in  the  Commercial 
College. "-Benn  Pitman,  Author  and  Pub- 
lisher of  Benn  Pitman  System  of  Phonog- 
raphy. 

2:30  P.  M.  "Defects  and  Deficiencies  of 
the  Average  Bookkeeper."—  Wm. J.  Munster, 
Public  Accountant  and  Member  of  the  Ohio 
Association  of  Public  Accountants. 

3:15  P.M.  Round  Table.  Discussion  of  all 
Topics. 

WEDNESDAY-    EVENING. 

A  Complimentary  Theatre  Party,  has 
been  arranged  for  the  members  at  the  "  Co- 
lumbia "  for  Wednesday  Evening,  the  whole 
lower  floor  having  been  reserved.  Tickets 
may  be  obtained  between  12  and  1,  and  4  and 
5  P.  M.  at  Bartlett's  college  rooms.  Come 
prepared  for  a  good  time  and  have  it. 

THURSDAY    AFTERNOON,  DEC.  31. 

1 :00  P.  M.    Selection  of  Place  of  Meeting. 

Election  of  Officers. 

Round  Table  :  "  What  Have  I  Gained  bv 
Attending  This  Meeting?" 

There  will  be  complimentary  tickets  for 
trolley  party  to  Art  Museum  and  Rook- 
wood  Pottery,  good  an v  afternoon  after  the 
close  of  Federation  Program  Tickets  will 
be  issued  to  those  only  who  present  certifi- 
cate of  membership  in  the  Federation. 


Program  of 


national  Penmanship  Ceacbers' 
Association 

MONDAY,  DECEMBER  28,  1903. 


2:00P.M.  Reception  and  Registration  of 
Members. 

2:30  P.M.  Report  of  Executive  Committee. 

2:45  P.  M.    Report  of  State  Secretaries. 

3:00  P.  M.  President's  Address,  C.  G. 
Lister,  Baltimore. 


Discussion. 

3:30  P.  M.  "Underlying  Principles  of 
Movement  and  Form  of  Ornamental  Writ- 
ing," illustrated  on  the  blackboard.  C.  P. 
Zaner,  Columbus,  Ohio. 

TUESDAY,  DECEMBER  29,  1903. 

9:00  A.  M.  "Following  Up  the  Work  of 
the  Penmanship  Teacher,"  J.  F.  Fish,  Chi- 
cago. HI. 

9:45  A.  M.  "The  Specific  Application  of 
Movement  to  Form."  A.  N.  Palmer.  Cedar 
Rapids.  la.     Illustrated  on  the  blackboard. 

10:30A.M.  "A  Suggested  Model  Course 
of  Business  Writing,"  R.  D.  Mitchell,  San- 
dusky,  Ohio. 

11 :  15  A.  M.  "  Solid  Writing."  Chandler  H. 
Pierce,  Dayton,  O. 

r  :  45  A.M.  Crank's  Meetings  -  Members 
at  liberty  to  call  any  one  to  the  board 
and  illustrate  his  specialty. 

WEDNESDAY,  DECEMBER  30,  1903. 

9:00A.M.  "Business  Writing  that  Busi- 
ness Men  Require,"  Court  F.  Wood,  Wash- 
ington, D.  C. 

9:30  A.M.  "Plans  for  Getting  Work  from 
Pupils."  J.    K.   Renshaw,    Philadelphia,   Pa. 

10:00A.M.  "Art  and  Illustrating,"  Benn 
Pittman,  Cincinnati,  (  Mno. 

10:30  A.  M.  "Business  Writing  in  the 
South,"  W.  P.  Jones,  Little  Rock,  Ark. 

11:00A.M.  "Principles  of  Lettering  and 
Flourishing,"  illustrated,  A.  H.  Hinman, 
Worcester,  Mass. 

11:45  A.M.  Speed  Contest— To  be  partici- 
pated in  by  all  members  present. 

THURSDAY',  DECEMBER  31,  1903. 

9:00  A.  M.  "Effects  of  Stimulants  and 
Xarcotics,"  C.  P.  Zaner,  Columbus,  Ohio. 

10:00  A.  M.  "Some  Hindrances  to  Suc- 
cessful Penmanship  Practice."  R.  W.  lames, 
St.  Louis,  Mo. 

10:30  A.  M.  "Forgeries  and  Their  Detec- 
tion," W.  J.  Kinsley,  New  York. 

11:00  A.M.  Blackboard  Exhibition  by  all 
the  members  present. 

11:30  A    M.    Election  of  Officers. 

As  far  as  possible,  all  of  the  subjects  will 
be  talks.  Very  few,  if  any,  papers  will  be 
read.  Off-hand  discussions  are  limited  to 
five  minutes  each. 


PICTORIAL  POINTERS— Primary  Typewriting  Room  of  the  Bartlett  Cc 
pied  by  the  Typewriter  Exhibitors  at  the  Cincinnati  convention. 


lercial  College.    Th 


Wessons  in  VLptobate  Business  Penmanship 


CS-^/'^^^^^^^^^^-/'. 


TROY,  N.  Y. 


Confidence,  Sureness,  firmness 

Writing    to  be  \  aluable  as  a  vehicle  for  the  expression  of  thought,  must  be  so  mastered  that  it  can  lie  utilized  under  the  most  severe 

.,„„.,.  11    ,  .nditimis.     Confidence  in  one's  self  and   sureness  in  execution  are  valuable  contributions   to  this  end.    To  produce 

torj    results   during    practice   moments,  when    heightof  desk,  ink,  coarseness  of  pen  and  other  conditions  are  favorable,  is  one 

thine   but  to  write  legibly  and  well  under  condition!!  that  are  practically  the  opposite,  is  quite  another  thing.    Results  obtained   during 

unt  little  as   to   the  real  value  of   your  hand,  while   the  supreme  test   comes  when  your  writing  is  applied  in  actual 

r  accounting.     Desks   that  are  extremely   high,  books  that   are  bulky  and   large,  and  transactions  that  require  hasty 

ili-cniraging   contentions   to  good   writing.    Under  such  conditions,  confidence,  sureness  and  firmness  will  prove  of 

,  .I,,  ibleiiiil    to  -urn  --ful  completion.     The  former  is  only  another  term  for  coolness;  in   fact.it  is  the  opposite  of  nervousness.     Cool 

those  who  never  become  rattled)  usually   find    writing  light  and  pleasant  labor,  while  easily  excited  persons  are  constantly 

«■  i in n "  uei  -pir.it  inn  from  their  hands  and   brows  ere  they  touch  the  pen  to  paper.    Coolness  and  confidence  count  much  toward  complete 

neat n~--.  while  nervousness  is  often  the  cause  for  blots  and  erasures.    Sureness,  or  confidence  of  results  concerning  the  separate  letters 

.  petition  and  perseverance,  and  means  much  to  good  writing.    It  is  the  opposite  of  uncertainty,  and  when  coupled 

with  confidence  in  general,  the  results  are  invariably  satisfactory.    Firmness,  too,  is  desirable.     People  who  lack  it  usually  reveal  the 

fact  in  their  writing,  which  is  usually  weak  and  laggard.    Solidity  of  line,  stableness  of  letter,  and  strength  in  general  appearance,  are 

due  to  firmness,  which  is  the  opposite  of  weakness.    The  three  united,  and   strengthened   by  neatness  and   system  throughout,  cannot 

but  terminate  in  good  legible  writing.    Cultivate  all.  then,  as  they  are  qualities  worth   acquiring  in  all  undertakings  as  well  as  writing, 

for  they  remain  with   us  through   life.    They  reveal  strength  and  determination  of  purpose,  and  these  are  surely  favorable  signals  to  a 

—  ful  termination. 


I.i-i  tin- arm  roll  lightly  and  rapidly  to  the  right  wl 
Make  it  low  and  full,  which  means  that  then 
stroke  well  to  the  base  line,  and  make  turn  there  quite  t 
entirely  too  tall.  Do  not  doit.  Loop  it  every  time,  and  it 
i  Line 3.  See  how  uniform  and  how  well  you  can  i 
at  least  twenty-five  times  per  minute,  or  even  faster.  Ai 
work  clown  small. 


Plate  22 

en  working  on  exercise  in  Line  1.  In  making  the  1.  little  or  no  finger  action  is 
ovement  used  must  be  quite  circular.  Keep  the  crossing  low.  carry  the  down- 
mnd.  The  tendency  will  be.  and  is  with  man  v  in  actual  work,  to  make  the  i 
•/ill  never  be  taken  for  t.  Let  the  pen  move  rapidly  when  joining  three  of  t  he 
lake  them.  Write  the  word  "  lime  "  with  a  round  and  rolling  movement,  and 
n  for  legibility  in  results,  but   apply  freedom   in   its  accomplishment.    Keep 


The  loop  in  the  b  i-  .i  duplicate  oi   the  /  with  a 
It  would   then  resemble  le.    If  the  finishing  stroke 
in  the  6  as  was  don,-  in  making  the  letter  I 
tnnitir-   to  impro  rhis  style  of  th 

contains  a  lower  loop.     Hie  little  ending  stroke  is  n 
loin  t  hree   ii   I  hi  m  it  ith  con   i  lerable  fori  i 
rush,  and  the  pen  should  be  stopped  on  th 
The  tendeni  -  will  be  to  make  the  /  mui  h  i 


Plate  23 

i  addition  resembling  the  v.    Pause  at   the  little  dot  and  do  not  make 

s   brought   too   low,  it  may  resemble  the  h.     In  writing  the  word  "  bun 

lone.     Write  the  word  rapidly  and   freely,  scanning  your  work  at  all  t 

*    f  is  quite  easy  to  make,  arid  will  be  found  a  great  improvement  ove 

:ide  separate,  instead  of  retracing  on   the  down  stroke.    No  finger  actir 

keeping  the  loops  low  and  full  as  in  the  /.    The  long  down-stroke  comes  below 

paper  before  picking  it.    Take  the  word  "fife"   and  write  it  at  least  thirty  tin 

io  long,  but  close  observation  will  soon  correct  this  fault. 


a  loop  there,  as 
"  pause  at  the 
imes  for  oppor- 
•  the  style  that 
n  is  necessary, 
the  line  with  a 
tes  per  minute. 


dke&u^lrw-^  £d»^&GbWF   & 


Plate  24 

The  h  is  an  /  with  an  addition  resembling  the  last  part  of  the  a.  Xote  that  it  contains  an  angle  and  a  turn  on  the  base  line  ami  tha  t 
the  loon  is  short  and  full  as  in  the  b  and  /.  Join  three  of  them  rapidly  and  forcefully,  as  in  Line  3,  watching  that  you  do  not  exaggerate 
the  second  part.  If  made  carelessly  it  is  liable  to  resemble  the  b,  and  sometimes  the  k.  A  slight  pause  at  the  sharp  point  may  possibly 
aid  you  in  finishing  the  letter  correctly.  The  k  is  composed  of  a  loop  and  an  extension  resembling  a  capital  R.  This  second  part  of  the 
iis'a  peculiar  combination  of  strokes  and  requires  close  study.  Xote  that  the  little  loop  at  the  top  of  the  second  part  should  be  closed 
and  that  it  is  kept  high  to  allow  the  down  stroke  to  be  brought  to  the  base  line.  This  letter  is  made  poorly  so  many  times  that  it  is  often 
the  cause  of  illegibility  in  many  short  words.  Write  the  words  in  lines  five  and  six  rapidly,  but  write  them  well.  The  word  hill 
should  be  written  at  least  twenty  times  per  minute,  and  even  at  this  rate  it  can  be  written  quite  accurately.  Keep  the  h  and  k  always 
different  and  both  will  be  quite  legible. 


"  * "  ■"  V  f  f  ?r  ?■  ?  f  ?■  ?  ?  ??  ?f 

'  ^^^ ^y  -y  T  -T  -y 77  ^7  'T 7?  -yy-T/W 

,     _y^^^^^^^^^^^H^^ 

i   ^i^t^>t^^z^  /^^Tr^ri^-  ^y^-^^>^^  s^i^-^t^z^-  ^^z^^^z^-  ^y^zsty 

Plate  2S 


Loops  below  the  line  are  usually  found  easier  thar 
composed  of  a  sharp  point  at  the  top,  a  loop    belov 


their  formation  no  finger  action  is  necessary.    The  j  is 
Xote   the  fact  that  most  of  the  loop    is  formed   by 


ips  above  the   line. 

line  and  a  dot  abc    _ 
curving  the  upstroke.' Keep  the  loops  short  and  full,  and  the  crossing  high.    The  S  is  composed  of  an  oval  like  the  a,  with  a  loop  belo 
the  line.    The   letter  should  always   be  closed  at  the  top,  else  it   will   resemble   the  .1-.    The  first  part  of  the.r-  is  composed  of  t 
turns.     In  fact,  it  is  the  same  stroke  that   is  used   in  making  the  .1-.    These  turns  are  important,  1 
readable.    In  writing  the  word  "join",  go  directly  from  the  j  to  the  o  without  picking  the  pen. 
good  material  for  page  practice.    Loops  should  be  made  short  enough  so  that  the 
the  line  below.    The  loop  portion  of  these  letters  is  made  quickly  : 


The  ■ 


de  sharp  the  letter  is    hardly 
ords  in  Lines  5  and  f>  will  afford 
one  line  will  not  interfere  with  the  work  on 
thout  pausing  or  hesitating  at  the  lower  turn. 


9H&  &\>ihhi%ebh  &gIm>&g\&qv   & 


Plat*  26 

The  a  is  started  the  same  as  the  fir,  but  the  loop  is  practically  the  opposite  of  the  loop  in  the  g.  Note  the  fact  that  the  upstroke 
passes  to  the  right  of  the  down-stroke  and  touches  it  ai  the  base  line.  The  pen  can  be  brought  to  a  stop  at  that  point.  The  letter  ends 
with  a  short  stroke  like  thai  in  the  a.  The  z.  too,  is  an  odd  letter  and  requires  close  attention.  The  portion  above  the  line  is  a  part  of 
the  m.  Notetl 1<I  connection  between  this  portion  and  the  loop.  Tin- pen  is  really  driven  up  and  to  the  right  in  making  this  con- 
nection. Do  not  make  a  loop  ai  that  point  as  such  would  ruin  the  entire  letter.  The  x  is  used  so  seldom  that  it  is  sacrificed  by  many, 
to  iusf  how  it  should  be  formed  is  the  only  way  to  master  it.  Write  the  long  word  in  Line  3  without  picking  the 
niformity  in  height,  slant  and  spacing  will  make  such  words  look  well.  Strive  for  these  three  requisites  in  all  small  letter 
practice 


J?  3 

-nw  ^  -a>  -w-a*-^-^ 

9    3   3  3   3  3 

^    *Y    *Y~    ^K    *V 

^y&     -s^    t-/L<?     ^y^    ^-sto 


^  *&-  9f-   ^f-  3 

-^  -^-^  -46*  46* 


&        &?         (f?         UP         6?       &       6 

^y  ^y  ^v  ^y~  ^y  ^) 

^y(jp    <y&    <-A&    y&   csb    y 

3 


Plate  27 

Two  styles  of  the  capita]  IT  are  given.  The  one  in  Line  1  commences  like  the  M  and  ends  like  a  small  t.  Study  the  separate  parts 
closely.  Note  the  fact  that  the  letter  contains  three  sharp  points  and  that  the  center  point  is  highest  of  all.  The  tendency  will  be  to 
start  the  letter  too  fai  above  the  base  line,  thus  making  the  entire  letter  too  large.  Final  stroke  is  short  and  curves  considerably  to  the 
right.  The  style  in  Line  2  is  much  easier  than  that  in  Line  1  and  is  a  good  one  to  adopt.  Notice  that  turns  on  the  base  line  are  round. 
The  \  is  made  in  two  distinct  sections  and  is  quite  difficult.  The  first  section  ends  with  a  dot,  while  the  second  part  is  practically  a 
large  figure  ,;.  Strive  to  have  the  two  parts  touch,  but  if  you  fail  to  do  so  the  letter  can  be  completed  by  adding  a  short  crossing  stroke. 
Lines  3  and  f!  will  afford  good  material  for  page  practice.    Keep  loops  small  in  Line  3. 


3  3  2 ■  ~   2.  _2  2,  n. 

2   2   2  J2   5  2    2    2  2   2 


Plate  2S 

Commence  the  I    the  same  as  the  W.    The  letter  is  very  narrow  yet  round  at  the  base  line.    The  ending  stroke  is  a  slight  compound 
curve  and  does  not    run  higher   than   the  starting  point.     Make   the  letter  with  a  quick  movement  and  without  hesitating  or  pausing  at 
E  line.     Watch   this  starting  loop  in  all   these  letters,  lest  you  make  it  too  large  or  carry  it  too  close  to  the  remainder  of  the  letter. 
he  figure  2  well   you  will   have  no  trouble  with  |he  Q.     Keep  (lie  loop  on  the  base  line  small  and  Hat  and  note  the  fact 
i  slight  conipound  curve.    The  tendency*  will  be  to  make  this  stroke  too  long.    Watch  it.    In  writing  the  word 
that  the  n  can  lie  started  close  to  the  letter. 


If  yon 

that  ti nding  stroke  is  l 

'  Quinn  "  carry  the  final  stroke  of  the  Q  below  the  line 


Plate  29 

The  Y  starts  like  the  U  and  ends  with  the  loop  below  the  |line,  as  in  the  small  y.  Note  the  fact  that  the  portion  of  the  letter 
above  the  line  contains  a  round  turn  and  a  sharp  point.  The  long  down-stroke  is  perfectly  straight  while  the  loop  below  the  line  is 
even  shorter  than  the  portion  above  the  line.  Keep  the  capital  down  small  and  do  not  exaggerate  this  loop  below  the  line.  Students, 
especially  beginners,  are  alwavs  determined  to  make  this  capital  too  long  entirely.  The  Z  requires  a  circular  motion  of  the  arm 
throughout.  Once  you  start  on  it,  do  not  pause  nor  hesitate  till  it  is  completed.  Get  a  good  mental  idea  as  to  just  how  «* 
look,  then  trv  to  produce  that  form  quickly.  As  in  the  Y,  students  are  bound  to  make  it  too  large. 
loop  is  very  small  and  that  it  rests  on  the  base   line.      Study  closely  the  peculiar    fo 


lower  part.    See  how  freely  and  how  well  you  can 


Xotice    that  the  little  center 
tion  of  this   loop  and  its  attachment    to   the 
te  thesentence  in  Line  5,  using  a  round  and  rolling  movement  at  all  times. 


Plate  30 

This  plate  is  prepared  to  illustrate  to  a  certain  degree  the  many  different  stvles  that  can  be  written  as  regards  size  and  spac- 
ing. Since  all  will  curb  and  mold  his  own  individual  style  while  following  a  certain  standard,  it  is  well  that  this  plate  receive 
considerable  attention.  Size  is  dependent  much  upon  purpose,  quantity  and  space.  Circumstances  many  times  necessitate 
extremely  large  writing,  such  as  is  employed  for  ledger  headings,  while  the  opposite  extreme,  as  in  Line  2,  is  many  times  required 
when  much  is  to  be  placed  in  little  space.  Yet  neither  would  do  as  a  standard  to  adopt  for  ordinary  usage,  as  the  first  requires  too 
much  effort  in  its  execution,  while  the  second  demands  unusually  keen  eves  in  its  analysis.  Both,  however,  afford  good  material 
for  practice,  and  the  student  will  do  well  to  utilize  the  two  in  his  effort  to.  discover  just  what  size  is  best  to  write  under  ordinary 
conditions.  Line  3  agrees  in  size  with  most  of  the  copies  presented  and  is  quite  large  enough  for  every  day  use.  Spacing  is  import- 
ant, and  should  be  wide  enough  so  that  one  letter  or  word  is  quite  free  from  its  next-door  neighbor.  Extremely  wide  spacing,  such 
as  is  illustrated  in  the  first  word  of  Lines  4,  ."i  and  li,  is  valuable  as  a  means  by  which  ease  and  freedom  can 
however,  quite  worthless  as  a  standard  for  final  results.  It  requires  much  of  that  gliding  motion  in  its  execut 
compact  is  hardly  as  legible  as  the  average  spacing,  yet 
perfectly  legible  and  at  the  same  time  require  the  minirj 


illstand  a  trial.      Grade  size  and    spacing 
amount  of  effort  to  produce  them.     Consider 


btained. 
The  extremely 

results  will  be 
plate  closely. 


Plate  si 

It  is  surely  within  the  power  of  all  to  write  well  who  are  willing  to  spend  a  little  effort  to  that  end.  Toil  is  the  price  that  must 
be  paid  for  any  skill,  and  surelv  writing  is  no  exception  to  this  rule.  See  how  legibly  and  how  well  you  can  write  the  above  sentence. 
Write  it  freely"  and  easily  but  at  the  same  time  write  it  well.  Scan  your  results  closely,  select  the  poorest  word  and  rewrite  it  a 
number  of  times.    Repeat  this  over  and  over  and  you  will  soon  be  able  to  write  the  entire  sentence  well. 

Conclusion 

It  is  a  source  of  pleasure  and  satisfaction  for  me  to  watch  the  progress  all  are  making  in  this  work.  Your  sincere  interest  and 
determination  reveal  honest  desire  and  that  is  surely  the  root  of  success.    Persevere. 

To  the  student  who  sends  me  the  best  page  of  practice  on  Plate  15  of  the  Xoveuiber  Lesson  before  the  5th  of  January,  I  will  mail  a 
batch  of  cards  written  in  my  very  best  ornamental  style.  This  little  contest  is  open  only  to  those  who  filed  a  specimen  of  their  writing 
with  me  at  the  beginning  of  their  practice.    Now  then,  who  wins? 

Criticisms 

P.  J.  H.— The  heavy  and  uncertain  stroke  of  your  work  indicates  a  slow  and  hesitating  movement.  While  your  letters  are  very  well 
formed  and  legible,  it  took  you  too  long  to  execute  them.    Lighten  your  movement  by  a  great  deal  of  earnest  practice  on  exercises. 

M.  W.  M.,  Conn.— Your  practice  work  is  beyond  criticism,  and  I  congratulate  you  upon  the  point  to  which  you  have  raised  your 
hand  in  general.    Glad  to  know  you  and  thanks  for  kind  words. 

W.  J.  F.— Work  on  October  copies  showed  improvement.    Capital  N  too  low  and  broad.    Yr 
out.    Watch  turns  on  the  base  line. 

T.  C.  C— Yes,  contest  is  still  open.    Read  particulars  in  September  Lesson.    Send  work  each  month. 

L.  E.  S.,  Baltimore -Don't  shade  down  strokes  in  small  letters.  Make  small  o  more  carefully  and  study  the  c  closely.  You  are  on 
the  sure  road  and  doing  well.    Keep  on. 

Taylor— Xo,  writing  is  not  too  small  for  ordinary  use.  Your  work  reveals  neatness  and  care  and  they  are  necessary  essentials. 
Think  while  vou  practice,  and  be  sure  that  you  see  the  target  before  you  shoot. 

B.  B.  B  —  Work  was  too  large  right  through,  especially  capitals.    Would  suggest  that  you  use  forear 
better  for  ordinary  work. 

W.  M.  F.— Yes,  you  are  right.    At  your  age,  the  muscles  are  not  as  i 
Start  now. 

A.  B.  C— October  work  was  all  good.    Watch  turns  closely  in  small  letters.    Lowe 

Pen  Quill— No  general  criticism  to  offer.    Work  was  good  throughout.     Persevere. 

Frank  O'C— You  are  surely  unfortunate.    Yes,  other  letter  received.    Y'ou  have  made  a  good  start.    Watch  spelling  and  English 

Ed  K.,  Mich.— I  like  your  work  and  feel  sure  you  are  going  to  succeed.    Center  loop  in  capital  E  too  large. 

H.  W.— Capital  A  too  broad.     Watcli  spacing  in  small  letter  work.     Your  work  was  generally  good  and  nicely  arranged. 

A.  B.  L.— Yes,  I  notice  improvement.     Work  is  generally  stronger  and  stroke  more  uniform.    Keep  at  it. 
Brooks,  Mo.— Send  me  your  best  efforts  on  November  Lesson  when  you  get  in  better  shape. 

E.  E.  D.— Your  ^4's  are  as  good  as  your  other  letters.  Weak  stroke  in  your  work  reveals  the  fact  that  you  have  not  mastered  the  arm 
movement.    This  is  essential.    Go  back  to  September  Lesson. 

Sarah  K. -Investigate  and  experiment  with  your  own  arm.  I  know  your  pupils  would  be  greatly  benefited,  as  they  are  just  the 
age  to  become  interested.    I  would  like  to  know  regarding  vour  success. 

B.  J.  D.— Yes,  movement  and  freedom  are  more  important  to  you  than  form.     Build  a  foundation  first. 


small  letter  work  was  good  through 


instead  of  whole  arm.    It  is 
ible  as  those  of  a  younger  person.    However,  you  can  succeed 
■  stroke  of  D  too  curved.    You  do  very  well. 


f°j|vckkulrve^£d^ofcvtor  ^ 


lessons  in  Practical  Business  EDriting 

BY 


CAVANAUGH  COMMERCIAL  COLLEGE,  NEW  BRITAIN,  CONN. 


Students'  praetit 


•  columns  free  of  charge.    Specin 


;  should  be  sent  to  Miss   Hudson,  S'eir  Britain, 


by  the  fifth  of  , 


Cesson  7. 
"The  new  education  is  everywhere    recognizing   the  importance  of   the    education  of    the  will,  and    to   lead    the  will  to  express 

its<-ll  i, tward    habits.      Tliis  is  a  return  to  the  principles  of    Aristotle,  whose  system  of   ethics  furnishes  permanent  illumination 

whii  h  h;is  never  been  surpassed  by  any  thinker.    'We  acquire  the  virtues,'  he  said,  'by  doing  the  acts.'" 

—Lillian   Whiting. 

PLATE  25.     1.     I  lie  same  upward  curve  and  down-stroke  as  of  the  1  and   G.    It  would  be  well  to  practice  Plate  21  before  taking  this 

letter.     Notice  that  the  ending  curve  is  a  curve,  not  a  straight  down-stroke.    2.    Instead  of  curving  the  ending  stroke  to  the  right,  curve 

to   the   left.     Keep   your  touch   tirni  and  quick,  yet  light.    Remember  that  touch  and  technique  in  writing  is  as  important  as  in  piano- 

j      End  the  curve  with  a  dot.    3.    Swing  the  hand  well  to  the  left,  crossing  the  upstroke  as  in  the  G  in  Plate  24.    4.    Keep  the  loops 

.t  (and  6  the  same  width  as  that  of  the  C.      5.    Work  for  uniformity  in  spacing,  height  and  slant. 


Plo-te  i J" 


PLATE  26.  1.  This  preliminary  exercise  is  to  introduce  you  to  the  capital  M.  Be  careful  not  to  use  the  fingers.  2.  Let  the  arm 
swing  easily  upon  this  small  oval;  then,  give  it  wide  scope,  making  a  horizontal  curve  before  dropping  the  pen  to  the  base  line,  with 
nearly  a  straight  line,  stopping  there  before  lifting  the  pen.  You  will  need  to  do  much  practicing  upon  the  whole  line  of  writing 
before  attempting  the  letter,  as  this  is  the  basis  of  many  capitals.  It  is  a  difficult  form  to  obtain  at  first.  3.  Notice  the  gradual  slant  of 
the  tops  of  the  three  up-strokes  that  they  are  all  curved,  and  the  first,  two  down-strokes  and  the  third,  almost  to  the  base  line,  are 
parallel.  The  third  does  not  begin  to  curve  much  above  the  base  line.  It  will  be  a  natural  tendency  to  curve  too  high,  making  an 
awkward  letter.  The  -V  should  be  kept  tall  and  narrow  rather  than  flat  and  wide.  4.  The  N is  the  first  down-and-up  and  the  last  down 
strokes  of  the  -V.    5.     If  easier  for  you  make  the  M  and  -V  with  the  loop,  as  in  the  second  copy. 


Vlr.tctt 


^^/7^?7Z^ /9797Z<  /TTZ^/TTTZ'  /TTTZ??^ 


0  oo  o    &     & 


£?)    &~)     {fr      ch     cA     <A      try       &h     ^      eh     th     <?)  <5h 


•  "crescendo"   and   "descendo"  exercises  of  the   s.    You  may  lift  the  pen  at  the  dot.    2.    I  call  this  the  deceptive 

it    the  H  appears  much  higher  than  the  first  part.     It  is  not,  however,  much  higher.    If  you  make  a  wide 

>u  will    And    that    this  deception  is   brought   about.    Stop  at  the  base  line  and   finish  with  an  et  cetera  abbreviation, 

;  the  first   down-stroke.    :i.     Let  us  mark  the  differences  and  likenesses  of  thcffandif.    The  most  important  differ- 

ire  their  width  and  crossing.    The   A    is  much  narrower  than  the  H  and  its  crossing  a  short  horizontal  loop,  while  that  of  the'H 

iswidei  obliquely.    The  first   sections  are  the  same,  also  the  wide  curve  at  the  top  of  the  second  sections.    4.    These  letters 

made  with  first  sections  like  Exercise  2  in  Plate 26.    5.    Notice  the  convenient  method  of  joining  the  H's. 


^J<f  /"  ^J/^  ^V^V-^A^  ^"^<^^^^<r 


r  x~  ?c  t  t  yx~^  ^^  k  K 


'^i£y        /jl^2^L^z^0.     ^<^^V^A^^^^^^*?^ 


PLATENS.  1.  Practice  each  exercise  in  succession,  the  first  having  an  angle  at  the  top,  the  second  having  a  curve  at  the  top  of 
each  upstroke,  and  the  third  having  every  other  one  an  angle.  '.'.  The  beginning  stroke  differs  from  that  of  the  M  in  that  it  is 
composed  of  a  double  curve.  Notice  the  ending  stroke  is  the  same  as  that  of  the  .-J  and  the  M.  The  1"  differs  only  in  its  down-stroke, 
which  is  straight  instead  of  curved,  stopping  before  lifting  the  pen.  The  V  differs  only  in  its  up  stroke,  which  is  a  double  curve  Make 
the  I  exercise  with  an  easy  rolling  motion,  a  series  of  double  curves.  4.  Do  not  make  the  beginning  stroke  long.  Notice  the  length 
atid  slant  of  the  ending  loop. 


?tf  ^^^^^^ u/-?//^u/^ 


Criticisms 

M.  H.  P.— Use  ruled  paper.  You  will  get  an  evener  base  line.  The  down  stroke  of  the  A  is  made  with  a  quick,  light  motion,  stopping 
slightly  at  the  base  line.  The  small  u's  need  more  curve  at  the  top.  Have  more  curve  in  up  stroke  of  small  a.  Lift  the  pen  at  the  base 
line  in  capital  P.  Have  a  horizontal  oval  rather  than  a  circle  in  the  last  half.  Practice  on  figure  3,  increasing  gradually  to  the  fi.  Too 
much  finger  movement  in  A".    Stop  at  base  line.    A"  is  like  the  P.    Have  more  curve  in  the  top  of  the  F. 

J.  A.  B.— Too  much  angle  at  the  top  of  1.  The  1  is  brought  too  far  below  the  base  line;  should  be  but  one-fourth  a  space.  Do  not  lift 
the  pen  between  /  and  o.  Keep  the  last  down  stroke  of  the  k  perfectly  straight.  Cross  the  x  from  the  bottom  up.  Keep  down  stroke  of 
G  perfectly  straight  in  line  one,  plate  24.    Place  periods  between  initials. 

C.  E.  R.— Try  to  keep  the  Ts  the  same  height  when  joining  them  together.  Keep  both  strokes  of  the  a  the  same  height  and  d<>  not 
curve  the  tops  together  giving  the  appearance  of  the  a.  Bring  down  strokes  to  the  base  line  before  curving  upward.  Practice  more  upon 
the  k.  Notice  that  the  up  stroke  curves  farther  to  the  right  than  the  second  down  stroke.  This  is  important  as  it  is  the  distinguishing 
point  between  h  and  k.  You  are  not  careful  about  keeping  the  base  line  even.  Your  work  is  excellent.  With  more  care  in  the  little 
things,  you  can  become  a  superior  writer. 

C.  M.  M.— Be  more  careful  to  keep  the  base  line  even.  To  overcome  the  habit  of  lifting  the  A  from  the  base  line,  try  several  lines' 
stopping  the  down  stroke  at  the  line  before  curving  upward.  In  connecting  /'  with  11,  notice  the  width  made  by  the  connecting  stroke 
above  the  lower  curve.  Keep  the  A"'s  and  R'»  narrower  at  the  crossing  (loop).  The  last  half  of  the  top  of  the  incurves  upward  too  much. 
In  making  the  small  loop,  let  the  down  stroke  cross  the  upper  part. 


^^^Le^i-g^c 


C^^er-^^StL^ 


'  Z^T-g^-  ^U?^£-^> 


cZ^£-^-C^cz-*t^£-^  £e> 


Tt^L^^y  ^-^c^a^i^i-^i^-^  i 


SPECIMEN  OK  BUSINESS  WRITING   BY  R.   A.  McDEVITT,  NEWOl.'IKKh  1  OWN,  OHIO. 


Lines  clipped  from  specimens  submitted  by  Mr.  \V.  X.  Currier,  penman  in  Rider-Moore  and  Stuart  Schools  of  Business 
frenton,  N.J.     No.  1  by  I..  A.  Bannon;  2,  Newton  Dilts;  3,  Herman  Forsythe;  4,  A.  D.  Carton;  5,  D.  H.  Stockton. 


,—><Z^-^ls/-.  3  O;  /fo3 


fy^srU/  ??. 


Student  of  \V.  X.  Currier,  Rider-Moore  and  Stuart  Schools  of  Business,  Trenton,  N.  J. 


& 


y^yyi^uf 


7^C<ny. 


Student  of  ().  T.  Johnston,  in   Darling's  Business  College.  Fergus  Falls,  Minn. 


C^X     ytjL^dJ 


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2Ttot>ement 

€ 

xercises 

for 

Stuoents 

BY 

of   practical 

IPriting. 

195  Grand  Avbnue. 

-(2 

^ 

r^ 

s  - • 

r/hc  fituuvc^£cUvou,Wr   0*> 


-es=2-&- 


Specimens 

Received 


Mr.  Kred    II.  Crige 


nan  in  Williams 
Bu8ines8~College7  i  ishkosh,  Wis.,  recently 
favored  .is  with  a  pood  sized  clubas  well  as 
ape,  [mens  oi  students'  writing.  The  speci- 
mens Bhow  thai  Mr.  Criger  is  teaching:  a 
very  rapid,  practical  hand,  and  that  the 
students  are  acquiring  it.  There  is  also 
considerable  individuality  evidenced  by 
the  students,  showing  that  writing  is  being 
taught  on  a  liberal  scale,  as  it  should  be. 

The  Bpecimen  of  Mr.  Joseph  Gall  showed 
remarkable  improvement  inside  of  three 
month's  time.  <'th,-r  especially  tine  speci- 
mens were  done  by  Josh-  Wescott,  Anna 
Holder.  Anna  Klemmer,  and  Ruth  Meyer. 

Some  splendidly  written  cards  have  been 
Teceived  from  K.  Warner  of  the  Central 
Business  College,  Toronto,  Out.  Mr.  War- 
ner displays  the  dash  and  delicacy  secured 
by  some  of  the  recognized  leaders  of  the 
profession. 

Mr.  <;.  F.  Seidensticker,  a  recent  graduate 
Of  the  Metropolitan  Business  College  of 
Chicago, favored  us  with  specimens  of  his 
business  and  ornamental  penmanship  and 
card  writing,  which  show  decided  natural 
and  acquireil  ability  in  the  art  of  writing. 

We  hope  to  see  him  enter  the  Held  of  pen- 
manship and  become  a  full-fledged  profes- 
sional. 

The  Anacortes.  Wn.,  Business  College, 
Miss  Nellie  B.  Hight.  penman,  recently 
favored  us  with  a  batch  of  students' speci- 
mens after  receiving  instruction  of  but 
0 ne  half  hour  each  day  for  six  weeks,  dis- 
closing splendid  work"  for  that  length  of 
time.  They  are  laying  a  splendid  founda- 
tion in  movement,  which,  later  on,  will 
Show  up  in  splendid  business  writing  if 
they  persevere  as  they  have  begun. 

Mr.  R.  A.  McDevitt,  Newcomers  town,  O., 
Bwings  a  pen  of  unusual  grace,  delicacy  and 
accuracy  as  evidenced  by  some  cards  before 
us.  Mr  McDevitt's  health  is  not  robust  and 
for  that  reason  has  been  unable  to  develop 
liis  highest  skill  in  penmanship.  We  hope 
he  may  do  this  in  the  future  as  he  has  it  in 
him  to  be  a  master.  Moreover,  he  is  a 
young  man  of  exceptional  modesty  and 
good    character. 

During  the  past  month  we  had  the  pleas- 
ure of  examining  a  big  batch  of  specimens 
oi  penmanship  from  thai  big  institution. 
The  Rider  Moore  and  Stewart  School  of 
Business,  Trenton,  X.   J.       The  same    was 

sent     us    by    prepaid    express    by    Mr.    W.    X. 

Currier,  tin-  hustling  and  efficient  teacher 
Of  penmanship.  A  feu  of  the  specimens 
will  appear  in  this  number  of  TlIK  BUSI- 
NESS EDUCATOR,  luit  the  original  speci- 
mens were  much  better,  as  they  were 
daintier,  and  indicated  a  freer  movement 
than  the  ones  present..!.  Throughout  the 
entire  specimens,  numbering  hundreds, 
the  penmanship  was  free  and  easy  without 
being  scrawly,  The  specimens  show  vigor- 
ous teaching  as  well  as  unusual  control. 
It  i-  .-asv  enough  to  teach  movement,  but 
to  keep  it  so  that  the  writing  remains 
orderly,  uniform  and  fairly  accurate  is  a 
different  thing,  and  this  is  just  what  Mr. 
Currier  is  doing  We  extend  congratula- 
tions t..  tea,  hei  and  pupils, 

rather  with  a 
k I  sized  club,  from  I..  B.  Sullivan,  Prin- 
cipal of  the  Commercial  Department  of  the 
University  School,  New  Orleans,  La.,  leads 

i.  bid  i-  that  he  is  creating  the  right 
^ii..l  oi  interest  in  good  writing  in  that 
seel  ion  "t 

Mr.  Sullivan  swings  B  pen  with  unusual 
grace  and  a.  curacy,  and  ere  long  we  hope 
to  be  able  to  present  some  of  his  work  to  our 

readers. 

Mr  Hurt  C.  Iloyt.  Fergus  Falls,  Minn.,  a 
former  pupil  of  Mr.  I  l.  T.  J ob nst  ,,,,  Darling's 
Business  I  ollege,  submits  specimens  which 

show    thai    he    is    a    pe an    of    no   mean 

ability.  Moreover,  he  could  be  "one  ,i  the 
tin.st'  were  be  to  make  penmanship  a 
specialty.  lie  handles  t 
branches  and  Pitmanic  Shorthand,  as  well 
as  tiie  pen.  Some  ranis  from  ins  pen  evi- 
dence excellence  in  freedom,  quality  of 
line,  and  grace. 


Mr.  G.  W.  Paulus,  of  Grand  Rapids,  Wis., 
recently  subscribed  to  The  Business  Edu- 
CATOR,  and  enclosed  some  pen  work  that  is 
truly  professional,  although  Mr.  Paulus  is 
engaged  in  other  work.  His  ornamental 
signatures  are  especially  clever.  He  could 
no  doubt  become  one  of  the  finest  in  the 
land. 

T.  M.  Williams,  Proprietor  of  the  Actual 
Business  College.  Allegheny,  Pa.,  recently 
favored  us  with  a  flourished  swan 
and       letter       written        in         ornamental 


penmanship,  which  indicates  that  he  still 
swings  a  pen  of  more  than  usual  grace  and 
individuality. 

Some  splendidly  written  cards  have  been 
received  from  J.  F.  Siple,  of  the  National 
Business  College,  Quincy,  111.  Mr.  Siple  is 
familiar  with  the  boldest  dash  of  the  pen; 
as  well  as  with  the  most  delicate  touch. 
We  learn  that  he  is  having  large  and  en- 
thusiastic classes  in  penmanship,  and  is 
securingunusually  good  results. 


Calumet,  O.  T. 


^s.^0. 


\U-&? 


iture  is  the 


jfi-hand  product  of  Mr.  W.  H.  Vigus,  Penr 
Worcester,  Mass. 


in  tlie  Worcester  Business 


>*N^~^ 


School  and 

Professional 


Mr.  E.  L-  Brown,  of  the  firm  of  Howard  & 
Brown,  Proprietors  of  the  Rockland,  Me  , 
Commercial  College,  reports  the  largest 
school  in  the  history  of  their  college. 

Mr.  J.  M.  Peterson  now  has  charge  of  the 
Douglas  Business  College,  Monessen,  Pa- 
He  also  has  charge  of  the  penmanship  and 
correspondence  of  the  Y.  M,  C.  A.  evenings 
at  Wilmerding,  Pa.,  a  nearby  town- 
Mr.  Peterson  is  a  hustler  from  the  word 
go,  and  deserves  the  success  he  is  achiev- 
ing. 

H.  E.  Barnes,  Principal  of  the  Waynes- 
burg  (Pa.)  Business  College,  reports  that 
their  school  opened  with  the  largest  attend- 
ance that  they  have  ever  had  at  the  open- 
ing, and  that  "prospects  are  bright  for  a  con- 
tinued increase.  Mr.  Barnes  recently 
purchased  a  half  interest  in  this  institution, 
his  partner  being  Louis  Van  Orden. 

President  G.  W.  Brown  has  added  two 
more  business  colleges  to  his  company,  one 
at  Streator  and  another  at  Danville,  111.  C. 
O  Bentle3\  former  principal  at  Brown's 
Business  College  at  Rock  Island,  111.,  has 
been  appointed  principal  at  Streator,  and  E 
B.  Lvons,  former!  v  bead  of  the  Bookkeeping 
Department  at  Rockford  Business  College, 
has  been  put  in  charge  at  Danville.  Pros 
pects  are  bright  at  both  places  for  good, 
substantial  schools.  The  increase  in 
attendance  at  all  the  Brown  Colleges  has 
been  such  that  several  of  them,  especially 
the  schools  at  Rockford,  Danville,  and 
Jacksonville,  are  undergoing  extensive 
repairs.  The  volume  of  attendance  in  this 
great  chain  of  schools  has  been  much 
greater  than  ever  before  in  its  history. 

Mr.  L.  C.  Rusmisel,  who  taught  Penman- 
ship, Commercial  Arithmetic  and  Rapid 
Calculation  in  the  Commercial  Department 
of  the  St.  Joseph's,  Mo.,  High  School,  the 
past  year,  remains  with  that  institution  in 
the  same  capacity  this  school  year.  Mr. 
Rusmisel  is  doing  good  work,  and  a  raise  in 
salary  is  a  sure  indication  that  his  work  is 
appreciated  by  the  school  board. 

The  founder  of  Miner's  Business  Acade- 
my, Morris.  L.  Miner,  Principal,  has  pur- 
chased the  three  story  brick  building  at  the 
southwest  corner  of  Hancock  Street  and 
Patchen  Ave.,  Brooklyn,  and  it  is  being 
remodelled  thoroughly  to  meet  the  growing 
demands  of  the  institution  of  which  he  is 
manager.  Systems  of  steam  heat,  ventila- 
tion and  sanitary  plumbing  are  being  in- 
stalled ;  the  building  is  lighted  on  every 
side,  and  when  the  extensive  repairs  are 
completed  it  will  be  pleasant  and  quiet, 
while  it  is  easily  accessible  from  all  parts  of 
the  city  and  Long  Island 

The  Academy  was  founded  in  1898  at  No. 
W7  Halsey  Street,  and  has  been  liberally 
patronized,  especially  by  the  best  families 
of  Stuyvesant  Heights.  Mr.  Miner,  a  thor- 
ough student  of  pedagogy,  has  followed  the 
profession  of  teaching  from  his  boyhood, 
having  begun  his  work  as  a  country  school- 
master "boardin'  round,"  and  has  taught 
in  nearly  all  grades  of  institutions,  from 
the  district  school  to  Pratt  Institute. 

The  LTnion  Business  College,  Quincy,  III., 
held  their  reunion  September  18th,  at  which 
time  their  large  assembly  hall  was  filled  to 
overflowing  with  prospective  as  well  as  old 
students,  together  with  parents  and  friends. 
The  entertainment  was  principally  musical, 
the  Empire  orchestra  furnishing  the  same. 
The  only  address  of  the  evening  was  deliv- 
ered by  Rev.  R.  Beigs,  bis  theme  being 
"Get  Ready  and  Be  Ready." 


The  Bristol, Tennessee  and  Virginia  Busi- 
ness College,  W.  W.  Merriman,  President,  is 
issuing  a  unique  booklet  and  folder  com- 
bined of  twelve  pages,  giving  straightfor- 
ward information  concerning  that  straight- 
forward, practical  institution. 

We  have  known  Mr.  Merriman  for  a  num- 
ber of  years,  and  hereby  congratulate  the 
good  people  of  that  community  for  having 
encouraged  him  to  locate  there.  Mr.  Merri- 
man swings  a  pen  of  unusual  skill  and 
grace,  and  his  knowledge  of  the  commercial 
branches  and  his  skill  in  teaching  them 
make  him  an  all-round,  well-balanced  com- 
mercial educator. 

An  eight  page  circular  from  the  DuBois, 
Pa.,  Business  College,  would  indicate  that 
Mr.  G.  W.  Thorn,  the  Proprietor,  was  earning 
well  deserved  prosperity.  Mr.  Devine,  his 
penman  and  commercial  teacher,  recently 
favored  us  with  a  good  sized  club  which 
would  also  indicate  that  he  is  keeping 
abreast  with  the  times  by  placing  before  his 
pupils  the  best  penmanship  paper  pub- 
lished. 

The  twenty-second  annual  catalogue  of 
the  Stanberrv  Normal  School  and  Business 
College,  Stanberry,  Mo.,  D.  S.  Robbins, 
President,  bespeaks  a  progressive  and 
nourishing  institution. 

Mr.  Robbins  deserves  great  credit  for 
founding  such  an  institution.  He  and  the 
writer  of  this  paragraph  were  school  bovs 
together  iti  a  little  old  schoolhouse  in  the 
wdodsof  Eastern  Pennsylvania.  From  his 
parents  he  inherited  ambition  and  a  good 
character,  and  with  those  as  his  sole  capi- 
tal he  secured  an  education  by  his  own 
energy  and  unaided  efforts,  and  the  school 
of  which  he  is  proprietor  is  the  result. 
.Being  vet  a  young  man  we  mav  sav  that  he 
has  but  fairly  begun.     C    P.  Z. 

'*Spencerian"is  the  title  of  a  school  paper 
that  comes  our  way  quite  frequently,  and  is 
always  looked  into  with  interest.  The  hist 
one  came  with  a  budget  of  penmanship  ex- 
ercises inclosed  therein,  giving  the  st  vie  of 
writing  taught  in  that  institution.  The 
copies  are  unusually  well  and  accurately 
written  and  are  grouped  in  a  way  that  is 
wholly  original,  as  we  have  never  seen  emy- 
thingjust  like  it-  The  same  is  highly  cred- 
itable, and  we  might  add,  extremely  diffi- 
cult. Pupils  who  pass  muster  in  the  words 
and  combinations  given,  which  we  presume 
all  students  must  do, are  able  to  tackle  any- 
thing found  in  the  business  world. 


On  Saturday,  October  3d,  the  proprietors, 
principals  and  teachers  of  the  Marion  Busi- 
ness College  Co.,  Marion,  Ind.,  met  and  dis- 
cussed the  management,  courses  of  study, 
etc.,  of  the  various  schools  located  at 
Marion,  Logansport,  Elkhart,  Kokomo,  and 
Muncie. 

Mr.  H.  F.  Hilliard  of  the  Ferris  Institute, 
Big  Rapids,  Mich.,  began  work  as  teacher 
of  the  commercial  branches  and  penman- 
ship in  the  WaterloorIa.,  Business  College, 
October  12th.  The  enrollment  of  the  school 
is  nearly  fifty  per  cent  above  that  of  the 
corresponding  time  last  year. 

The  Vermont  Business  College,  Burling- 
ton, Vt.,  Miss  Agnes  M.  Donley.  Principal, 
is  a  new  institution  in  the  realm  of  business 
education.  Mr.  L.  J.  Egelston,  Principal  of 
the  Rutland,  Vt.,  Business  College,  has  an 
interest  in  the  school  and  will  give  what 
time  he  can  to  it.  Success  to  the  new  insti- 
tution. 

Brown's  Bloomington,  111.,  Business  Col- 
lege is  enjoying  the  largest  attendance  it 
has  ever  had.  Mr.  J.  B.  McConkie  is  prin- 
cipal of  the  book-keeping  department,  and 
is  assisted  by  Messrs.  J.  C.  Gladfelter  and  O. 
A.  Brock. 

The  largest  enrollment  last  year  of  the 
Green  Bay,  Wis.,  Business  College,  was  248, 
and  if  the  present  pace  is  maintained  there 
will  be  a  very  satisfactory  increase  this 
year. 

The  Rasmussen  Practical  Business  Col- 
lege, St.  Paul,  Minn.,  has  enlarged  its 
quarters  twice  during  the  past  year.  The 
growth  is  attributed  to  the  work  in  the  class 
room,  the  success  and  satisfaction  of  their 
graduates,  and  the  kindness  and  good  will 
of  former  students  and  friends. 

The  Almo  City  Business  College  and  the 
Almo  City  Commercial  College,  San  Anto- 
nia,  Texas,  have  consolidated,  Shafer  & 
Downey,  proprietors. 

The  Queen  City  Business  College,  Spring- 
field, Mo.,  under  the  management  of  Prof. 
Elmer  E.  Lacey,  reports  a  nourishing  year. 
Mr.  Lacey  was  for  seven  years  principal  of 
the  Jones  Commercial  College  of  St.  Louis, 
and  four  years  Assistant  City  Auditor  of 
the  City  of  St.  Louis. 


This  is 
Still  It 


A  specimen  Madarasz  letter  written  in  the  ornate  style 
svill  be  sent  to  any  one  who  has  the  enrage  to  semi  me 
i  dollar.    That  letter  will  prove  i 


fin 


nN  !t<« 


my  yc 


nut?  i'ii/  i 


-  fascinating 


nay  i 


.  be 


the  late   A.  D.  Taylor  could 

ecute,  it  is  warmer  and  fuller  of  that  x-ancthing—that 

flrfiimblr  quality,  which    spurs    you    on   to  a  higher 

■ade  of  excellence  in  your  own  writing— inspiring  and 

compelling.    One  dollar  is  the  price— it   will  never  be 

leas,  and  the  time  lo  get  om-  is  right  now— today,  while  1 

m  in  the  mood  of  writing  specimen  letters       When  I  feel  that  my  biters  are  not  equal  to 

hat  1  can  do  in  the  way  of  good  writing,  I'll  not  sell  one  for  many  times  a  dollar. 

It  took  mi'  twenty  years  search  to  get  a  writing  ink  that  exactly  suited 
*.    I've  got  all  there  is  of  that  kind  that  in  in  this  country,  and  I  am  told 
"  it  won't  be  imported  any  more  hecaus-e  it's  too  good  for  the  average  user 
of  india  ink."'     It  gives  a  perfectly  black  shade  and  the  Jin-st  hair  line  possi- 
ble—mellow and  soft.     While  they  last  $3  a  cake  by  registered  mail— enough 

Of  all  the  catch  words  used  i 
column  sizes,  t>o  and  75c.  each. 

effective -the  neatest  series  ever  ottered,  they  are  in  the  Molarasz  round 
hand  and  shaded  base,  full  of  vim.  Special  icrt/s  written  for  JI.75.  which 
includes  electro      Signature  of  your  name,  with  cut,  *1.75.    See  samples  of 


About 
Ink 

Script 
Cuts 


i  inc 


..f  the  PBrni 


.Inn 


L.  MADARASZ,   1 28 1  Third  Ave.,  New  York 


|  Cfa<^ 


■ri^    C^^ /5tf^^*^<^£e^^  I 


cesrz*?'  l&ct*£-£c*4sfa£sTd '  ^C4f*^£  £&sczsrtsfe  /Us0-tts  f^f  •> 


&hte&\lbir\^b&iAM&G&GlP    & 


The  eleventh  annual  openineoi  the  Butler, 
Pa.,  Business  I  mber  I-  1908,  was 

,-\er  ha.l.  Although 
Butler  is  bul  a  country  town,  the  school  en- 
rolled, the  six  weeks  following  Sept  1st,  105 
Btudents.  The  principal.  Prof.  A.  F.  Regal, 
a  graduate  "f  the  Zanerian,  and  also  of  the 
North-Eastern  <  thio  Business  roll,-.-,  tan 

field,    i  Uii. i.    i-    ..in-   ,,f    our    most    tli Ugh 

business  educators.  His  school  is  known 
throughout  Western  Pennsylvania,  and 
especially  in  Pittsburg  and  vicinity,  for  the 
ipetent  graduates  it  is  continu- 
ally turning  out. 

Business   is  I ning.    Over  200  students 

attend  in  14  the  Dav  Session,  and  over  ninety 
attending  the  Night  School.  We  are  busy 
ami  we  are  happy,  and  are  doing  the  best 
work  in  the  historv  of  the  school. 

E.    M     IlLM'INGON. 

Hartford,  Conn.,  Nov.  2,1903. 

rhe Grand  Island  Nebr.,  Business  and Nor- 
tnal  College  \  .  M.  Rargis,  Principal,  recently 
moved  into  it~  new  one  hundred  thousand 
dollar  building  which  is  to  said  he  one  of  the 
finest  college  homes  owned  and  occupied  by 
a  Business  School  in  the  U.  S. 

J.  !•'.  Draughon,  Nashville,  Tenn.,  Presi- 
dent of  Draughon's  Practical  Business  Col- 
recently  opened  a  new  school  in 
Columbia,  S.  (.'..  making  the  ninth  school  in 
operation  under  his  management.  He  says 
further  that  he  expects  to  open  twenty 
more  BChools  in  the  South.  We  learn  from" 
various  sources  that  his  schools  are  all  in  a 
nourishing    condition. 

I'll,-  Gloversville,  N.  y.,  Business  School, 
Patterson  &  Burr  Proprietors,  issues  an  ar- 
tistic catalogue  covered  in  gray  with  title 
printed  in  white  and  red  and  text  printed 
in  double-tone  brown. 

The  school  owns  and  occupies  a  large, 
handsome  four  story  residence,  which 
serves  as  home  and  school  combined,  as 
out  ot  town  pupils  are  accommodated  with 
home  influences  while  attending  the  school, 
which    no  doubt  causes   many  a   parent   to 

i  1 se   the   school  as  the  one  to  which  to 

send  the  son  or  daughter.  We  like  the  sen- 
timent of  the  catalogue  and  believe  we 
should  like  the  atmosphere  of  the  school. 

We  learn  that  the  Fresno,  Calif.,  Business 
College  has  an  enrollment  this  year  a  little 
mor<-  than  double  that  of  last  year  for  the 
corresponding  time,  Surely  this  is  a  satis- 
factorv  increase,  and  speaks  much  for  the 
institution. 

Hill's  Business  College.  Sedalia,  Mo.,  re- 
ports a  dail\  lit  tendance  of  200  pupils,  largest 
number  in  the  history  of  the  school.  Mr. 
Ransom,  the  penman,  has  seven  special 
students  taking  penmanship. 


Obituary 

Mr.  E  O.  Ross,  of  Hartford,  Ky.,  principal 
of  the  Douglas  Business  College,  Monessen, 
Pa.,  died  the  latter  part  of  September. 

The  students  of  that  institution  passed 
some  very  appropriate  and  touching  reso- 
lutions expressing  admiration  for  him  as 
a  teacher  and  citizen. 


VMY  GO  TO  "COLIEGE  "  —| 
TO  LEARN  BOOK-KEEPING 
WHEN  I  WILL  MAKE  A 

Jirst-ClassBook-l^eeper 

&/  i)F     TOD    AT     VOIR    Onl 

„,,£/     lll>1l  i:  msii  weeks  for  »:t  or 
JgX       RETUEB  31 


CARDS!     CARDS!     CARDS! 
Are    you     in     need    of    any     Cards  ? 

Fancy  written  1  aids,  2  doz  tor  JV  ,  :«  doz.  lor35c.  Col- 
ored Cards.  7  colors,  white  ink.  2  doz  25c.  Tinted  Cards, 
black  ink,  2  doz.  for  25c.  Printed  Bird  and  Scroll  Cards. 
9  designs.  12  for  35c.  Klourished  Bird,  Swan  or  Eagle.  1 
for  15c,  2  for  Joe.  10O  Card-  printed  in  Shaded  <  lid  Khg- 
lish  type,  60c.  Specimen  of  Card  Writing,  Inc.  Ornamen- 
tal Capitals,  10c. 

PENMEN'S  SUPPLIES 


,  OCT  l 


PER  1,000 


ER  3.000 

(2  10 

2  70 

2  70 


:  5.1  KX) 


where.  FREE!  Hive 
haps  can  place  T»l', 
received  from  pupils!  i 
.1.   II.  GOODWIN,  Expr 


4  VB  Till H  AND  WRITE. 

•t     lee, oii.lai.l.     Room 
>,  ItEH    VIIRK.  \.  V. 


4  25 
4  25 
4  75 


A  MONEY   MAKER 

Learn  rapid  pen  and  brush  let- 
tering for  Show  Cards  and  Tickets. 
Big  demand  everywhere. 

Our  new  and  improved  course 
of  instruction  by  mail  will  teach 
you  thoroughly  and  in  a  practi- 
cal manner. 

New  printed  matter  mailed 
free  to  all  interested.      Address, 

W.    A.    THOMPSON, 

PONTIAC,   MICH. 


P.  H.  MASON.  Belo.l,  Wis. 
Penman-Investment  Ajjcnt 
1  have  studied  investments  for  many 
months.  My  partner  in  the  Business  Col- 
lege receiver]  a  check  for  $300,  his  dividend 
on  a  $3000  investment.  I  have  several  relia- 
ble investments — I  sell  no  other— now  yield- 
ing 10  per  cent.  You  can  buy  them  at  $5  or 
$10  per  month.  Write  for  my  references  and 
literature. 

Belolt      Business     College 


3  1'lv,  Wedding  Bristol.  75c 
6  I'lv.  Wedding  Bristol,  95c 

4  Ply,  Perfection  Bristol.  95c 
6  Plj  ,  Perfection  Bristol,         «1  05 

4  Ply,  Leader  Bristol,  6l)c  165  2  5n 

3  Ply.Colored  or  Tinted  Bristol,85c  2  40  3  75 

Printed  Bird  and  Scroll  Cards,  9  designs,  per  1  .(100,  S3. 25. 
100  good  Envelopes,  15c.  250  sheets  of  Writing  Paper, 
50c.  Gillott's  Pens,  No.  1, 3  doz., 25c..  Ho.  80*,  3  doz.,  20c. 
1  bottle  of  White  Ink  15c.  one  tube  of  Chinese  White  25c. 
Agents  wanted,  send  25c.  for  Agents  Sample  Book,  All 
orders  promptly  tilled.    Send  for  samples. 

W.  McBEE,  19  Snyder  St.,  Allegheny,  Pa 


Colored  Drawing  Models 

Have  you  used  our  colored  ceramic 
art  models  in  your  drawing  classes? 
If  not.  we  are  willing  to  give  you  a 
liberal  discount  on  your  first  order. 
You  will  be  the  first  to  write  us  that 
they  are  not  highly  satisfactory, 
after  using  them  in  the  class  room 
for    a    month.     . 


.SECONDS: 


We  destroy  all  models  that  are 
badly  chipped,  but  we  have  a  large 
number  of  pieces  where  the  color 
has  run  in  burning,  or  are  slightly 
chipped,  that  we  are  going  to  sell 
CHEAP.  The  drip  effect,  and  shade, 
in  these  pieces  are  fine.  For  advance 
work  they  cannot  be  equalled  by  our 
best  pieces  when  one  does  not  want 
absolutely  regular  color. 

Write  us  for  terms. 

School    Model    ®.    Supply    Co., 

C.   E.  TOWNE.  Secretary. 
ZANESV1LLE,  -  -  OHIO 


¥ 


(Ornamental  Capitals  by  {?.  3.  Sernnan,  dr/icago,  311. 


CHICAGO  BUSINESS  COLLEGE. 


m 


l^Txt    O^cf    ~&Ct^-£cdstL£s7zt \*4*t££  £&C?s?Zsfe /U&Us 


C/^L£,  TR^cd-tsri^ld 'G^t^c^z^^y 


BY  L.  M.   KF.r.CHN'F.R,   DIXON,    II.T..,  COI.I.KliE  OF  FEN   ART. 


^^~«. 


News  Notes 

and  Notices. 


Haeberle  for  a  number  of  years,  during 
which  time  we  have  formed  a  very  high 
i  of  him  as  a  man,  as  well  as  a  com- 


The  Harlem  Commercial  Institute.  125th 
St.,  New  York  City,  had,  October  19th, 
seventy-eight  students  taking  penmanship, 
and  other  classes  were  equally  prosperous. 
Under  that  date  Mr.  Win.  Hope,  President, 
wrote  us  as  follows:  "You  are  making  too 
good  a  paper  for  the  money.  It  is  worth  to 
any  teache  ,  or  business  school  proprietor, 
$5.00  a  year.  I  think  all  Harlem  Schools  are 
on  the  high  tide  of  prosperity." 

Mr.  L.  B.  Sullivan,  principal  of  the  com- 
mercial department  of  the  University 
School,  New  Orleans,  La.,  reports  that  he 
lias  in  his  department  students  from  the 
City  of  Mexico,  Cuba,  Blueflelds,  C.  A.,  and 
many  southern  states  of  the  U.  S. 

The  Mankato,  Minn.,  Commercial  College 
enrolled  nOO  students  last  year,  and  as  their 
enrollment  is  larger  thus  far  this  year  than 
last, they  expect,  as  Mr.  Nettleton  expressed 
it,  a  "crowd."  And  they  deserve  it,'  for 
Messrs.  Brandrup  and  Nettleton  are  sub- 
stantial, aggressive,  progressive,  honorable 
school  men,  benefitting  a  host  of  young 
people,  and  indirectly  business  education. 

We  learn  that  the  Butte,  Mont.,  High 
School  has  an  enrollment  of  two  hundred 
and  fifty  pupils  in  the  commercial  depart- 
ment, which  is  believed  to  constitute  the 
largest  commercial  department  of  any 
high  school  west  of  Chicago.  Surely  busi- 
ness education  must  be  in  favor  in  Butte. 
Mr.  D.  C.  Ahlers,  a  friend  and  supporter  of 
The  Business  Educator,  is  principal  of 
the  commercial  department. 

Messrs.  F.  L.  Haeberle  and  P.  W.  Errebo, 
proprietors  of  the  Pittsburg,  Kans.,  Busi- 
ness College,  opened  a  new  school  on  Sep- 
tember 14th,  at  Chanute,  Kans.  By  the 
latter  part  of  October  they  had  enrolled 
upwards  of  seventy  pupils  in  the  new 
school. 

Mr.  Haeberle  reports  business  in  general 
very  good,  and,  from  the  size  of  the  club  he 
sent  The  Business  Educator,  we  should 
judge    as    much.      We     have     known     >Ir. 


nercial  educator 


"  Educatior 


Bv. 


editor 


iness,  volume  one, 
iber,  1903,  H.  E.  Read, 
and  publisher,  Peoria.  111.,  is  the  title 
ot  a  newsy,  high-grade,  new  periodical  in 
the  field  of  business  education,  which  we 
welcome  with  open  arms,  and  wish  it 
everlasting  success. 

Prof.  D.  H.  Hainer.  of  the  Curry  College, 
Pittsburg.  Pa.,  recently  favored  us  with  a 
good  sized  club,  and  states  that  their  class 
in  penmanship  is  the  largest  and  best  that 
thev  have  had  for  years.  This  is  further 
evidence  of  the  fact  that  there  is  more 
interest  in  penmanship  today  than  hereto- 
fore, and  we  congratulate  the  Curry  College 
for  encouraging   this   spirit   by  supporting 

The  business  Educator. 

Mr.  W.  H.  Sadler,  of  Sadler's  Bryant  & 
Stratton  Business  College.  Baltimore,  Md., 
recently  played  the  part  of  a  detective  by 
detaining  a  young  man  until  the  police 
arrived  to  capture  him.  One  Harry  Marcus 
appeared  and  desired  to  enter  as  a  student, 
giving  in  pavment  a  bogus  draft  for  $85,  for 
tuition  receipt  for  $65  and  $20  in  cash,  Col 
onel  Soule,  of  New-  Orleans,  has  recently 
been  victimized  by  the  same  partv  and  had 
written  to  Mr.  Sadler  to  that  effect.  A- a 
consequence,  Mr.  Sadler  had  the  young 
man  in  mind  and  had  him  arrested. 

A  recent  letter  and  cards  from  W.  C. 
Wollaston,  Wilder,  Minn.,  display  not  a 
little  skill  in  the  line  of  penmanship.  The 
letter  just  received  is  an  excellent  one  from 
the    standpoint    of    business    penmanship. 

Mr.  Wollaston  is  one  of  our  progressive 
commercial  and  penmanship  teachers,  and 
will  be  heard  from  from  time  to  time, 
as  he  has  the  right  metal  in  him  for  success. 

Mr.  W.  N.  Ferris,  the  practical  educational 
reformer,  of  Big  Rapids,  Mich.,  recently 
gavea  numberof  lectures  before  the  Lehigh 
County  Institute,  Allantown,  Pa. 

He  also  delivered  a  lecture  before  the 
students  of  the  American  Business  College 
of  that  city.  Commenting  upon  Mr.  Ferris' 
work  in  the  institute,  the  Daily  City  Item 
sums  up  its  remarks  as  follows:  "He  lias 
worked  himself  into  the  hearts  audi  minds 
of  every  teacher  in  the  county,  easily  be- 
coming the  favorite  lecturer  and  instructor 
of  the  Lehigh  County  Institute  of  1TO3  and 
1904. 


Eclipses  Everything  in  Chat  Cine 

Permit  me  to  congratulate  you  on  the 
growth  of  the  Business  Educator,  it  is 
remarkable  how  the  paper  has  developed. 
I  am  not  much  surprised,  however,  because 
every  thing  the  Zanerian  people  take  hold 
of,  has  a  very  modest  beginning  and 
steadily  developes  until  it  eclipses  every 
thing  in  that  line. 

W.  S.  ASHBY, 
Bowling  Green,  Kv. 


CALLING 
CARDS 


Whit...  Ca 


Cards,  ■ 


rds,   black   ink, 

doz.       Colored 

lite  ink,  20c.  per 

doz       No    1  Blank  Cards, 

from  50e.  per  1,000  lo$  .00. 

10c       While   Ink.  20c.  per 

Send  lu  cents  for  samples 

iple  of  pen- 


Oblique   Holder 

bottle,  postpaid. 

of  20  shades  of  cards 

manship. 

A.   B.    SMITH 
Box  586  I  ake  Geneva,  Wis. 


Order  Now 

I  have  on  hand  ?00,0i0  colored,  7  colors,  and 
200,000  white  cards.  Quality  the  lust.  While  they 
last,  \vill  sell  the  colored  at  80c.  and  the  white  at 
90c,  per  1000.    Sample  100  -  20c. 

These  cards  will  please  you. 

L.   E.  STACY  =        Camden,  N.  J. 

1  */   A    fWj  ^H  C*  f"\     A  teacher  of  penman- 

VV  M  IN  f  E.  VJ  ship  who  can  make 

his  students  generally 
write  good  hands  in  six  months.  Good  wages  to 
man  of  demonstrated  capability.  Give  references 
and  name  salary  wanted.     Address, 

PRINCIPAL  BUSINESS  COLLEGE, 
Care  Business  Educator     -     Columbus,  O. 


SHORT  CUTS  £.lxzfifett& 

UllUlli  UU1VJ.  witn  half  the  fig-ires  and 
in  half  tho  time  all  of  those  little  calculations 
w1  ich  we  must  figure  out  every  day.  Everything 
from  Addition  to  Interest  and  Discount.  lis 
worth  is  attested  by  the  fact  that  its  author  is 
now  and  has  been  for  years  the  specialist  in  this 
branch  at  the  Eastman'  Business  College.  Trice, 
cloth,  50c.     Address, 

GEO.  A.  DEEL,  Poughkeepsie,  N.  Y. 


0%£-  73^C<6£srZ~£<!Z<4  (f^WWtTTT    1 


I   £fe£^£sr£^±£sr-J  asrz*?'  ^tc^-£c^^LA^d  ^c^-t^£.  tfaczsrzsfe  /z^^tc* 


#ta©  &vibM\Gbb  &d**>&e&Qr   #> 


Mr.  B.  A,   McKinnei  of  the  Massey  Busi- 

lleges,   Richmond,  Va.,  favored   us 

with  a  well  gotten  up  and  elaborate  catalog 

bj  thai  chain  of  schools   located  at 

Birmingham   and    Mnntgomei  > .  Ala.,  Rich 

in I,  Va  .  Houston,  Texas,  Columbus,  Go., 

racksom  ille,  Fla.,  and  Louisi  ille,  Ky. 

Mr,  McKinnej  is  a  Brst-class  business 
penman,  as  well  as  a  progressive,  well  edu- 
.  nted  and  prai  tical  commercial  teacher. 

Specimens  of  ornamental  penmanship, 
nourishing,  etc..  received  from  A.  E.  Cole 
grove,  Bradford,  Pa.,  reveal  a  good  deal  oi 
skill  in  the  in i  penmanship. 

Mr.  Colegroveis  an  experienced  commer- 
cial teacher  as  well  as  an  educator  in  other 
lines,  having  been  principal  of  public 
schools  of  that  city  and  elsewhere.  His 
abilitv.  however,  ts  not  confined  topenman- 
Bhip,  bookkeeping, shorthand  and  the  usual 
English  branches,  but  lie  is  well  versed  in 
art  as  well.  Would  that  we  had  more  well- 
rounded  and  grounded  educators. 

Mr.  lienii  I.  Ferguson,  formerly  uf 
Marietta,  Ohio,  now  lias  charge pf  the  com 
mercial  department  of  the  high  school  of 
Wheeling,  W.  Va. 

We  learn  that  the  Zeth  School.  Altoona, 
Pa., is  enjoying  the  largest  attendance  in 
the  historyof  the  institution.  It  has  been 
found  necessary  to  provide  additional 
facilities  in  all  departments.  This  surely 
apeaks  well  for  the  institution. 

Prof.  B.  K.  Sanford,  a  ''.'7  Zanerian,  spent 
the  summer  in  Buntij  Kansas  visiting  his 
parents  and  scenes  of  his  boyhood,  also 
chasing  the  coy  jackrabbit  for  pastime. 
Proi  -i i . i. .r. I  i-  with  Crumb's  Business 
College.  Auburn,  N.  Y..  where  he  has  been 
employed  for  the  past  eight  years.  He  is 
also  connected  with  several  business  ven- 
t  ures  i  here  and  is  a  prominent  citizen,  hav- 
ing t -i i i  recently  been  elected  as  a  :£.'  degree 
mason. 

J.  E.  Leamy,  penman  in  the  Troy.  \.  Y.. 
Business  College,  whose  intensely  practical 
lessons  in  business  writing  are  now  run- 
ning in  the  Business  Kuitator, recently 
engrossed  an  elaborate  and  expensive  reso- 
lution which  was  sent  to  Admiral  Cer- 
vera  in  Spain.  It  was  illuminated  in  colors 
;in<]  handsomely  done,  indicating  that  Mr. 
l.-:iin\  is  no)  only  a  penman  but  an  en- 
grossei  as  well. 

Mr.  Fred  II.  (.'rider,  the  expert  penman 
and  teacher  of  penmanship,  is  now  engaged 
as  teachei  oi  penmanship  at  the  Williams' 
Business  College,  i  ishkosh,  Wis. 

C.  II.  Jenkins.  'M  Zanerian,  who  left  the 
teal  long  profession  two  or  three  years  ago, 
is  meeting  with  marked  success  as  a  grower 
of  carnations.  He  has  recently  added  an- 
other Iihi  tt.  house,  new  boilers,  etc.,  and  has 
several  thousand  line  plants  for  the  coming 
season's  business. 

II,-  -till  pushes  the  pen,  and  does  a  large 

■-li.ii'-  "t    Ma school  diploma  work  each 

spring. 

S.  IC.  Leslie  has  taken  charge  of  the  pen- 
manship work  in  the  business  department 


A  BEAUTIFUL 
HEAD 


Drawn  by  band,  not  a 
reproduction,  in  Pen 
and  Ink  on  heavy  bris- 
t.,1  I  ioard  rive  times  as 

this  cut 
A    SPLENDID     PIECE     OF 
ART    WRH 
Mailed  securely  in  tube  for 25c 
We    will    engrave    vour    nam,-    on    a 
beautiful    Aluminum    Card    Case,   and 
write  tw.i  dozen  cards,  assorted   styles. 
something   line,  for  but    '.Tic.      Agents 
wanted. 


SIT  DOWN  I' 

AND   WRITK 


Bi 


n  in. ii-  desi  riptive  oi 
trses.     II    you 
mean      bu 

they  re  free  Foi  the  asking. 
as  Writing,  Artistic  W 


ird    Willing.  Engrossing,  and    Flour- 
ishing. 

Send  along  25c    foi   one  dozen  cards  (any 
name)  n  ritten  in  m  j  Bncsl  eein, 

F.  W.   TAMBIYN, 

K.in.sas    City,    Mo. 


oi  Hiram,  (Ohio)  College.  Mr.  Leslie  is  a 
splendid  writer  and  will  no  doubt  make 
success  of  the  work. 

J.  E.  Joiner,  Principal  of  the  Columbia 
Commercial  University,  Lancaster,  O., 
issues  some  very  attractive  original  pieces 
of  advertising,  and  is  building  up  a  very 
successful,  substantial  institution  in  that 
attractive  little  city  in  the  center  of  Ohio. 

Me  drops  into  the  office  of  THE  BUSINESS 
EDUCATOR  occasionally,  and  has  a  way  of 
attending  to  a  good  deal  of  business  in  a 
little  while,  and  doing  it  in  such  a  social 
way  that  time  slips  by  all  too  rapidly. 

The  Gregg  Writer  for  September  came  to 
our  desk  bedecked  in  blue  and  black,  with  a 
real  live-like,  ladylike  amanuensis,  busily 
engaged  in  jotting  down  the  good  things 
which  appear  therein  from  month  to  month. 

By  wa\-  of  suggestion.  Brother  John  Rob- 
ert, warm  the  colors  of  the  ink  a  little, and 
the  whole  will  be  irresistible, 

I  W.  Patton,  author  of  the  Pattou  Method 
of  Touch  or  Sight  Typewriting,  has  recently- 
patented  a  blackboard  and  drawing-board 
which  is  Intended  to  aid  in  ruling  accur- 
ately and  carefully  blackboards  for  the 
teaching  of  bookkeeping  and  other  purposes. 
The  device  impresses  us  as  being  very  prac- 
tical. Anyone  interested  would  do  well  to 
correspond  with  the  Patton  Blackboard 
Kuler  Co.,  No  «)  West  132nd  Street,  New 
Y'ork  City. 


Jersey  Business  College,  Newark.  N.  j.,  is 
also  director  of  the  educational  department 
of  the  Y.  M.  C.  A.  of  that  city. 

Mrs.  Charlton  Y.  Howe  is  taking  a  course 
in  illustration  at  the  School  of  Industrial 
Art,  Philadelphia.  Mrs.  Howe  got  her  start 
in  the  Zanerian,  at  which  time  she  demon- 
strated more  than  usual  ability  in  the 
line  of  art,  and  we  are  therefore  pleased  to 
know-  that  she  is  continuing  her  work  in  the 
City  of  Brotherly  Love. 

At  some  convenient  time  during  the  Cin- 
cinnati meeting,  Mr.  A.  H.  Ilinman,  of  Wor- 
cester, Mass.,  expects  to  give  an  hour's  dis- 
play of  blackboard  skill  to  show  the  boys  a 
host  of  designs  at  a  speed  that  they  have 
never  seen  equalled,  and  thereby  to  further 
demonstrate  his  title,  "  King  of  Blackboard 
Penmen." 

K.  N.  Marrs,  the  itinerant  teacher  of  pen- 
manship,is  organizing  classes  of  writing  in 
Philadelphia,  and  is  meeting  with  great 
success. 

Mr.  Marrs  is  the  most  successful  itiner- 
ant teacher  at  the  present  time  of  which  we 
have  know-lege. 

We  learn  that  the  Camden  Commercial 
College,  Camden,  N.  J.,  the  new  school  re- 
cently organized  by  Messrs.  L.  E.  Stacy  and 
George  O.  Swartz, enrolled  one  hundred  and 
twenty-five  pupils  from  September  1st  to 
October  15th.  This  is  certainly  making  a 
good  record  for  the  new-  institution,  and  be- 
speaks much  success  for  these  enterprising 
and  capable  gentlemen. 


At  Saco,  Me-,  stenography  and  typewrit- 
ing,as  well  as  the  other  commercial  studies, 

are  being  taught  to  those  grammar  school 
pupils  who  do  not  contemplate  continuing 
their  studies  in  the  high  school,  one  extra 
vear  being  spent  in  tiie  common  schools. 
Mr,  Theo.  T.  Young,  Principal  of  the  Locke 
Grammar  School,  has  charge  of  the  course, 
and  teaches  the  commercial  branches.  Mrs. 
L  i\.  Yerrill  teaches  the  stenography  and 
typewriting,  and  Mr.  A.  K.  Merrill  is  the 
teacher  of  penmanship. 

The  series  of  designs  entitled  Gems  in 
Light  and  shade,  by  Mr.  C.  C.  Canan,  begin 
in  this  number.  The  first,  a  letter  in  orna- 
mental style,  wuich,  for  grace  and  accuracy, 
ranks  with  one  of  the  finest  ever  presented 
in  a  penman's  jobrnal.  This  specimen  alone 
proves  that  Mr.  Canan  is  one  of  the  Modern 
Masters  of  penmanship,  and  is  alone  worth 
a  year's  subscription  to  THE  BUSINESS  ED- 
UCATOR. 


Our  superior  black  card  writ- 
ing (lithographic  effect)  ink, 
sample  bottle,  1   oz.,  prepaid, 
Auto  Pen  anil  Ink  Mfg.  Co.,  Chicago. 


DO  YOU   NEED   A   TEACHER'! 


DO  YOU  WANT   A   POSITION! 


GLICK'S    TEACHERS'     AGENCY 

E.  L    GLICK.  Mor..  Concord.  N.  H. 


WEAVER'S  Correspondence  School  of  Pen- 
manship and  Drawing,  Mt.  Morris,  Ills., 
Offers  the  best  instructions  in  the  various 
branches  of  Penmanship  and  Drawing. 
Write  today  for  fnll  particulars 


MILLS'S  Correspondence 
School  of  Penmanship 
Is  conceded  by  the  leading 
penmen  of  this  country  to  be 
the  most  thorough  school  of 
its  kind  You  cannot  do  a 
better  thing  than  to  send 
stamp  today  for  full  particu- 
lars concerning  our  courses. 


Look  Here  !  1000  best  qual- 
ity cards,  white  or  assorted 
colors.  Prepaid,        $1.75. 

Auto  Pen  and  Ink  Mfg.  Co.,  Chicago. 


I  £fc£v4srCc±£srd  a^z^/  ~/2cc-&£t44i4srtJ  -*4*t&-  £Si*zsrisfc  su^tlc* 


cTslz.  73*cd*s?z^dd£'*£t't<«i£<7~r~ 


The    Pratt   Teachers'    Agency, 

70  Fifth  Avenue,  New  York, 

Recommends  college  and  normal  gradu- 
ate*, specialists,  and  other  teachers  to  col- 
leges, schools,  and  families. 


The  Agency  receires  many  calls  for  com 
marcial  teachers  from  public  and  priTate 
schools,  and  business  colleges. 

WM.  O.   PRATT,  Manager 


nTrfk  THE  KINSLEY  STUDIO 

prfNE/Hji  DESIGNERS 
jjtjff   1)1X11  ENGRAVERS 

ENGROSSERS 
PRINTERSX 

wjL~/  »^^"°'1"-<' 

^"■xrssr" 

**T         Sample  of  letter- 
1                   head  design 
'                    Printing    Plate 

1         Diplomas, 

Catalogs, 

and  all 

school  work 

a  specialty 

E.   C.  MILLS 

Script  Specialist  and  Engraver 
1 96  Grand  Ave.,  Rochester,  N.  Y. 
Script  illustrations  are 
educational  for  works  on 
Bookkeeping,  Business- Prac- 
tice Correspondence,  Copy 
Slips,  etc.  I  make  a  specialty 
of  furnishing  THE  BEST 
script  plaLes  for  these 
purposes 


I    C&^^r£c,d-£yrJ  ezsrzscf  72tt&£cd4v£s?zf  -**+£&,  £6s€Z^zsfe  st^^Us  / 


C7%<£  73st£dsCsrL&£d '  <E^<£t*s€>eZs£<rr-_     I 


The  ink  bottle  and  quill  make  an  effective 
design  to  be  used  in  connection  with  text 
matter,  where  space  permits,  to  give  variety. 
The  ink  bottle  should  be  nearly  solid  black, 
especially  near  the  point  where  the  quill 
,  rosses  it.  First  add  parallel  lines,  and 
observe  carefully  where  the  darkest  values 
occur.  Study  the  technique  critically  be- 
fore applying  the  ink.  The  best  effect  is 
obtained  with  a  very  few  lines. 

The  win*;*  attached  to  a  diploma,  with 
decorative  matter,  is  a  very  suitable  design 
for  tin-  back  cover  of  a  catalog,  or  in  fact 
m\  page  where  artistic  finish  is  desired. 
Stud;  the  design,  giving  especial  attention 
to  the  drawing  and  light  and  shade  values. 
(Jsefe^i  lines,  and  avoid  the  use  of  weak, 
scratchy  lines  on  drawings  of  this  class. 
Many  of  the  "odd"  designs  produced  by 
penmen  and  others  are  sadly  lacking  in 
drawing  and  technique.  A  design  that  is 
unique  and  odd,  must  be  well  drawn  to  be 
successful.  Good  drawing  is  highly  essen- 
tial in  all  forms  of  artistic  decoration. 


C.  C.  CAIHAN, 

173  Congress  St.,     -:-     Bradford.  Pa. 


ARTISTIC     ALPHABETS 

i-  a  l"t,)k  containing  high-grade  ex- 
amples  of  plain  and  ornamental 
penmanship,  engrossing,  flourish- 
ing, card  writing,  pen  drawing  and 
designing. 

"A  Work  of  Art."     Special    Price,   75c. 


Send    -.tamp   for  fine  Penmanship 
Engravings. 


SPENCERIAN 


PERFECT 


Steel  Pens 

USED  BY  EXPERT  AND  CAKEPDL 

PENMEN  POR  NEARLY  FIFTY  YEARS 

different  patterns 

receipt  of6  cents  in 

3k  for  card  R. 

SPENCERIAN    PEN    CO. 

349  BROADWAY,  NEW  YORK 


Faust's  Superior  White  Ink 
is  the  best  made.  It's  white 
and   will   not  crack  nor  peal 

off.      1  oz.,  prepaid,  25c.      Auto  Pen  and 

Ink  Mfg.  Co.,  Chicago. 


fToU  OUCHT  TO  HAVE  IT 

iion,  fractions  and  square 
k.  only  10c.  Lightning  C- 
Dept.  11,  Everett  Station,  Boston 


of    rapid     \ 
.traction,     I 


iiiL'ly,  had  a  lew  printed,  and  those 
Using  them  is  explained  with  each  s< 
the  oval-rhomboid  cards  will  help  yi 

HORACE   G.  HEALEY 


As  an  aid  in  teaching  the  forms  of  the 
capital  letters,  I  have  been  using-  in  my  classes 
lor  a  few  years  a  series  of  cards— one  for  each 
letter— on  which  I  have  indicated  the  measure- 
ments of  the  capitals.  The  form  used  is  as 
simple  as  it  can  well  be  made,  and  may  be  used 
as  a  basis  on  which  to  graft  any  appendages 
or  changes.  Some  teachers,  well  known  in  the 
profession,  have  commended  the  plan.  This 
has  led  me  to  think  that  possibly  some  of  the 
younger  teachers  of  writing  would  like  these 
cards  to  use  in  their  classes,  I  have,  aceord- 
ish  them  may  have  a  set  for  thirteen  two-cent  stamps.    The  manner  of 

If  your  conception  of  the  forms  of  the  capital  letters  is  not  satisfactory, 

Orders  should  be  directed  to 


203    Broad-way,  Nc 


York.. 


Earn  some  cash  on  odd  time. 
Get  our  special  $2  outfit  of 
automatic  pens  and   inks  for 

sign   writing,  etc.     Write  us  today.      Auto 

Pen  and  Ink  Mfg.  Co.,  Chicago. 


The  Card  Writer 

Writes    cards    at 
15c.    per    dozen. 

»t.  Morris,  III.  ^e.^neln! 

sure     to     please.      Order    today. 


M  I  LLS'S  Correspondence 
School  of  Penmanship 

Is  an  exclusive  school  of  pen- 
manship. If  you  feel  the 
need  of  improving  your 
writing  you  should  send 
stamp  at  once  for  full  infor- 
mation concerning  our 
school.    Address, 

E.  C    MILLS 

195  Grand  Ave..  Rochtster.N.  Y. 


One  dozen  colored  cards,  white  ink,  OCa 

any  name,  for  but *«" 

One    dozen   white  cards,   plain    or  Of]p 

ornamental  style fcUl* 

Letter,   showing    style  of  business  1  Cp 

writing _ I  \9\* 

Twelve  lessons  in  business  writ-    <D  C     f\C\ 

Work  will  please  you. 

Order  and  be  convinced. 
Winner  of  first  premium,  Oregon  State 
Fair,  1902.  No  free  specimens;  send  10 

cents  for  samples. 


ARLINGTON,  OREGON. 


No 

Matter 

What  You  Want  to  File 

—Notes        —  Docum'ts— Card  Records 
—Checks      -  Samples    —Legal  Blanks 
—Letters      —Invoices    -Credit  Reports 
— Clippings  —Reports     —  Deposit  Tickets 
—Papers      —Books        —Insurance  Policies 
there  is  a  SHAW-WALKER  way  to  do  it. 
And  that  way  we  guarantee  is  best 
and  ask  nothing  but  return  of  goods 
if  after  trial  you   do  not   think    so 
Check  in  the  list  above  those  items  that  interest 
you — tear    out    this    advertisement    and    mail  to  us. 
That's   the   first   step   in     sinijilitYiiiL,'    your   office   or 
factory  detail.     And  do  it  NOW. 

The  Shaw- Walker  Co.,  Muskegon,  Michigan 


|  C&&v-&sr£<*Lc^  gsri*?  *Utd-£cJ4t&W  ^tv-i&.  £6*zsn^  /^<^ 


C7%^-  TB^tdj^n^Ul  &£e*^>ezs£err'- 


^/lvc©\vUlrv^^^ti?t&tfcWr   <***» 


Modern  Commercial  Penmanship. 


MODERN  IN   EVERY   RESPECT. 

WjJ  E  take  pleasure  in  announcing  that  we  have  just  placed  upon  the  market  a  book  on  penmanship,  designed  to  meet  the  re- 
*^  quirements  of  schools  wishing  to  teach  a  plain,  rapid,  medium-slant  style  of  writing.  The  plan  of  the  book  is  unique.  It 
contains  sixty  lessons  —three  months'  work  —  twelve  weeks  of  five  lessous  each. 

The  copies  are  on  the  right  hand  pages,  and  the  instruction  on  the  left.  The  book  is  bound  at  the  end  to  open  flat.  The  copies 
were  written  by  the  most  expert  business  writer  in  the  United  States,  and  the  instruction  was  prepared  by  four  experienced  teach. 
ers,  working  together. 

There  is  something  in  the  copies  and  instruction  to  inspire  the  student  and  to  make  the  work  of  the  teacher  easy. 

The  book  is  handsomely  bound  in  blue  or  red  cloth  and  stamped  in  gold. 

It  retails  for  50  cents  ;  sample  copies  to  teachers  for  examination,  25  cents. 

There  are  several  inferior  books  on  the  market  at  $2.00. 

Put  this  book  into  your  classes  and  revolutionize  the  penmanship  work. 


OTIEIIEIR,    O-OOID     BOOKS 


DO  NOT  FORGET  THAT  WE  PUBLISH 

Modern  Commercial   Bookkeeping, 
Modern   Commercial  Banking, 
Williams'  Commercial  Law, 
Williams'  English  Grammar, 


The  New  Business  Speller, 

The  New  Business  Correspondence, 

Clark's   Graham-Pitmanic  Shorthand, 

The  Complete  Guide  to  Touch  Typewriting, 

Yours  Truly,  a  Practical  Dictation  Manual. 


And  do  not  forget  that  we  carry  a  full  line  of  Blank  Books,  Practice  Paper,  Typewriter  Paper,  Pens,  a 
other  Commercial  College  Supplies.    Correspondence  with  teachers  and  school  proprietors  is  invited. 


THE  COMMERCIAL   TEXT  BOOK  CO.,  DES  MOINES,  IOWA. 


(Report  of  N.  E.  H.  S.  C.  T.  A.  continued 
from  page  21.) 

Providence;  Vice  Presidents,  George  B. 
Kingsbury,  Hartford,  and  Miss  Lizzie  Fitz- 
gerald, East  Boston;  Secretary,  Miss  Helen 
L.  Follansbee,  Somerville,  Mass.;  Treasurer, 
F.  H.  Read,  Providence. 

It  seemed  to  be  the  common  impression 
that  Messrs.  Read  and  Lakey  had  taken 
care  of  the  local  part  of  the  convention  busi- 
ness perfectly,  and  everyone  had  a  good 
word  for  the  efficient  manner  in  which 
President  H.  G.  Greene,  of  Winchester, 
Mass.,  discharged  his  duties.  To  his  devot- 
ed and  intelligent  action  no  small  part  of 
the  success  of  this  new  organization  was 
due,  although  we  all  recognized  the  deft 
hand  of  the  Chairman  of  the  Program  Com- 
mittee, Mr.  Carlos  B.  Ellis,  of  Springfield, 
Mass.,  one  of  the  most  capable,  equable, 
and  nicely  poised  commercial  teachers  in 
the  country. 


desire  the 
imes  of  those 
iterested  in 


ENGROSSING 


Round    Hand 
Lettering 
Wash  Drawing 
Designing 

Work  criticised  and  returned.  Real 
models  from  pen  and  brush.  Speci- 
mens for  2c.  stamp. 

HY.  CWALKER 


Mr.  W.  X.  Currier,  whose  portrait  and  sig- 
nature appear  herewith,  was  born  on  a 
farm  in  Kennebunkport,  Me.,  December  2, 
lST'i,  the  year  of  the  famous  centennial.  He 
attended  the  public  schools  until  sixteen 
years  of  age,  when  he  completed  the  com- 
mercial and  shorthand  courses  at  the  Shaw 
Business  College,  Portland,  Me  ,  Mr.  C.  H. 
Jenkins  being  his  instructor  in  penmanship. 
He  was  then  engaged  in  various  lines  of 
business  until  '98,  when  he  left  a  Boston 
banking  house  to  attend  the  Zanerian,  and 
says  he  has  never  regretted  the  step. 

He  taught  one  season  in  the  Rockford,  111., 
Business  College,  and   was    principal    one 


year  of  the  shorthand  and  commercial  de- 
partment of  the  Danville,  Va.,  Military 
Institute. 

He  is  now  on  his  second  year  with  the 
Rider-Moore  &  Stewart  Schools  of  Business, 
Trenton,  N.  J.,  where  he  teaches  the  com- 
mercial branches  and  has  charge  of  most 
of  the  penmanship. 

Mr.  Currier  writes  an  unusually  strong, 
accurate  and  characteristic  hand,  and  is  a 
wide-awake,  progressive,  enthusiastic 
teacher  of  business  writing.  He  not  only 
writes  well  himself,  but  he  gets  results  on 
the  part  of  his  pupils;  results,  which  we 
hope  to  show,  ere  long,  in  THE  BUSINESS 
EDUCATOH. 

It  gives  us  pleasure  to  introduce  Mr. 
Currier  to  our  many  readers  as  one  of 
America's  foremost,  practical  penmen,  and 
aggressive  teachers  of  penmanship  and 
commercial  subjects.  As  a  man  he  is 
sociable  yet  positive,  sensitive,  moral, 
quick-witted,  103'al  as  a  friend,  faithful  as 
an  employee,  and  — single,  as  yet. 


MILLS'S 

CORRESPONDENCE   SCHOOL 
OF  PENMANSHIP 

Is  helping  scores  of  ambi- 
tious people  to  acquire  a 
fine  style  of  penmanship  at 
home.  We  are  ready  to  help 
YOU  also.  Send  stamp  for 
information. 

E.  C.   MILLS 
1  95  Grand  Ave  ,  Rochester,  N.  Y. 


To  the  Writing  Teacher  :  If 
you  have  a  student  that  does 
not  use  muscular  movement 
all  the  time,  have  hiin  use  Faust's  Patent 
Myograph.  It  does  the  business.  Sample 
25c.     Auto  Pen  and  Ink  Mfg.  Co.,  Chicago. 


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Simple,  Rapid,  Practical,  Single-stroke.  Lettering. 
abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvuuxL/z  


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For  Parcel-marking,  Map-lettering,  Mechanical  and  Architectural 
Drawings,  Labels,  Tickets  ,  Indexing ,  Cataloging ,  Documents  ,  Etc.,Etc. 


"Commercial  Geography,"  J.  W.  Redway. 
F.  K.  G.  S.  Published  by  Charles  Scribner's 
Sons,  New  York. 

This  is  a  scientific  presentation  of  one  of 
the  most  useful  of  the  technical  commercial 
group  of  subjects  now  attracting  the  atten- 
tion "f  school  officials.  Doctor  Redwayis 
an  eminent  geographer,  and  his  work  in  the 
[kj-1  has  prepared  him  as  few  others  who 
have  v.-t  written  on  this  subject  have  been 

Beginning  with  a  statement  of  the  general 
principles  on  which  the  book  is  based,  the 
author  rapidly  shows  the  reader  how  com- 
merce has  affected  civilization,  and  how 
commerce  is  controlled  by  climate  and  to- 
ll. i-!;ipii v.  He  then  strikes  right  into  the 
heart  of  his  subject  by  taking  up  Transpor- 
tation and  the  great  Commercial  Products, 
using '.tin  pages  in  a  most  interesting  expo- 
sition of  the  subject  in  this  general  way. 
He  then  makes  a  study  of  the  various  coun- 
tries, in  the  order  of  their  commercial  im- 
portance, treating  of  the  Western  Hemis- 
phere first. 

Special  features  that  will  immediately 
appeal  to  those  who  examine  this  book  are 
numerous  unusually  attractive  half-tone 
illustrations;  valuable  maps  and  diagrams, 
ot  the  first  order  of  excellence;  questions 
for  discussion,  and  suggestions  for  study 
and  reference.  The  last  two  features  are 
entirely  unique,  and,  inasmuch  as  they  re- 
quire independent  outside  work,  they  will 
meet  tin-  favor  of  live  instructors.  We  be- 
lieve that  the  teacher  of  Commercial  Geog- 
raphy who  dors  not  have  Doctor  Kedwav's 
book    is   without  one  of  the  best  tools  we 

have  seen. 


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ound  nil.)  fi  .in. 
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"Pitman's  Abridged  Shorthand  Diction- 
ary," with  a  complete  list  of  gramalogues 
and  contractions,  twentieth  century  edition, 
Isaac  Pitman  &  Sons,  publishers,  No.  31, 
Union  Square,  New  York  City,  230  pages, 
price  85  cents. 

3x5  inches  in  size,  semi-flexible  back, 
gilt  edged,  round  corners, high-grade  paper, 
perfect  printing  and  engraving  character- 
ize the  same.  It  resembles  more  nearly 
a  neat  little  prayer  book  than  anything  else 
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Isaac  Pitman  phonography. 


Lessons  in  Simple, 
Practical  Pen  Lettering 


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A  new  and  most  valuable  instructor  for  home 
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pen  work,  comprising   Business  »'  ritinir,  Ona- 
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This  great  pen  drawing,  the  result  of  many  years 
of  the  most  scientific  training  is  from  the  pen  of 
S  N.  Falder,  whom  we  believe  to  have  no  peer  in 
his  profession.  We  offer  an  engraved  facsimile 
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board  22x28  inches  for  $1.00.  The  original  pen 
drawing  is  33x48  inches,  and  is  believed  to  be  one 
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a  most  complete  picture  of  the  highest  order. 

Send  your  order  at  once  and  secure  the  Master- 
piece.    R«mit  P.  O.  Money  Orders  or  Stamps. 
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This  alphabet  in  variously  modified 
forms  has  long  since  been  the  favorite  with 
architects  and  mechanical  draftsmen.  It 
is  script-like  in  construction,  and  about  as 
plain  as  lettering  can  be. 

Use  pencil  head  and  base  lines  for  the 
minimum  letters,  and  for  the  capitals  if 
you  need  them.  Use  a  smooth,  round 
pointed  pen,  such  as  the  Zaneriau  Medial, 
straight  holder,  and  India  ink. 

Aim  to  secure  uniform  slant  and  spacing, 
not  by  rule  but  by  the  eye,  and  uniform 
width  of  stroke  and  letter. 

Use  a  slow,  deliberate,  sure  motion,  letting 
the  hand  rest  on  the  side.  Paper  should  be 
held  about  the  same  as  in  writing,  but  a 
trifle  closer  to  the  eye  and  body. 

Most  of  the  small  letters  may  be  made 
without  raising  the  pen,  though  there  are 
no  objections  to  raising  it  after  making 
oval  in  a,  or  after  long,  straight  stroke  in 
h.  The  oval  of  h  is  made  from  top  clown, 
finishing  at  lower  corner. 

Study  and  analysis  will  aid  you  to  per- 
ceive form,  and  practice  and  experiment 
will  enable  you  to  produce  form. 

Send  on  your  best  work  for  criticism 
through  these  columns,  enclosing  stamp 
if  you  wish  your  work  returned. 


"  I  rind  that  I  depend  upon  your  paper  for 
a  large  part  of  my  inspiration,  and  a  slight 
delav  gives  rise  to  the  fear  that  mv  copv 
has  been   lost."  E.  A.  CAST, 

Blair  Business  College,        Spokane.  Wash. 

Free.  Solid  gold,  diamond- 
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Slightly  El. 

MONG  PENMEN"  there  is  a  demand  for  a  pen  that  is  adopted  to  the  Modified 
Slant  or  "Medial"  Writing,  to  combine  increased  speed  with  the  legibility  of 
the  Vertical.  To  meet  this  we  present  our  Modified  Slant  Pens.  These  Pens 
are  made  from  the  highest  grade  steel  and  are  finished  with  the  same  care  that 
has  made  Esterbrook  Pens  the  Standard  for  nearly  half  a  century. 

THE     ESTERBROOK     STEEL     PEN     MANUFACTURING     COMPANY, 
2*  John  Street,  New  York.  Works,  Camden,  N.  J. 


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£TFve  @u^lrvc^  £cUvcculvr   ^ 


C  Cornel.  Law  Continued  from  page  16.) 
and  the  buyer  chooses  to  rely  on  his 
own  judgment,  his  mistake  has  no 
effect  on  the  contract.  _  A,  seeing  a 
book  for  sale,  and  thinking  it  to  be  a 
copy  of  a  rare  and  valuable  edition, 
proceeds  to  purchase  it  without  ask- 
ing an)-  questions.  Perhaps  he  thinks 
that  the  dealer  is  not  aware  of  the 
real  value  of  the  book.  It  turns  out 
that  the  book  in  question  is  a  copy  of 
another  edition  and  of  little  value. 
The  sale  is  valid.  It  makes  no  differ- 
ence that  the  dealer  knows  well 
enough  that  A  is  mistaken  as  to  the 
value  of  the  book,  so  long  as  he  (the 
dealer)  does  nothing  to  cause  the 
mistake. 

If  A  believed  that  the  dealer  intend- 
ed to  sell  the  book  as  of  a  particular 
edition,  and  the  dealer  knew  what  A 
thought,  and  did  not  intend  to  sell  it 
as  such,  here  is  a  mistake  as  to  the 
intention  of  the  other  party,  and  it  is 
known  to  him.  Under  these  condi- 
tions the  sale  is  void. 


Work  of  Committee  of  Xitie.  Continued 
from  page  19.) 

SECOND  HALF. 

Plane  Geometry 5 

Physics  or  C hem istrv  Continued 5 

Commercial  Law 4 

United  States  History 4 

Election  of  First  Half  Continued 5 

Total 23 

FOURTH    YEAR. 

FIRST  HALF. 

English  Literature,  Themes  and  Parlia- 
ment-TV Practice 5 

History  of  Commerce 5 


1T>  Periods  to  be  selected  from 
Language  Elected  Continued  or  Short- 
hand and  Typewriting  Continued 5 

Physics  or  Chemistry 5 

Banking  and  Finance 5 

Solid  Geometry 5 

Mechanical  Drawing 5 

SECOND  HALF. 

English  Continued 5 

Civil  Government 5 

15  Periods  to  he  selected  from 

Same  Election  Continued 5 

Physics  or  Chemistry  Continued 5 

Accounting,   Organization    and    Audit- 
ing          5 

Advanced  Commercial  Arithmetic 5 

Advertising,   Study  of  Trade  Journals 

and  Commercial  English 5 

D  W.  Springer,     W.  E.  Doggett, 
I.  O.  Crissev,  H.  M.  Rowk. 

C.  A.  HEKkitK.  Committee. 

In  September  Mr.  Springer  sent  out  to  the 
educational  press  the  following  supple- 
mentary report: 

At  the  last  committee  meeting,  the  fol- 
lowing persons  were  selected  to  prepare,  for 
the  monograph,  special  reports,  by  groups, 
on  the  studies  named  in  the  suggested  cur- 
riculum: 

Cheesman  A.  Herrick— History  and  Econ- 
omics Group,  Central  High  School,  Phila- 
delphia Pa.;  I.  O.  Crissv— Language  Group, 
Regents  Office,  Albany,  N.  Y. ;  H.  M.  Rowe 
—Technical  Group,  Baltimore,  Md.j  E.  L. 
Thurston  —  Mathematics  Group,  Business 
High  School,  Washington,  D.  C;  Frank  O. 
Carpenter  — Science  Group,  English  High 
School,  Boston,  Mass. 

The  committee  solicits  correspondence 
from  any  who  have  sufficient  interest  in  the 
matter  to  write.  The  members  are  espec- 
ially desirous  of  hearing  from  those  who 
believe  that  the  course  should  be  different 
in  principle  from  that  outlined,  with  any 
suggestions  which  they  may  feel  free  to 
offer.  They  will  be  glad  to  give  detailed  in- 
formation concerning  the  same  whenever 
requested. 


(Ron-eon  Organization,  continued  from 
page  20  ) 

Affiliation  will  be  open  to  all  schools.no 
matter  where  situated  or  by  whom  con- 
ducted, that  accept  the  requirements  of  the 
institution. 

In  this  brief  sketch  I  have  mentioned 
only  those  features  of  the  institution 
which  directly  effect  the  commercial 
schools.  The  plan  contemplates  a  number 
of  other  features,  such  as  the  prosecution 
of  work  in  special  lines  of  research  and 
investigation,  the  publishing  and  distribu- 
tion of  educational  literature,  the  conduct- 
ing of  lecture  courses,  acquirement  and 
maintenance  of  circulating  libraries  and 
commercial  museums,  etc. 

The  success  of  the  proposed  institution 
will  largely  depend  upon  the  extent  to 
which  it  meets  with  the  approval  of  com- 
mercial schools  and  teachers.  That  some 
sort  of  organization  is  urgently  demanded 
is  beyond  question.  The  great  advance- 
ment in  all  lines  of  contemporary  education 
and  effort  within  recent  years  makes  the 
continuance  of  present  conditions  and 
methods  in  private  schools  for  any  length 
of  time  an  impossibility.  These  schools,  in 
their  present  unorganized,  unstandardized 
condition,  must  eventually  succumb  to  the 
more  highly  organized  and  efficient  edu- 
cational interests  which  are  already  en- 
croaching upon  their  special  Held. 

The  plan  of  the  proposed  American  Insti- 
tution of  Commercial  Schools  will  be  sub- 
mitted at  the  Cincinnati  meeting  of  the 
Federation  in  December.  From  present 
indications  it  will  be  accepted,  in  which 
event  it  is  to  be  hoped  that  the  institution 
will  be  in  full  operation  within  a  short  time 
thereafter.  H.  M.  Rowk, 

Chairman  Com.  on  Organization. 


PLAIN  ENGLISH  ON  THE  PRAIRIE 


THE  WESTERN  UNION  TELEGRAPH  COMPANY. 

INCORPORATED  

23,000  OFFICES  IN  AMERICA. CABLE  SERVICE  TO  ALL  THE  WORLD. 


ROBERT  C.  CLOWRY.  PreaMent  fl 


The  following  telegram  is  self-explanatory. 
We  have  filled  many  hundreds  of  orders  for 
"  Plain  English  "  and  its  companion,  "  Plain  Eng- 
lish in  Practi-    

c  a  1  Exer- 
cises," but 
this  is  the 
largest  single 
order  from  a 
private  com- 
m  e  r  c  i  a  1 
school  that  we 
have  received. 
Those  who 
saw  the  illus- 
trations ac- 
companying 
an  article  in 
the  October 
Business 
E  dtj  c  ATO  R, 
by  President 
W.  G.  Bishop, 
of  the  Lincoln 
Business  Col- 
lege, will  understand  that  the  Nebraska  capital 
has  a  commercial  school  of  the  first  order;  and 
those  who  read  Mr.  Bishop's  splendid  article    in 


158 


S-aoaoro    Tim©. 


RECEIVED  at  CLEVELAND,  OHIO,  Cor. Water  and  Superior  8ts- 

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Linooln  Business  College, 


the  same  journal,  know  the  reason  for  at  least  a 
part  of  the  success  that  this  excellent  school  has 
achieved. 

We  are 
proud  of  our 
customers. 
We  want  you 
among  them, 
if  you  are  not. 
If  we  do  not 
have  what  you 
desire  for  one 
subject,  per- 
haps we  may 
be  able  to 
meet  your  re- 
quirements on 
another,  for 
we  publish 
what  many 
teachers  are 
pleased  to  call 
"The  Best 
Books"  on 
—  every  techni- 
cal commercial  subject  but  Geography,  Econo- 
mics, and  The  History  of  Commerce. 
We  shall  be  glad  to  hear  from  you  about  your  work 


AND  PLEASED  TO  SEND  YOU  PRINTED  MATTER  REGARDING  OUR  BOOKS  IF  YOU  ARE  A   TEACHER. 

THE  PRACTICAL  TEXT  BOOK  COMPANY,  479  Euclid  Ave.,  Cleveland,  Ohio 


I  Cfetw^rCod-esrrt  o^z-c/  l£**-£-£c*L>tu!^t  -**si&.  £6,cisn-fe  s2^<nc-  firr  sm&ru&strrz^n^  C7%^.  73-&L4t^rzz*U> '  Cc6cc^>o^try 


&\^  &\ibhv\^b  &&M&&X&F   & 


(Com.  Geog.  continued  from  page  14.) 
and  exports  of  different  staples,  the 
year's  yield  of  the  different  crops, 
the  rise  and  fall  of  prices  from  month 
t.>  month.  A  very  useful  pamphlet, 
The  World's  Commerce  and  Americen 
Industries,  with  charts  and  diagrams 
Of  this  kind  was  recently  published 
by  Mr.  MacFarlane,  Librarian  of  the 
Philadelphia  Commercial  Museum, 
(price  50  cents.)  It  is  almost  indis- 
pensable to  a  teacher  who  intends  to 
do  any  work  of  this  kind.  It  is  not 
convenient  to  show  these  charts  in  a 
ina.ua/ine  article  like  this,  but  a  ref- 
erence to  MacFarlane's  Commercial 
and  Industrial  Geography  will  show 
several  methods  of  graphic  represen- 
tation. For  these  charts  and  dia- 
grams, sheets  of  paper  ruled  in  small 
squares  is  almost  a  necessity,  but 
that  too  is  at  present  somewhat 
expensive. 

5.      GLOBES,  ETC. 

( '.lobes  are  always  of  value,  because 
the  mind  of  the  pupil  forms  the  men- 
tal picture  more  easily  from  the 
globe.  It  is  to  be  regretted,  however, 
that  the  large  globes  are  too  expen- 
sive for  ordinary  schools. 

Relief  maps  of:  a  country  are  of  the 
greatest  value  to  show  the  mountain 
ranges,  water  sheds,  passes,  wide 
grassy  plains,  rugged  coasts,  etc. 
They  are  somewhat  expensive  like 
the  globes. 

If  a  teacher  or  some  deft  fingered 
pupil  should  desire  a  relief  map,  one 
may  be  made  from  putty  or  modelling 
clay  which  will  serve  the  purpose 
admirably.  For  this  a  board  should 
be  taken  about  the  size  of  the  map 
desired  and  the  map  of  the  region 
drawn  on  it.  Nails,  with  small  heads 
should  be  driven  into  the  board  here 
and  there  to  keep  the  clay  from  slip- 
ping about.  If  carefully  done  the 
map  will  last  a  long  time.  In  this 
exercise,  the  pupils  should  first  be 
shown  a  relief  map  of  their  own  town 
and  familiar  places,  then  of  their  own 
State,  and  lastly  of  the  country. 

In  this  way  a  class  would  gradually 
learn  to  comprehend  the  effect  of 
climate,  mountain  ranges,  navigable 
rivers,  etc.,  upon  agriculture,  trade, 
commerce,  industry,  and  civilization. 

ON   COMMERCIAL  GEOGRAPHY. 

The  editor  plans  to  resume  in  the 
near  future  the  notes  on  commercial 
geography  in  current  literature, 
which  were  so  very  valuable  last  year. 
In  view  of  the  numerous  inquiries 
which  he  is  constantlv  receiving,  it 
seems  wise  to  publish  first  a  list  of 
the  best  text  books  and  reference 
books  which  are  just  at  present  on 
the  market  for  use.  The  list  is  not 
long,  but  it  includes  some  good 
books.  It  would  be  well  if  teachers 
could  own  all  the  text  books.  The 
ear  or  two  will  bring  some 
of  great  value. 

TEXT-BOOKS. 

**  Redway  —  Commercial  Geogra- 
phy. 

**  Trotter  —  Geography  of  Com- 
merce. 

larlane  —  Commercial     and 
Industrial  Geography. 

Adams  —  Commercial    Geography 
(Elementary  Edition). 


Sanford  —  Commercial  Geography. 
Outline  blanks. 

Tilden-Clark  —  Geography  of  Com- 
merce. 

Ghisholm  —  Smaller     Commercial 
Geography. 
Gonner  —  Commercial  Geography. 
Webster  —  History  of  Commerce. 
Sanford  —  History  of   Commerce. 
Outline  blanks. 

REFERENCE  BOOKS. 

*  Chisholm  —  Handbook  of  Com- 
mercial Geography. 

*  Adams  —  Commercial  Geography. 
**  Clow  —  Introduction  to  Study  of 

Commerce. 

**  Thurston  —  Economic  and  Indus- 
trial History. 

Trotter  —  Lessons  in  the  New  Geog- 
raphy (Elementary). 

Pitmans  —  Commercial  Geography. 

*  Mill  —  International  Geography. 
**  Willets  —  Workers  of  the  Nation 

(2  volumes). 

Rocheleau  —  Great  American  In- 
dustries (3  volumes.  I 

Various  Grammar  School  Geogra- 
phies. 

Davis  and  Redway's  Physical 
Geographies. 

**Statesman's  Year  Book. 

*  Yeats'  Natural  History  of  Raw 
Materials. 

**  Double  starred  books  are  the  best. 

The  Editor  submits  the  above  list 
not  as  complete  but  as  containing 
the  best  of  the  reference  books  which 
are  now  ready  for  the  teacher  of  the 
science,  and  those  which  are  recent 
enough  to  be  trustworthy.  There  is 
a  long  list  of  titles,  good  in  special 
subjects,  some  of  which  will  be 
printed  soon  in  this  department. 


Questions  Answered  and 

Criticisms  Offered  by 

C.  P.  Zane.r. 


A.  E.  V.,  St.  Louis,  Mo.  -Your  practice  is 
too  hurried  either  for  business  writing  or 
ornamental.  Exercise  more  care  in  the 
execution  of  every  form  and  watcli  criti- 
cally the  detail  of  turn  and  angle,  particu- 
larly of  the  little  letters. 

Practice  upon  ornamental  penmanship 
will  not  "destroy"  your  business  hand. 
<  hi  the  other  hand,  it  will  improve  rather 
than  impair  it,  inasmuch  as  it  will  make  it 
more  accurate,  and  in  due  course  of  time 
you  will  learn  to  make  your  business  hand 
strong  and  your  ornamental  dainty  as  well 
as  dashy. 

BOZEMAN,  Mi  INT.,  C  let.  7,  '03. 
PRO]  .  C.  P.  ZAXER,  Columbus,  O. 

DEAR  SrK:  I  have  a  matter  in  mind 
which  I  would  like  to  see  discussed  by 
yourself  and  others. 

We  often  have  students  come  to  us 
naturally  inclined  to  write  a  back  hand. 
Is  it  advisable  to  have  the  student  change 
to  the  fvirward  slant  ?  Mv  rule  has  been  to 
allow  the  student  to  carry  out  his  wish  or 
inclination,  assisting  him  to  write  plainly, 
using  the  same  exercises  as  other  students. 

We  turned  out  a  young  man  some  time 
ago  to  occupy  a  position  in  a  bank.  The 
banker  said,  "We  like  him  first  rate,  but 
never  send    us  another  back  hand  writer." 

I  >n  you  think  that  the  back  hand  writer  is 
ordinarily  at  a  disadvantage?  If  all  em- 
ployers felt  as  does  this  hanker,  then  it 
would  seem  besl  to  have  all  bach  hand 
writers  change  to  the  forward  slant. 
Yours  sincerelv. 

II.   G.  PHELPS. 

I  I    dislike   to  cause   any  one   to  give  up  a 

Hi ughly   individual   and    characteristic 

wayoi    doing  anything  well,  and  the  only 
reason    why   it   is  advisable    for  all  young 


men  to  write  a  forward  slant  is  that  many 
persons  are  not  infrequently  expected  to 
write  in  the  same  book,  and  for  one  to  slant 
his  writing  this  way  and  another  to  slant 
his  writing  that  way,  and  still  another  to 
not  slant  his  writing  at  all,  makes  a  very 
criss-cross,  hotel-register,  helter-skelter  like 
page.  This,  doubtless,  is  why  an  occasional 
employer  objects  to  back  hand,  vertical,  or 
any  other  style  somewhat  out  of  the  ordi- 
nary. But,  the  case  in  question,  is  excep- 
tional rather  than  regular. 

What  say  you  ?— EDITOR.] 

McKEESPORT,  PA.,  ( let.  12,  '03. 

EDITOR:  Would  you  please  inform  me 
how  fast  a  good  penman  is  supposed  to 
write  ? 

Thanking  you  in  advance  for  this  infor- 
mation, I  remain, 

Respectfully, 

Ralph  C.  Trick. 

[A  good  penman  can  write  legibly  thirty 
words  averaging  five  letters  each  per 
minute,  but  not  that  many  by  the  day  or 
even  hour.  A  good  penman  cannot  write 
what  would  be  considered  a  good  hand  in 
penmanship  circles  faster  than  about  half 
that  — fifteen  words  a  minute.  Good  writing 
takes  time  and  effort.  You  do  not  see 
thirty- words-a-minute  ■writing  in  penman- 
ship journals.— Editor.] 


Automatic  Ink,  the  best  ever 
made  (  Faust's  )  any  color,  1 
oz.,    prepaid,  20c;  l>  colors, 

prepaid,  85c.     Auto  Pen  and  Ink  Mfe;.  Co., 

Chicago. 


DIPLOMAS 

IF  YOU  HAVE  NOT  OUR 
CATALOGUE  OF  STOCK  DE- 
SIGNS ON  FILE  PLEASE  NO- 
TIFY  US     :::::::::     : 


1   AMES  &  ROLLINSON 
COMPANY, 

203  Broadwav,  New  York 


A  GUIDE  TO 
SELF  INSTRUCTION 


PRACTICAL  AND 
FANCY  PENMANSHIP 


Th 

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id  book, 

verj 

mplete  in 

nil 

Its 

features. 

Hon 

to 

learn  and 

teac 

11 

iting.  giv- 

rag 

.In! 

and 

copies,  show- 

ing  standard  styles,  ledger  headings,  engravers 
script,  eight  sets  of  capitals,  round  writing,  flour- 
ished exercises,  parts  of  birds,  etc.,  complete  de- 
signs of  flourished  masterpieces,  card  and  album 
designs,  lettering— such  as  Roman,  Italic  Roman, 
Gothic,  Old  English,  German  and  Church  Texts, 
Mediaeval,  and  Mediaeval  modified.  Egyptian, 
German  Round,  Rustic  and  Marking  Alphabets, 
Variety  Caps,  Monograms,  etc.  Hints  on  mater- 
ials, etc.,  etc.  Twenty  cents  is  the  price  to  you— 
a  60-cent  book.    Send  to-day. 


THE  PENMAN'S   ART  JOURNAL, 
203  BROADWAY.  NEW  YORK. 


51 


TEACHERS  WANTED 

]        Our  bureau   makes  a    specialty  \ 

J    of  placing  Commercial  Teachers.  L 

]    We  have  calls  from  every  state  in  r 

i    the  Union  and  we  are  filling  many  r 

\    of  the  best  positions  in  the  Lead-  [ 

iiNG  Business  Colleges.  f 

Free  Regitteration  if  you  mention  \ 

this  paper.  I 

Continental  Teachers  Agency  ► 

J               Bowling  Green,  Kentucky  L 


Cfc£v-*r£cA*srJ  asrn/  TUcJ-gdA^rJ  ^Ci^l^d  Z^as??s&.  su^nt,  /ttt  , 


C7%^  /Stoffi^AIC^W^^r    I 


MTvc  ^cUtivcj^CcUtcttWr   & 


Stock  diplomas  for  all  kinds  of  schools  and 
colleges.  Our  specialty  is  furnishing  diplomas 
filled  out.  complete,  ready  for  signatures. 
Special  designs  prepared  on  short  notice. 
Sketches  and  estimates  cheerfully  furnished  to 
school      proprietors.  Resolutions   engrossed. 

Commercial  Designing.  Highest  grade  work. 
Lowest  prices.  When  in  need  of  diplomas, 
correspond  with  us. 


rAddress. 


Howard     ®»     Brown 


Rockland,  Maine 


Cash  For  Manuscripts 

THE  PRACTICAL  AGE  will  buy  a  lot  ot 
*  manuscripts  from  some  one— maybe 
from  you.  Short  stories,  essays,  sketches, 
reviews,  will  be  among  the  available  mate- 
rial. But  comparatively  few  writers — partic- 
ularly young  writers — combine  purposeful 
and  earnest  work  with  technical  literary 
skill,  true  conception,  and  a  faultless  analy- 
zation  of  men  and  affairs  Herein  is  where 
we  help  you.  Although  it  is  difficult  to  get 
the  average  young  writer,  or  for  that  mat- 
ter, many  an  older  one,  to  see  his  or  her 
mistakes,  the  mistakes  generally  abound. 
The  same  mistake  which  caused  the  rejection 
of  a  Ms.  last  week  is  inserted  into  a  new 
article,  causing  its  rejection  this  week. 
This  is  the  fault  of  loose  observation,  inex- 
perience, or  a  feverish  desire  to  dash  off" 
masterpieces  in  an  hour. 

THE  PRACTICAL  AGE  BUREAU  of 
Literary  Criticism  can  serve  you  in  this 
respect.     Read  carefully  the  claims: 

hirst.  We  place  no  Mss.,  except  [those 
that,  after  criticism,  in  the  opinion  ©f  our 
editors,  are  available  to  the  needs  of  the 
PRACTICAL  AGE.  For  such  Mss.  we  state 
that  we  will  pay  in  cash,  and  await  the 
author's  acceptance  or  rejection  of  our  offer. 
Second.  We  offer  combined  criticism  and 
suggestion  ;  and,  in  the  instance  of  a  salea- 
ble Ms.,  a  list  of  magazines  most  likely  to 
accept.  For  these  services  we  charge  as  fol- 
lows : 

Pl-OSe  Ms:s    (nul  tliak-rt),  first    l.OOO  wolds,  50  Cts.; 

for  each  additional  l.uoo,  or  ria^titm  thereof  more 
than  HMJ.25ceiits.    This  must  he  one  aitiele  orstury. 
For  dialect  stories  and  hook  Mss.,  the  cost  of  crit- 
icism, sug^e^'cms.  etc.,  will   be   made   known  upon 

In  every  instance  the  fee  for  criticism  and  sugges- 
tion must  accompany  each  Ms.;  every  Ms.  must  In.* 
fully  prepaid   and    accompanied  by  return  postage 

and  aelf-addrrBsed  envelope.       ADDRESS. 
LITERARY    BUREAU    PRACTICAL    AGE 
Noline,  Illinois 


inrT)3 


HOW  DO  YOU  AFFIX  STAMPS? 

HERE'S   A    BETTER   WAY 


UESDjCCH?y 

^qkzethmatex 

a   higmradtwdkkqhe  a 


Length,  3  inches 


THE    UNIQUE    STAMP   AFFIXER 

Is  a  simple,  convenient  ttnti  practical  device  for  afnxintr 
postage  stamps.  Holds  100;  keeps  them  clean  and 
always  ready  for  use.     Price, 2oc. ;  postage. 2c.    Send  coin. 

Address  Z^ 
DCPT.  "4,"   VMQUE  /V0V.  MFG.  CO. 

1025  Arch  St.,  Phlla..  Pa.  U.S.A.    Agents  wanted 


Colored    Cards 


The  Kind -Thai  Bring  (he  Dimes 

Six  Colors,  Best  Q 
Larger  quantities 


lity.  90c  per  1,000 
better  prices.     Write. 


H.  0.  KEESLING,  LAW,RA^CE 


FOR     SALE 

A  Business  College  in  a  city  of  10  000  in 
the  Eastern  States.  No  opposition  of  im- 
portance within  twenty-five  miles.  Splen- 
did opportunity  to  work  a  thriving  night 
class,  as  well  as  a  good  day  class.  Equip- 
ment and  furniture  new  and  elegant.  Rea- 
son for  selling,  —  present  proprietor  has 
large  interests  in  Canada  and  cannot  give 
his  time  to  Eastern  School.  Will  sell  cheap. 
Address,  Box  492.  Woodstock,  Ont. 


An  Appropriate  Penman's  Christmas  Present. 


Zancrian    Script  Alphabets 

Is  the  most  valuable  !>ook  on  Pemnai 
ship  for  the  home  student,  the  amateu 
or  the  Professional.  It  is  instructive 
thought-provoking,  and  stimulating,  con 
taining  the  tersest,  most  scientific  instr 
tions  as  well  as  the  greatest  variety  and 
most  inspiring  penmanship  to  be  found 
under  one  cover. 

It  is  unlike  any  other  publication  and  is 
a  veritable  Encyclopedia  of  Penman- 
ship. It  cost  upwards  of  a  thousand  dol- 
lars, but  it  is  yours  for  one  four  hun- 
dredth of  that  amount— $2.50.  We  ought 
to  charge  $5.00,  but  it  is  a  reputation 
rather  than  a  money  maker-a  profes 
sional  rather  than  a  financial  project. 

It  is  9x12  inches,  bound  in  art  linen,  116 
pages,  51  full-page  engravings  and  nearly 
as  many  styles  of  writing,  comprising 
alphabets,  page  writing,  letter-writing, 
notes,  cards,  envelope  superscriptions,  etc. 

Price,  postpaid,  $2.50.  Sixteen  sample 
pages  for  25c,  which  may  be  deducted 
from  price  of  book  whenjordering. 

PUBLISHED     BY 

ZAKER     tSL     BLOSER, 
COLVNBVS,     OHIO. 


GILLOTT'S  PENS, 

THB  MOST  PERFECT  OF  PINS, 

HAVE  GAINED  THE 

GRAND    PRIZE, 

Paris  Exposition,  1900. 

Tfliii  is  the  Highest  Prize  ever  Awarded  to  Pens, 


C.  A.  Faust's  elegant  color- 
plate  Compendium  on  Auto- 
matic Pen  Lettering,  72  pages, 
107  colored  Alphabets  and  designs.  Self 
instructor,  fl  prepaid.  AuLo  Pen  and  Ink 
Mfg.  Co.,  Chicago. 


346*350  Dearborn  St.,  chicaoo,  ill. 


Zj>?z??teZ?zdstef^J%yfc& 


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effix,  73^ed4^n*£Ad *  <£^tt*>czs£<rr- 


JL 


Zhe  LESSON   of  SMALL 
8?  3?  BEGINNINGS  3?  ST 


Nine  out  of  ten  of  the  really  substantial  businesses  of  any  magnitude  in  this 
country  began  in  a  small  way.  This  is  true  of  the  Sadier  Rowe  Company. 
It  began  in  a  very  small  way  in  the  publication  of  the  Sadler  series  of  commer- 
rial  arithmetics  over  a  quarter  of  a  century  ago.  The  quality  and  character  of 
those  books  prepared  the  way  for  the  reception  of  the  later  publications  just 
as  the  quality  and  character  of  any  concern  must  be  its  best  recommendation. 

The  preparation  of  Business  Bookkeeping  and  Practice,  the  first  Budget 
System,  was  begun  early  in  1894.  It  was  not  entirely  completed  until  1896. 
Sales  the  first  year  were  not  large  and  principally  experimental  because  the 
idea  was  new  and  practically  untried.  The  next  year  the  volume  of  business 
was  several  times  as  large  as  the  year  previous,  and  in  1900  the  sales  of  Busi 
ness  Bookkeeping  and  Practice  were  larger  than  those  of  any  single  bookkeep 
ing  publication  issued.  In  the  fall  of  that  year  Commercial  and  Industrial 
Bookkeeping,  the  second  Budget  System,  was  put  on  the  market,  although 
only  the  Inductive  set  was  ready  at  that  time.  In  the  last  school  year  over 
26,000  sets  of  this  bookkeeping  were  sold — a  pretty  good  sale  for  a  book 
really  in  the  second  year  of  its  publication. 

There  has  been  nothing  accidental  in  the  extensive  adoption  and  use  of 
these  and  other  publications  issued  by  the  Sadler-Rowe  Company.  They  ex- 
emplify the  very  best  product  in  commercial  text  books.  Not  one  of  them  has 
been  thrown  together  in  a  hurried  and  haphazard  way,  and  every  one  of  them 
was  criticised  and  carefully  edited  in  every  line  and  page.  Each  book  was 
carefully  designed,  each  book  has  a  plan  and  a  purpose  and  a  method,  and 
each  book  secures  results.  They  are  intended  to  be  helpful  books  in  the 
hands  of  the  intelligent  teacher,  but  they  require  an  intelligent  teacher  to 
secure  the  best  results  just  as  any  good  book  does. 


Aside  from  the  Budget  Systems  of  Bookkeeping  we  publish 

THE  SADLER  SERIES  OF  ARITHMETICS.     All  lately  revised. 
RICHARDSON'S  COMMERCIAL  LAW.     An  admirable  book  In  every  way. 
MACFARLANE'S    COMMERCIAL  AND  INDUSTRIAL  GEOGRAPHY.     You  should  use  II. 
NEW  RAPID  SHORTHAND.     The  truly  scientific  system,  legible  as  print. 
BILLINGS'  SYNTHETIC  SHORTHAND.     An  unequaled  exposition  of  Graham-Pltmanlc 

Principles. 
LARNEST'S  ENGLISH  CORRESPONDENCE.     A  combination  of  good  material. 
LISTER'S  BUDGET  OF  WRITING  LESSONS.    A  master  production  of  a  master  penman. 
NEW  METHOD  SPELLER.     The  book  that  gives  a  vocabulary. 

Blank  Books  and  Stationery  of  all  kinds  required  for  schools. 


Full     Information     -will     bo    supplied     to     taaohftrs     -who     -will     -write     us, 
stating     their     wants     explicitly. 

iADDRESS 


SADLER-ROWE  CO. 


BALTIMORE.     MD. 


|  Cfc&v^-TCcjU^J  an,/  ri<i.t^tc^  /:^rj  ^vt&  £A*isns/&  ^y^cc 


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ifJU  nw 


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m^M  I 


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I 


THE  RECORD 

OF    ONE 


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ACTUAL  ?iU51\XS8    i 


NOW  INUJE  0  WAKUr£W 

TERRITORY 


QPTH0 


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SFi«@u£»irwdd£«)lu>6>uWr  ft> 


Are  You  Interested  in  the 
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THEN  EXAMINE 

Spencer's  Commercial  Law 
Nelson's  Commercial  Arithmetic 
Taylor's  Natural  Method  of  Shorthand 

A  wimple  copy  of  any  of  the  above  books  sent  express 
prepai'J  to  teachers  on  receipt  of  fifty  cents  in  stamps. 

Correspondence  invited. 

THE  BOBBS-MERRILL  COMPANY,  Publisliers,  INDIANAPOLIS,  USA 


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The  National  Commercial  Teachers'  Agency 

A  Specially  by  a  Specialist 

Helps  Good  Teachers  and  Good  Schools  to  Find  Each  Other. 

Vacancies  from  Turkey  to  Texas  last  month,  at  salaries  from 

$60  a  month  to  $2,000  a  year.    The  best  teachers  in  the  profes- 

nen    who  are  in    line  positions   hut  who  are  willing  to 

change,  if  8 things 1  enough  is  brought  to  their  atten- 

lling  almost  daily,    ft  costs  nothing  to  put  your- 
:  ion  to  learn  of  openings  for  service  such  as  you 
maj  be  able  to  render,  under  conditions  that  may  be  more  at- 
tractive than  those  amid  which  you  are  now  working,  and  at 
-   that   might    easily   prove  an   inducement  to  you  to 
mo\  e. 
When  you  enroll  with  us,  vou  are  obtaining  the  assistance 
,  iali-t  who  know-;  his  business,  who  knows  the  men  of 
affairs  in  his  profession,  and  who  has  the  unqualified  endorse- 
ment of  the   leaders   of   commercial   education    from   the   At- 
lantic to  the  Pacific.    Here  are  some  samples  out  of  scores 
that  are  at  hand  : 

From  the  E»st  -  L.  L.  Williams 
•The-  I  of  a  more  direct   medium  of  negotiat  ion  be- 

tween commercial  teachers  and  school 
and  yon  are  just  the  man  to  establish  l 
the  fullest  success,  and  shall  be  glad   to 

\      fe  k,  Oct.  n,  190S. 

From    the  Middle  West  -  A.  N.  Palmer 
"  I  note  the  fact  that  you  are  about  to  organize  The  National  Com- 
mercial T.  uti   ra    Agency.     I  do  not  know  of  a  man  in  America  bet- 
ter qualified   to  conduct  such  an  institution  succe'sfully.  and  from 
a  long  and  varied  business  experience  with  you,  1  know  that  you  will 
treat  vonr  patrons  with  the  utmost  fairness      Vou  have  my  best  wishes 
ndertaking."— Cedar  Rapids,  low,,   Oct. 21, 1903. 
i  the  Pacific  Coast-  E.  C  Atkinson 
he  organization  of  a  National  Commercial  Teach- 
er the  language  of  our   mutual    friend,    William 
t  consummation  devoutly  to  be  wished  ":  and.  fttrth- 
vt  two  gentlemen  who  are  good  judges  of  the  qualifi- 
cations of  an  all-round  commercial  teacher.    One  is  yourself:  the 
other  I  prefer  not  to  name.    Suffice  it  to  say   that   when   it  becomes 
accessary  to  increase  the  number  of  teachers  in  this  institution,    you 
will   be  asked  to  name  the  successful  applicants."    Sacramtnfo,  Cal.. 
Nov.  i"   • 
School  Officials,  yot 

in  your  scl I  room  ; 

year  is   imperative. 
cost  you  anything  ti 


orities  than  now  exits, 
a  medium.  I  wish  you 
you   in  every   possible 


lor  sulvi  *s  in  this  t 


"in  ray  opinion 
era'  Agency  is- to  i 
Shakespeare  - ' 


i  are  learning  of  the  professional  misfits 
you  are  deciding  that  a  change  for  next 
Perhaps  we  can   help  you.     It    will   not 


E.  E    GAYLORD,  Mgr.,  Prospect  Hill,  Beverly.  Mass. 


A  Business  Speller 


A  Comprehensive  little  book  on  Spelling,  190 
pages  of  words  most  frequently  seen  in  business 
correspondence.  Divided  into  lessons  of  fifty 
wo'ds  each.  Several  lessons  of  words  pronounced 
alike,  but  spelled  differently  Just  the  thing  for 
the  school  room.  Sample  copy  sent  postpaid  for 
25  cents. 


Business  Letter  Writing 

One  of  the  neatest  and  brightest  little  works  on 
Commercial  Correspondence.  Unlike  anything 
else  publishe  1.  Write  for  sample  pages.  Single 
copy  sent  postpaid  for  fifty  cents. 

Other  books  published  are  "Musselman's  Practi- 
cal Bookkeeping,"  'High  School  Bookkeeping," 
"Commercial  Law,"  Commercial  Arithmetic  " 


TRY  A  BtJX  OF  MUSSELMAN'S  PERFECTION  PENS,  25  CENTS. 

D.  L.  MUSSELMAN  Publishing  Co. 

QUINCY,         ILLINOIS. 


GAe  Williams  ®.   Rogers 
Commercial  Publications 

art-  better  adapted  for  commercial  schools  and  commercial 
departments  of  high  schools  than  any  other  text-books.  Their 
popularity  and  success  have  been  entirely   without   precedent. 


A  complete  descriptive  catalogue  will  be  mailed  on  request. 

AMERICAN   BOOK  COMPANY 

NEW  YORK  Sf  CINCINNATI  2f  CHICAGO 


I       - ■^U^Jt^M  ^cv^£  66*zsn&  sp&ic  /zrj-  sm^n^tm^^rz*?  c7^73MA4sn^^£^Uc*>a£trr  I 


&Hv&vV*ii\>vz<>&<;\A*zv\&vr   £* 


About  two 
years  ago 
we  issued 
a  closely 
printed  list— 
ONE  YARD 
IN  LENGTH- 
of  the  schools 
that  had 
adopted 
GREGG 
SHORTHAND. 
A  few 
months  ago 
we  published 
"TWO  YARDS 
OF  SCHOOLS." 
Our 

'•THREE 
YARDS"  is  now 
in  the 

printers'  hands. 
This  tells 
the  story. 


Gre&&  Shorthand 


Is  today  taught  in  more  public  and  private  schools  than  any  other  three  systems 
combined ;  it  is  equipping  the  stenographers  of  today  to  successfully  cope  with  the 
ever  increasing  demands  put  upon  them  by  modern  business  and  profesional  needs. 


Because — 

Gregg  Shorthand  is  easy  to  learn  ;  it  is  serving  the  best  interests  of  mankind  by  rearhing  and 
benefiting  the  largest  number. 

Because — 

Gregg  Shorthand  is  a  posiUonless  system  ;  its  writers  are  freed  from  one  of  the  most  useless 
and  perplexing  principles  ever  introduced  into  a  shorthand  method. 

Because — 

Gregg  Shorthand  is  a  shudeless  system  ;  writers  of  it  are  brought  out  of  the  shadow  of  dark- 
ness and  despair  into  the  sunlight  of  modern  achievement. 

Because — 

Gregg  Shorthand  requires  no  useless  study  ;  its  writers  are  able  to  out-distance  writers  of 
other  systems  in  point  of  time  of  learning  and  practical  results  accomplished. 

Because  — 

Achievements  of  today,  not  deeds  of  the  past,  have  awakened  enthusiasm  in  young  men 
seeking  reportorial  skill  ;  Mr.  Raymond  P.  Kelley,  a  writer  of  Gregg  Shorthand,  attained  a  speed 
of  235  words  a  minute  in  a  public  test.  Mr.  Kelley  is  a  mere  stripling  in  shorthand  experience — 
a  young  man  22  years  old — and  his  record  is  the  highest  ever  achieved  by  anyone  so  young. 

And — 

Because  of  the  wonderful  adaptability  of  Gregg  Shorthand  to  the  highest  class  of  reporting, 
it  is  receiving  such  endorsements  as  these  : 

COURT  REPORTING. 
"  I  have  been  using  Gregg  Shorthand  in  my  official  capacity  as  reporter  of  the  several  courts  of 
Venango  County.  Pennsylvania,  for  almost  three  years.  The  system  is  amply  equal  to  the  demands 
of  my  office,  and  I  have  no  hesitation  in  recommending  it.  I  aril  able  to  do  all  '  hat  Pitmanic  writers 
are,  and  can  read  my  notes  more  readily  than  any  writer  of  other  systems  I  have  known."  — H.  B. 
Bennett,  Franklin,  Pa.,  Official  reporter  of  the  28th  Judicial  District  of  Pennsylvania. 

MEDICAL  REPORTING. 
Extract  from  a  letter  from  Dr.  Wilson  A.  Smith,  Recording  Secretary  American  Institute  of 
Homieopathy,  in  regard  to  work  of  a  Gregg  writer — 22  years  of  age — as  reporter  of  a  medical 
convention  : 

"This  was  Mr.  Niklaus's  first  attempt,  and  while  I  will  not  say  that  he  did  any  hetter  than  the 
other  three— one  had  twenty  years'  experience  in  this  line,  one  had  many  years'  experience,  and  an- 
other had  been  doing  medical  reporting  for  several  years— yet  I  can  truthfully  say  he  was  exceeded 
by  none.  His  transcript  was  of  such  a  high  character  that  of  all  returned,  his  had  the  fewest  correct- 
Ions.  When  you  take  into  consideration  that  a  good  convention  reporter  should  have  at  least  ten 
years'  experience  in  old-line  shorthand  to  undertake  convention  work  of  th  s  kind,  then  recall  the 
fact  that  Mr.  Niklaus  had  but  five  years'  experience  altogether,  that  it.  wms  his  first  attempt,  and  that 
he  had  no  knowledge  of  medicine,  I  have  no  hesitation  in  affirming  that  there  is  but  one  system  of 
shorthand  which  meets  the  difficulties  of  technical  reporting,  and  that  one  is  Gkegg  Shorthand." 


These  are  some  of  the  reasons  why  Gregg  Shorthand  is  used  by  the  BEST  schools 
in  America  today— the  schools  that  are  equipping  young  men  and  women,  not  to 
do  business  at  the  «  Old  Stand  "  but  at  the  new  one,  where  skill  and  speed  and 
ACCURACY  are  indispensable. 

There  are  other  reasons  which  we  should   like  to  submit  to  your  consideration — a  postal   will 
bring  full  particulars.     If  you  are  a  teacher  ask  for 

"  A  TALK  TO  TEACHERS." 


The 

Gregg   Publishing  Company 

CHICAGO 


I    C^^2A-e^r£c^L£yT^  ce^z^  7~}tc^-&dsfa£s?xj  ^C4^t^£-  £&-€Zsnsfe  ^u^^^> 


Csfat,  TBstttU^rZ^cU <£^&U4s€>e2s£c>-r.     I 


^ilve^tUli^^^^elwj&cttor   & 


-NOW- 
READY 


A  Practical  Course 


IN- 


Touch  Typewriting 

A  Scientific  Method  of  Mastering  Keyboard  by  the  Sense  of  Touch 


-BY    CHARLES    E     SMITH- 


SPECIAL    rEATVRES: 

An  Invariable  System  of  Fingering. 

Exercises  Arranged  Along  the  Line  of  Least  Resistance. 

Gives  Absolute  Command  of  Every  Key. 

Charts  and  Diagrams  in  Five  Colors. 

Words  Not  Arranged  in  the  Hackneyed  Alphabetical  Order. 

Printed  from  Bold  Clear  Type  Newly  Cast. 


i  g  e  \ 


jdiere.  While  embodying  all  the  good  feat- 
new  and  original  lines  which  are  the  result  of  years  of  experience 
id  solved  the  difficulties  of  the  beginner.  One  glance  at  the  chart 
:  colors,  settles  the  question,  "  Which  finger  do  I  use  on  this  key?" 
cond  row,  and  proceeds  from  the  known  to  the  unknown  along  the 
>rds  he  is  able  to  write  and  combining  the  third  and  the  lirst  rows 
rrangement  of  the  words  is  such  as  to  enable  him  to  do  perfect 


A  Look  that  will  be  welcomed  by  teachers  and  students  of  typewi 
uresoi  the  older  systems  it  strikes  out  in  many  respects  on  new  and  01 
in  the  class  room  by  a  practical  teacher  who  has  met  with  and  solved  t 
and  diagrams  printed  on  a  separate  double-calendered  card  in  five  colors,  set 
rhe  student  begins  writing  on  the  GUIDE  KEYS  on  "- 
line  of  least  resistance,  gradually  increasing  the  numbi 
with  the  second.     Throughout  all  this  practice  the  on 

work  from  the  beginning  at  the  same  time  securing  evenness  of  touch  compelling  the  fingers  to  be  used  on  alternate  sides  of 
t  in'  keyboard.  Sentences  and  letters  are  now  introduced  which  furnish  an  abundance  of  drill  on  all  the  words  of  frequent  oc- 
curence in  an  office.  Figures  are  next  taken  up  and  thoroughly  mastered  on  a  new  and  original  plan.  The  remainder  of  the  work 
is  devoted  to  practice  from  specimens  of  actual  Business  Letters.  Legal  Forms,  Centering,  Specifications,  etc.,  etc.  A  feature 
that  will  be  appreciated  is  the  bold  clear  typewriter  type,  newly  cast,  from  which  the  facsimile  typewritten  exercises  are  printed. 

Size  81x11  inches.     Price  50  Cents.     Sample  copy  to  Teachers  and  Schools,  postpaid,  on  receipt  of  37  cents. 
Published  for  Single  or  Double  Keyboard  Machines. 


ISAAC    PITMAN    SHORTHAND 

EXCLVSIVEI/T 

Adopted  for  the  Day  and  Evening  High  Schools  of  Greater  New  York 


ISAAC  piTMAtfS 
JNS7RUCTOR 


IS* AC  PITMAN'S  SHORTHAND 
INSTRUCTOR. -Revised  Twentie- 
th Century  edition.  LTsed  in  the 
Xew  York  High  School  of  Com- 
merce. Brooklyn  Commercial 
High  School,  and  Girls'  Technic- 
al High  School,  etc.  This  work 
is  a  new  presentation  of  the  sys- 
tem based  on  the  accumulated 
experience  of  the  past  sixty 
years,  and  includes  many  valu- 
able improvements  which  ap- 
pear for  the  first  time.  Cloth, 
gilt,  276  pages,      .        .       .       $1.50 

TWENTIETH  CENTURY  DICTA- 
TION BOOK  AND  I  EGALFORMS.- 

Third  Edition.  Containing  an 
up-to  date  collection  oi  genuine  business  letters  covering 
fijftr  distinct  lines  of  business;  Legal  Forms,  and  a  judici- 
■  lion  ,,f  practice-matter  for  general  dictation.  Also 
chapters  on  Spelling,  Punctuation,  Capitalization,  and 
Short  Practical  Talks  with  the  Amanuensis.  Progressive 
-'I Is   everywhere,  without   reference  to  the  system  of 


ISAAC  PITMAN'S  SHORTHAND  DICTIONARY. -Contains 
the  Shorthand  ( hitlines,  printed  from  engraved  cha 
ters,  of  over  fil.OOO  Words  and  Proper  names,  with  Type 
Key.  Also  a  complete  list  of  Grammalogues  and  Con 
tracted  Words.  20th  Century  (Eighth)  Edition.  312  pages, 
cloth,  gilt $1.50 

BUSINESS    CORRESPONDENCE    IN    SHORTHAND. -Nos.  1 

2,  and  3.    Actual  business  letters  in  engraved  shorthand 
and  type  key,  40  pages  each.         ....         Each,  25c 

MANUAL  DE  FONOGRAFIA  ESPANOLA,  (Spanish  Phonos 
raphy).— By  Guillermo  Parody.    New  edition   now  ready 
A  practical  adaptation  of  Isaac  Pitman's  Phonography  to 
the  Spanish  Language.    Complete  In  one  volume. 
Cloth,  gilt $1.50 

PITMAN'S  PRACTICAL  SPANISH  GRAMMAR.  (Pitman's 
Rapid  Series)  — An  entirely  up-to-date  method  of  learning 
Spanish,  with  Copious  Vocabulary,  and  Imitated  Pronun- 
ciation.   112  pages,  stiff  paper  cover,  40c. ;  cloth,         .       50c. 


SEND  FOR  SAMPLE  COPY  OF  "PITMAN'S  SHORTHAND  WEEKLY"  AND  "REASONS  WHY." 


ISAAC    PITMAN   (®L  SONS,   Publishers, 

31   Union   Square   West,  »  $g  NEW     YORK. 


§J&~  Ow-ing  to  the  exclusive  adoption  of  the  Isaac  Pitman  Shorthand  by  the  Day 

...'  Greater  New  York,  there  is  a  greater  demand  for  first-class   Isaac    Pitman 
poaitiona  in  Bchools  using  or  about  tu  adopt  the  system  than  we  can  supply. 


ad  Eve 
shorthi 


ling  High   Schools 
nd  teachers  to  fill 


I  Cfcjy^rCul&rJ  .  :  ,   ?J  ^v-t&  £6^9-^fe/u^u 


y    C^rl^.  /3^tJ.^rL£d>4 '  c~^£t£s&clZ<r~r'   | 


DEVOTED  TO  THE  INTERESTS  OF  BUSINESS  EDUCATION  AND  PENMANSHIP. 


Vol    IX-     No.  5. 


COLUMBUS.  0..  JANUARY.    1904. 


THE  BUSINESS  EDUCATOR. 
Entered  at  Columbus.  Ohio.  Post  Office  as  Second 


Published  Monthly  (Except  July  and  August),  by 
Zaner  &  Bloser,  118  North  High  St.,  Columbus.  O.. 
at  $1.00  a  Year      Foreign  Subscriptions,  30c.  extra. 


C.  P.  Zaner,  Columbus,  O. 

1      I     (,  ivuiRD.  Beverly,  Mas 
E.  W.  Bloser,  Columbus,  O 


ate  Editor 
Manager 
aner  &  Bloser, 
lo   the   depart- 


ad- 


Chan^e  of  Address.  If  you  change  y 
dress,  be  sure  to  notify  us  promptly  (in  advance,  i 
possible),  and  be  careful  to  give  the  old  as  well  a 
the  new  address.  We  lose  many  papers  each  issui 
through  negligence  on  the  part  of  subscribers. 

Back  Numbers  cannot,  as  a  rule,  be  supplied. 

Postmasters  are  not  allowed  to  forward    journal 
unless  postage  is  sent  to  them  for  that  purpose. 


The  Business  Educator  is  devoted  to  the  pro- 
ressive,  and  practical  interests  of  Business  Educa- 
ion  and  Penmanship.  A  journal  whose  mission  is 
o  dignify,  popularize,  and  improve  the  world's  new- 
st  and  neediest  education      It  purposes  to  inspire 


and  instruct, 

both  pupil  and  teacher,  and  to  further 

the  interests 

jf  those  engaged  in  the  work,  in   pri- 

vate,  as  well 

as  in  public,   institutions  of  business 

education.     \ 

our  co-operation  will  strengthen  us  in 

our  endeavor 

and  thus  help  you  and  the  cause  "we 

love  and  beli 

ve  in.     Good  penmanship,  aside  from 

a  good  charac 

ter,  being  the  best  passport  to  a  good 

position,  is  gi 

ven  the  spa.ce  and  attention  it  deserves. 

Rafres  to  Agents  and  Club  Raisers  sent  up- 
on application.  Be  sure  to  write  for  them,  whether 
you  are  in  a  position  to  send  few  or  many  subscrip- 
tions. Sample  copies  furnished  to  secure  sub- 
scriptions. 

Considering  the  fact  that  we  issue  no  incomplete 
or  cheap  editions;  "that  our  journal  is  high-grade  in 
every  particular;  that  progressive,  practical  lessons 
in  penmanship  are  a  distinctive  feature  of  the  mag- 
azine ;  that  departments  of  interest  and  helpfulness 
to  students  and  teachers  in  subjects  relating  to 
Business  Education  are  found  only  in  the  Business 
Edu<  ml!-!,  you  will  readily  see  that  the  Business 
Educator  is  not  only  the  best  but  the  cheapest,  when 
quality,  character,  and  quantity  are  considered. 

Advertising  Rates  furnished  upon  application. 
The  Business  Educator  being  the  highest  grade 
journal  of  its  class,  is  purchased  and  read  by  the 
most  intelligent  and  well-to-do  among  those  inter- 
ested in  business  education  and  penmanship,  in  the 
United  States,  Canada,  England,  and  nearly  every 
country  on  the  globe.  It  circulates,  not  alone  among 
business  college  proprietors,  teachers,  and  pupils, 
but  also  among  principals  of  commercial  depart- 
ments of  High  Schools,  Colleges  and  Religious 
Schools,  as  well  as  among  office  workers,  home 
students,  etc.  It  is  preserved  as  is  no  other  journal, 
because  of  its  beauty,  practicality,  timeliness  and 
Piogressiveness.  Our  subscription  list  is  rapidly 
increasing,  t!  ough  our  advertising  rates,  for  the 
present,  are  not  nearly  so  high  as  those  of  other 
journals  not  nearly  so  widely  read  among  school 
officials.  If  you  want  to  get  in  on  the  ground  floor, 
apply  for  rates  early.  No  similar  journal  ever  in- 
creased in  substantial  advertising  patronage  so 
rapidly  as  The  Business  Educator, 


Co  Spread  the  Qospel  of  Busi= 
ness  Education. 

The  Business  Educator  grows  better 

continually.  I  think  I  liave  on  different 
occasions  expressed  to  you  my  regard  for 
your  very  excellent  magazine,  for  such  it 
has  grown  to  be.  When  a  thing  is  good  it 
takes  considerable  effort  to  make  it  better. 
It  seems  that  you  and  your  co-workers  have 
not  only  put  forth  that  extra  effort,  but 
enough  more  to  make  The  Business 
EDUCATOR  the  beet  of  its  class,  and  unique 
in  its  class.  It  contains  matter  that  is  not 
only  worth  reading,  but  worth  reading 
more  than  once.  You  are  getting  out  a 
journal  that  is  simply  invaluable  to  the 
profession  whose  name  it  bears.  Long  may 
it  wave.  Very  cordially  yours. 


Tno.  Alfred  White, 
1  Commercial  Departti 


Principal  I 

Moline,  111.,  High  School. 

Right  you  are,  brother,  it  does  take 
"considerable  effort"  to  better 
"good,"  and  a  deal  o'  hustling  as 
well.  But  when  one  sees  things 
coming  your  way,  not  only  dollars 
but  letters  like  yours,  then  it  is  that 
life  seems  worth  living  and  worth 
improving.  Then  it  is  we  feel  like 
doing  still  more  and  doing  it  better, 
too.  Then  it  is  that  we  are  more 
and  more  determined  to  better  our 
profession  by  bettering,  through 
publicity,  business  education, 
methods  of  teaching  the  same,  and 
the  men  and  women  engaged  in  it. 

For  it  must  be  acknowledged  that 
as  yet  business  education  has  not 
had  a  serious  or  suitable  organ 
devoted  to  its  service.  The  Busi- 
ness Educator  believes,  however, 
the  time  is  here  for  dignified  pub- 
licity, and  thereby  devotes  itself  to 
the  cause  of   business    education    in 


its  broadest,  as  well  as  most  prac- 
tical, sense.  Our  purpose  is  to  aid 
in  the  spread  and  development  of 
business  education  —  to  spread  the 
gospel  of  practical  education  until  it 
will  be  found  in  the  curriculum  of 
every  public  and  high  school,  normal 
school,  college,  and  university  in  this 
widening  land  of  ours. 

This  is  no  mean  task,  no  small 
undertaking,  and  no  brief_  career. 
No  other  call  or  calling  is  more 
needful,  and  none  more  honorable'. 
Proprietor,  principal,  or  teacher,  you 
are  engaged  in  a  work  than  which 
there  is  no  other  more  elevating,  nor 
frought  with  greater  possibilities  for 
progress  and  good.  You  are  a  factor 
for  progress  in  this  field  of  endeavor, 
or  a  block  in  the  way  of  progress, 
which  ?  The  fact  that  you  are  a 
reader  of  The  Business  Educator 
signifies  that  you  are  the  former. 

Let  us  have  your  co-operation  in 
the  cause  of  commercial  education — 
be  it  in  the  form  of  a  criticism,  sug- 
gestion, news  item,  subscription, 
advertisement,  or  club.  Any  or  all 
are  aids  in  the  betterment  of  The 
Business  Educator  and  business 
education. 

Citle  Pages 

We  have  received  many  compliments  on 
our  December  title  page.  It  was  surely  a 
masterpiece  in  pen  technic,  as  well  as 
seasonable,  effective,  and  rich  in  coloring. 
But  how  about  the  one  for  this  number? 
Isn't  it  a  "peach"?  We  are  delighted  with 
it,  and  we  hope  you  are,  too. 


,y/lvc^vUuvcjj£tUvocttor   ^ 


Editor's  Pa$e 


LL 


Leading  educators  are 
Ulriting  not  discovering  that  writing 
necessary        P      no(     n|eded     jn    th| 

primary  grades  as  a  part  of  the  nec- 
essary  training   of   children.      They 
have  discovered  that  language  is  a 
creature    of    sound     rather    than    of 
form,  that  lips  arc  better  instruments 
for  expression  than  the  pencil  or  pen, 
and  that  spelling  is  more  a  matter  of 
sound  and  sight  than   of  the  fingers. 
,  ive  also  learned  that  facts  can 
mit'icd  and  communicated  bet- 
ter  by  the  human  voice  than  by  the 
pen.       They    are    realizing 
more   and  more  that  from    six  to  ten 
is  the  oral  rather  than  the  writ- 
ten period,  and  that  things  need  to  be 
seen    and    talked    about    rather  than 
written  and  recorded. 

Nature  —  mineral,  vegetable,  and 
animal  kingdoms— needs  to  be  ob- 
served, studied,  and  taught  at  this 
time.  Facts  may  thus  be  stored 
away  for  future  thought  and  transfor- 
mation. Writing  will  then  come 
handy  when  exact  and  careful  expres- 
sion is  required.  Writing  is  atechni- 
cal  art  of  expression— too  abstract 
and  technical  For  spontaneous  child- 
hood. 

The  printed  page  is  the  best  spell- 
ing less' hi,  for  he  who  reads  best 
spells  best. 

Drawing  is  the  natural  expression 
of  children  and  one  far  less  technical 
and  exacting  in  execution  than  writ- 
ing. Let  it  be  taught  more  exten- 
sively during  the  first  year  of  school, 
because  it  deals  more  directly  with 
natural  forms  and  interesting  objects. 

We  are  not  saying  that  writing 
should  not  be  taught,  and  taught 
rightly.  But  childhood  is  not  the 
time.  *  "  There  is  a  tide  in  the  affairs 
of  men.  which,  taken  at  its  flood, 
leads  to  fortune,"  so  there  is  a  time 
for  writing,  which,  if  taken  at  its 
ids  to  excellence.  That  time 
corresponds  with  the  grammar  period 
of  school  life.  Then  it  is  that  we 
-  teat  li  writing  rightly.  Then 
it  is  that  if  taught  rightly,  writing 
will  l>c  a  pleasure,  as  well  as  a  prac- 
tical art  oi    expressing  and  recording 

■lit. 
_  ..  _      .  .  Some      years      ago 

MbaM^d"''  breeders  of  fast  horses 
conceived  the  plan  of 
beginning  during  colthood  the  pro- 
cess of  training  for  the  track  with  the 
view  of  rearing  the  swiftest  animals 
ever  bred.  They  were  enthusiastic 
to  find  that  their 'yearlings  could  trot 
or  run  so  fast.  They  said,  wait  a 
or  two  and  we'  will  beat  the 
world's  record.  But  to  their  dismay 
they  discovered  that  the  ones  which 
won  first  places  during  the  first  and 
years  failed  to  do  so  when 
they  became  three  and  four  years  of 
age.  They  finally  began  to"  realize 
that  the  training  at  one  and  two  vears 
had  been  prei  strenu- 

ous, blighting  as  it  did  I  I 
lest  growth  and  fleetest  power's. 


The  training  of  children  to  write  is 
almost  a  parallel  case.  The  ones  who 
write  best  during  the  early  training 
"drop  out"  of  the  race  by  the  time 
they  enter  the  high  school.  Prema- 
ture training  results  in  premature 
loss  of  interest  and  consequent 
scrawliness. 

Like  the  horsemen  who  prepare 
their  colts  for  the  track  by  first  feed- 
ing and  nourishing  them,  and  then 
bv  training  them  for  the  race  by  care- 
fully planned  exercises  for  the  pur- 
pose of  developing  an  easy,  direct, 
and-effective  gait,  so  let  us  train  our 
boys  and  girls,  first  to  be  healthful 
and  then  to  be  efficient,  by  teaching 
them  the  proper  forms  and  move- 
ments employed  in  the  art  of  writing 
before  requiring  them  to  do  writing. 
Let  us  prepare  them  to  write  properly 
before  exacting  writing  of  them.  As 
they  "gait"  colts  before  speeding 
them,  let  us  teach  movement  before 
requiring  actual  writing  for  other 
purposes. 

More  "horse"  sense  in  the  teach- 
ing of  children,  and  less  nonsense  as 
concerns  written  language  work,  will 
result  in  better  writing,  better  Eng- 
lish, and  better  men  and  women. 

Wise,  far-seeing  states- 

ani"siaverv    men  have  deemed  il  best 
to  pass  laws  prohibiting 

the  employment  of  children  under 
given  ages  in  factories,  mills,  etc. 
They  have  done  this,  not  that  chil- 
dren from  ten  to  fourteen  years  of  age 
could  not  learn  to  perform  work 
profitably  to  the  employers,  but  that 
they  should  not  for  their  own  future 
interests.  Such  work  dwarfed  the 
body  and  blighted  the  mind,  and 
thereby  prevented  the  fullest  develop- 
ment in  the  future.  It  was  therefore 
declared  criminal  to  require  or  even 
encourage  children  to  work. 


Writing,  however,  is  a  more  difficult 
art  than  any  required  to  be  performed 
by  children  in  factories.  No  other 
art  that  we  teach  and  demand  upon 
the  part  of  all  so  suppresses  breath- 
ing andjensions  mind  and  muscle  as 
does  the  art  of  writing.  Few  adults 
master  it. 

And  yet  children  from  five  to  seven 
years  are  required  to  acquire  this  ex- 
ceedingly difficult,  confining,  and  tax- 
ing art.  They  are  not  only  required 
to  acquire  it,  but  are  required  to  per- 
form it  on  an  average  of  upwards  of 
an   hour  a  day. 

If  children  become  restless  or 
noisy,  they  are  put  to  the  pen,  thus 
making  the  school  room  a  veritable 
penal  institution.  Could  anything  be 
more  monstrous  ?  Yet  that  is  what 
is  taking  place  all  over  this  "  land  of 
the  free  and  home  of  the  brave." 

We  are  not  exaggerating.  We  are 
only  throwing  the  calcium  light  of 
unvarnished  truth  upon  facts  which 
all  know  and  none  can  deny.  By  our 
silence  we  are  abettors  of  this  great 
wrong.  Let  us  cease  to  be  silent 
until  the  wrong  is  righted. 

Let  us  repeat  :  the  art  of  writing  is 
by  far  the  most  difficult  art  all  are 
expected  to  leant.  No  other  art  so  sup- 
presses breathing,  and  demands  concen- 
trated nerve  and  muscular  energy  as 
does  writing.  And  yet  we  demand 
this  even  of  children.  It  is  child 
labor  and  slavery,  nothing  more  or 
less.  It  is  not  education,  because  it 
dwarfs  rather  than  develops. 


from  mexico. 

"Inclosed  find  $1  for  which  please  renew 
mv  subscription  to  The  Business  Edu- 
cator for  the  coming  year.  Your  journal 
is  so  full  of  beauty  and  practical  hints  that 
I  cannot  afford  to  be  without  it." 

Guixxermo  Cortes, 
Mexico  City,  Mexico. 


(Duly  £n>o. 


There  are  two  kinds  of  people  on  earth  today, 
Just  two  kinds  of  people,  no  more  I  say. 

Xot  the  sinner  and  saint,  for  it's  well  understood 
The  good  are  half  bad  and  the  bad  are  half  good. 

Nor  the  rich  and  the  poor,  for  to  count  a  man's  wealth 
You  must  first  know  the  state  of  his  conscience  and  health. 

Not  the  humble  and  proud,  for  in  life's  little  span 
Who  puts  on  vain  airs  is  not  counted  a  man. 

Not  the  happy  and  sad,  for  the  swift-flying  years 
Bring  each  man  his  laughter  and  each  man  his  tears. 

No:  the  two  kinds  of  people,  on  earth  I  mean, 
Are  the  people  who  lift  and  the  people  who  lean. 

Wherever  you  go,  you  will  find  the  earth's  masses 
Are  always  divided  into  just  two  classes. 

And  oddly  enough,  you  will  find,  too,  I  ween, 
There  is  only  one  lifter  to  twenty  who  lean. 


vhich  class  are  : 
ivertaxed  lifters 


u?    Are  you  easing  the  load 
i'ho  toil  down  the  road  ? 


Or  are  you  a  leaner,  who  lets  others  bear 
Your  portion  of  labor  and  worry  and  care? 


[The  above  old,  ever  new  and  true,  philosophic  poem  was  re- 
i  <  in  I  v  sent  on  a  postal  by  the  energetic,  "lifting"  I).  W,  Springer 
Oi    An. i  Arbor,  Mich.-Ed'.J 


£H%e  Jdu^ii^e^  £<?Uft&a>toF   & 


What  Is  "Professional 
Standing"  ? 

Some  months  ago  a  high  school  com- 
mercial teacher  was  asked  to  do  some 
vacation  work  for  a  publisher,  and  he 
said  he  liked  the  idea;  but,  after  giv- 
ing the  proposition  due  considera- 
tion, he  said,  "  I  have,  decided  that 
I  will  have  no  alliance  for  profit  with 
a  text-book  company  so  long  as  it  is 
a  part  of  my  professional  duty  to 
recommend  books  for  use  in  the  pub- 
lic schools.  I  do  not  want  it  under- 
stood that  I  do  not  consider  the  text- 
book business  good  enough  for  a 
teacher  to  engage  in  ;  I  simply  desire 
that  my  motives  in  asking  for  any  set 
of  books  which  I  like  shall  never  be 
questioned.  If  I  were  thoroughly 
convinced  that  the  books  of  any  firm 
were  the  best,  I  should  ask  for' them 
at  once;  that  is,  as  soon  as  their  in- 
troduction in  our  school  would  be 
practicable."  Shortly  afterward  this 
teacher,  in  speaking  of  another  who 
was  doing  vacation  work  for  a  pub- 
lisher, said:  "I  do  not  see  how  he 
can  do  this  work  and  retain  his  pro- 
fessional standing." 

The  motive  for  declining  to  accept 
the  offer  referred  to  above,  is  certainly 
a  lofty  and  a  worth)-  one  ;  the  ques- 
tion is :  Cannot  a  well-balanced  mind 
feel  free  to  choose  the  best,  regard- 
less of  subordinate  business  arrange- 
ments ?  It  is  true  that  human  nature 
is  weak  and  selfish,  and  some  pub- 
lishers do  not  hesitate  to  place  their 
agents  under  such  pressure  as  would 
prevent  the  exercise  of  untrammeled 
judgment  in  such  matters,  but  a  man 
of  proper  spirit  would  promptly  break 
with  such  an  employer.  Much  de- 
pends on  the  individual  in  a  question 
of  this  kind.  If  he  distrusts  his  own 
strength  of  character,  he  ought  to  ab- 
jure all  connection  with  outside  oper- 
ations. Many  School  Boards,  recog- 
nizing the  danger  to  teachers  who 
may  lack  lime  in  their  moral  verta- 
brae,  prohibit  their  teachers  from 
doing  outside  work.  We  believe  that 
Philadelphia  has  such  a  regulation, 
but  the  director  of  the  commercial 
department  of  the  Philadelphia  Cen- 
tral High  School,  a  man  who  stands 
in  the  front  rank  of  American  com- 
mercial teachers  today,  is  the  editor 
of  an  entire  series  of  commercial  text- 
books now  issuing  from  the  press  of 
one  of  the  great  publishers.  Is  this 
liberal  scholar  and  broad  teacher  to 
lose  caste  in  his  profession  because 
he  is  doing  work  outside  the  strict 
requirements  of  his  schoolroom  ;  be- 
cause he  has  made  "  an  alliance  for 
profit  with  a  text-book  company  ?  " 

Some  Outcasts  ,.  If  h,e  is.  thuf  tot  lo%e 
professional  stand- 
ing," he  will  have  a  large  and  distin- 
guished company  of  fellow-outcasts, 
for  one  of  the  best  high  school  com- 
mercial teachers  of  Cleveland,  Ohio, 
was  in  charge  of  the  school  depart- 
ment of  the  Smith  Premier  Typewriter 


Company  during  the  last  summer 
vacation ;  the  foremost  public  com- 
mercial teacher  in  Iowa  made  an 
extended  tour  of  the  West  and  the 
Pacific  Coast,  in  the  interest  of  a 
leading  publisher,  during  the  same 
period  ;  one  of  the  successful  teachers 
of  Illinois  made  a  like  use  of  his 
time ;  a  Brooklyn  Commercial  High 
School  man  solicited  students  for  a 
New  England  commercial  school  ;  a 
New  England  teacher  sold  typewrit- 
ers, while  another  had  the  gumption 
to  pass  the  United  States  government 
test  for  steamboat  inspector,  and 
spent  his  vacation  inspecting  steam- 
boats on  Long  Island  Sound. 

The  premier  commercial  teacher  of 
New  England  is  the  financial  secre- 
tary of  the  Chautauqua  Society  of  New 
York,  and  spends  his  summers  at 
Lake  Chautauqua,  in  that  capacity, 
amid  the  most  delightful  and  refresh- 
ing educational  surroundings,  but  it 
is  outside  work,  and  he  must  needs 
seek  the  society  of  the  outcasts.  One 
of  the  best  Boston  teachers  joined 
forces  with  another  aggressive  and 
successful  Massachusetts  teacher  and 
wrote  a  book,  thus  entering  the  for- 
bidden alliance  "for  profit;"  and, 
come  to  think  about  it,  the  teacher 
quoted  at  the  beginning  of  this  arti- 
cle, when  asked  to  report  for  The 
Educator  the  Sessions  of  the  Busi- 
ness Education  section  of  the  N.  E. 
A.,  wrote:  "  Will  The  Business  Ed- 
ucator pay  a  fair  price  for  the 
report?"  When  assured  that  those 
who  labor  for  The  Educator  find 
their  chief  compensation  in  the  satis- 
faction that  comes  from  promoting 
the  interests  of  a  worthy  cause,  the 
aforesaid  teacher  declined  to  make 
the  report,  on  the  ground  of  numer- 
ous duties  ;  but  a  short  time  after- 
ward wrote  :  "I  must  go  to  the  city 
tomorrow  and  plug  hard  all  day  on  a 
set  of  books  in  order  to  complete  a 
certain  proof.  If  it  does  not  prove,  I 
must  live  with  it  till  it  does."  This 
may  not  have  been  an  outside  occu- 
pation, but  it  would  take  an  expert  in 
seeing  distinctions  without_  differ- 
ences, to  come  to  that  conclusion. 
Some  We    would    not    have    it 

K^'ilVi",.  understood  that  we  think 
Questions    ^  teachef  insincere.     We 

believe  him  to  be  one  of  the  most 
high-minded  commercial  teachers  in 
public  school  work,  and  he  is  success- 
ful in  his  teaching,  too.  We  do 
think,  however,  that  he  is  uncon- 
sciously inconsistent,  and  that  he 
assumes  distinctions  that,  for  a  con- 
servative man,  it  is  needless  to  make. 
What  is  "professional  standing?" 
Is  it  anything  more  than  the  relative 
success'  attained  by  doing  one's  work 
in  the  schoolroom  and  for  his  stu- 
dents' interests  to  the  best  of  his 
ability  ?  Is  there  some  pseudo-sacred 
ordinance  regulating  standing  in  the 
commercial  teaching  profession  (like 
unto  the  prohibition  which  prevents  a 
physician  from  advertising)  that  for- 
bids an  intelligent  teacher  to  practice 
a  little  of  what  he  so  freely  preaches  ? 
Is  the  man  who  went  to  the  Pacific 
Coast  last  summer  likely  to  be  doing 
less  excellent  teaching  this  year  than 
last  ?  Will  not  the  Philadelphia  Doctor 
of  Philosophy  be  likely  to  have  some  of 
his  theories  corrected  while  trying  to 
meet  the  demands  of  both  publishers 


and  teachers  for  practical  bonks? 
Did  the  Cleveland  teacher,  who  sold 
more  than  one  hundred  typewriters  in 
the  cities  of  Cincinnati,  Washington, 
Baltimore,  Pittsburgh,  Philadelphia. 
Boston,  and  New  York,  take  back 
nothing  but  the  money  in  his  pocket  ? 

Did  the  Packard  teacher  who  sold 
insurance  for  the  New  York  Life  In- 
surance Company,  out  of  regular 
hours,  acquire  no  knowledge  of  prac- 
tical psychology,  no  powers  of  per- 
suasion, helpful  in  handling  boys 
who  admire  the  "real  thing"  in  a 
man,  be  it  fisticuffs  or  finance  ?  Was 
the  shorthand  teacher  of  a  prominent 
Iowa  commercial  school  any  the  less 
an  inspiration  to  his  students  because 
he  was  the  official  reporter  for  the 
State  Dental  Association,  one  of  the 
Slate  Medical  Associations,  and  a  city 
court  ?  Will  the  Boston  commercial 
school  man  who  sells  real  estate  out- 
side of  school  hours  teach  with  less, 
or  more  effectiveness,  because  of  his 
personal  enterprise  ? 

Are  the  scores  of  private  commer- 
cial teachers  who  do  auditing  and 
expert  work,  no  better  teachers  for  it  ? 
It  is  not  to  be  denied  that 
Banner  tnere  's  danger  in  taking  up 
an  outside  calling,  either  in 
vacation  or  during  the  school  year, 
that  private  interests  will  be  placed 
before  pupils'  interests  ;  that  the  less 
will  be  advanced  to  the  position  of 
the  greater;  that  sets  of  books,  writ- 
ten exercises  of  various  kinds,  con- 
ferences with  backward  pupils,  the 
reading  of  educational  journals  and 
the  attending  of  professional  conven- 
tions will  be  made  to  give  place  to 
the  "  side-line."  It  would  be  super- 
fluous to  say  that  the  wrong  thus  done 
would  probably  more  than  offset  the 
good  gained  because  of  contact  with 
practical  affairs. 

Furthermore,  when  outside  employ- 
ment is  taken  up,  it  ought  always  to 
be  done  with  the  full  knowledge  and 
consent  of  those  in  authority.  There 
should  be  no  "sneaking  behind  the 
bush"      about       it.  Let     all     be 

done  frankly  and  above  board.  In 
most  instances  both  pupils  and  school 
authorities  will  be  glad  that  they 
have  a  teacher  who  can  so  far  com- 
mand the  confidence  of  shrewd  busi- 
ness men  that  he  is  called  to  do  prac- 
tical work  along  the  line  of  his 
specialty. 

There  are,  however,  instances  of 
school  managers  who  prefer  that 
their  teachers  shall  have  obtained  in 
previous  years,  such  practical  knowl- 
edge as  they  can  use  in  the  school- 
room to  advantage;  and  that,  while 
they  teach,  they  give  their  undivided 
attention  and  undiminished  strength 
to  the  instruction  which  they  arc  em- 
ployed to  impart.  No  one  can  deny 
the  fairness  and  justice  of  such  a 
requirement  when  the  compensation 
is  what  it  should  be. 

As  we  intimated  in  the  beginning, 
this  is  a  question  that  does  not  admit 
of  a  generalization.  What  it  is  right 
to  do,  must  be  determined  by  the 
conditions  of  each  individual  case. 
To  say,  however,  that  because  a 
teacher  engages  in  pursuits  not 
strictly  required  by  his  calling  as  a 
teacher,  he  is  therefore  to  lose  pro- 
fessional standing,  is  to  utter  quixotic 
nonsense, 


#he©tt/iln>&;»i>£cU*&cbtoi*  & 


T 


^^^\ 


I 


DEPARTMENT  OF 


(Commercial   (Sngltsfy 


E.  E.  GAYLORD,  BEVERLY,  MASS. 


7 


Class    txcrciscs   in   the   Discriminative 
Use  of  Words. 

The  following  key  to  the  exercises 
in  the  December  "number  may  be 
helpful.  The  numbers  refer  to  the 
sentences  given,  and  the  words  are 
printed  in  the  order  in  which  they 
should  appear  in  the  blanks  that  were 
tn  be   tilled  : 

1.  Recourse. 

2.  Resource. 

3.  Resource. 

4.  Resource. 

5.  Stimulant ;  stimulus, 
ti.     Stimulus. 

7.  Stimulant. 

S.  Accept. 

9.  Kxcept. 

10.  Except. 

11.  Bound. 

12.  .Certain. 

13.  Determined. 

14.  Bound. 

15.  Determined, 
lfi.  Captivate. 

17.  Captured. 

18.  Captivated ;  captured. 

19.  Captivated. 

20.  Requirements  ;  requisites. 

21.  Requirements;   requisites. 
Requirements  ;  requisites. 

23.  Requirement  ;   requisite. 

24.  Requisites;  requirements. 

25.  Requirement ;  requisite. 

26.  Solicitation. 
11.  Solicitation. 
28.  Solicitude. 

Solicitude. 

30.  Statute;  statue;  stature. 

31.  Statue. 

32.  Stature. 

33.  Statutory ;  statute. 

34.  Statue  ;  stature. 

35.  Capacity  ;  ability. 

36.  Capacity  ;  ability. 

37.  Capacity,  ability  ,  capacity. 

apacity  ;  ability. 
1  i  invince  ;  convict. 

40.  Convinced  ;  convicted. 

41.  "Convict;"  "convince." 

42.  Convoked;  convened. 

43.  Convoked ;  convocation  ;  con- 
vened ;  convention. 

44.  "Convoke;"  "convene." 
15.     Discover;  disclose. 

4i:.    Disclo 

47.     Discovered;  disclosed. 

IS.     Infers;    implies. 

;i''S. 

50.     I 

In    a    lew    instances,  the    see 
may    be    so    construed    as    to    admit 
eitnei    of   tin-  suggested  words,  but 

those  submitted  here  are  the  natural 
ones  to  use.  Next  month  we  shall 
introduce  a  somewhat   different   form 


of  class  drill.  It  is  understood,  of 
course,  that  these  exercises  are  mere- 
ly suggestive,  and  it  is  to  be  hoped 
that  those  who  make  use  of  them 
will  make  them  the  starting  point  for 
pleasing  excursions  into  the  attrac- 
tive field  of  word  study,  planning  to 
bring  back  an  enlarged  and  more 
exact  vocabulary. 

Require  your  students  to  imagine 
and  to  set  forth  conditions  that  would 
justify  the  use  of  first  one  and  then 
the  other  of  the  italicized  words  in 
the  following-  sentences : 

1.  We  all  dreaded  the  inevitable 
descent-dissent. 

2.  At  last  he  got  his  dessert-desert. 

3.  The  full  ceremony  was  carried 
out  formally- formerly. 

4.  We  stood  in  the  holloiv-halo. 

5.  Halloo- hallow  my  name. 

6.  John  played  with  the  eleven- 
leaven. 

7.  We  could  not  see  his  lineaments- 
liniments. 

8.  Charles  is  off-of  the  glee  club. 

9.  We  visited  our  pastor-pasture. 

10.  The  little  boy  dodged  behind 
the  pillow-pillar. 

11.  His  presence-presents  annoyed 
me. 

12.  They  made  an  expensive  tour- 
tower  in  England. 

13.  The  student  broke  his  scult- 
skull. 

14.  Is  this  your  principal-principle. 

15.  England  persuaded-  advised 
Japan  not  to  declare  war  against 
Russia. 

Hi.  The  emperor  did  not  like  his 
suit-suite. 

17.  The  college  admits  all  without 
regard  to  sects-sex. 

18.  We  suspect-expect  Mr.   Bidwell. 

19.  That  was  a  childish-childlike 
remark. 

20.  President  Roosevelt's  treat- 
ment of  General  Miles  was  contempti- 
ble-cont  mptuous. 

21.  That  is  not  a  creditable-credible 
story. 

22.  There  was  in  the  air  a  deadly- 
deathly  chill. 

23.  Ambassador  Tower's  appoint- 
ment was  eminent-imminent. 

24.  Factitious-fictitious  disturban- 
ces were  reported  from  Macedonia. 

25.  The  Senate  was  formerly-for- 
mally  opened  by  prayer. 

26.  A  sick  animal  is  entitled  to 
human-humane  care. 

27.  The  command  was  given  in  an 
imperative-imperious  manner. 

28.  He  was  the  latest-last  man  in 
line. 

29.  The  woman  was  mad-a?igry. 

30.  To  abet   insurrection  is  a  neiv- 


paramount 
subordinate 
magnify 
minify  ' 


novel  way  to  negotiate  a  treaty. 

31.  Benjamin  F.  Butler  was  a  no- 
torious-notable criminal  lawyer. 

32.  That  man  is  off-of  the  sea. 

33.  The  men  entered  into  an  oral- 
verbal  contract. 

34.  The  distribution  was  partially- 
partly  made. 

35.  General  Reyes  proposed  an  im- 
practical-impracticable plan  to  recover 
the  Isthmus  of  Panama. 

36.  The  weeping  woman  was  pitia- 
ble-pitiful. 

37.  Our  surroundings  were  luxuri- 
ous-luxuriant. 

38.  The  speech  was  long-lengthy. 

39.  His  action  was  thought  to  be 
presumptive-presumptuous. 

40.  The  Turk  was  conscious-con- 
scientious in  his  cruelty. 

Write,  for  each  of  the  following 
words,  four  others  of  similar  mean- 
ing, and  use  in  a  sentence,  each  one 
of  the  five  in  each  group  thus  formed, 
congenial  augment  include 

inharmonious  retrench  exclude 

huge  homogeneous    totally 

minute  heterogeneous  partly 

attach  accept 

detach  reject 

system  initiative 

confusion        termina- 
tion 

underscoring  the  words  inserted,  for 
example : 

visionary,  imaginary,  dreamy,   shad- 
owy, ethereal. 
substantial,  material,  tangible,  physi- 
cal, palpable. 

1.  Many  thought  Cyrus  W.  Field's 
plan  to  lay  an  Atlantic  cable  a  vis- 
ionary project. 

2.  Some  men's  troubles  are  almost 
wholly  imaginary. 

3.  The  climate  was  of  that  dreamy 
softness  that  leads  one  to  build  air- 
castles. 

4.  She  was  frightened  by  the 
shadowy  forms  of  the  night. 

5.  About  the  very  face  of  Emerson 
was  an  ethereal  beauty  that  betokened 
the  seer. 

1.  J.  P.  Morgan's  proposition  to 
federate  the  iron  industries  was  rec- 
ognized as  a  substantial,  not  a  vis- 
ionary, measure.  _ 

2.  That  which  is  created  of  matter 
is  material,  not  imaginary. 

3.  Granite  is  a  tangible  substance, 
not  intangible,  like  thought. 

4.  Thephysical  characteristics  of  a 
man  sometimes  indicate  his  mental 
traits. 

'5.  To  say  that  all  novels  are  bad  is 
to  manifest  palpable  ignorance  or  evi- 
dent insincerity. 


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the  most  representative  business  college 
paper  extant."  E.  M.  HUNTSINGER, 

Hartford,  Conn. 

Prin.  Huntsinger's  Bus.  College. 


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Yours  very  truly,        W.  S.  Asmiv, 
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Eibrarv 

Next  after  specimens  and  maps, 
the  teacher  of  commercial  geogra- 
phy needs  a  special,  working  library. 
This  should  have  the  following 
sections  : 

a.  Text  books  —  Each  library 
shouldcontain  a  copyof  each  textbook 
published  on  Commercial  Geography. 
The  list  is  not  long,  the  books  are 
not  expensive  and  can  be  easily  kept 
up  to  date  as  new  books  are  pub- 
lished. The  books  are  not  all  of 
equal  value  but  each  has  its  method 
from  which  the  teacher  can  form  his 
own.  (A  list  was  given  in  the  De- 
cember number  of  this  magazine. 

b.  Reference  books.  This  section 
should  contain  a  good  encyclopedia ; 
several  if  the  funds  of  the  school 
permit.  The  Century  dictionary  is 
still  one  of  the  best,  but  there  are 
several  others  newly  revised  which 
possess  various  features  of  value. 
The  editor  does  not  wish  to  decide 
the  question  as  to  which  is  best. 

A  gazetteer  like  Lippincott's  is 
needed  and  a  large  atlas  as  before 
described.  The  reference  books 
noted  in  the  December  magazine  and 
to  be  given  in  future  numbers  are  all 
of  value  and  should  be  added  as 
funds  permit.  A  modern  text  book 
on  chemistry,  physics,  botany,  phy- 
siology, zoology,  geology  and  astron- 
omv  is  needed  to  decide  occasional 
questions  that  may  arise.  Chief 
among  reference  books  for  constant 
use  are  : 

c.  Government  publications.  The 
U.  S.  government  issues  a  great 
number'  of  valuable  publications 
which  give  the  best  and  latest  infor- 
mation on  the  subjects  they  cover. 
The  most  valuable  are  these  :  The 
Consular  reports  issued  monthly,  and 
the  other  reports  of  the  Bureau  of 
Commerce  and  Labor;  the  year  books 
of  the  Department  of  Agriculture  and 
Bureau  of  Animal  Industry ;  the  vol- 
umes on  Agriculture  and  Manufac- 
tures of  the  twelfth  (1900)  Census  are 
necessary;  Mineral  Resources  of  the 
U.  S.,  issued  annually  by  the  Geo- 
logical Survey;  Reports  of  the 
Weather  Bureau  Interstate  Commerce 
Commission  ;  Bureau  of  Insular  Af- 
fairs of  the  War  Department  are  some 
of  the  most  important.  A  catalogue 
of  the  United  States  publications  can 
be  obtained  free  by  applying  to  the 
Superintendent  of  Documents,  Wash- 
ington, D.  C,  and  the  desired  books 
noted.  Many  are  free,  some  must  be 
bought  at  low  prices.  The  Congress- 
man for  the  District  can  get  the  free 


ones  most  promptly,  and  requests 
should  be  sent  to  him  first. 

The  editor  refers  his  readers  to  the 
lists  of  books,  etc.,  given  bv  Dr. 
C.  A.  Herrick  in  pajjes  XX  to  XXIV, 
' '  Suggestions  for  a  ^  orking  Method  ' ' 
of  Trotter's  Geography  of  Commerce 
(Macmillan  &Co.).  The  editorwould 
have  to  copy  those  pages  almost 
entire  which  space  and  copyright 
forbid.  Every  live  teacher  of  Com- 
mercial Geography  must  and  will  own 
that  book,  the  best  just  now  on  the 
market,  and  can  easily  read  the  list. 
The  books  there  noted  are  a  library 
in  themselves  and  should  be  owned 
so  far  as  possible.  . 

d.  Magazines,  trade  journals,  etc. 
All  the  leading  trades  issue  journals 
or  magazines.  Sample  copies  can 
usually  be  obtained  free  and  should 
be  kept  on  file.  Often  the  back  num- 
bers can  be  obtained  free  from  some 
subscriber.  If  they  can  be  received 
while    new   they    are  more   valuable. 

The  American  Agriculturist,  North- 
western Miller,  Textile  World-Record, 
American  Lumberman,  "Silk,"  Iron 
Age,  Engineering  and  Mining  Jour- 
nal, Financial  and  Commercial 
Chronicle,  Rubber  World,  Shoe  and 
Leather  Reporter,  Stone,  etc.,  are 
some  of  the  best. 

Of  the  general  magazines,  Poole's 
Index  and  Cumulative  Index  to 
Periodical  Literature,  give  a  general 
view  of  the  subjects. 

Magazine  of  Commerce  i  London ) 
and  World's  Work  (New  York  I  and 
Review  of  Reviews  are  three  of  the 
best.  The  Scientific  American  and 
Popular  Science  Monthly  contain 
many  articles  dealing  with"  questions 
of  commerce  and  industry.  McClure's 
Magazine  has  an  article  on  this  line 
in  almost  every  number  and  becomes 
a  permanent  reference  book.  The 
editor  has  assigned  to  different 
pupils  in  his  classes  the  task  of 
watching  the  current  magazines  and 
newspapers  and  reporting  the  articles 
which  occur  on  this  subject.  The 
above  books  and  magazines  should 
be  put  where  the  pupils  can  browse 
in  them  at  will. 

The  editor  does  not  decry  the  value 
of  hard,  concentrated  reading  along 
definite  lines,  but  he  believes  that 
the  "browsing"  habit  in  a  library  or 
reading  room  is  one  of  the  most 
valuable  ways  a  mind  can  be  stored 
with  knowledge.  By  wandering  from 
book  to  book  the  student  gets  a  line 
here,  a  page  there,  and  learns  instinct- 
ively to  pick  out  the  grain  from  the 
chaff  of  many  words,  while  the  mind 
does  not  weary  because  of  the  variety 


of  subjects  and  learns  unconsciously, 
the  only  perfect  way. 

e.  Clippings.  Or  the  thousands  of 
valuable  articles  on  practical  sub- 
jects that  appear  in  newspapers  or 
magazines,  almost  all  are  lost  in  a 
short  time  or  are  buried  in  the  end- 
less files  of  great  libraries.  A  little 
care  would  save  them  for  use  and 
reference.  In  the  editor's  classes 
the  pupils  referred  to  above  cut  out 
the  articles  they  find  whenever  possi- 
ble and  bring  them  in  with  .name  of 
periodical  and  date  noted.  This  can 
be  done  in  the  smallest  town  where 
the  subject  of  Commercial  Geogra- 
phy is  taught.  Magazine  articles  are 
easy  to  file  for  reference  after  the 
manner  of  card  catalogues,  by  using 
sheets  of  manila  paper  for  markers 
by  letter  and  subject. 

Newspaper  clippings  are  hard  to 
file.  Prepared  scrap  books  for  them 
are  too  bulky  and  costlv.  The 
editor's  present  method  is'  to  use 
sheets  of  manila  paper  of  about  the 
same  length  as  the  magazine  pages, 
and  wide  enough  for  three  newspaper 
columns.  The  clippings  are  pasted 
on  these  which  are  then  filed  under 
the  proper  headings.  In  this  way 
clippings  can  be  grouped  under  the 
subjects  treated  and  future  additions 
can  be  put  with  them,  so  that  if  not 
in  exact  order  the  entire  set  on  a 
topic  can  be  glanced  over  in  a  few 
minutes  when  needed. 

/.  Trade  Pamphlets.  The  editor 
has  for  a  couple  of  years  made  a 
practice  of  collecting  trade  catalogues 
and  advertising  literature  dealing 
with  commercial  and  industrial  sub- 
jects. The  result  is  gratifying,  for 
while  much  is  of  little  value  and  can 
be  thrown  away,  a  great  deal  of  prac- 
tical use  remains.  These  catalogues, 
etc.,  give  the  latest  information  on 
commodities,  prices,  machinery,  etc., 
and  are  often  illustrated  with  expen- 
sive cuts  which  show  the  processes 
of  manufacture.  For  example,  the 
book  of  the  International  Paper  Co. 
shows  almost  every  step  of  the  mak- 
ing of  paper,  from  the  forest  to  the 
mill  and  consumer. 

Railroad  literature  is  of  great  use 
as  it  gives  good  descriptions  of  the 
different  parts  of  the  country, 
Though  their  estimates  of  values 
along  their  lines  is  too  enthusiastic  in 
most  cases.  These  trade  pamphlets 
are  specially  valuable  because  they 
are  the  exact  record  of  goods,  etc., 
as  they  occur  in  actual  commercial 
life  and  change  with  the  market, 
which  reference  books  in  libraries 
cannot  do. 

g.  Photographs  and  lantern  slides. 
In  the  school  library  there  should  be 
a  series  of  photographs  oc  pictures  to 
illustrate  the  great  industries, 
mounted  on  large  cards  of  convenient 
size,  to  pass  from  hand  to  hand. 
Separate  small  photographs  are 
likely  to  be  injured,  while  several  on 
a  large  card  pass  safely  and  can  be 
seen  more  quickly.  These  large 
cards  can  be  filed  away  also  like  cat- 
alogue cards. 

Lantern  slides  from  the  above 
pictures  are  better  when  the  school, 
has  a  lantern  and  can  afford  them,  as 
the  entire  class  can  see  them  at  once. 
If  the  school  has  a  lantern  only, 
(  Continued  on  page  41 . ) 


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DEPARTMENT    OF 


Practical  tflatfyemattcs 

GEORGE    E.  KING, 

Cedar   rapids  Business  College, 

Cedar  rapids,  Iowa 


7 


Percentage 

The  subject  of  percentage  and  its 
various    applications   is   one    of    the 

most  interesting  parts  of  arithmetic 
for  both  teacher  and  pupil.  It  is, 
however,  a  subject  which  a  great 
many  think  they  understand  much 
better  than  they  really  do,  because 
there  are  so  many  little  things  which 
we  learn  about  this  subject  every 
time  we  go  over  it.  The  live,  wide- 
awake teacher  of  arithmetic  knows 
this  full  well.  ■  I  presume  that  I  have 
been  over  the  subject  more  than  fifty 
times  during  the  past  twelve  years, 
and  vet  I  believe  there  has  never 
been  a  time  when  1  have  taken  a  class 
over  this  subject,  including  its  vari- 
ous applications,  that  there  has  not 
come  to  me  some  new  idea  or  new 
method  of  presenting  some  of  the 
topic :s.  If  the  pupils  have  been  drill- 
ed on  the  four  fundamental  opera- 
tions in  both  whole  numbers  and 
fractions,  as  outlined  in  this  series  of 
articles,  the  subject  of  percentage  can 
>  taught  almost  exclusively  by  anal- 
ogy. Of  course  the  meaning:  of  a 
ommercial  terms,  as  they  are 
in    business,  must   be  learned. 

ILLUSTRATING     TECHNICAL    TERMS 

In    introducing  the  subject  of   per- 
centage  1    should  give  special  atten- 
o    the    definitions  of   the   three 
principal  terms:  base,  rate,  and   per- 
centage, and  the  two  auxiliary  terms: 
amount    and    difference.      When   the 
is,  as  given  in  the  majority  of 
text    books  on  this    subject,  come   to 
the    pupil    with    the    various    terms 
.  tagged    or   labeled,  the    stu- 
o  difficulty  in  solving  them  ; 
but    when    problems    present    them- 
selves, as  they  do  in  actual  business, 
I    the    label    upon    the  various 
terms,  the  student  is  often   in    doubt 
as  to  what   terms  are  actuallv  given, 
and    therefore  what  rule    or    formula 
he  must  apply, 

We    might    liken    these    percentage 
terms  to  an  immense  forest  in  which 
ire  various  kinds  of    trees,  as: 
Elm,    walnut,    hickory,    birch,     oak, 
'!    the   pupil   is"    sent    out    into 
this  forest  to  properly  label  or  desig- 
name  the  different  trees  of  the 
Before   he   should  even   ven- 
ture upon   such  a  mission,  he  should 
stud}   well  and  carefully  the  distinct- 
ive qualities  oi  all  trees  named,  other- 
wise, he  may  select  an  elm  tn 
hickory  tree,  an  oak  for  a  walnut,  etc 
So  in  the  subject  of  percentage,  if  the 
terms,  base,    rate, 
amount  and  differ 


considered  as  percentage  terms), 
come  to  the  student  in  one  conglom- 
erate mass,  and  he  is  asked  to  sort 
out  the  base,  rate,  percentages,  etc., 
it  will  be  quite  necessary  for  him  to 
have  such  a  knowledge  of  the  distinct- 
ive qualities  of  each  of  the  terms  as 
will  enable  him  to  select  with  certain- 
ty the  base,  rate,  or  percentage,  etc. 
The  definitions  for  these  terms  given 
in  the  majority  of  text-books  are  very 
good,  and  I  think  that  I  cannot  add 
to  them  anything  that  will  be  of  much 
assistance  to  you,  except,  perhaps, 
that  in  speaking  of  so  many  per  cent, 
of  a  number,  as  ten  per  cent,  of  a 
number,  emphasize  the  fact  that  we 
may  substitute  for  the  word  "per 
cent,"  the  word  "  hundredths  ;  "  that 
is,  whenever  we  speak  of  10  per  cent, 
of  a  number  we  mean  10  hundredths 
of  that  number ;  that  when  we  speak 
of  30  per  cent,  of  a  number  we  mean 
30  hundredths  of  that  number.  Bring 
out  this  thought  clearly  in  the  mind 
of  each  pupil. 

As  a  test  in  determining  whether  or 
not  the  pupils  really  understand  how 
to  write  "  per  cents,"  and  how  to  use 
them,  give  the  following  problem: 
What  is  .25  per  cent,  of  $600  ?  By  plac- 
ing the  problem  on  the  blackboard 
and  asking  the  class  to  solve  it,  I 
think  you  will  find  that  in  an  ordinary 
class  at  least  50  per  cent,  of  the  pupils 
will  have  for  their  answers,  $150; 
whereas  the  answer  is  $1.50.  The 
reason  for  their  making  this  error  lies 
in  the  fact  that  they  either  did  not 
notice  the  decimal  point  preceding 
the  25,  or  that  they  do  not  fully  com- 
prehend that  whenever  the  per  cent, 
sign  is  used  it  means  hundredths.  In 
this  way  you  can  make  it  clear  to  the 
pupil  that  if  he  wishes  to  write  25 
per  cent,  or  20  per  cent,  that  he 
must  not  write  it  as  a  decimal  and 
then  add  the  sign  (%)  per  cent. 

LEARNING    BY   ANALOGY 

Having  dwelt  for  some  time  upon 
the  definitions  of  the  terms  of  per- 
centage, I  should  then  compare  them 
with  the  terms  used  in  multiplica- 
tion, as  follows:  Base  equals  multi- 
plicand; rate  per  cent,  equals  mul- 
tiplier; percentage  equals  product. 
Then  explain  that  the  same  relation- 
ship exists  between  rate,  base,  and 
percentage  that  exists  between  the 
multiplicand,  multiplier,  and  product, 
and  that  if  anv  two  of  these  terms 
are  given  the  third  may  be  found  by 
the  application  of  the  p'rinciples  gov- 
erning the  relationship  of  the  multi- 
plicand, multiplier,  and  product,  as 
given   in  my  article  in  the  November 


number.  It  might  also  be  well  to 
compare  the  auxiliary  terms  with  the 
terms  used  in  addition  and  subtrac- 
tion ;  namely,  the  amount  in  percent- 
age equals  the  sum  in  addition  ;  base 
equals  addend,  and  percentage  equals 
addend. 

As  compared  with  subtraction: 
base  equals  minuend ;  percentage 
equals  subtrahend  ;  difference  equals 
difference    or    remainder. 

AN   INVALUABLE    SUGGESTION 

In  explaining  to  the  class,  I  should 
have  the  majority  of  the  problems 
placed  on  the  blackboard,  and  when 
the  problem  is  explained,  insist  that 
whenever  the  student  speaks  of  per 
cent.,  he  tell  ivhat  the  per  cent,  is  per 
cent,  of,  and  that  he  never  use  the 
expression  per  cent,  without  applying 
it  to  some  particular  object. 

The  following  problem  and  expla- 
nation will,  I  think,  show  quite  clear- 
ly what  I  mean  :  20  per  cent,  of  A's 
money  equals  30  per  cent,  of  B's 
money,  how  much  money  has  each,  if 
both  together  have  $3,600? 

If  20  per  cent,  of  A's  money  equals 
30  per  cent,  of  B's  money,  one  per 
cent,  of  A's  money  equals  t'B  of  30  per 
cent,  of  B's  money,  or  1$  per  cent,  of 
B's  money. 

If  one  per  cent,  of  A's  money  equals 
H  per  cent,  of  B's  money,  then  100 
per  cent,  of  A's  money,  or  all  of  it, 
must  equal  100  times  H  per  cent,  of 
B's  money,  or  150  per  cent,  of  it. 

B's  money  must  equal  100  per  cent, 
of  itself. 

Now,  therefore,  if  A's  money  equals 
150  per  cent,  of  B's,  and  B's 
money  equals  100  per  cent,  of  B's 
money,  both  together  have  the  sum  of 
150  per  cent,  of  B's  money  and  100 
per  cent,  of  B's  money,  or  250  per 
cent,  of  B's  money,  which  equals 
$3,600. 

If  250  per  cent,  of  B's  money  equals 
$3,600,  one  per  cent,  of  B's  money 
equals  s£0  of  $3,600  or  $14.40. 

If  one  per  cent,  of  B's  money  equals 
$14.40  then  100  per  cent,  of  B's  money 
equals  100  times  $14.40  or  $1,440,  B's 
money. 

Since  A's  money  equals  150  percent, 
of  B's,  A's  money  equals  150  times 
$14.40  or  $2,160. 

Therefore,  if  20  per  cent,  of  A's 
money  equals  30  per  cent,  of  B's 
money  and  both  together  have  $3,600, 
A's  money  is  $2,160  and  B's  $1,440. 
_  In  the  above  analysis,  you  will  no- 
tice that  whenever  I  have  used  the 
expression  "per  cent."  I  have  stated 
that  it  is  a  per  cent  of  something,  and 
I  should  insist  that  the  pupils  do  so 
in  the  analysis  of  all  percentage 
problems. 

ILLUSTRATIVE   ANALYSIS 

Smith  purchased  a  horse,  harness, 
and  wagon  for  $756.  The.  harness 
cost  40  per  cent,  of  the  cost  of  the 
horse,  and  the  wagon  cost  80  per  cent, 
of  the  cost  of  both  horse  and  harness. 
Find  the  cost  of  each. 

In  this  problem,  we  note  from  the 
context  that  the  cost  of  the  horse 
seems  to  be  the  basis  upon  which  the 
cost  of  the  harness  depends.  Then 
the  cost  of  both  is  the  base  upon 
which  the  cost  of  the  wagon  depends. 
If  we  knew  the  cost  of  the  horse,  it 
would  be  a  very  simple  matter  to  find 
the  cost  of  the  harness  ;  then  knowing 


£TFle  @ufrirfce&>  £cUtcctlor   & 


the  cost  of  the  horse  and  harness,  a 
simple  operation  will  give  us  the  cost 
of  the  wagon.  The  problem,  however, 
does  not  give  us  in  dollars  and  cents 
the  cost  of  the  horse ;  therefore,  as  a 
starting  point,  we  may  assume  some- 
thing as  the  cost  of  the  horse,  and  for 
convenience  sake  only,  let  us  assume 
that  100  per  cent,  equals  the  cost  of 
the  horse;  that  is,  that  100  per  cent, 
of  the  cost  of  the  horse  equals  the 
cost  of  the  horse.  Since  the  harness 
costs  40  per  cent,  of  the  cost  of  the 
horse,  40  per  cent,  of  100  per  cent, 
of  the  cost  of  the  horse,  or  40  per 
cent,  of  the  cost  of  the  horse, 
equals  the  cost  of  harness.  Then  100 
per  cent,  of  the  cost  of  the  horse, 
(which  equals  the  cost  of  the  horse) 
plus  40  per  cent,  of  the  cost  of  the 
horse  (which  is  the  cost  of  the 
harness)  equals  140  per  cent,  of  the 
cost  of  the  horse,  or  the  cost  of  both 
horse  an"d  harness  ;  80  per  cent,  of  140 
per  cent,  of  the  cost  of  the  horse  equals* 
112  per  cent,  of  the  cost  of  the  horse, 
which  is  the  cost  of  the  wagon,  and 
all  together  cost  the  sum  of  100  per 
cent,  of  the  cost  of  the  horse,  40  per 
cent,  of  the  cost  of  the  horse,  and  112 
per  cent,  of  the  cost  of  the  horse,  or 
252  per  cent,  of  the  cost  of  the  horse. 

Now,  since  the  entire  cost  was  $750, 
and  252  per  cent,  of  the  cost  of  the 
horse  equals  the  entire  cost,  then  252 
per  cent,  of  the  cost  of  the  horse  must 
equal  $750.  If  252  per  cent,  of  the 
cost  of  the  horse  equals  $756,  one  per 
cent,  of  the  cost  of  the  horse  must 
equal  1/252  of  $756  or  $3.00;  and  100 
per  cent,  of  the  cost  of  the  horse, 
which  is  the  cost  of  the  horse,  equals 
100  times  $3,  or  $300.  the  cost  of  the 
horse;  40  per  cent,  of  the  cost  of  the 
horse,  which  is  the  cost  of  the  harness, 
equals  40  times  $3,  or  $120,  the  cost  of 
the  harness;  and  112  per  cent,  of  the 
cost  of  the  horse,  which  is  the  cost  of 
the  wagon,  equals  112  times  $3,  or  $336, 
the  cost  of  the  wagon. 

In  the  beginning  of  this  solution, 
you  will  notice  that  I  have  stated  that 
we  may  let  100  per  cent,  equal  the  cost 
of  the  horse,  for  convenience'  sake  only. 
The  fact  is, that  forthis  unknown  term, 
or  base,  upon  which  other  terms  de- 
pend, we  may  let  any  per  cent,  equal 
it.  For  instance,  in  this  problem,  in- 
stead of  letting  100  percent,  equal  the 
cost  of  the  horse,  we  may  let  200  per 
cent,  equal  the  cost  of  the  horse,  or  25 
per  cent.,  or  66s  per  cent.,  or  any  per 
cent,  that  you  can  conceive  of;  and, 
with  that  as  a  starting  point,  solve  the 
problem  accurately.  In  fact,  I  think, 
for  the  purpose  of  illustration  it  is  ad- 
visable for  the  teacher  to  solve  pro- 
blems occasionally  by  letting  some 
per  cent,  other  than  100  per  cent, 
equal  the  base,  or  unknown  term  [or, 
to  show  the  analogy,  express  unity  as 
a  fraction;  for  example,  f,  |J,  \%$,  jog 
etc.,  instead  of  using  the  term  per 
cent]. 

MISCELLANEOUS    PROBLEMS    FOR 
CLASS   DRILL 

20  per  cent,  of  30  per  cent,  of  40  per 
cent,  of  what  number  equals  $4,800  ? 

A  has  20  per  cent,  more  money  than 
B,  B  has  25  percent,  more  than  C,  and 
C  has  50  per  cent,  more  than  D.  If  all 
together  have $6,000  how  much  money 
has  each  ? 
•    40  per  cent,    of   the   cost   of   a   lot 


equals  30  per  cent,  of  the  cost  of  a 
house.  If  both  together  cost  $7,000, 
what  is  the  cost  of  each  ? 

PROFIT   AND    LOSS 

In  passing  from  Percentage  to  Profit 
and  Loss,  it  should  be  borne  in  mind 
•  that  we  have  not  left  the  subject  of 
percentage  behind  us,  but  that  Profit 
and  Loss  is  simply  one  of  the  divisions 
of  that  subject,  and  that  the  same 
principles  used  in  percentage  will  still 
apply  in  profit  and  loss.  Compare  the 
terms  in  Profit  and  Loss  with  those  in 
percentage,  as  follows  :  Base  equals 
cost ;  Rate  equals  rate  per  cent,  of 
profit  and  loss ;  Percentage  equals 
profit  or  loss. 

Lay  special  emphasis  upon  the  fact 
that,  as  a  rule,  when  business  men 
speak  of  a  per  cent,  of  profit  or  loss, 
they  have  reference  to  a  certain 
per  cent,  of  what  goods  cost  them, 
and  not  a  certain  percent,  of  the  sell- 
ing price  of  the  goods.  However, 
there  are  some  merchants  who  speak 
of  their  profit  as  though  it  were  a 
certain  per  cent,  of  the  selling  price 
of  the  goods,  and  not  of  the  cost. 
These  merchants  contend  that  it  is 
impossible  for  a  man  to  make  a  gain 
of  100  per  cent.,  and  true  it  is  im- 
possible for  a  man  to  make  a  gain  of 
100  per  cent,  of  the  selling  price  of  an 
article,  if  he  considers  that  it  costs 
him  anything  measured  in  dollars  and 
cents.  The  only  way  in  which  a  profit 
of  100  per  cent,  of  the  selling  price  can 
be  made  is  when  the  cost  of  the  goods 
is  figured  at  nothing.  Emphasize  the 
point  that  whatever  the  profit  is  com- 
puted on  is  to  be  considered  as  the 
base,  and  that,  generally  speaking, 
the  cost  of  goods  is  that  upon  which 
the  profit  or  loss  is  computed.  In  the 
comparison  of  the  percentage  terms 
with  the  terms  used  in  Profit  and  Loss 
we  may  also  make  the  following 
comparison  :  Amount  in  percentage 
equals  the  selling  price  at  a  profit. 
Difference  in  percentage  equals  the 
selling  price  at  a  loss. 

TRADE    DISCOUNT 

Trade  Discount  is  an  allowance 
made  to  purchasers  from  a  catalogue 
of  list  prices.  These  discounts  are 
often  arranged  in  a  series. 

As  the  wholesale  trade  precedes  the 
retail,  in  seasonable  goods,  from 
three  to  six  months,  the  invoices 
are  made  out  bearing  two  dates,  the 
one  the  date  of  the  invoice,  the  other 
the  date  on  which  the  retail  trade 
begins.  It  is  from  this  last  date  that 
the  cashdiscount  is  computed.  Then, 
in  addition  to  the  cash  discount,  an- 
other discount  may  be  allowed  for 
paying  the  bill  before  the  sales  at  re- 
tail begin.  This  is  known  as  a  dis- 
count for  anticipating  bills. 

In  deducting  these  discounts  we 
should  first  deduct  the  cash'  discount 
on  the  amount  of  the  invoice,  and  then 
deduct  the  discount  for  anticipating 
the  bill  on  the  amount  left  afcer  de- 
ducting the  cash  discount  ;  or,  vice 
versa,  we  may  first  deduct  the  dis- 
count for  anticipating  the  bill  and 
from  the  remainder  deduct  the  cash 
discount. 

In  taking  up  this  subject  in  the 
class,  I  should  give  much  drill  in  de- 
ducting these  discount  series,  and  I 
should  carefully  explain  how  to  find 


a  direct  discount  which  is  equivalent 
to  the  discount  series. 

To  illustrate:  What  direct  discount 
is  equivalent  to  a  discount  of  20  per 
cent.,  30  per  cent.,  and  10  per  cent, 
off?  Let  100  per  cent,  equal  the 
amount  of  the  invoice,  then  deduct- 
ing therefrom,  20  per  cent,  of  100  per 
cent.,  we  have  as  the  remainder,  80 
per  cent,  of  the  invoice  price.  De- 
ducting from  this  30  per  cent,  of  the 
80  per  cent,  of  the  invoice  price,  which 
is  24  per  cent,  of  the  invoice  price,  we 
have  left  56  per  cent,  of  the  invoice 
price,  and  then,  from  this  deducting 
10  per  cent,  of  itself,  or  5  6/10  per 
cent.,  we  have  for  the  net,  50  4/10  per 
cent,  of  the  invoice,  and  this  subtract- 
ed from  100  per  cent,  or  the  invoice, 
will  leave  the  direct  discount  of  49.6 
per  cent,  of  the  invoice,  which  is 
equivalent  to  the  discount  series  of 
20  per  cent.,  30  per  cent.,  and  10  per 
cent.  off. 

PROBLEMS    FOR    CLASS    DRILL 

What  direct  discount  is  equivalent 
to  each  of  the  following  series  of  dis- 
counts:  40  per  cent.,  20  per  cent., 
and  10  per  cent,  off;  1/3  and  50  per 
cent,  off;  3/10's  and  25  per  cent,  off; 
40  per  cent.,  40  per  cent.,  20  percent, 
and  15  per  cent,  off? 

What  is  the  catalogue  price  of  an 
automobile,  if  the  net  price  is  $504.00, 
and  the  discount  series,  20  per  cent., 
30  per  cent.,  and  10  per  cent,  off? 

COMMISSION. 

In  taking  up  the  subject  of  commis- 
sion, considerable  time  should  be 
devoted  to  an  explanation  of  the  com- 
mercial terms  herein  introduced. 

The  "gross  proceeds,"  or  "gross 
sales,"  is  the  amount  for  which  the 
goods  are  sold  by  the  agent,  or,  in 
other  words,  it  is  the  price  paid  to 
the  agent  by  the  person  to  whom  the 
agent  sells  the  goods.  "Net  pro- 
ceeds-" is  the  amount  which  the  agent 
receives  for  the  goods  sold,  less  his 
commission  and  any  other  expenses 
connected  with  the  sale,  or,  in  other 
words,  it  is  the  amount  which  the 
principal  receives  from  the  agent  for 
the  goods  sold. 

"Net  cost,"  or  "prime  cost,"  is 
the  amount  which  the  agent  pays  to 
the  party  from  whom  he  purchased 
the  goods.  "Gross  cost"  is  the 
prime  or  net  cost  plus  the  agent's 
commission  and  any  other  expenses 
connected  with  the  "purchase,  which 
the  principal  has  to  pay,  or,  in  other 
words,  it  is  the  full  cost  of  the  goods 
to  the  principal. 

The  "commission"  is  the  compen- 
sation allowed  the  agent  for  his  ser- 
vices in  buying  and  selling  goods  for 
another  person,  who  is  called  the 
principal.  It  is  not  unreasonable  to 
sav  that  the  compensation  which  one 
person  receives  from  another,  for  ser- 
vices rendered,  should  depend  upon 
the  amount  of  business  transacted  by 
the  one  for  the  other. 

Hence,  it  follows  that  the  agent's 
compensation  should  be  measured 
and  should  depend  on  the  volume  of 
business  which  he  transacts  for  his 
principal.  In  a  sale  of  goods  by  the 
agent,  it  seems  that  the  amount  of 
money  for  which  the  agent  sells  the 
goods  should  be  the  base  upon  which 
(Continued  on  page  42.) 


^jhe  (3u^Uvc^£d^ou^Wr   & 


jrr^^7\ 


DEPARTMENT  OF 


(Commercial  £au\ 

J.    C.    BARBER. 

Bryant  ,v  Stsatton  Business  College, 
Providence,  R.  i. 


i 


Fraud. 

Fraud,  as  it  concerns  contracts,  is 
any  means  by  which  one  party  mis- 
leads   another,  thereby   causing   him 

to  his  damage.  This  maybe 
brought  about  as  well  by  conduct  as 
by   words.      In    a  great   majority   of 

Kind  is  perpetrated  by  means 
of  a  false  statement  of  some  fact 
material  to  the  contract.  Such  state- 
ment must  be  made  by  a  party  to  the 
contract,  or  by  some-one  acting  for 
bim,  either  under  express  authority 
or  with  his  knowledge  and  tacit  con- 
sent ;  it  must  be  made  with  a  knowl- 
edge of  the  facts  or  under  such  cir- 
cumstances that  knowledge  will  be 
presumed  ;  it   must  be  made  for  the 

se  of  influencing  the  action  of 
the  other  party,  who  must  believe  it 
and  act  upon  it  to  his  damage. 

A  Falsi  Statement.  In  order  to 
constitute  fraud  there  must,  in  gen- 
eral, be  a  false  statement.  Non-dis- 
closure.  Where  one  fails  to  disclose 
some  fact  which  he  is  under  no  duty 
to  communicate,  he  is  not  guilty  of 
fraud.  In  a  sale  of  goods  where  the 
buyer  lias  an  opportunity  of  inspect- 
ing them,  the  seller  is  under  no  duty 
to  point  out  defects  which  are  so 
plainly  visible  that  any  person  of 
ordinary  intelligence  might  easily  de- 
tect them,  and  it  would  make  no  dif- 
ference that  the  seller  withheld  the 
information  for  the  purpose  of  de- 
ceiving the  buyer.  Where  one  sells 
goods  in  which  there  are  hidden  ma- 
terial defects,  he  is  bound  to  disclose 
such  defects.  Where  A  leased  to  B 
a  house  which  he  knew  B  was  to 
occupy  at  once,  and  the  house  was  in 
such  a  state  of  repair  as  to  be  unfit  to 
live  in,  it  was  held  that  A  was  under 
no  duty  tn  disclose  the  fact.  Here  B 
'  ted  himself  by  a 
animation  of  the  house. 

tere  there  is  something  about 
tin-    premises  which  is  a  menace  to 

I  health,  it  has  been  said  there 

duty  on  the  part  of  the  land- 

lord  to  disci, isc  the  fact.     Ordinarily, 

the  buyer  is  not  bound  to  disclose  to 

Her  any  facts  affecting  the  value 
of  the  subject  matter,  the  buyer 
may    know   that   the  market   price' of 

ods  he  is  buying  has  risen,  un- 
known to  the  seller,  and  vet  lie  need 
not  impart  this  knowledge  to  the 
seller.  (  Mi  the  other  hand,  where  the 
parties  stand  in  fiduciary  relations  to 
iy<  r  is  hound  to 
disclose  to  the  seller  ai: 
would  be  material  in  placing  a  price 
on,,     is 

ity  to  give  any  informa- 
tion,   it     he    volunti  o    so,   he 


must  not  deceive  the  other  party  by 
telling  half  the  truth,  thereby  making 
a  false  statement.  Where  one  party- 
is  in  a 'position  to  know  the  facts  and 
the  other  who  is  not  must  rely  on  the 
first  party  for  information,  the  with- 
holding of  facts  which,  if  known  to 
the  other  party,  would  influence  his 
action,  amounts  to  fraud.  Whereone 
in  obtaining  insurance  fails  to  dis- 
close facts  within  his  knowledge, 
which  the  insurers  ought  to  know  in 
order  to  determine  the  risk,  he  is 
guilty  of  fraud. 

Concealment.  It  is  one  thing  to 
keep  silence  and  give  the  other  party 
the  opportunity  of  ascertaining  the 
truth  for  himself,  and  it  is  another 
and  a  widely  different  thing  to  ta^e 
active  measures  to  prevent  the  other 
from  learning  the  facts.  Where  A 
sells  to  B  an  article  in  which  is  a 
patent  defect  and  keeps  the  article 
turned  so  that  B.  does  not  see  the  de- 
fect, A  is  guilty  of  fraud.  Even  where 
one  sells  a  thing  with  all  its  faults, 
he  must  not  take  active  measures  to 
cover  up  defects.  While  the  seller 
may  not  be  bound  in  such  a  sale  to 
disclose  anything,  still  he  must  re- 
main strictly  neutral  and  allow  the 
buyer  a  fair  chance  to  make  his 
inspection  as  thorough  as  he  may 
wish.  Where  a -party  sold  a  vessel 
with  all  her  faults,  and,  knowing  the 
bottom  to  be  unsound,  had  previ- 
ously taken  measures  to  place  the 
vessel  where  she  could  not  be  in- 
spected, the  sail  was  voidable.  In 
this  case  the  seller  also  misrepre- 
sented the  condition  of  the  vessel  at 
he  time  of  the   sale. 

Statement  of  Material  Fact. 
In  order  to  constitute  fraud,  the 
statement  must  concern  some  fact 
which  is  material  to  the  contract.  A 
statement  of  opinion  or  a  mere  pre- 
diction as  to,  the  future  will  have  no 
legal  effect  on  the  contract  though 
made  with  dishonest  intent.  For  a 
seller  to  say  an  article  is  worth  the 
money,  is  not  fraudulent.  To  say 
that  certain  property  will  be  worth 
twice  its  present  value  within  a  year 
is  not  fr-audulent.  To  falsely  assert 
that  an  article  cost  a  certain  sum  or 
to  make  a  false  statement  regarding 
the  volume  or  profits  of  a  business  is 
fraudulent.  Ordinarily  a  statement 
<>f  intention  does  not  constitute  a 
statement  of  fact,  yet  where  one  buys 
goods  which  at  the  time  of  the  pur- 
chase, he  does  not  intend  to  pay  for, 
he  is  guilty  of  fraud.     A  false  state- 

i '    in    regard    to    law    does    not 

amount  to  a  fraud,  except  where  one 
party  is  for  some  reason  compelled  to 


rely  on  the  knowledge  of  the  other, 
who  is  in  a  position  to  know  the  law, 
See  "  Mistake  of  Law"  in  last  issue. 

Statement  Made,  Known  to  be 
False.  If  the  party  making  a  state- 
ment believes  it  to  be  true,  he  may 
not  be  guilty  of  fraud,  even  though 
what  he  says  is  in  fact  untrue.  This 
comes  under  the  head  of  "innocent 
misrepresentation  "  of  which  more 
hereafter.  Where  one  makes  state- 
ments as  though  he  had  knowledge, 
when  he  does  not  know  whether  they 
are  true  or  false  ;  or,  when  he  is  in  a 
position  to  know,  if  he  would  take 
the  trouble,  knowledge  will  be  pre- 
sumed. Such  a  party  is  deemed  to  be 
guilty  of  fraud  just  as  though  he 
actually  knew  his  statements  to  be 
untrue.  In  one  case  it  was  said, 
"The  fraud  consists  in  stating  that 
the  party  knows  the  thing  to  exist 
when  he  does  not  know  it  to  exist, 
etc.    *    *    *" 

Statement  Made  with  the  Intent 
that  It  Shall  Be  Acted  Upon.  If 
A  makes  a  false  statement  of  a  ma- 
terial fact  directly  to  B,  which  in- 
duces B  to  enter  into  a  contract  with 
him,  probably  the  question  of  intent 
will  not  often  arise.  But  where  A 
makes  a  statement  to  B  which  C  hears 
and  acts  upon,  in  order  to  show  that 
A  has  committed  a  fraud  against  C, 
it  must  appear  that  A  made  the  state- 
ment intending  that  C  should  act 
upon  it. 

Statement  Must  Have  Been  Be- 
lieved by  the  Party  Injured.  If 
one  party,  after  hearing  the  represen- 
tations of  another  chooses  to  act  and 
does  act  on  his  own  judgment,  he 
has  no  action  against  the  other  for 
fraud,  likewise  if  he  believes  the  rep- 
resentations of  the  other  to  be  untrue 
he  has  not  been  damaged  by  them 
because  he  has  not  been  misled. 

Must  Be  Acted  Upon.  One  must 
go  further  than  to  believe  a  false 
statement ;  his  belief  must  have 
caused  him  to  act  as  he  would  not 
otherwise  have  done.  It  is  not  neces- 
sary that  the  falsehood  should  have 
been  the  only  cause  of  a  person's 
entering  into  the  contract ;  it  is 
enough  that  it  had  some  real  influ- 
ence on  his  action.  Although  a  party- 
has  acted  on  the  false  misrepresenta- 
tion of  another,  if  he  has  sustained 
no  damage  thereby,  he  has  no 
grounds  for  an  action  against  the 
other  party. 

misrepresentation. 

An  innocent  misrepresentation  may- 
have  no  effect  upon  a  contract,  but 
where  the  misrepresention  goes  to  the 
substance  of  the  contract  it  will  make 
the  contract  voidable.  Wherever  the 
parties  stand  in  fiduciary  relations 
toward  each  other,  as  attorney  and 
client,  or  principal  and  agent,  even 
an  innocent  misrepresentation  may- 
have  its  effect.  However,  in  those 
cases  a  mere  statement  of  opinion, 
though  erroneous,  would  not  furnish 
grounds  for  an  avoidance  of  the  con- 
tract. In  contracts  for  insurance  the 
insurer  must  depend  on  the  insured 
for  a  knowledge  of  the  facts  affecting 
the  risk,  and  an  innocent  "misrepre- 
sentation of  a  fact  material  to  the 
contract  will  furnish  grounds  for 
avoidance.  Such  contracts  as  those 
for  insurance  stand  in  this  respect  in 
(Continued  tut  page  -/J . ) 


dfce&bUlru£;>C<&uecbUsr   & 


T 


L 


DEPARTMENT     OF 


(Office  (Training 

AS  A  PART  OF  THE  COMMERCIAL  COURSE. 

S.  S.  HOOKLAND 

Hanks  Business  College,  Philadelphia,  Pa. 


7 


Order  and  ('.  O.  D.  Shipments. 

There  are  some  transactions  which 
should  be  given  special  attention  in 
connection  with  office  work.  Of  these 
may  be  mentioned  those  involving 
trade  or  cash  discount,  drafts,  con- 
signments, and  order  and  C.  O.  D. 
shipments.  In  this  issue  of  The 
Educator,  our  discussion  will  be 
confined  to  the  last  two  named. 

In  handling  "order"  or  C.  O.  D. 
shipments,  the  object  in  view  should 
be  kept  prominently  before  the  stu- 
dent's mind.  He  should  not  go 
through  the  transactions  blindly,  nor 
for  the  mere  purpose  of  carrying 
them  out.  He  should  be  made  to  see 
clearly  that  the  end  sought  is  to  pro- 
tect the  shipper  against  risk  in  sell- 
ing to  persons  who  are  not  known  to 
be  thoroughly  reliable,  and  who  have 
not  made  advance  payment  of  the 
bill  in  full,  and  that  this  object 
is  accomplished  by  so  manipulating 
matters  as  to  make  it  impossible  for 
them  to  receive  the  goods  until  pay- 
ment is  made. 

OH  HER    SHIPMENTS. 

When  goods  are  shipped  by  freight 
and  it  is  desired  to  prevent  their  de- 
livery by  the  agent  at  their  destina- 
tion until  paid  for,  it  is  the  practice 
in  business  to  make  what  is  known 
as  an  "order  shipment."'  This 
means  that  the  goods  are  shipped  and 
way-billed  to  the  order  of  the  consignot 
with  instructions  to  the  freight  agent 
to  notify  the  real  consignee  of  the 
arrival  of  the  goods  at  their  destina- 
tion. In  order  to  effect  payment  of 
the  invoice  and  delivery  of  the  bill  of 
lading,  the  balance  of  the  transaction 
is  then  carried  out  through  some 
other  agency,  generally  the  bank. 
The  shipper  makes  out  a  draft  cover- 
ing the  bill,  Qnd  attaches  thereto  the 
bill  of  lading,  made  to  his  own  order 
and  endorsed  to  the  consignee,  and 
sometimes  also  the  invoice,  and  leaves 
it  at  the  bank  for  collect  ion.  The  bank 
then  forwards  the  draft,  with  accom- 
panying  papers,  to  a  bank  (its  corres- 
pondent, if  it  has  any)  in  the  place  to 
which  the  shipment  is  made,  for  col- 
lection. When  the  draft  is  paid,  the 
bill  of  lading  (also  the  invoice,  if  sent 
through  the  bank)  is  delivered  to  the 
purchaser,  who  may  then  receive  the 
goods  on  presentation  of  the  bill  of 
lading  at  the  freight  office.  Should 
the  bank  charge  for  collection,  the 
draft  •  is  generally  made  payable 
"with  exchange,"  and  paid  by  the 
purchaser  when  paying  the  draft. 

There  is  some  irregularity  in  busi- 
ness in   the  manner    of    making   out 


and  endorsing  bills  of  lading,  in  con- 
nection with  the  kinds  of  shipments 
under  consideration.  This  is  due  in 
part,  to  a  failure  of  shipping  clerks 
to  understand  fully  the  principles  in- 
volved, the  practice  among  business 
men,  and  the  rules  and  regulations  of 
railroad  companies.  It  will  be  no- 
ticed in  Figure  1  that  the  goods  are 
consigned  to  the  order  of  the  shipper, 
and  that  directions  are  given  in  con- 
nection there-with  to  notify  the  con- 
signee;  also  that  the  endorsement  is 
addressed  to  the  railroad'  company 
and  signed  by  the  shipper.  The 
irregularities  consist  in  leaving  out 
one  or  more  of  these  particulars.  It 
is  not  uncommon  to  see  shipping  re- 
ceipts made  out  with  the  words 
"  order  of  "  and  directions  for  notify- 
ing purchaser  omitted.  This  de- 
prives the  paper  of  its  negotiable 
form  and  gives  no  clue  to  the  name 
entered  by  the  agent  at  shipping 
point  as  person  to  be  notified. 
Then,  too,  the  name  of  the  company 
and  also  the  name  of  the  shipper,  is 
sometimes  omitted  in  the  endorse- 
ment. And  again,  the  name  of  the 
shipper  may  appear  on  the  back  of 
the  shipping  receipt  as  a  blank  en- 
dorsement. 

On  account  of  these  irregularities 
constantly  occurring,  railroad  com- 
panies generally  waive  technicalities, 
and  are  governed  rather  by  the  inten- 
tion of  the  shipper,  whatever  may  be 
the  form  in  which  that  is  indicated. 
In  order  to  hold  to  some  uniformity 
in  endorsements,  however,  some  com- 
panies leave  a  space  on  the  back  of 
the  receipt,  in  printing  the  contract, 
to  indicate  where  the  name  of  the  en- 
dorser should  be  placed.  Figure  1 
gives  the  wording  for  full  form,  which 
according  to  the  judgment  of  business 
men  consulted,  is  the  one  most  desir- 
able, the  place  for  writing  the  en- 
dorsement being  preferably  on  the 
back  of  the  receipt. 

In  regard  to  the  manner  of  hand- 
ling the  invoice,  it  may  be  said  that 
it  seems  to  be  the  better  practice  to 
send  it  directly  to  the  purchaser, 
instead  of  attaching  it  to  the  draft 
and  sending  it  through  the  bank.  Men 
who  are  close  buyers,  and  who  do  not 
care  to  have  the  prices,  at  which 
goods  are  purchased,  known,  prefer 
not  to  expose  invoices  to  the  scru- 
tiny of  persons  outside  of  their  busi- 
ness. Sending  the  invoice  direct  to 
the  consignee,  has  the  additional 
advantage  of  enabling  him  to  identify 
the  shipment  in  the  absence  of  a  bill 
of  lading  and  draft,  which  mio;ht  be 
detained  or  destroyed  in  transit. 


C.    O.    D.    SHIPMENTS. 

C.  O.  D.  shipments  which  are  made 
with  the  same  object  in  view  as 
"  order  "  shipments,  are,  as  the  name 
indicates,  handled  in  a  very  different 
manner.  This  is  due  to  the  fact  that 
express  companies,  who  act  as  car- 
riers in  this  case,  make  it  a  part  of 
their  business  to  collect  and  carry 
money  for  shippers,  which  railroad 
companies  do  not  do. 

When  shipping  by  express,  the  in- 
voice is  inserted  in  a  C.  O.  D.  envel- 
ope, furnished  by  the  express  com- 
pany (Figure  2).  This  envelope  is 
left  with  the  agent  at  the  office  at  the 
time  the  goods  are  delivered  and 
receipted  for.  On  receiving  the 
goods,  the  agent  writes  "C.  O.  D." 
on  the  shipping  receipt,  on  the  pack- 
age containing  the  goods,  and  also 
on  the  way-bill  in  making  entry  for 
the  goods  to  be  forwarded.  The 
agent  then  forwards  the  envelope, 
containing  the  invoice,  together  with 
the  goods,  to  the  agent  at  the  place  of 
destination,  who  presents  the  bill, 
when  offering  the  goods  for  delivery, 
to  the  consignee  for  payment.  If 
paid,  the  agent  receipts  the  invoice 
and  delivers  it  to  the  consignee.  The 
money  is  then  enclosed  in  the 
envelope  in  which  the  invoice  was  for- 
warded, and  returned  to  the  agent  at 
the  shipping  point,  who  takes  it  to 
the  shipper,  breaks  the  seal,  opens 
the  envelope,  and  verifies  the  amount 
in  the  shipper's  presence.  If  correct, 
the  money  is  turned  over  to  the  ship- 
per, and  his  receipt  taken  therefor  on 
a  delivery  sheet. 

There  are  two  distinct  charges 
made  by  express  companies  when 
shipping  goods  in  this  manner.  The 
one  is  for  carrying  the  goods,  gener- 
ally called  expressage;  the  other  is 
for  collecting  and  returning  the 
money.  Either  or  both  of  these 
charges  may  be  paid  by  the  shipper, 
or  may  be  collected  from  the  con- 
signee. If  charges  for  carrying  the 
goods  are  prepaid,  the  shipping 
receipt  is  marked  "  Paid,"  indicating 
amount.  When  charges  for  collection 
Hint  return  of  money  are  paid  by  ship- 
per, the  words  "I  (or  We)  Pay"  are 
written  in  the  blank  space  on  the  C. 
O.  D.  envelope  before  the  words  "  for 
Return  of  Money;"  when  these 
charges  are  to  be  collected  from  con- 
signee, the  word  "  Collect  "  is 
written  in  that  space.  Whether 
forwarding  goods  or  returning 
money,  the  charges  are  entered  on 
wav-bills  (Freight  or  Money,  gener- 
ally different  in  color)  in  "Prepaid" 
or  "Collect"  column  to  indicate 
whether  same  are  paid  at  point  from 
which  the  goods  or  the  money  is  car- 
ried, or  whether  they  are  to  be  col- 
lected at  the  other  end. 

Shipments  may  be  made  on  one  of 
three  conditions:  (1)  without  privi- 
lege of  examination;  (2)  with  privi- 
lege of  examination;  and  (3)  with 
privilege  of  examination  and  selection. 

In  the  absence  of  instructions  from 
the  shipper  to  extend  privilege  of 
examination,  the  bill  must  be  paid 
in  full  without  examination.  If  the 
shipper  instructs  the  express  com- 
pany to  extend  the  privilege  of  exam- 
ination, the  words  "  Privilege  to 
examine"    are    written  in  the  space 


£n^©©ukin?^£d**&a&©r  *SS 


SHIPPING  RECEIPT 

PENNSYLVANIA  RAILROAD  CO. 

October  22,              /  Q    03 

Received  from            J-  H-  Smith  *  Co- 

By  the  above-named  company,  the  property  described 
below,  in  apparent  good  order,  etc. 

/ 

Marks.    Con- 
signee's address 
and  destination. 

Pennsylvania  Ry.  Co.                               / 

Please  deliver                                 / 

Order  of 

within  goods  to 
L.  H.  Jackson  &  Co.                     / 

./.  11.  Smith  &  Co 

J.  H.  Smith  &  Co.          / 

( Your  city) 

/ 

( Your  State) 

/ 

Notify 

/ 

L.  H.  Jackson 

/ 

Chicago,  III 

/ 

/ 

for  "  Remarks  "  on  the  envelope,  and 
also  somewhere  on  the  face  of  the 
shipping  receipt  and  on  the  package 
containing  the  goods.  If  several 
articles  are  shipped  from  which  the 
consignee  may  select  such  as  he  de- 
sires, the  others  to  be  returned,  the 
words  "  Privilege  of  examination  and 
selection  "  are  so  written,  and  an 
agreement  entered  into  and  signed 
by   the    shipper,  reading  as   follows: 

"  This  is  to  certify  that  I  (or  we), 
the  undersigned,  have  forwarded  and 
expect    hereafter   to    forward   by  the 

Express  Co.,  various  C.  O.  D. 

shipments,  with  the  privilege  of 
examination  and  partial  or  total 
delivery,  and  do  hereby  authorize 
and  instruct  said  company  and  its 
connecting  carriers  to  allow  the  con- 
signee, of  any  such  shipments,  with 
or  without  a  representative  of  said 
company  or  its  connecting  carriers 
being  present,  to  open  same,  examine 
the  contents  thereof,  and  repack 
what  shall  not  be  retained. 

"Now,  therefore,  in  consideration  of 
the  acceptance  by  the  said  company 
and  its  connecting  carriers  of  such 
shipments,  on  the  conditions  named, 
I  (or  we)  do  hereby  assume  all  risks 
of  loss  or  damage  which  may  occur 
in  connection  with,  or  by  reason  of, 
such  opening,  examination,  and  re- 
packing of  such  shipments,  and  we 
further  agree  that  the  said  company 
and  its  connecting  carriers  are  not 
to  be  held  liable  or  responsible  for 
any  loss  of,  or  damage  to  said  ship- 
ments, or  any  part  thereof,  from  any 
cause  whatever,  or  any  loss  or 
damage  occasioned  by  its  detention 
or  delay  in  the  delivery  of  same, 
unless  in  every  case  the  said  loss  or 
damage  be  proved  to  have  occurred 
from  the  fraud  or  gross  negligence 
of  said  company,  its  connecting 
carriers,  or  its,  or  their  servants, 
while  such  shipments  were  in  course 
of  actual  transportation. 

(Signed  I ." 


E'AtU.^  UNITED  STATES  EXPRESS  COMPANY 


N(jp     733967 


500 


$      II',    Pay 
S         500 


for  collection. 

for  Return  of  Money. 

Total  to  be  returned. 


[Paid  or  Unpaid  at 

C.O.D. 


Philadelphia,  Pa. 


Dec.  15 


190_ 


On 


George   C.  Hanscom 


From 


Wanamaker  d-  Brown 


Mabel 


Philadelphia 


Minn. 


Pa. 


Goods  billed  to 


Mabel,  Minn. 


REMARKS. 


Privilege  to  Examine 


0  SHIPPERS.  Goods  subject  to  C.  O.  D.  are  accepted  ami  f.  rwarded  by  this  Company  ONLY  according  to  the  conditions  of  its  receipt 
Kiln  money  to  ho  collected  from  the  consignee  on  delivery  of  the  property  described  herein  is  not  paid  wi 
l  receipt,  the  shipper  agrees  that  this  Company  may  return  said  property  to  him  at  the  expiration  of  that  time 


ttiii t\  days  from  di 

subject   to 

for  such  property  .  ■ 


d  that  the  liability  of  this  Company, 
men  only. 


^ibe©tUlrv©i>^fi4jUtc»u?Wr   ^ 


Educational  Ideals 

Or.  Ul.  B.  P.  Tauttce,  President  of 
Brown  University 

We  are  indebted  to  Miss  Helen  L.  Follans- 
bee,  who  has  charge  of  the  instruction  in 
shorthand  and  typewriting  in  the  Somer- 
ville,  Mass.,  High  School,  for  this  excellent 
report  of  the  address  delivered  at  the  open- 
ing session  of  the  N.  E.  H.  S.  C.  T.  Associa- 
tion's Brst  meeting.  Every  teacher  should 
read    this    splendid    address.  —  Associate 

Editor. 

The  office  of  the  teacher  in  our 
modern  life  is  second  in  importance 
to  no  other.  You  and  I  are  in  the 
work  of  teaching  not  for  the  sake  of 
a  livelihood ;  if  we  are,  we  ought  to 
leave  it  tomorrow;  not  because  we 
have  tried  something  else  and  failed  ; 
if  .so,  we  are  not  wanted  ;  but  because 
we  firmly  believe  that  the  swiftest, 
surest  and  most  permanent  way  of 
serving  our  generation  and  influenc- 
ing the  future  is  through  our  system 
of  schools. 

The  work  of  the  reformer  in 
society  is  indeed  important.  The 
reformer  comes  attacking  institutions 
that  have  decayed,  abuses  that  have 
sprung  up.  Aggressive  and  insistant, 
he  performs  important  work.  But 
reform  is  often  Ifollowed  by  reaction, 
and  no  reform  is  permanent  until 
placed  upon  an  educational  basis. 
The  preacher  has  a  vast  and  import- 
ant work,  but  the  preacher  suffers 
under  two  or  three  distinct  limita- 
tions. He  speaks  to  his  class  usually 
once  one  day  in  seven.  His  class  is 
ungraded  and  the  majority  of  his 
pupils  are  those  who  have  passed 
beyond  the  plastic  and  receptive 
years  of  youth  into  the  period  when 
new  ideas  are  a  burden  and  new 
efforts  arouse  suspicion. 

The  legislator  has  a  vastly  import- 
ant work  in  modern  civilization,  but 
when  he  is  actually  elected  by  his 
party  and  sent  to  the  State  House, 
how  often  he  finds  that  his  freedom 
is  restrained  by  party  loyalty,  and 
with  the  crack  "of  the"  whip,  he  goes 
whither  he  has  never  dreamed  of 
going. 

But  the  teacher  has  his  class  five 
days  out  of  seven,  in  the  most  plastic 
and  receptive  period  of  its  life,  and 
the  pressure  of  the  teacher's  life  is 
like  the  atmosphere,  constant,  pervas- 
ive and  irresistible.  Therefore  I  be- 
lieve we  do  well  to  magnify  our  office 
and  to  feel  that  if  America  is  to  achieve 
what  its  prophets  and  teachers  have 
sung,  it  will  be  through  men  and 
women  who  are  giving  their  lives  to 
teaching. 

TW'J      IDEALS   —   CULTURE      AND      EFFI- 
CIENCY 

There  are  two  ideals  that  hover 
before  us.  What  is  the  school  for? 
Is  it  for  development,  on  the  one 
side,  or  for  vocation,  on  the  other? 
Is  it  to  educate,  to  lead  out  the 
powers  which  the  boy  may  possess, 
or  is  it,  on  the  other  hand,  to  produce 
a  trained  and  skilled  workman  in 
some  definite  calling  ?  Is  the  object 
of  the  school  to  unfold  the  person- 
alis in  all  the  splendor  of  its  possi- 
bility, or  is  it  to  produce  the  best 
trained  workman  in  some  particular 
field  of  the  world's  work?  Culture 
or  efficiency,    development  or    skill, 


those  are  the  two  ideals  that  hover 
before  every  teacher,  and  sometimes 
literally  draw  him  asunder. 

We  see  very  clearly  the  object  of 
the  two  ideals,  if  we' compare  West 
Point  and  Oxford.  Oxford,  "home 
of  impossible  loyalties  and  lost 
causes,"  would  disdain  to  think  of 
what  its  thousands  of  students  were 
to  do  after  graduation.  West  Point, 
on  the  other  hand,  does  not  attempt 
to  develop  symmetrical  character  or 
intellect ;  it  "seeks  to  train  a  man  for 
military  life. 

VOCATION    THE     UNDERLYING     IDEA   OF 
NEW    ENGLAND    COLLEGES 

Now  our  New  England  colleges 
were  founded  under  the  influence  of 
the  vocational  idea.  Our  New  En- 
gland colleges  were  founded  for  the 
sake  of  training  men  for  one  particu- 
lar calling:  namely,  the  Christian 
ministry.  The  whole  purpose  of  the 
schools'  was  to  train  men  for  voca- 
tions ;  not  to  fit  them  for  things  in 
general,  but  to  give  them  efficiency 
in  one  particular  calling.  Later,  the 
idea  came  that  the  same  training 
might   be   good   for  the   lawyer,  the 


DR.  W.  H.  P.  FAUNCE. 

physician,  the  teacher,  the  journalist. 
Then  came  the  idea  that  this  course 
of  training  was  good  for  a  man,  no 
matter  what  his  calling  was  to  be. 
And  we  have  thought  for  a  century, 
or  a  century  and  a  half,  that  the  true 
purpose  of  our  colleges  was  a  liberal 
education. 

When  I  entered  college,  it  was 
thought  very  unwTise  to  consider 
what  was  to  be  done  after  college. 
We  were  simply  to  attain  self  realiza- 
tion, and  later  decide  what  particular 
field  of  the  world's  work  we  should 
enter.  Now  within  ten  or  fifteen 
years,  the  vocational  idea  is  again 
coming  to  the  front  Everywhere  we 
are  told  that  too  much  time  is  spent 
in  aimless  study,  that  much  of  early 
life  is  wasted  in  the  study  of  things 
that  have  no  bearing  on  future  work, 
that  young  men  ought  to  make  all 
studies  bend  toward  their  future 
task.  And  liberal  education  is  in 
some  peril  today  from  these  new;  and 
insistent  demands  for  the  vocational 
ideal  as  set  before  the  modern  teacher 
and  pupil. 


MAY     THERE    NOT     BE     BOTH      CULTURE 
AND   EFFICENCY  ? 

Is  there  no  reconciliation  of  these 
two  ideas  ?  Must  this  Classical  High 
School  [where  the  meeting  was  being 
held]  give  itself  up  to  things  that 
occurred  two  thousand  years  ago, 
and  must  vour  commercial  teachers 
give  no  thought  to  things  that  make 
up  the  best  of  our  life  today?  lam 
glad  to  see  vou  meeting  tonight  in  a 
Classical  High  School  hall,  thereby 
signifying  the  unity  of  our  modern 
educational  aims,  if  not  of  our 
methods. 

Let  me  indicate  three  or  four  things 
which  I  believe  are  common  to  us  all, 
whether  we  are  teaching  arithmetic, 
bookkeeping,  typewriting,  Hebrew, 
English,  poetry  or  music.  We  all 
agree  that  first  we  must  make  the 
man  and  then  the  workman.  First,  we 
must  make  the  iron  into  steel,  then 
into  definite,  specific  tools.  First, 
we  have  to  make  the  man  or  woman, 
then  the  clerk,  the  accountant,  the 
stenographer,  the  jeweler,  the  baker, 
the  merchant.  On  a  famous  tomb- 
stone in  France  is  the  epitaph,  "  He 
was  born  a  man  and  died  a  grocer." 
That  is  always  a  melancholy  fate. 
For  one  to  be  born  to  the  heritage  of 
manhood  or  womanhood  and  subside 
into  a  clerk,  an  accountant,  a  grocer, 
or  a  banker,  is  always  a  collapse  of 
career  and  of  character. 

We  believe  that  "man  does  not  live 
by  bread  only,"  that  no  amount  of 
wealth  that  this  country  can  pile  up 
will  ever  bring  it  happiness  or  per- 
manence of  civilization.  We  believe 
that  by  character  the  nation  is 
judged,  and  the  school  that  does  not 
further  it  has  failed  utterly.  If  we 
can  disillusion  our  young  people  so 
they  shall  not  believe  that  mere  pos- 
sessions constitute  life,  or  that  what 
the  world  calls  success  is  the  great 
goal  of  living,  we  shall  accomplish 
one  aim  of  our  public  school  system. 

A    SUCCESSFUL   FAILURE 

I  met  one  of  the  wealthiest  men  of 
this  country  not  long  ago,  a  man 
whose  name  is  on  the  lips  of  all  our 
young  men  today.  I  had  an  interview 
with  him  and  at  the  close  he  said  to 
me,  "My  own  life,  I  consider  a  fail- 
ure." And  I  said  "Your  life  a  fail- 
ure ?  Why,  people  look  upon  you  as 
the  specimen  of  success."  "How- 
ever that  may  be,  my  life  is  a  failure. 
I  have  worked  eighteen  hours  a  day 
since  I  was  fourteen  years  of  age, 
and  there  is  no  man  in  this  country 
that  can  tell  me  anything  about  my 
business.  Now  I  have  my  fortune, 
but  I  cannot  read  a  book".  I  go  to 
sleep  when  I  try  to  read.  I  cannot 
travel ;  the  museums  and  libraries 
and  palaces  only  bore  me.  I  have  no 
friends  — I  have  some  acquaintances 
—  I  have  no  time  for  them.  My  life, 
as  far  as  development  of  myself  is 
concerned,  is  a  failure,  and  when  my 
will  is  opened,  it  will  be  found  that 
my  money  is  left  for  education,  that 
boys  and  girls  may  study  to  develop 
themselves." 

There  are  multitudes  of  men  whose 
names  are  in  all  the  papers  as  ex- 
amples of  success,  who  are  thus 
grieving  over  their  lack  of  knowing- 
how  to  use  what  they  have  accumu- 


£/K©  ®u£in?e&b  £gU&&gi&cf   #> 


lated.     A  man  once  said   that  all   his 

fortune   brought    him   was  food    and 

clothes,  that  hisclothes  didn't  fit  him 

and   his   food  didn't  agree  with  him. 

Till:     COMMERCIAL     TEACHER'S 

RESPONSIBILITY 

I    hope   you   will    allow  me   to    say 

ou  commercial  teachers  have  it 
in  your  power  to  shape  the  ideals  of 
our  young  people  as  perhaps  no 
classical  or  literary  leather  has,  and 
you  will  shape  them  in  the 
direction  of  this  common  conviction, 
which  you  and  1  alike  possess. 

Let  me  also  say  this:  You  and  I 
alike  believe  thai  self-support  is  a 
primary  duty.  Unless  a  man  can,  as 
we  say,  earn  his  salt,  he  is  a  burden 
on  society  and  a  reproach  to  the 
commonwealth.  An  education  which 
does  not  fit  a  young  man  to  take  care 
of  himself,  to  support  himself  — a 
young  woman  to  earn  her  own  living 
If  she  must— is  an  education  which  is 
certainly  at  fault.  We  have  today  a 
great  many  people  who  are  not 
capable  of  using  the  symbols  of  edu- 
cation and  the  tools  of  ordinary  inter- 
course. We  have  a  great  many  illit- 
erate college  graduates.  I  had  one 
of  the  largest  employers  in  New 
England  in  my  office  the  other  day, 
and  he  said,  "I  have  a  number  of 
young  men  and  I  dare  not  let  them 
send  out  a  letter  from  the  office  with- 
out looking  it  over  carefully  first." 
I  believe  that  a  man  ought  to  be 
fitted,  when  he  graduates  from  our 
common  schools,  to  use  the  ordinary- 
medium  of  intellectual  exchange 
forcefully,  directly,  effectively.  He 
ought  to  know  his  mother  tongue,  he 
ought  to  know  how  to  write,  how  to 
reckon  ;  he  ought  to  possess  the 
ordinary  accomplishments  which 
shall  make  him  trustworthy  as  a 
citizen;  he  ought  to  be  equal 
to  the  responsibility  thrust  upon 
him.  Therefore  when  we  urge 
upon  our  students  the  importance  of 
acquiring  those  arts  which  minister 
to  the  support  of  themselves  and 
those  dependent  upon  them,  we  are 
doing  that  which  the  simplest  rules 
make  necessary. 

BUSINESS  DOES  NOT  MEAN 
SORDIDNE  ss 
1  wish  to  say  this  also;  that  the 
development  of  commercial  life  does 
not,  other  things  being  equal,  mean 
the  growth  of  materialism,  but  rather 
the  growth  of  knowledge,  sympathv. 
fraternity,  enlightenmenf  and  moral- 
ity. The  expansion  of  trade  does 
not  mean,  other  things  being  equal, 
a  coarse  and  sordid  strife  for  bread 
and  butter.  It  means,  other  things 
being  equal,  wider  knowledge,  human 
sympathy,  human  brotherhood,  the 
spread  of  things  thai  arc  excellent. 
I    think     in     some     circles     there    is 

onally  considerable  cant'  to  be 
heard  in  disparagement  of  business 
life.  I  fear  sometimes  it  is  a  relic  of 
the  old  (ireek  view  ol  Socrates  and 
Plato,  who  believed  that  all  the  busi- 

>;  life  should  be  done  bv  the 
slaves  of  a  community,  and  '  that 
magistrates  and  philosophers  should 
not  soil  their  hands  bv  any  mechani- 
cal undertaking;  a  relic  of  the  feudal 
ideal,  where  the  labor  of  the  fields 
and  the  store  and  the  mart  was  to  be 
borne   by    the   serfs,  and   the  states- 


men were  not  to  soil  their  hands  with 
business.  America  does  not  recog- 
nize such  ideals.  Lucre  is  not  filthy 
unless  man  makes  it  so.  We  hear 
some  men  advising  their  friends  not 
to  go  into  politics.  That  is  unworthy 
of  the  leader  of  his  fellows.  Equally 
unworthy  is  it  to  advise  one  not  to 
go  into'  business  life.  There  is 
danger  in  politics,  in  business;  there 
is  no  necessary  sordidness  or  mater- 
ialism in  either. 

THE   COMMERCIAL    HAS  OFTEN  PILOTED 
THE    SPIRITUAL 

The  first  voyage  around  the  Cape 
of  Good  Hope,  the  first  voyage  to 
America,  were  voyages  undertaken 
chiefly  from  commercial  motives,  and 
their  result  was  vaster  than  the  early 
voyagers  dreamed.  The  crusades 
never  recovered  the  sepulchre  of  our 
Lord,  but  they  put  in  motion  great 
caravans  and  they  knit  together  all 
those  nations  around  the  Mediter- 
ranean Sea.  The  Suez  Canal  was 
built  largely  for  reasons  of  trade. 
Straightway  all  the  missionary 
societies  of  the  world  began  to  use  it. 
Great  spiritual  impulses  throbbed 
through  that  trench  in  the  Saharan 
sand.  The  most  spiritual  of  modern 
inventions— possibly  I  might  say  the 
most  ethereal — are  the  telegraph  and 
telephone,  both  of  them  invented 
under  the  demands  of  modern  busi- 
ness life,  then  placed  immediately  at 
the  service  of  the  spirit  of  man  in  all 
its  higher  ranges  of  feeling  and 
aspiration.  We  may  then  never  allow 
business  life  to  be  divorced  from 
spiritual  life.  If  a  man  is  selfish,  he 
will  be  selfish  all  through.  If  he  is 
noble  and  true,  he  will  be  the  same 
man  throughout  all  the  strata  of  his 
life. 

I  do  not  believe  that  our  modern 
young  people  are  surrendered  to 
mere  money  getting.  I  do  believe 
they  want  power.  The  search  for 
power  is  what  calls  forth  our  young 
people  today.  And  power  erected  by 
inheritance,  held  in  leash  by  con- 
science, is  as  noble  a  thing  as'a  man 
can  well  desire. 


Che  Remington  at  the  Celegraphers' 
tournament. 

The  Annual  Telegrapher's  Tournament, 
which  occured  this  year  at  Philadelphia,  is 
an  event  of  supreme  interest  not  only  to 
telegraphers  but  to  all  users  of  the  writing 
machine.  The  contests  at  these  tourna- 
ments afford  a  decisive  test  not  only  of  the 
capacity  of  the  operators  but  also  of  the 
machines  which  they  operate.  Thesecon- 
tests  always  bring  together  the  leading 
telegraphers  of  the  country, -and  only  the 
swiftest  and  surest  can  hope  to  win  the 
coveted  prizes  And  even  these  can  hope  to 
win  only  on  the  swiftest  and  surest 
machines. 

Among  the  writing  machines  which  fig 
ured  in  this  year's  tournament  at  Philadel- 
phia.the  Remington  was  easily  thecham- 
piim  The  contests  in  all  classes  were  sub- 
ordinate in  interest  to  the  one  for  the  All 
Around  Championship  of  the  World.  The 
championship  in  this  class  carries  with  it 
t lie  Carnegie  Medal,  value  j400.no,  and  a 
Cash  prize  of  $300.00  to  the  winner;  and  also 
a  Cash  prizeof  $150.00 to  the  second  man.  In 
this  class  the  Remington  made  a  clean 
sweep,  both  prizes  being  captured  on  the 
Remington  machine.  The  winner,  who 
thus  becomes  the  World's  Champion  for  the 
coming  year,  was  Mr.  W.  M.  Gibson,  of  New 
York,  and  the   winner  of  the  Second  Prize 


was  Mr.  E.  E.  Bruckner,  of  Chicago.  It  is 
interesting  to  note  that  Mr.  Gibson  won  the 
championship  on  the  identical  Remington 
Typewriter  which  he  lias  used  for  several 
years  in  his  daily  work.  Despite  the  ex- 
tremely hard  use  which  the  machine  has 
had  during  all  of  this  time,  it  was  still,  like 
its  operator,  more  than  equal  .  to  the 
supreme  test  of  the  competition. 

The  world's  championship  contest  was 
not  the  only  class  in  which  the  Remington 
made  a  clean  sweep.  In  the  opening  con- 
test of  the  tournament  for  railway  operators 
the  winner  of  the  First  Prize  was  Mr.  J.  W. 
Harrison,  of  Philadelphia,  and  the  winner 
of  the  Second  Prize  was  Mr.  G.  A.  Hodgson, 
of  the  same  city.  Both  of  these  gentlemen 
used  the  Remington  in  the  contest. 


Che  Kansas  meeting. 


The  Kansas  Special  Teachers'  Federation 
held  a  rousing  meeting  in  the  Wichita  Com- 
mercial College,  Wichita,  Kansas,  Novem- 
be  27th  and  28th.  A  goodly  number  of  busi- 
ness educators  from  different  parts  of  the 
State  were  in  attendance.  The  next  meet- 
ing of  the  association  will  be  held  in  the 
Parsons  Business  College,  Parsons,  Kansas, 
next  Thanksgiving. 

The  following  officers  were  elected  for  the 
ensuing  year:  J.  C.  Olson,  Parsons,  Presi- 
dent; E.  H.  Robins,  Wichita,  Vice  President; 
Clara  G.  Schaub,  Parsons,  Secretary ;  C.  Z. 
Swisher,  Chapman,  Treasurer. 

The  Executive  Committee  appointed  by 
the  President:  T.  W.  Roach,  Salina,  Kan- 
sas; Chairman,  S.  B.  Fahnestock,  McPher- 
son,  Kansas,  E.  J.  Freeman,  Wichita,  Kan- 


Ceaching  Advertising 

ST.  PETER,  MINN.,  Oct.  29,  1903. 
MESSRS.  ZANER  &  Bl.oSER,  Columbus.  O. 
Dear  Friends:  I  want  to  introduce  adver- 
tising into  my  school,  but  as  I  have  not  the 
time,  neittier  perhaps,  the  ability,  I  have 
hit  upon  this  scheme  which  I  have  used 
more  or  less  the  last  two  years.  Each 
student  is  required  to  write  a  new-  ad.  for 
his  business  every  week  and  place  it  in  a 
conspicuous  place  over  or  by  his  desk.  I 
made  the  first  call  for  such  ads.  yesterday 
morning,  after  giving  a  short  talk  on  adver- 
tising in  general,  on  the  points  that  should 


ippea 


5t  proi: 


dvertisements. 


PRODUCE/PR0WSIONS. 


We  Handle  FIRST  GRADE  articles 

at  the  LOWEST  PRICES  p.«iWc 

ERMN/TORKELSON. 


c . 


^o/e  rropn 


etors. 


etc,  etc  This  afternoon  the  enclosed  ad. 
was  found  over  one  of  the  desks.  The  work 
is  that  of  C.  A.  Torkelson,  a  member  of  the 
firm  advertised,  a  boy  who  has  just  come 
in  from  the  fartri,  and  who  has  had  no 
possible  drill  in  writing  ads.  I  think  it 
very  good  and  send  it  to  yon  for  your  criti- 
cism through  the  columns  of  your  paper. 
If  it  is  worthy  of  recognition,  I  should  like 
to  see  it  appear.  What  do  you  think  of  the 
scheme? 

Wishing  THE  BUSINESS  EDUCATOR  all 
possible  success  and  anxiously  awaiting 
each  issue.  I  am,        Very  respectfully, 

G.  H.  TAWLEY, 
Principal  School  of  Commerce  of 

Gustavus     Adolphus     College, 

St.  Peter,  Minn. 


^/Ivc  f^tUutej^CcUv&uXor    <**> 


A    VOTING     CONTEST    OPEN     AND    OF    INTEREST    TO    ALL. 


Co  Penmen,  Ccacbcrs  of  Penmanship  and  Commercial  Educators 

You  are  doubtless  interested  in  and  desirous  of  knowing  which  capital  letters  are  most  universally  believed  to  be  best,  and  most 
widely  used.  By  complying  with  the  following  request  this,  in  a  large  measure,  can  be  ascertained.  Do  not  wait  for  some  one  else  to 
reply,  but  j'O*/,  now,  while  in  the  mood,  reply  by  letter  or  postal. 

Send  to  The  BUSINESS  EDUCATOR,  Columbus,  Ohio,  your  preference  of  the  capitals  given  below  by  numbers  and  letters  as  follows: 
2A;  3B;  2  C;  ID;  IE:  5  F;  2  G;  etc.  Thus  signifying  that  you  prefer  the  second  style  of  A;  the  third  style  of  B;  the  second  style  of  C; 
the  first  style  of  D;  etc.     In  case  you  do  not  find  the  style  of  capital  you  prefer,  make  it  instead  of  giving  the  number. 

From  the  replies  thus  received  we  will  determine  the  most  popular  letters  and  publish  them  in  the  March  BUSINESS  EDUCATOR. 
Replies  should  reach  us  not  later  than  January  25, 1904. 

The  person  guessing  nearest  the  forms  selected  by  majority  vote  will  be  presented  with  a  copy  of  "  Zanerian  Script  Alphabets," 
the  price  of  which  is  $2.50.  The  second  best  guesser  will  be  presented  with  an  engraving  of  the  selected  letters,  and  the  third  best  will 
be  presented  with  a  copy  of  "The  Progress  of  Penmanship,"  the  price  of  which  is  $1.00.  In  case  of  a  number  guessing  the  correct  style 
of  letters,  the  prizes  will  be  awarded  in  the  order  in  which  the  replies  are  post  marked,  the  first  going  to  the  earliest  date,  the  second  to 
the  next  earliest,  etc. 

Let  us  have  a  penmanship  election,  and  determine  thereby  the  most  popular  candidate  for  general  utility.  Let  your  ballots  be  cast 
without  fear  or  favor  and  without  delay.    The  polls  are  now  open. 


Wessons  in 

Uptobate  Justness  £ 

'enmansfytp 

BY 

L^.  Cl^^^^^^^^^zY, 

TROY,  N.  Y. 

Lesson  5. 
Plate  33 
Quality  of  writing  depends  much  upon  two  things,  skill  and  time.  Accurate  writing  requires  not  only  the  former  for  its  production, 
but  much  of  the  latter.  Give  the  professional  all  the  time  that  he  demands  and  his  page  will  contain  forms  that  are  not  only  accurate, 
but  beautiful;  but  push  him  along  at  a  "twenty-five  or  thirty  clip"  and  the  results  are  surprisingly  the  opposite.  At  that  speed, 
accuracy  is  out  of  the  question.  The  work  in  Number  1  illustrates  writing  that  required  both  skill  and  time  in  its  execution.  Number:! 
is  the  hand  of  the  average  telegraph  operator  that  is  usually  written  at  a  rapid  rate  of  speed,  and  so  often  condemned  for  its  illegibility 
by  the  general  public.  The  operator  himself,  however,  is  the  only  one  who  realizes  how  he  is  compelled  to  hustle  when  copying. 
Accuracy  and  speed  do  not  go  hand  in  hand.  Increase  one  and  you  decrease  the  other.  Number  1  demanded  much  time  for  its  execu- 
tion, cons,. quentlj  the  results  speak  for  themselves  as  concerns  accuracy.  Number  3  is  the  other  extreme  wherein  great  speed  is 
required.  This  means  poorer  forms  and  consequently  less  legibility.  These,  however,  are  not  only  the  extremes  but  the  exceptions. 
They  are  conditions  and  circumstances  that  must  be  met  as  best  we  can.  Number  2  is  the  happy  medium  wherein  speed  and  accuracy 
were  considered  on  a  par  and  one  was  not  sacrificed  for  the  other.  It  was  written  freely  and  quite  rapidly  but  at  the  same  time  an  effort 
was  made  to  write  well.  It  is  the  hand  that  is  demanded  in  ordinary  commercial  work  and  the  one  that  can  be  applied,  not  only  when 
speed  is  desired,  but  when  accuracy  and  neatness  are  demanded.    Strive  to  acquire  it. 


i^^^^^^W^^C*^^^^^^^^^ 


^^^^^^^iC^^-zT^Z/ 


/^4^c^c^c^f-  <?y/s^H7- 


</yi(L( 


W; 


ijs 


Z)a  ^JjUAl^  yTfaM  ^/wfrh 


Plate  34 

The  importance  of  figures  increases  from  day  to  day,  consequently  they  should  receive  your  closest  attention.  We  have  ten 
distim  t  and  different  characters,  and  their  legibility  depends  entirely  upon  their  formation  individually.  Letters  are  many  times 
deciphered  through  their  relation  with  other  letters.  Not  so,  however,  with  figures.  Practice  carefully  on  the  1,4  and  ~  as  given  in 
Linel  Make  the  /  with  a  single  straight  line  and  do  not  begin  it  with  a  short  upward  stroke  as  it  might  resemble  the  7.  The  9  begins 
the  same  as  the  small  g.  Make  the  2  and  3  unlike,  and  keep  the  loop  in  the  6'  low  or  it  will  resemble  o.  Watch  the  8  closely  and  curve 
the  down  stroke  quite  a  good  deal  in  order  to  form  two  distinct  ovals.  Avoid  large  loops  in  the  center  of  3  and  5.  The  top  of  the  5  is 
made  last  and  never  should  be  omitted.  You  should  practice  on  each  figure  separately,  filling  page  after  page  until  you  can  make  it 
quickly  and  well. 


////////  A^     A^A^A^A^A^A^A^A^y         J         y        y        y        y        y  y 

feetfjec??^    f   p    <y    y-    p   p   y    y    ^  ^-  ^r  jt  ^r^r  cr  ^t 

^-^^^-Jl.^>^^J?^^^^S66     6     6     6      6     6     6 
'     J2,      /    A*   /  J2-    /-^/J2.    /  A^  /  ^   y  ^  /  j^.     7^/^7^-/-2, 


<_i\x&  / J  tu jIi  vcj  j  CcUvccttc  r   & 


Plate  35 

Make  each  figure  firmly  and  strongly,  resting- as  long  as  you  wish  between  each.  Train  the  eye  to  keep  the  figures  in  columns 
when  preparing  for  addition.  The  tendency  will  be  to  work  toward  the  left  as  you  near  the  base  line.  There  is  no  necessity  in  joining 
figures,  as  they  can  be  made  separately  about  as  quicky.  The  6  may  extend  above  the  others,  while  the  7  and  9  may  be  brought  below 
Cover  page  after  page  in  this  manner  until  you  have  trained  the  eye  to  place  each  figure  just  where  it  belongs.  Quickness  is  demanded, 
as  well  as  plainness,  yet  the  former  need  not  interfere  with  the  latter. 


4^/ <7JZ,/ 


erf  /  2.  6 


/  6>  SJZ  7  <£  f 
S3  _2 


r  f  r  2.  3  / 


7  ^^6^?  / 

7  V  3  J2-S  <7 

?j?  /   /  a  f 


/  =L  ^S  y  j   _2, 

/  jt  r  r  ^/  ^ 


f  6  a^x,  y  /> 

/   7-2.    6  J  4*-/ 


7  7  /  <?  s  =2. 

^2.  f , 


AA   A^J>  .2,   / 

7  f  ^J?  3, 


We  have  in  this  plate  some  characters  and  signs  that   are  used  in  commercial  recording.    Some  are  individual   forms  while  other 
are  a  combination  of  a  letter  and  lines.    Study  each  one  critically  and  work  faithfully  upon  them  until  you  can  make  them  well. 


#■    j£ 

^  ^  ^  ^  ^    @,  (S/Q/  @/  @/  (g/  /  /  /  y  y 

Y-  Y 

y*  */*  y*  Y*  Y"  Y  7*  Y  y*  Ya  "Y  Y  v^  Y^ 

/  Y 

Y    Y  Y  Y  Y  Y>  Y    Y   Y  <Y'   Y   Y  Y  Y^  Y^ 

//^.  th 

Y^^~   j/if*^   /^t?^   ^^a<^~  ^7^is.^r  /^-jhJ.^ 

'A-  Y, 

$L  Y^  /*■  Y?  y*  Y  Y>  Y*  Y-  Y^  Y*  /**/*■/*/*'■/'■/'■ 

7r  7? 

y?     y*- /!j?     %?        ^^S/f          ^7/-2-~i4-       ^2  4^         V^^^r**/,,*   iT/y 

Plate  37 

Two  styles  of  the  P  and  7?  are  given.  The  P  in  Line  1  starts  with  a  firm  straight  stroke  and  ends  with  an  oval  at  the  top  In 
making  that  form  avoid  loops  at  the  base  line  and  end  the  letter  with  or  without  a  dot.  Be  sure  you  see  distinctly  the  characteristics 
and  proportions  of  each  letter  before  you  attempt  to  make  them.  Some  may  prefer  the  style  in  Line  '2,  and  there  is  no  reason  why  you 
should  not  adopt  it  if  you  wish.  The  R  in  Line  3  is  the  P  with  an  addition  and  makes  a  good,  quick  style  for  ordinary  use.  Keep  the 
little  center  loop  small  and  high  and  watch  closely  how  you  finish  the  letter.  The  tendency  will  be  to  make  that  center  loop  too  large. 
Do  not  try  to  make  the  two  styles.     Select  the  one  you  prefer  to  adopt,  and  master  it. 


■///  y>  y  y  t?  -7?  y  '7?  y?  y  7?  7?  7?  y  y> 

■  (?  (^  7*  6*  0*  (7  7? '  {?  7?  ^  ^^7* '6* 

'y/e^yyy^yyyy/e^y 

-y  y  ^  ^f  ^f  <%  ^  ^f  7f>  ^  <%  ^^y 

Tyc^^T^iyC^^'  <?t^L*y  yy^cxy^T^i^^^iy,  cyy^z^y  oyy^T^y  cyy^t^^zy, 

/jy*^z<rij^r~  <&^z^y  /K-^^^7-7^/  cyyT^-z^^^z^y^y^-rLy  cyr  c/Y 

w/lvc  totUlrve^£clu,octWr   & 


Plate  38 

The  li  commences  like  the  Pand  K  but  ends  much  different.  .Make  the  last  part  of  the  letter  with  a  round,  rapid,  rolling  movement, 
keeping  the  little  loop  small  and  watching  quality  of  line  throughout.  The  letter  may  be  ended  as  in  Line  3,  yet  the  style  in  Line  1  is 
usually  the  best  for  beginners.  Practice  the  P,  B  and  K  together  as  in  Line  2.  Study  form  critically,  criticise  your  work  often  and  never 
fail  to  admire  the  good  points  of  an  accurate  and  well-made  capital.    Lines  1,  5  and  G  are  for  page  practice.    Punctuate  correctly. 


•///3/3/3/3fi/3/36/3/3  /3  F 

FFFFFFF^FFFF  F  F*  F 

J6FFFFFFFFFFFF/ 

/JP~T7-?7^?^l^^7^g7    /JP^l?-T7-7^ue^?^    /F2^t^7^l<y7^L^yT^a>Ct^--7^Zy    /  ^L^rLsOC^KriF 

s  /L2^^<^-<>^^^^^^y  £%  ffFo^?^  ^-/,  /fsj*.  /Ci^Or^O^z-^^z-^^' 

6  /3F^d^^^<dJFF^^                                                                              /&t*^Fy — 

The  H  may  be  started  in  several  ways,  yet  the  style  presented  in  the  first  part  of  Line  2  is  easiest  and  best  for  beginners.  It  starts 
the  same  as  the  P  and  R  but  is  composed  of  two  separate  parts.  Make  the  second  part  from  the  top  down  and  then  add  the  little  cross. 
The  exercise  in  Line  3  will  afford  good  practice. 


Plate  40 

This  is  a  miscellaneous  work  throughout  and  will  undoubtedly  be  good  material  for  some  of  the  more  advanced  students.    Writing 
should  be  kept  small  and  avoid  exaggeration  in  making  all  capitals. 


/^Ul^ri^{,    l^r  *2?lasuJL//4F  /f*^.  yy^r  /^  /f  /^y 

/F-a^<?^<y^z^^-7^i^  v*-   /^F^^^7^i^rT^c^-^^>nFt 

/FyL^r^i^nF'  /<7^<n-sr~ 

CFfe^<rz^7^LA^n^^    /FLt^^uL^~     /%^i^ 

^^U-^y-    0  £7-t-o^FCFo^~    / 

/^l-    o{.    )^1<^^t^cF,  %   )^Li^KnjiF  K^^^z^^   ^^F^F/  f~ZF^ 

FJ^-cz^-  F%F)r  /C^^^z-z^^— "^                                                       ^F^f 

Plate  41 

:uratewrlting  has,,,,  place  in  (he  business  world.    The  average  person  needs  a  hand  that  is  written  easily  and   freely  as 
w"";,-!  is  surely  the  foundation  of  speed,  and  one  who  has  learned  to  write  easily  finds  nn  trouble  when    rapid   writing  Is 

demandl  iltlifiilly  on  the  few  lines  in  this  plate.    Apply  ease  and  freedom  and  strive  for  legibility  at  the  same  time. 


Criticisms. 

A.  B.  C— I  am  g'ad  to  see  you  doing  so  well.  Practice  work  was  indeed  very  good.  Your  work  on  ovals  is  up  to  your  other 
practice.    Final  stroke  on  N.  M,  and   V  too  long.      Strengthen   the  stroke   in  all   small   letter  work   by  applying  more  arm  movement. 

"  Improvement  "—Review  movement  exercises  in  Lesson  1  carefully.  See  that  your  arm  rolls  as  suggested.  Continued  practice 
along  this  line  will  soon  get  your  muscles  into  working  condition.    Send  practice  regularly. 

Blank,  Wis.— Practice  was  good  throughout  and  up  to  your  usual  standard.  Investigate  slant  of  small  letters  very  thoroughly. 
Study  and  experiment  until  you  know  positively  just  how  the  different  strokes  should  slant.  Your  small  letters  are  unite  often 
weak  in  this'  one  respect. 

E.  A.— Work  was  too  late  for  criticism  in  December  number.  Adopt  a  standard  for  size  in  small  letter  work  and  keep  to  it. 
Small  a  and  c  require  care.    Capitals  good. 

Mi^Si  B.— The  case  mentioned  is  an  exceptional  one.    One  extreme  usually  corrects  another.    Try  it. 

E.  E.  D.— Doing  well.      Work    is    smoother    throughout    and    more    uniform.      .V's 
improve  your  small  letter  work  generally  by  rounding  all  the  turns. 

Taylor— Xo,  work  is  not    too    small.      Just    right.      Think   while  you  practice  and 
pleased  to  notice  your  improvement. 

J.  J.  K.— Splendid    practice.    Continue.      Your   future   is  bright,  in    this  respect,  if 

Mrs.  E.— You  can  acquire  a  good  hand   if  you  are  willing  to  try.      Look  up  Septet; 
carefully.    Experiment  with  your  arm  and  you  will  be  surprised  at  the  results.    Send 

Paul  G— Use  a  cork-grip,  straight  holder  and  a  medium  coarse  pen.  The  oblique  holder  and  "fine  writer"  are  too  difficult  to 
handle.    Master  a  good,  plain  business  hand,  and  you  can  then  start  on  the  ornamental.    Work  carefully  on  exercises, 


.V's   still    too   sharp  at    top,  and  you  can 
hardest   on    your   poorest    letters.      I  am 


you  persevere.  Keep  ' 
iber  lesson  and  read  ret 
some  of  your  efforts. 


.■ork  uniform   i 
larks  on  "  Mo\ 


slant, 
nent " 


lessons  in  Practical  Business  EDriting 

BY 


CAVANAUGH  COMMERCIAL  COLLEGE,  NEW  BRITAIN,  CONN. 

Students'  practice  criticized  in  these  columns  free  of  charge.    Specimens  should  be  sent  to  Miss  Hudson,  .Yew  Britaii 


mi.,  by  the  fifth  of  t 


Cesson  $ 

"If  one  would  accomplish  anything  in  the  world  worth  doing,  he  must  have  sufficient  confidence  in  himself  to  take  risks,  to 
set  out  on  journeys  of  which  he  cannot  see  the  end.  A  strong  purpose  creates  its  own  means  of  accomplishment.  '  If  a  god  wishes 
to  ride,'  says  Emerson,  every  chip  and  stone  will  bud  and  shoot  out  winged  feet  for  it  to  ride.'" 

-World  Beautiful,  by  Lillian   Whiting. 

PLATE29.  1.  Make  the  small  m,  stopping  on  the  third  down  stroke.  Curve  orer  to  the  right  and  end  with  a  quick  sweep,  crossing 
at  the  base  line.  The  greatest  difficulty  will  be  to  get  a  full  curve  at  the  bottom  and  almost  a  straight  line  across  the  base  line.  Be 
careful  not  to  curve  too  widely  to  the  left.  2.  The  upper  part  of  the  Z  differs  from  the  Q  in  its  loop,  being  on  the  connective  slant 
rather  than  long  and  horizontal  as  in  the  Q.  3.  The  X  is  the  first  part  of  the  (J,  plus  a  large  6'.  Allow  the  two  strokes  to  touch  or  not 
as  is  easier  for  you. 


^AjL< 


£/  l-ve  ^iuUli  vcj  »>  £tltvocttcrr   ^ 


PLATE  30.     1.     The    /. 


■nposed  of  the  upper  half  of  the  E  and  the  lower  half  of  the  Q.  Like  the  E,  make  a  decided  stop  at  the 
dot  before  moving  the  hand  to  the  left.  2.  Have  a  rolling  motion  of  the  arm  before  making  the  loop.  3.  It  is  often  convenient  to  use 
tins  beginning stroki  onnect  the  letters  easily.    It  is  an  upward  double  curve,  following  the  base  line  considerably  at   first. 

I.    This 


stroke  in  ordei  toconnect  the  letters  easily.    It  is  an  upward  double  curve,  tonowing  tne  uase  u 
lis  shows  the  method  "I  connecting,  making  the  stops  only  at  the  beginning  of  each  letter.    Do  not  lift  the  ] 


Vla^teJ/ 


^2J£--Z-/ 


'_-^-&Z^^2^^z^z7^Z^^Z^t^^ 


PLATE  31.  1  Make  the  stops  onlj- at  the  top  of  each  curve.  2.  The  down-stroke  is  nearly  straight.  Do  not  curve  much  to  the 
right.  Tin  base  loop  i-  horizontal  rather  than  vertical.  Push  the  arm  out  of  the  sleeve  nearly  parallel  to  the  down  stroke,  then  end 
quickly  like  the  O,  crossing  the  first  stroke.  Though  it  is  true  the  first  hieroglyphic  for  the  D  was  a  triangle,  yet  we  must  not  retain  so 
much  of  the  equilateral  as  the  isosceles  shape.    3.    Connect  the  D's,  making  the  only  rests  at  the  angles. 


P/a-fce.7;- 


l'i  \  i  i  :;_'.  l.  Starting  at  the  base  line,  curve  from  left  to  left,  cr 
nward  double  curve;  bring  the  pen  to  the  point  of  starting  again, 
i  the  slant  of  the  down  stroke.    ::     The  upper  part  of  /  is  a  wider  ! 


ising  the  upstroke  at  the  kase  line;  stop  at  the  angle  and  with 
2.  The  /  is  formed  from  one  style  of  the  T  stem.  Notice  pa rtici 
np  than  the  lower  half  or  the  1. 


ttTxv&Xiitivwjj&iXMWitvr   &* 


Criticisms  by  miss  Hudson. 

B.  C.  L.— Xot  sufBcient  curve  in  upstrokes.     Notice  instructions  for  Plate  21  and  follow. 

A.  B.  L—  Do  not  get  an  angle  in  the  top  of  the  /-loop.    J  is  brought  below  the  line  too  far.    More  practicing  on  Plate  23.  Work  very  good. 

"  Student."— Get  more  freedom.    Watch  the  wrist,  then  the  thumb.    You  can  be  your  own  critic. 

L.  M.  M.— There  should  be  no  loop  in  k.    Get  more  curve  in  upstrokes.    Slant  in  .r  is  not  governed  by  crossing,  but  by  the  down  stroke. 

G.  R.  C— Good  work,  no  criticisms. 

H.  T.  A. — Am  glad  you  find  the  lessons  of  use  in  your  classes.    Let  me  know  results. 

J.  O.  K.-Xo.    It  would  be  better  in  the  end  to  make  an  entire  change. 

K.  K.— Do  not  use  the  small  pen  holder  you  speak  of.    The  cork  grip  is  better. 

Benton. — Use  better  paper..  You  can  see  your  results  better. 

G.  K.— Good  work.    Come  again. 

A.  M.  A.— You  will  learn  about  the  lessons  to  be  awarded  in  the  April  number,  190:1. 

O.  S. — I  like  jour  style  of  putting  up  lessons.    Order,  neatness  and  uniformity  mean  much  in  the  progress  of  penmanship. 


Il^gfepii 


/Pt^zj  ^^^^^^^^e^?-^^^^^ 


BUSINESS  AND  ORNATE  WRITING  BY  C.  G.  QUINN,  PHILADELPHIA,  PA.,  PUPIL  OF  PEIRCE  COLLEGE. 


Specimens 

Received 


BY   STUDENT  OF  C.  A.  GRUENIG,  PENMAN,  NATIONAL   BUSINESS  COET.EGE.  ROANOKE,  VA. 


One  of  the  best  letters  received  in  a  bus 
inesa  hand  came  from  Mr.  W.  C.  Wol 
laston,  of  Wilder,  Minn.  Mr.  Wollaston  is 
destined  to  be  one  of  our  best  penmen,  as 
he  is  making  progress  right  along. 

Specimens  in  business  and  ornamental 
penmanship  displaying  almost  the  accur- 
acy, delicacy,  grace  and  beauty  of  the  work 
of  "the  famed  A.  D.  Taylor  is  at  hand  from 
the  brain  and  pen  of  E.  M.  Barler,  Cherokee, 
Texas.  Thecourses  of  lessons  that  he  isnow 
offering  are  worth,  if  they  are  worth  any- 
thing, three  times  what  he  is  asking  for 
them.  No  one  will  make  a  mistake  by  plac- 
ing himself  under  the  tuition  and  inspira- 
tion of  E.  M.  Barler. 

Mr.  F.  L.  Haeberle  of  the  Pittsburg,  |  Kan.) 
Business  College  favored  us  with  a  large 
lot  of  specimens  of  students'  writing  indi- 
cating progressive  instruction  in  penman 
ship.  All  are  good,  but  those  from  the  fol- 
lowing are  exceptionally  well  written ;  L.  B. 
Allen,  A.  Osborne,  Bessie  Steinbrook,  J.  H. 
Herren,  Hannah  M.  Reese,  Edna  Cross,  Nel- 
son Williams,  and  A.  A.  Boss. 

Mr.  S.  T.  Pepper,  also  a  pupil,  submitted  a 
specimen  of  vertical  writing  which  was 
nearly  up  to  the  average  of  the  ones  sub- 
mitted. Mr.  Pepper  is  naturally  right  hand- 
ed, but  not  long  since  had  his  right  arm 
injured,  and  about  three  months  ago  he  be- 
gun practice  with  his  left  hand  under  Mr. 
Haeberle's  instruction,  being  at  first  scarce- 
ly able  to  hold  the  pen. 

Some  very  elaborate,  graceful,  skillful, 
artistic  flourished  cards  have  been  received 
from  Mr.  Willard  McBee.  Allegheny,  Pa.,  the 
same  having  been  designed  by  M.  B.  Moore, 
of  Morgan,  Ky.,  and  engraved  and  printed 
with  space  left  blank  for  insertion  of  name 


She  @*ifeLrfce&>  £fcUv&tttor   & 


Specimens  showing  improvement  in  business  writing  by  Miss  Florence  Jordan,  Omaha,  Nebr.,  in  ten  weeks'  class  of  instruction 
under  S.  L.  Caldwell,  Penman,  Nebraska  State  Normal  School,  Peru,  Nebr. 


Skillful,  encouraging  words  from  Mr.  A.  D.  Skeels,  Temple  College,  Philadelphia,  Pa 


yj  |  ve  @u^in?e^>  ccUtcctlc  r   >*> 


ITIoDement 

€ 

xercises  for   Stubents 

of 

practical 

w 

citing. 

195  Grand  Avenue. 

-^^ 

^ 

#^-n             Rochester, 

N.  Y. 

yL^z^p-z^^  y%^z-    '-t/^ 


"five /iiw,jlrvcjjCtLu,cfctLcr  #> 


CJt&cz&l^ 


In  presenting  this  hist  of  my  lesson- 
articles,  which  have  tn  be  cut  abruptly 
short  by  unusual    press  of  business,  I   will 

simply  let  the  work  speak  for  itself.  It  is 
m-t  the  application  of  the  last  method 
described  in  the  October  number,  to  a  com- 
mercial prod  net. 

In  attempting  «nrk  like  this,  you  must 
have  a  clear  mental  picture  of  what  you 
wish  to  make.  Then  deliberately  lay  out 
the  work.  S|,;,re  no  pains,  remembering 
that  tine  work  requires  time.  The  speci- 
men reproduced  herewith,  represents  a  full 
day's  work.  The  original  was  9%  inches 
long.  The  word  "department  "  was  dashed 
off  boldly  on  a  piece  of  ordinary  paper. 
Then  a  eapital  /'  was  executed  with  the 
whole  arm  movement.  Many  attempts 
nade.  This  was  done  with  a  pencil. 
When  one  suited  me.  I  transferred  it  to 
linen  paper  by  the  tracing  process.  Then 
the  lower  case  letters  were  traced  from  the 
sheet  on  which  they  had  heen  written.  The 
word  was  then  inked  and  finished  as  de- 
scribed  in  previous  lesson.  ' 

This  proeess  of  truing  shaded  script  seems 
to  be  a  new  one,  judging  from  expressions 
of  many  who  have  written  me  concerning 
these  lesions.  I  have  used  it  in  my  let- 
tei  ing  ,-\  ei  since  I  did  any  of  the  work,  hut 
only  recently  have  I  applied  it  to  script. 

The  word  "  Penmanship"  was  put  in  last, 
after  t  In-  word  "department"  had  been  fin- 
ished. The  capital  /'  was  traced.  The 
rest  of  the  letters  were  sketched  in  free 
hand,  with  only  base  and  top  line  as  guide. 
Being  SO  familiar  with  Old  English,  I  did 
not  need  to  trace  my  letters.  The  ruler  of 
course,  plaj  ed  a  very  important  part  here. 

The  many  letters  received  from  penmen 
of  much  skill  as  well  as  the  amateurs  and 
beginners,  have  convinced  me  that  there  is 
much  interest  in  the  production  of  display 
script.  The  popularity  of  this  course  has 
been  sufficient  reward  for  my  efforts  and  I 
thank  one  and  all  for  kind  expressions.  If 
you  are  awakened   to  greater    effort,  and  if 


t^r  2.*/ 


5   /f#<3. 


5 


e^nAy- 


jt/^y£Z<£^y^z*iZ<£^--  a?C€Z^/-'Zi7  ^tv^^t^y^z^e^y 


£-<£2-Z'Z^£-z>^-Z_- 


HUSINESS   WKITIXi;  BV   F.   \V.  ?IAKTI\. 


AJe-vandria,  Ind. 


my  simple  suggestions  have  made  the 
seemingly  impossible  any  easier  of  acquire- 
ment, then  I  have  accomplished  my  pur- 
pose. The  effort  was  my  first  and  best.  I 
hope  that  I  can  far  excell  if  I  ever  have  the 
time  and  opportunity  to  plan  another  course 
of  any  kind.  I  would  be  much  pleased  to 
have  a  word  from  any  who  have  been  inter- 
ested who  have  not  already  written  me. 

Wishing  you  rapid  progress  in  the  con- 
ception and  execution  of  high  grade  com 
mercial  script,  I  remain, 

Very  truly  yours, 

M.  A.  ALBIN. 


We  have  had  the  pleasure  of  examining 
some  of  the  advance  proof  sheets  to  appear 
in  "  Inspiration  "  which  is  being  published 
by  Mr.  Albin.  The  work  indicates  that  the 
book  is  going  to  be  without  doubt  a  pen- 
manship treasure. 

Much  of  the  work  examined  is  from  the 
pen  of  J.  A.  Wesco,  whom  we  have  long 
recognized  as  one  of  America's  few  master 
penmen,  and  whom  Mr.  Albin  thinks  the 
master  penman. 


MM^/i^n 


SPECIMEN  OE  RAPID,   UNCONVENTIONAL,  ACTUAL  BUSINESS 
WRITING  BY  MS.  Sl'IIAI'EK, 


BY  W.  D.  SEARS,  PENMAN,  TAMPA,  FLA.,  BUSINESS  COLLEGE 


Connecticut    Commercial    Ceacbers  Get 
Cogetber  to  Organize 

On  Saturday,  November  28,  1903,  two  or 
three  dozen  commercial  teachers  and 
school  proprietors  met  in  Brown's  Business 
College,  Bridgeport,  Conn.,  to  affect  a  state 
organization. 

Among  those  present  were  the  following: 
T.  C.  Cavanaugh,  Maude  E.  F.  Hoyt  and 
Nina  P.  Hudson,  of  the  New  Britain  Com- 
mercial College;  G.  E.  Sartain,  Ethel  R. 
Merrian,  Carrie  Stevens,  H.  B.  Hastings, 
W.  J.  Mulvihill  and  C.  R.  Robbins,  of 
Brown's  Business  College,  South  Norwalk; 
W.  J.  Stillman  and  Lillian  F.  Pritchard,  of 
Stillman's  Business  College,  Danbury; 
G  H.  and  E.  J.  Wilcox,  of  the  Commercial 
College  of  Middletown;  H.  S.  Pratt,  of  the 
Pequod  College,  Meriden ;  Walter  E. 
Canfield.of  the  Norwich  Business  College, 
and  W.  J.  Monroe,  of  Danbury. 

The  next  meeting  is  to  be  held  in  the 
same  place,  February  13, 1901,  when  officers 
will  be  elected  and  by-laws  presented  for 
adoption. 

The  session  opened  at  11  o'clock,  with  an 
address  by  Horace  G.  Healey,  editor  of  the 
Penman's  Art  Journal  of  New  York.  This 
was  followed  by  an  address  from  E.  S. 
Watson  on  "  How  I  Teach  Penmanship." 

The  program  for  the  afternoon  included 
an  address  by  Nina  P.  Hudson,  of  New 
Britain,  on  penmanship;  Carl  C.  Marshall, 
of  Cedar  Rapids,  Iowa,  on  text  books. 
"  The  Responsibilities  of  the  Teacher"  by 
H.  B.  Hastings;  "Business  Practice  by 
Intercommunication  Plan,"  H.  W.  White. 

Miss  Jessie  Scott  read  a  paper  on  "  The 
History  of  Shorthand"  from  its  earliest 
period  to  date.  G.  E.  Sartain,  principal  of 
the  South  Norwalk  school,  spoke  on  "  What 
Teachers  Ought  to  Be,"  advocating  a  fixed 
standard  of  excellence. 


Cong  UJords. 


Our  brainv  and  accommodating  friend, 
Mr.  D.  W.  Hoff,  Supervisor  of  Penmanship 
in  the  Lawrence,  Mass.,  Public  Schools, 
favored  us  with  the  following: 

There  is  a  lake  at  Webster,  Mass.,  with  an 
Indian  name  containing  39  letters.  It  is 
L  a  k  e  Chargoggoggmanchauggagog- 
gaunga.ma.ugg. 

In  the  Old  South  Church,  Boston,  is 
Elliott's  Indian  Bible.  Its  longest  word  is 
II'h! 'appeai ttiikqssuooka-ehtunkquoh.  It 
contains  31  letters  and  means  kneeling 
down  to  Him. 

A  village  in  N.  Wales  bears  the  name  of 
T,anfairpn-Ilgn\vnfs_rllgogercliirj-rll(lrol- 
u-1 1 tj-sili gogogocli k—54  letters. 


This  is  a  recent  likeness  of  Mr.  F.  B. 
Courtney,  the  pen  wizzard,  whose  skillful 
work  will  appear  in  the  February  and  fol- 
lowing numbers  of  The  Business  Educa- 
tor. Mr.  Courtney,  like  the  late  A.  D. 
Taylor,  is  in  a  class  all  by  himself.  He  has 
had  no  forerunner  and  no  follower,  few  even 
attempting,  and  none  succeeding,  in  imi- 
tating some  of  his  characteristic  work. 


FREE 

One  Flourish,  One  Set  of  Ornamental  Capitals, 
One  Specimen  of  mv  Ornamental  Writing  One 
Set  of  Business  Capitals,  One  Pack  of  Sample 
Cards,  Your  name  on  one  dozen  cards  in  orna- 
mental or  plain  writing,  cannot  be  beat.  Circu- 
lars explaining  my  method  of  instruction  by 
mail,  Price  List  of  all  Penman's  Supplies,  and  a 
letter  in  my  finest  ornamental  band  :  All  for  25c. 
W.  A.  BODE,  No.  48  27th  St.,  South  Side 
Pittsburg,  Pa. 


The  Card  Writer 

Writes    cards    at 
15c.     per     dozen. 
Anv     Style,    any 
Mr.  Morris,  III.  name      Fine  and 

sure     to     please.      Order    today. 


fjeatb  Purchases  Card  Business. 

Mr.  F.  S.  Heath,  the  well  known  expert 
penmen  of  Concord,  N.  H.,  has  purchased 
from  the  Berkshire  Card  Co.,  North  Adams, 
Mass.,  the  blank  card  business  formerly 
conducted  by  that  firm. 

By  furnishing  the  very  best  stock,  at  the 
most  reasonable  prices,  the  North  Adams 
firm  built  up  quite  a  large  business,  and  we 
predict  that  Mr.  Heath,  by  bringing  to  bear 
his  splendid  taste  and  knowledge  of  the  re- 
quirements of  stock  for  fine  penmanship, 
will  succeed  in  pushing  the  business  to 
still  greater  proportions. 

Success  to  you,  friend  Heath. 

AS     FINE     AS     THE      FINEST. 

22X28  IN.   FLOURISHED  DESIGNS. 


W.   A.  WEAVER,   Penman  Artist. 

McKlnney  Kusiress  Cnllege  McKINNEY,  TEXAS. 

A  handsome  and 
TI  I  TI1YTINATTNG      Practical    lesson  will 

with  it  a  plan  will  be 
unfolded  by  wnich  you  may  secure  some  elaborate 
and  valuable  lessons  at  a  very  small  cost.  Fine 
engrossing  on  parchment  a  specialty  Script  for 
headings,  cards,  etc.  prepared  for  process  engrav- 
ing. Instruction  by  correspondence  given  in  all 
branchesofp  nman'ship.  Less  in  in  cam  writing  50c. 

H.  W.  KIBBE,  i8i  Tremont  St.,  Boston,  Mass 
P.  H.  MASON.  Beloit,  Wis. 

Penman-Investment  Agent 
I  have  studied  investments  for  many 
months.  Mv  partner  in  the  Business  Col- 
lege received  a  check  for  $300,  his  dividend 
on  a  $3000  investment.  I  have  several  relia- 
ble investments— I  sell  no  other-  now  yield- 
ing 10  per  cent.  You  can  buy  them  at  $5  or 
$10  per  month.  Write  for  my  references  and 
literature. 

Beloit     Business     College 

I   KNOW  A  FEW  THINGS 

A  few  more  I  know  a  little  about  i  most  things 
I  know  nothing  about;  but  one  thing  I  KNOW 
I  KNOW— I  can  irnpr  ve  your  writing  if  yon  are 
willing,  and  will  work  under  my  instruction.  I 
can  teach  you  at  home  withotl'  loss  of  time, 
with  little  expense  and  in  a  fascinating  way. 
Write  me,  aud  I'll  tell  you  more  about  it. 

F.  W     TAMBLYN.  KAN;ASCTTY,  M0. 

Business  College  For  Sale 

Thorouahlv  pquiDoed.  Thoroughly  advertised. 
Several  hundred  dollars  spent  this  month  in 
advertising  for  the  January  Opening.  Must  sell 
on  account  of  ill  health.  A  nn.st  excellent 
opportunity  for  securing  a  well  established  bus- 
iness at  a  low  figure. 

Address  "RARE  BARGAIN" 

Care    of    BUSINESS    EDUCATOR.    Columbus,    Ohio 


\Cfc&v-e--rCci±4srJ  asn*/  72*tA-£c<l4i^-rJ  ^t*n&-  £4z*asrzsfc.  sT^cru, 


cTtu-  73^cd*<srL£<!2*4 '  6^€&cc*>ez£<r7~-   I 


&l\M  &\ibLrx&>-*  &iA**&v&&F   & 


i 


G.  history  of  penmen,  (Early 

Business  (Education,  an6 

(Educators  in  Ctmerica. 

By   A.    H.   HIXMAX,   Worcester,   MASS. 


Warren  H.  Sadler 

Among  the  few  remaining  members 
of  the  "  I  Hil  Guard  "  of  early  business 
college  men,  stands  Mr.  Warren  H. 
Sadler,  of  Baltimore.  When  a  school 
boy  at  Lockport,  New  York,  he 
chanced  to  come  under  training  in 
pemanship  of  S.  S.  Packard.  Later 
in  1S.SS,  when  a  student  in  the  Lock- 
port  Union  School,  Mr.  Rhodes,  a 
graduate  of  P.  R.  Spencer,  also  of 
the  Buffalo  Bryant  &  Stratton  Col- 
lege,  tame  to  Lockport  to  teach  pen- 
manship and  bookkeeping,  and  young 
Mr.  Sadler  became  one  of  his  enthus- 
iastic penmanship  pupils.  The  next 
winter,  Mr.  H.  W.  Ellsworth,  the  now 
renowned  author  and  publisher,  en- 
couraged Mr.  Sadler  to  enter  the 
Bryant  &  Stratton  Buffalo  College 
under  the  charge  of  Dr.  J.  C.  Bryant 
and  R.  C.  Spencer,  and  through  their 
great  interest  .he  gained  such  a  love 
for  the  work  that  it  resulted  in  his 
becoming  a  teacher. 

After  graduating  he  returned  to 
Lockport  in  I860.  Mr.  Frank  A.  Ran- 
som, the  teacher  of  penmanship  and 
bookkeeping  in  the  Lockport  Union 
School,  suddenly  resigned  to  accept 
a  better  place  in  New  York.  Mr. 
Sadler  applied  for  the  position,  but 
being  quite  a  young  man  was  thought 
too  social  with  the  young  men 
and  women  to  succeed,  but  he  gained 
the  position  at  the  munificent  salary 
r  annum,  and  remained 
there  till  the  summer  of  1863,  doing 
successful  work.  While  visiting 
Chicago,  Mr.  II.  IS.  Bryant  persuaded 
Mr.  Sadler  to  resign  his  position  and 
engage  with  the  Bryant  &  Stratton 
is.  1 1  is  first  teaching  for  them 
was  with  their  Cleveland  College, 
cted  by  Mr.  Felton,  and  while 
there  he  became  an  associate  of 
.lames  W.  Lusk  until  Mr.  Lusk's  last 
illness. 

From  Cleveland,  Mr.  Sadler  was 
called  to  the  Buffalo  B.  and  S.  Col- 
lege by  l»r.  .1.  C.  Bryant  to  hurriedly 
prepare  himself  in  the  business  prac- 
tice work  to  go  to  Rochester  with 
J.  Y.  R.  Chapman,  to  open  the  Bryant 
&   Strat  r    in    competition 

with  tl  tman   Commercial 

The  venture  was  a  success 
financially,  and  later,  under  the 
management  of  William-.  &  Rogers 
the    college     lias     become     renowned. 

In  the  summer  of   1864,  a  partnership 

was  foi  nit    &    Strat- 

ton. Lemuel  Banister  and  W.  H. 
Sadler  to  open  the  Ball  imore  College, 
October  17,  1864.     In    1367,  Mr.   Sadler 


purchased  the  college  and  became 
sole  proprietor.  Over  20,000  students 
have  attended  the  college  and  many 
have  attained  decided  distinction  as 
financiers  and  business  men,  includ- 
ing two  who  are  multi-millionaires. 
For  many  years  Sadler's  Baltimore 
College  was  the  leading  institution 
of  its  kind  in  Southern  patronage, 
and  the  accountants  throughout  the 
South  were  largely  from  that  school. 

In  bold  methods  of  advertising, 
Mr.  Sadler  resembled  the  famous 
Mr.  Eastman,  of  Poughkeepsie.  It 
was  his  practice  to  bring  before  his 
students  the  greatest  lecturers  and 
readers  that  ever  appeared  on  the 
rostrum.  There  was  never  a  lecturer 
so  high  priced  that  Mr.  Sadler  did 
not  capture  him.  His  engagement 
with  Henry  M.  Stanley,  the  great 
African  explorer,  and  Nansen,  of 
Arctic  fame,  was  at  an  expense  of 
$2,500.00  each,  the  highest  prices  ever 
paid  in  Baltimore  for  such  talent. 
The  last  lecture  ever  delivered  by 
Henry  Ward  Beecher  was  before 
Sadler's  school  at  the  Academy  of 
Music.  The  Rev.  DeWitt  Talmage 
was  paid  by  Mr.  Sadler  over  $5,000.00 
in  lecture  fees.  To  Charlotte  Cush- 
man  was  paid  for  reading  one  night 
$500.00  and  to  Mark  Twain  the  sum  of 
$1,500.00.  Among  other  famous  lights 
of  the  rostrum  who  lectured  under 
the  auspices  of  the  college  were  John 
B.  Gough,  Wilkie  Collins,  Bret  Harte, 
Carl  Schurtz,  Josh  Billings,  also 
Dr.  Hayes  and  Lieutenant  Peary  the 
Arctic  explorers. 

While  Mr.  Sadler  has  gained  excep- 


W.   H.  SADLER. 


tional  fame  as  a  business  college 
teacher,  manager  and  advertiser,  he 
has  become  equally  prominent  as  a 
successful  publisher  of  business  col- 
lege text  books.  His  first  experience 
as  a  publisher  was  in  the  publication 
of  Orton's  Lightning  Calculator. 
The  author,  Prof!  Hoy  D.  Orton,  was 
one  of  the  most  expert  calculators  of 
the  centurv.  'He  was  not  only  able  to 
add,  multiply  and  divide  with  light- 
ning rapidity,  but  able  to  calculate 
interest  in  all  its  various  forms  with 
equal  speed.  He  could  extract,  men- 
tally, square  and  cube  root  of  several 
periods.  His  Lightning  Calculator 
having  run  through  many  editions,  a 
revised  book  was  started,  when  Pro- 
fessor Orton  was  taken  with  a  severe 
cold,  from  which  he  died.  Then  Mr. 
Sadler  took  up  the  work  which  re- 
sulted in  the  publication  of  the  Orton 
&  Sadler  Business  Calculator  in  1887. 
This  book  had  a  great  run,  resulting 
in  the  sale  of  half  a  million  copies. 

About  this  time  what  seemed  like 
a  calamity  was  the  withdrawal  from 
Mr.  Sadler's  school,  of  two  of  his 
leading  teachers,  who  started  an 
opposition  school,  but  it  in  reality 
redowned  to  his  great  good.  Strong 
opposition  caused  Mr.  Sadler  to  enter 
the  school  room  in  charge  of  arith- 
metic, his  favorite  branch,  where  he 
discovered  the  need  of  a  more  prac- 
tical text  book,  devoted  especially  to 
commercial  work.  This  resulted  in 
his  publishing  his  Counting-House 
Arithmetic,  which  met  with  a  popular 
reception  among  the  business  colleges 
throughout  the  country,  and  proved 
quite  a  financial  success.  As  there 
seemed  to  be  a  demand  for  a  smaller 
book  at  a  less  price,  Mr.  Sadler  pro- 
duced his  Commercial  Arithmetic, 
and  later,  the  Essentials  of  Business 
Arithmetic.  In  this  connection  he 
was  aided  by  Prof.  Wm.  R.  Will,  who 
has  been  at  the  head  of  the  arithmet- 
ical department  of  the  college  for 
more  than  twenty  years.  These  rec- 
ognized standard  books  are  probably 
used  more  extensively  among  busi- 
ness colleges  than  any  similar  works. 

Much  credit  is  due  Prof.  Chas.  E. 
Ellis,  author  of  the  Ellis  System  of 
Bookkeeping,  for  the  great  change  in 
the  methods  of  commercial  teaching 
today.  He  set  teachers  to  thinking. 
When  Mr.  Sadler  saw,  after  inter- 
views with  Mr.  Ellis,  that  new 
methods  of  teaching  were  inevitable, 
he  set  about  new  plans.  This  re- 
sulted in  the  invention  of  the  Budget 
System  now  so  extensively  used  in 
business  colleges  and  high  schools. 
The  bringing  out  of  this  system  was 
by  the  joint  effort  of  Mr.  Sadler  and 
Dr.  H.  M.  Rowe,  an  able  and  popular 
gentleman  widely  known  by  the  pro- 
fession. 

The  large  publishing  interests  so 
thoroughly  engaged  Mr.  Sadler's 
attention,  that  the  college  has  come 
under  the  able  management  of  his 
son,  Mr.  Fairman  A.  Sadler,  who  is 
maintaining  the  high  standard  of  the 
college  through  active  work.  In 
training  20,000  students  for  business, 
and  through  his  publications  used 
by  untold  thousands  of  young  men 
and  women,  Mr.  Warren'  H.  Sadler 
has  exerted  an  influence  as  a  com- 
mercial educator  that  has  not  been 
equalled  by  any  other  teacher. 


CHARACTERISTIC  ROUND-HAND  SCRIPT  WRITING,  SHADED  BASE  STYLE,  BY  L.  MAUARASZ,  1881  THIRD  AVE. 


News  Notes 

and  Notices. 


Mr.  Carl  C.  Marshall,  the  brainy,  hustling 
member  of  the  Goodyear-Marshall  Publish- 
ing Co.,  Cedar  Rapid's,  Iowa,  and  who  is  on 
the  road  most  of  the  time  in  the  interests 
of  their  publications,  recently  paid  this 
office  a  pleasant  visit.  J\o  one  is  more  wel- 
come, nor  intensely  interesting  and  enter- 
taining than  Mr.'  Marshall.  Enthusiasm 
and  brains  are  not  always  found  in  the 
same  organization,  but  Mr.  Marshall  pos- 
sesses both  in  a  marked  degree. 

Mr.  H.  H.  Funk,  of  Philadelphia,  Pa.,  as- 
sistant teacher  of  penmanship  in  the  night 
school  of  Pierce  College,  recently  renewed 
his  subscription  to  THE  BUSINESS  EDU- 
CATOR, and  enclosed  a  photo  of  a  very  hand- 
some set  of  resolutions  which  he  recently 
engrossed. 

Mr.  Funk  follows  shorthand  and  typewrit- 
ing as  a  business,  and  does  engrossing  and 
teaches  penmanship  on  the  side. 

Mr.  G.  B.  F  rasher,  formerly  secretary-  and 
treasurer  of  the  Wheeling  (W.  Va.)  Busi- 
ness College,  now  has  charge  of  the  Hous- 
ton (Texas)  Business  University,  which 
was  recently  opened  by  Prof.  J  F.  Smith, 
of  Dallas,  Texas. 

E.  M.  Barler,  the  pen  magician  of  Chero- 
kee, Texas,  is  again  in  the  market  with  his 
skill,  as  evidenced  by  specimens  and  circu- 
lars before  us,  as  well  as  by  his  advertise- 
ment in  this  number. 

Mr.  Barler  is  not  only  a  magnificent  pen- 
man but  the  possessor  of  a  character  even 
more  chaste  than  his  penmanship.  We 
heartily  commend  him  and  his  work  to  the 
lovers  of  the  beautiful  in  penmanship  and 
the  true  in  manhood. 

Mr.  C.  A.  Faust,  of  Chicago,  who  is  on  the 
road  in  the  interests  of  the  Palmer  Method, 
Faust's  Myograph,  and  the  Auto  Pen  and 
Ink  Manufacturing  Co.,  recently  paid  us  a 
pleasant  visit. 

Mr.  Faust  is  a  lively,  entertaining  fellow, 
and  reports  a  most  prosperous  business. 
There  is  no  question  about  Chicago  being 
headquarters  for  pork  and  grain,  neither  is 
there  any  question  about  it  being  head- 
quarters for  Automatic  Supplies,  and  the 
Auto  Pen  and  Ink  Manufacturing  Co.  is  the 
firm  that  handles  that  business. 

Mr.  C.  C.  Canan,  penman,  artist  and  thor- 
ough gentleman  of  Bradford,  Pa.,  is  send- 
ing out  ;some  very  artistically  reproduced 
specimens  of'his  penmanship  advertising 
his  book  entitled  "Artistic  Alphabets," 
which  every  lover  of  the  beautiful  in  pen- 
manship should  have. 

The  accomplished  penman  and  experienc- 
ed, well  known  commercial  teacher,  C.  C. 
Curtiss,  has  charge  of  the  commercial  de- 
partment and  penmanship  in  the  Minne- 
apolis, Minn.,  Business  College,  Rugg  & 
Boyce,  Proprietors. 

Mr.  J.  H.  Rogers,  penman  in  the  Central 
Business  College,  Sedalia,  Mo.,  recently  re- 
ceived some  very  flattering  notices  from 
the  local  press  relative  to  his  artistic  abil- 
ity as  a  penman  and  his  success  as  a  teach- 
er of  practical  and  artistic  penmanship. 


Through  our  friend  D.  W.  HofT.  the  many- 
sided,  energetic,  progressive,  whole-souled 
supervisor  of  writing  in  the  Lawrence, 
Mass.,  Public  Schools,  we  learn  that  Mr.  C. 
E.  Doner,  supervisor  of  writing  in  the  Bev- 
erly, Mass.,  Public  Schools,  recently  paid 
Mr.  HofT  a  visit  with  the  view  of  widening 
his  penmanship  horizon  and  getting  prac- 
tical points.  This  is  the  right  thing  to  do. 
and  we  hope  the  good  work  may  go  on  so 
that  no  supervisor  in  our  public  schools 
shall  feel  without  the  need  of  as  many  sim- 
ilar pilgrimages  as  time,  pocket-book  and 
school  board  will  allow. 

E.  C.  Barnes,  the  hustling,  brainv.  skillful 
penman  of  the  Central  Business  College. 
Denver,  Colo.,  gave  a  writing  lesson  before 
the  Weld  County  Teachers'  Association 
held  at  Greelev.  Colo.,  Saturday.  November 
7th,  1903. 


Miss  Adele  Payne,  for  several  years  teach- 
er of  shorthand  in  theOwensboro,  Kv., Com- 
mercial College,  has  resigned  to  enter  the 
field  of  matrimony  on  January  12th,  1904. 
Her  successor  will  be  Miss  Florence  Glenn, 
.if  Kentucky. 

The  Bryant  &  Stratton  Business  College, 
Louisville,  R'y..  reports  the  largest  enroll- 
ment of  students  since  its  organization 
thirty-nine  years  ago. 

Fielding  Schofield,  the  talented,  skillful, 
highly  esteemed  and  widely  known  pen- 
man, recently  of  Chatham,  Mass..  has  been 
engaged  to  teach  in  the  Central  High 
School  of  Boston.  The  citv  of  Boston  has 
our  congratulation*. 

The  San  Francisco  Business  College,  San 
Francisco,  has  just  increased  its  floor  space 
twenty-five  per  cent,  and  has  added  fifty- 
four  new  solid  walnut  desks  to  its  equip- 
ment. This  is  an  illustration  of  what  our 
brothers  in  the  West  are  doing. 

M.  A.  Adams,  who  some  time  ago  pur 
chased  the  Marietta  (Ohio)  Commercial 
College,  reports  that  he  enrolled  one  hun- 
dred students  during  September,  October 
and  November,  and  that  he  now  has  the 
largest  attendance  in  the  history  of  the 
institution.  This  speaks  well  for  the  new 
management,  and  the  success  of  the  insti- 
tution is  no  doubt  assured. 

R.  W.  Decker,  of  the  Mountain  State  Busi- 
ness College,  Cumberland,  Md.,  enclosed   a 

number  of  well  written  cards  in  the  orna- 
mental style,  which  show  that  he  is 
steadily  climbing  upward  in  pen  work. 
Mr.  Decker  has  the  material  in  him  of 
which  fine  penmen  are  made. 

Geo.  P.  Lord,  Principal  of  the  Salem, 
Mass.,  Commercial  School,  has  been  endur- 
ing a  severe  attack  of  typhoid  fever. 

E.  L.  Glick,  the  well  known  penman  and 
teacher,  of  Concord,  N,.  H.,  has  been  ser- 
iously sick,  but  is  recovering. 

Commercial  school  people  will  be  glad  to 
see  the  venerable  of  Benn  Pitman  Short- 
hand, more  particularly  in  view  of  the  story 
that  has  been  going  the  rounds  of  the  press 
in  regard  to  his  having  settled  a  divorce 
suit  recently  by  presenting  as  evidence  his 
shorthand  report  of  the  language  used  by 
the  husband  toward  the  wife,  while  the  lat- 
ter was  in  Mr.  Pitman's  house. 

F.  W.  Martin,  a  former  Zanerian,  and  a 
penman  of  marked  ability,  has  engaged  to 
work  with  E.  L.  Brown  of  Rockland,  Me. 
The  combination  will  be  mutually 
congenial. 


"  The  Oval  Rhomboidal  Method  of  Teach- 
ing the  Capital  Letters  "  bv  H.  G.  Healey, 
editor  of  the  Penman's  Art  Journal,  i\o.  203 
Broadway,  New  York  City,  is  the  title  of 
twenty-eight  cards,  each  containing  a  capi- 
tal and  small  letter  illustrating  their  con- 
struction upon  the  basis  of  an  oval  or 
rhomboid.  The  object  of  these  cards  is  to 
teach  form  in  writing,  and  thev  serve  their 
purpose  admirably.     See  advertisement   in 


The  Manual  of  Phonography,  by  Benn 
Pitman  and  Jerome  B.  Howard,'  four  hund- 
red and  fifty-fifth  thousand,  published  by 
the  Phonographic  Institute  Co.,  Cincinnati, 
O,  two  hundred  pages,  cloth  hound,  price  $1. 
The  printing,  engraving  and  arrangement 
all  indicate  an  ideal  text  book  from  both  the 
student  and  teacher's  standpoint.  Nothing 
useless  seems  to  have  been  added,  and 
nothing  necessary  omitted. 

"  Practical  Business  Correspondence  "  by 
J.  C.  Olsen,  Parsons,  Kans.,  price  IIS  cents, 
thirty-two  pages  bound  in  leatherette 
paper.  The  booklet  is  a  concise,  straight- 
forward presentation  of  the  subject  of  busi- 
ness correspondence. 


M  I  LLS'S  Correspondence 
School  of  Penmanship 
Is  an  exclusive  school  of  pen- 
manship. If  yon  feel  the 
need  of  improving  your 
writing  you  should  send 
stamp  at  once  for  full  infor- 
mation concerning  our 
school.    Address. 


C  11     Columbus,    Ohio,    E.    L. 

Glick.    Concord,   N.    H., 

~  S.  E.  Bartow,  Albany,  N. 
Y.,  W.  A  Hoffman,  Val- 
paraiso, Ind.,  L.  M.  Thornbttrgh,  Paterson,  N.  J., 
F.  S  Heath,  Concord,  N.  H  ,  and  many  others,  to 
pay  One  Dollar  for  a  written  letter  it  proves  one 
of  three  things  :  I  can  do  something  that  is 
worth  a  dollar— I  can  write  a  buncoing  advertis- 
ment — or  that  the  above  named  men  have  money 
to  waste.  Can  [please  you— bunco  you— or  will  you 
waste  //our  money/    It  is  your  say  now. 

A  STICK  of  the  best  ink— the  kind  that  is 
perfectly  black  on  shades  and  makes  those  elu- 
sive hair  lines,  mellow  and  soft— will  be  sent  by 
registered  mail  for  $3.  This  is  the  genuine  stuff, 
and  the  only  thing  tit  for  an  adept. 

MY  SUMMER  School  for  preparing  teachers 
of  practical  writing  will  be  held  in  July,  1904.  and 
for  a  2c.  stamp,  I'll  send  full  particulars.  This 
will  be  the  last  chance  to  get  the  "  MADARASZ 
M  ETIIOD  "  of  teaching  practical  writing. 

SCRIPT  CUTS  of  all  the  catch  words  used  in 
good  school  advertising— unique,  bold  and  effec- 
tive, at  prices  less  than  the  cost  of  engraving— one 
and  two  column  sizes,  60  and  75  cents  each. 
Special  words  and  signatures  written  to  order, 
price,  with  electro,  $1.76. 

A  blanket  guarantee.  Send  your  money  by  P. 
O.  order,  and  if  I  don't  fill  your  order  as  adver 
tised  you  get  your  money  back. 

L.   MADARASZ 

1281    Third    Avenue    -    -    -    New    York 


Wh 


?J \%&  f^Urbir\?e4i>  £cltv&ctWr   $*> 


,^-^ft 


^=?~fc- 


Gatalogs 

and  Circulars 


There  are  catalogs  and  catalogs.  Some 
arc  expensive  ami  luxuriant,  and  some  are 
Cheap  and  dear  at  any  price.  How  some 
paj  foi  themselves  because  of  their  costli- 
ness '-  a  conundrum  second  only  to  how 
the  flimsy,  cheap,  poorly  written  and 
printed  ones  pay  for  themselves.  The 
former  may  represent  extravagance,  am- 
bition and  egotism,  bu1  the  latter  represent 
foolishness,  false  economy,  and  lack  of 
taste  and  judgment.  Doubtless  somewhere 
between  the  two  extremes  of  costliness  and 
cheapness  the  true  economy,  the  greatest 
profit  and  the  best  results  exist. 

Hut  not  all  is  in  the  costliness.  The  text 
varies  as  much  as  the  makeup.  From  a 
catalog  recently  received  we  quote  the  fol- 
lowing: 

•lie  i  NOT  WAIT  UNTIL  YOU  ARE 
EDI  (    \TKI>   TO    UNDERTAKE  A   BUSI- 

N'KSS  COURSE,  but  come  to  the and 

let  us  prepare  you  without  extra  cost." 

Prom  another,  in  almost  the  same  mail, 
the  following: 

"THE  BETTER  KNOWLEDGE  YOU 
HAVE  oK  AND  THK  (JUICKER  YOU 
ARE  IN  ARITHMETIC,  THE  (JUICKER 
y/OU  WILL  MASTER  AND  COMPLETE 
Bl  M  IE  h  EEPING.  THK  HETTER  KNOWL- 
EDGE  Yor  HAVE  OK  ENGLISH,  THE 
so.  INER  AND  MORE  EASILY  YOU  WILL 
IIKtiiMK  I'KOKICIENTIN  SHORTHAND 
AND  TYPEWRITING.  Construe  this  as 
you  will,  but  herein  lies  the  foundation  of 
a  business  education  and  you  may  judge 
for  yourself  as  to  the  length  of  time  it  will 
require  to  complete  either  course  or  both." 

Courage  and  character  are  stamped  upon 
the  latter  paragraph,  as  they  were  through 
the  beautiful  catalog.  Which  of  the  two 
schools  above  quoted  would  you  wish  to 
attend,  teach  in,  or  be  the  proprietor  of? 

The  wideawake,  progressive  Macon  & 
Andrews  College,  Memphis,  Term.,  dropped 
into  our  mail  a  uniquely  folded  and  illus- 
trated i  ircular  of  that  institution,  contain- 
ing a  greater  variety  of  illustrations  and 
mon  originality  in  that  line  than  we  have 
Been  forsome  time.  We  notice  portraits  of 
boys  and  misses  from  twelve  to  fifteen  years 
of  age  therein,  \\  ith  records  of  one  hundred 
and  twenty  live  words  per  minute  in  sten- 
ography, on  the  whole  it  is  an  effective 
piece  of  advertising. 

"As  We  Are  Known."  is  the  title  of  a  very 
neat  folder-booklet  containing  testimonials 
relative  to  the  worth  and  work  of  the  Aurora, 
NVbr..  Business  College. 

The  Manhattan  Reporting  Co.,  150  Nassau 
St.,  New  fork  City,  issues  a  catalogue  7%  x 

9,  of  98    pages,    plainly   printed  "on 

first-class  1 h  paper  with  unusually  wide 

margins,  with   suggestive,  attractive  title 
ir  literary  part  of  the  magazine  is 
certainly  tir-t  class.    The  information  is  to 
the  point  and  yet  extensive,  giving  all  the 
information  that  a  prospective  pupil  ought 
or  might    desire   to   know.    This    company 
shorthand  by  mail,  and  they  do  it 
fully,  too.     Anyone  interested  in  in- 
struction in  shorthand   by  this  method  will 

do  well  to  secure  the  catalogue. 

The  Paris, Texas,  Commercial  College  and 
Shorthand  Institute,  issues  a  I"-  page  cata- 
logue, substantially  bound  and  printed  in 
i  lour  colors,  on  lirst-class  plate 
paper,  rhe  catalogue  impresses  one  quite 
favorably,  unless  he  has  seen  the  one  issued 
by  Mr.  Smith,  of  Dallas  f/exas  oi  which 
tins  seems  to  be  an  imitation. 

"  Your  t  Ipportunity,"  is  the  striking,  skill- 
fill,  graceful,  artistic  title  of  a  little  envelope 
si/,-  booklet  oi  sixteen  pages  issued  by  Mr 
E.  i  Mills,  in  the  interest  of  his  correspond 
ence  School  Of  penmanship.     It  is  well   I  om- 


posed  and  to  the  point,  giving  one  the  im- 
pression that  Mr.  Mills  is  not  only  a  past 
master  in  the  art  of  penmanship,  but  in  the 
art  of  advertising  as  well.  The  circular  is 
excellent,  but  not  as  good  as  the  course  he 
offers. 

One  of  the  most  costly,  one  of  the  most 
effective,  one  of  the  most  original,  and  one 
of  the  most  artistic  catalogues  ever  received 
at  this  office,  came  covered  and  enveloped 
in  parchment-onyx-like  paper  from  Edward 
Toby's  College  of  Actual  Business,  Waco, 
Texas.  The  catalogue  is  printed  in  green 
on  cream  linen  deckel  edge  paper,  with 
insets  of  plate  paper  containing  half-tone 
illustrations  of  the  school  printed  in  brown. 
The  mere  make-up  of  the  catalogue  im- 
presses one  that  back  of  it  exists  a  high- 
grade  school,  and  the  contents  of  the  same 
are  of  such  a  character  as  to  bea  r  out  one's 
first  impression. 

Covered  in  red  and  printed  in  red,  green 
and  black, IxlOinches  in  size, is  the  medium 
selected  to  advertise  the  merits  of  the  Santa 
Rosa,  Calif.,  Business  College,  J.  S.  Sweet, 
President. 

The  Union  Business  College,  Grand  Forks, 
N.  D.,  G.  F.  Thacker,  Principal,  issues  a  fine, 
large  twenty-four-page  purple-covered  cat- 
alogue well  filled  with  fine,  large,  attractive 
half-tone  plates  illustrating  the  Bliss  sys- 
tem of  actual  business  from  the  start,  to- 
gether with  a  page  of  magnificent  orna- 
mental penmanship,  all  of  which  gives  one 
the  jimpression  that  there  is  money  back 
of  the  institution  as  well  as  brains. 

The  Brazil,  Ind.,  Business  University,  B. 
A.  and  C.  B  Munson,  Proprietors,!  ssues  a 
very  neat, convenient  size  catalogue.  LTpon 
the  cover,  printed  neatlv  in  one  corner,  is 
the  saying,  "  It's  a  Good  School,"  and  that's 
just  the  impression  the  contents  convey. 

The  Minot,  N.  D.,  Business  College,  J.  C. 
Lowe,  Principal,  favored  us  with  a  blue- 
backed  catalogue  with  elaborate  two-color 
initials  therein,  together  with  other  illus- 
trations, including  a  portrait  of  the  princi- 
pal, which  impresses  us  most  favorably, 
indeed,  with  the  proprietor  and  the  institu- 
tion. What  more  could  a  catalogue  be  ex- 
pected to  do? 

The  Martindill  &  Rose  Business  Colleges, 
Manistee  and  Ludington,  Mich.,  is  issuing 
an  effective  four-page  circular  in  the  form 
of  a  journal,  containing  portraits  of  the 
faculty  as  well  as  successful  pupils. 

"Start  Right,"  is  the  striking  title  of  an 
artistic,  attractively  illustrated  eight-page, 
envelope-size  booklet  issued  in  the  interest 
of  and  by  the  Scranton,  Pa.,  Business  Col- 
lege. It  is  the  best  little  piece  of  advertis- 
ing we  have  seen  for  a  long  while. 

The  Blair  Business  College,  Spokane, 
Wash.,  is  putting  out  a  creditable  catalogue 
of  48  pages,  printed  in  black  with  red  border. 
In  the  faculty  we  notice  a  number  of  fine 


The  Holmes  English  and  Business  Col- 
lege, Portland,  Oregon,  is  putting  out  some 
verv  attractive  advertising  in  the  form  of 
script  letters,  illustrated  booklet,  letter- 
heads, etc.,  which  are  the  product  of  Mr.  G. 
S.  Henderson,  whose  cover  pages  are  seen 
frequently  on  THE  BUSINESS  EDUCATOR. 
A  recent  letter  states  that  their  attendance 
in  October  was  larger  than  that  of  a  year 
ago,  with  outlooks  for  a  still  larger  school. 

Bank's  Business  College,  Belfast,  Me.,  is- 
sues a  modest  little  catalogue  of  32  pages  in 
the  interests  of  that  institution. 

"The  College  Quarterly"  is  the  title  of  a 
red  backed  twelve  page  journal,  issued  in 
the  interests  of  the  Woodstock,  Ont-,  Busi- 
ness College,  R.    W.   Nickerson,  Principal. 

The  Leamington.  Ont.,  Business  College, 
A.  L.  Brown,  Principal,  issues  a  verv  prettily 
illustrated  school  catalogue  of  twenty-six 
pages.  It  is  also  sending  out  a  series  of 
follow-up,  private  mailing  cards,  illustrated 
in  colors  and  of  the  comic  kind. 

The  Knoxville,  Tenn.,  Business  College, 
Col.  J.  C.  Woodward,  Principal,  issues  a  well 
printed  and  creditably  gotten  up  catalogue 
of  thirty-six   pages. 


The  Brazil,  Ind.,  Business  University, 
B.  A.  &  C.  B.  Munson,  Proprietors,  are  issu- 
ing some  very  spicy,  up-to-date  little  cir- 
culars. 

The  Bliss  Business  University.  Anderson, 
Ind.,  R.  C.  Bay,  Principal,  issues  a  creditable 
eight  page  illustrated  college  journal 

Mr.  Bay  also  reports  a  good  school  with 
excellent  prospects  ahead. 

TheRamussen  Practical  Business  School, 
Stillwater,  Minn.,  issues  a  very  neat,  gray- 
green  backed  catalogue  in  theinterests  of 
that  practical,  up-to-date  institution. 

The  Vandergrift.  Pa.,  Business  College, 
Bauer  &  Schneider,  Principals,  is  issuing  a 
first-class  catalog  of  forty  pages,  indicat- 
ing a  first-class  school. 

The  Polytechnic  Business  College  and 
School  of  Engineering,  Oakland,  Calif.,  fav- 
ored us  with  a  9IJ  page  catalog  bound  in 
white  stippled  paper,  with  embossed  title  in 
blue,  finely  printed  and  profusely  illustrat- 
ed. On  one  page  is  given  a  half-tone  con- 
taining the  portraits  of  the  faculty  and  six 
hundred  students,  which  they  claim  to  be 
the  largest  number  in  attendance  at  any 
business  school  west  of  Chicago.  The  same 
is,  as  has  been  said,  a  veritable  "sea  of 
faces." 

The  catalog  impresses  us  as  being  one 
of  the  most  attractive  received  at  this  office 
for  some  time. 

A  small  catalog  and  long  letter  from  the 
Penn  Yan,  N.  Y.,  Commercial  and  Short- 
hand Institute  leads  us  to  conclude  that 
the  institution  is  doing  good  work. 

Berkey  &  Dyke's  Private  Business  School, 
Cleveland,  Ohio,  is  issuing  a  very  tasty, 
timely,  out-of-the-ordinary,  sixteen  page, 
l^xlO1^  inch  black-covered,  black-embossed 
catalog. 

The  Baltimore  Business  College,  Balti- 
more, Md.,  E.  H.  Norman,  President,  K.  C. 
Atticks,  Penman,  issues  a  catalog  ideal  in 
size,  quality  and  character. 

The  Thompson  School  of  Lettering,  Pnnti- 
ac,  Mich.,  is  sending  out  advertising  in  the 
way  of  circulars,  leaflets,  etc.,  which  con- 
vince us  of  the  excellence  of  its  instruction 
in  the  way  of  automatic  pen  and  brush  let- 
tering. 

Recent  advertising  literature  has  been  re- 
ceived from  the  following: 

M.  A.  Albin,  Minneapolis,  Minn.,  Metro- 
politan Commercial  College;  Simpson  Col- 
lege, I'  dianola,  Iowa;  Burlington,  Vt.,  Busi- 
ness College;  Correspondence  Agricultural 
Crllegs  Slv.ixCitv  Irv.a  J  A  Flatr.n  Can 
ton,  Mo.;  Camden,  N.  J.,  Commercial  Col- 
lege; South  Bend,  Ind., Commercial  College; 
Bath,  Me.,  Business  College;  Earthman's 
Business  College,  Whitewright,  Texas; 
Brown's  Business  College,  Rockford,  111. ; 
Tyler  College,  Tyler,  Texas;  Wisconsin 
Business  University,  La  Crosse,  Wis.;  Saint 
Johnsbury  Academy,  Saint  Johnsbury,  Vt. ; 
Rasmussen  Practical  Business  School,  St. 
Paul,  Minn. 

National  Business  Training  School,  Sioux 
City,  la.;  Parsons,  Kans.,  Business  College; 
Earthman's  Business  College,  Whitewright, 
Texas;  Aurora,  111..  Business  College; 
Brown's  Business  College,  Bridgeport, 
Conn. ;  Heald's  Business  College,  San  Fran- 
cisco, Calif.;  Stevens'  Point,  Wis.,  Business 
College. 

Words  that  Count 


"I    feel    that    I    cannot    do  without    THE 

Business  educator,  and  will  do  ail  that 
I  can  to  place  it  in  the  hands  of  those  who 
are  interested  in  business  education.    You 
have  the  ideal  paper  in  the  United  States, 
and   I   might  say  in    the  world.     It    gives 
more  that   is  of    real   value  to  the    profes- 
sional penman  and  business  college  man 
than  any  other  paper  published." 
D.  M.  KNAUF, 
Prin.  Puget  Sound  Bus.  College, 
Tacoma,  Wash. 


Invaluable  lor  Both 

I  find  your  paper   to  be  invaluable,  both 
as  a  penmanship  guide  and  also  as  a  maga- 
zine of  merit  for  commercial  students. 
D.  A.    KlRCHNER, 

Burliugame,  Kans. 


CHis  is  not  a  Bryan  $  But  It  may  mean 

$  $  $  to  You. 


Mrs.  Emma  Durand 

announces  the  marriage  of  her  daughter 

Nellette 

to 

Mr.  Julius  Kasmussen, 

on  Thursday,  December  the  twenty-fourth, 

nineteen  hundred  and  three* 

Stillwater,  Minnesota. 

At  Home 

after  January  tenth, 

1002  South  Third  Street. 


The  above  portrait  is  that  of  Mr.  E.  G. 
Miller,  upon  whose  features  is  plainly 
stamped  Success,  principal  of  the  penman- 
ship department  of  Mt.  Morris  College,  Mt. 
Morris,  111. 

Mr.  Miller  first  became  interested  in  pen- 
manship through  A.J.  BlickenstafT  and  O. 
D.  Foster  of  North  Manchester,  Ind.,  and 
later  on  he  attended  the  Zanerian  and 
graduated  therefrom.  Mr.  Miller,  like  most 
penmen,  spent  his  early  life  on  the  farm  and 
in  the  public  schools.  While  in  Columbus 
he  attended  and  taught  penmanship  in 
Thompson's  Preparatory  School,  receiving 
the  highest  recommendation  for  his  success 
as  a  teacher  of  writing  in  that  institution. 
Asa  blackboard  writer  and  as  a  teacher  of 
practical  penmanship,  Mr.  Miller  ranks 
among  the  best  of  our  large  army  of  pro- 
progressive,  practical  teachers  of  penman- 
ship. 

Mr.  Miller  is  not  only  a  first-class  penman 
and  teacher  of  penmanship,  but  he  is  a 
young  man  of  sterling  character  and  prin- 
ciples as  well.  His  ideas  of  morality  and 
integrity  are  such  as  every  teacher  should 
possess 

He  is  modest,  unmarried,  medium  in  size, 
almost  handsome,  clean  in  morals  as  well 
as  in  appearance,  reasonably  ambitious, 
industrious,  and  studious. 


fTH 

MILLS'S 

CORRESPONDENCE   SCHOOL 
OF  PENMANSHIP 

^f^\ 

Is  helping  scores    of  ambi- 
tious   people    to    acquire    a 
fine  style  of  penmanship  at- 
home.     We  are  ready  to  help 
YOU  also.     Send  stamp  for 
information. 

^kZ> 

E     C     MILLS 
195  Grand  Ave  ,  Rochester.  N.  Y. 

The  above  cut  represents  one  side  of  the 
"Silver  and  Bronze  Medals"  offered  by 
Messrs.  Isaac  Pitman  &  Sons  in  their  short- 
hand competition  to  schools  teaching  that 
system  or  a  modification  of  the  same. 


When  the 
Students  Write 


to  parents  and  friends  ihere  is  nothing  that  reflects  so  much 
credit  on,  or  is  so  good  an  advertisement  for  the  school,  as  to 
ha  e  them  use  elegant  .stationery,  handsomely  embossed  with  the 
name  of  the  schoo.  they  are  attending 

We  engrave  the  die,  stamp  the  paper  and  put  it  up  in  hand- 
some special  boxes  (24  sueets.  "4  envelopes)  and  sell  it,  in  100  box 
lots,  at  a  less  price  than  it  can  be  bought,  plain,  in  many  station- 
ery stores.  Have  the  college  stationer  try  a  sample  order;  or  let 
some  student  handle  it  if  the  school  proprietor  is  too  busy.  (We 
cannot  deal  with  students  without  written  authorization  and 
guarantee  of  proprietor). 

Penmanship  Practice  Paper  and 
The  Professional  Penman9s  Paper. 

We  are  putting  on  the  market  two  papers  especially  selected  ; 
one  for  the  use  of  the  students  for  practice  work,  and"  the  other 
(a  better  grade)  for  the  use  of  the  teachers  and  others  requiring  a 
fine  finish,  high-grade  paper. 

These  papers  will  be  furnished  unruled,  ordinary  ruled, 
wide  ruled. 

Send  for  Samples  and  Prices  to 

STATIONERY  DEPARTMENT, 

THE  KINSLEY  STUDIO, 

220  Broadway,   New   York. 


1   Cfe£t*4*£c£&>r4  czsrzst/  £Uc&&*d^Les?d \^c^t^£.  ^i^z^t^,  s^nts  firr  s??^^^zs£utr>7stsrt^  C7^^ /3**<££-W^<^£^«^^ 


^>b&/3u^irve^>SeUt^ci>tor   & 


&3»?7 


Questions  Answered  and 
Criticisms  Offered  by 


(intended  for  subscribers  only.) 
Under  this  heading  Mr.  Zaner  criticises  specimens 
of  penmanship,   drawing,   etc.,   submitted    to   him. 
i  1  if  specimens  are  to  be 

returned.     He  will  i  to  answer  any  and 

all  questions  pertaining  to  penmanship  matters,  or  if 
thought  best,  questions  may  be  submitted  throueh 
this  department  to  the  readers  of  our  journal  for  vol- 
unteer answers.  This  gives  the  readers  of  The 
Business  benefit  of  the  experience 

.    has  made  this  work  a  life-time  study,  as 
well  as  of  those  who  contribute  thereto. 

WANTED  — To  see  in  this  department  a 
portrait  showing  a  model  writing  position 
of  ;i  bov  or  girl  ahout  twelve  years  of  age 
sitting  at  a  modern  school  desk. 

A  Reader. 

[If  some  of  our  readers  will  supply  the 
phot-,  we  shall  be  pleased  to  furnish  the 
Illustration.  Should  we  fail  to  use  any  sent 
H--,  Bame  will   be  returned   to  the  sender.— 

Editor.] 

football 

EDITOR:  Would  you  consider  the  game 
of  football  to.»  violent  an  exercise  for  the 
penman  or  the  student  who  is  learning  to 
write?  This  is  another  question  for  dis- 
cussion. Sincerely, 

H.  G.  PHELPS. 
Bozeman,  Mont. 

(Surely  the  football  playing,  as  usually 
played,  would  do  writing  no  good  —  the 
chances  are  that  it  wou'd  do  some  harm. 
Writing  demands  suppleness,  sensitive- 
ness, and  delicacy.  Does  football  foster 
and  develop  these,  or  quickness,  pug- 
naciousness,  and  endurance  —  dogged, 
downright  bruising  at  times. 

Last  year  the  student  who  won  the 
Zanerian  Gold  Medal  for  most  improve- 
ment in  writing  played  base  ball  at  the 
same  time.  The  baseball  hindered  rather 
than  helped  in  his  practice,  but  he  won, 
not  because  he  played  base  ball,  but  in 
spite  of  it. 

Naturally,  one  skillful  in  any  sport,  game 
or  occupation,  will  learn  to  write  more 
readily  than  one  who  is  unskilled  in  any- 
thing.    It  is  a  question  of  motor  education. 


This  is  why  the  country  lad  has  the  advan- 
tage of  the  city  boy.  The  former  has  been 
trained  to  do  something. 

But,  after  all,  if  simmered  down  to  rock 
bottom  it  means  this:  As  a  penman,  he 
must  subordinate  other  things  to  penman- 
ship requirements;  as  a  football  player,  he 
must  subordinate  his  penmanship  and 
other  things  to  his  specialty.  To  be  at  the 
top  in  any  line  means  that  he  must  order 
his  living  in  the  light  of  that  particular 
thing.— Editor. J 

C.  W.  A.,  Wilton,  N.  D.  —  The  general 
appearance  of  your  letter  is  good.  Your 
penmanship  is  also  very  legible.  For  pro- 
fessional purposes  I  would  recommend  that 
you  execute  the  small  letters  with  greater 
deliberation  and  care,  observing  very  care- 
fully the  slant  of  the  down  strokes,  turns 
and  angles,  and  size  of  loops.  Your  small 
e  resembles  j,  and  you  leave  the  a  open  at 
the  top.  The  same  applies  to  d.  g  and  </. 
Observance  of  these  little  things  will  pro- 
duce, a  marked  change  in  your  writing,  as 
your  movement  is  free  and  easy.  You 
could,  however,  get  in  a  little  more  swing 
and  dash  on  your  capitals. 


One  dozen  colored  cards,  white  ink,  O  Cm 

any  name,  for  but •«« 

One    dozen   white  cards,   plain    or  Ofip 

ornamental  style ^**l/ 

Letter,   showing    style  of  business  1  Ca 

writing  _ _.  ■  ***» 

Twelve  lessons  in  business  writ-    fl>  C    fl  f) 

Work  will  piease  you. 

Order  and  be  conrinced. 
Winner  of  first  premium,  Oregon  State 
Fair,  1902.  No  free  specimens  ;  send  10 

cents  for  samples. 


ARLINGTON,  OREGON. 


Vmy  go  to  "College"  ^ 
TO  LEARN  BOOKKEEPING 
WHEN  I  WILL  MAKE  A 

Jmt-Class  Bookkeeper 

f*,/  <>F      YOU     AT     VOIR    OWN 

wurjff/  HOIK  in  Hii  «eeli*  for  $:e  or 
1$y  RETURN  Mt  INKY.  Fair  enough? 
>^  I  find  IM»KBTIO*N,    Inn.  evory- 

wherp,  FREE!  Have  pl;i.  -M'l  TKM'SA  N  1  »S.  Ver- 
n:i|'S  .■an  place  YOl.  too!  «.7-3'J  testimonials 
r.T,-iv..,i  fmni  pupils!  SA  17.'  Tills  A  \f>  \vi:lTI  . 
J.  II.  GOODWTH;  Export  Arrouiit.int.  Room 
»»©,    1»15   Bro:til«ii>.  \E\V    YORK,  X.  V. 


E.   C.  MILLS 

Script  Specialist  and  Engraver 
1 95  Grand  Avt.,  Rochester,  N.  Y. 
Script  illustrations  are 
educational  for  works  on 
Bookkeeping,  Business-Prac- 
tice. Correspondence,  Copy 
Hips,  etc.  I  niake  a  specialty 
of  furnishing  THE  BEST 
script  plates  for  these 
purposes 


r  _^t:ldui^.      ^—^ 

fJust  Published. J 
A  new  and  most  valuable  instructor  for  home 
students,  conceded  to  be  the  best  and  most  com- 
plete ever  published,  comprising  original  and 
scientific  instruction   for  beginners  and   profes- 
sionals, with  photos  illustrating  the  many  differ- 
ent positions  of  the  hand  and  body  for  the  various 
kinds  of  work.    It  contains  48  pages  of  high  class 
pen  work,   comprising   Business  W  riting.  Orna- 
mental  Writing,  Steel-plate   Writing,  Flourish- 
ing, Engraving,  Resolutions  and  Diploma  Making 
GOOD  PEN-WORK  GALORE. 
Price,  50    cents.    Postage    Prepaid. 


A    $2,000    Pen    Drawing    for    $1.00. 

A  Masterpiece  of  the  Day,  "  The  Crucifixion." 

This  great  pen  drawing,  the  result  of  many  years 
of  the  most  scientific  training  is  from  the  pen  of 
S  N.  Falder,  whom  we  believe  to  have  no  peer  in 
his  profession.  We  offer  an  engraved  facsimile 
copy  of  this  great  drawing,  printed  on  elegant 
board  22x28  inches  for  $1.00.  The  original  pen 
drawing  is  33x^8  inches,  and  is  believed  to  be  one 
of  the  largest  pieces  of  solid  pen  drawingin  exist- 
ence. It  contains  thirty-three  subjects  and  makes 
a  most  complete  picture  of  the  highest  order. 

Send  your  order  at  once  and  secure  the  Master- 
piece.    R«mit  P.  O.  Money  Orders  or  Stamps. 
Address,  Pen  Art  Publishers, 

(Agents  wanted.)  Box  108  St.  Louis,  Mo. 


F.  O.  GAR1MNKR,  STOCKTON,  CALIF.,  BUSINESS  COLLEGE. 


[  C&£>&<st£u±£stJ  <2sn*f  ~&ti&£c<l<&£sTj  ^w*&  £&€Zs^u6^  /2/^-u,  ftr?-. 


C^L£.  7B^t<44snus£<2 '  GGCccsC^Zsttrr-    I 


ti  ti it  it i.t-:-LL"Ji jy  ij— —  --■- 


Order  Now 

I  have  on  hand  ?00,000  colored,  7  colors,  and 
■JOO.OOO  white  cards.  Quality  the  best.  While  they 
last,  will  sell  the  colored  at  80c,  and  the  white  at 
90c,  per  1000.    Sample  100    20c. 

These  cards  will  please  you. 

L.   E.  STACY  -        Camden,  N.  J. 


M  I  LLS'S  Correspondence 

School  ot  Penmanship 

Is  conceded   by  the  leading 

penmen  of  this  country  to  be 

"     cbool  of 


its 


nd       Yo 


better  thing  than  to  *e 
stamp  today  for  full  partii 
lars  concerning  our  eours< 


WflNTFD  A  teacher  of  penman- 
VV  nil  I  UU  Ship  who  can  make 
his  students  generally 
write  good  hands  in  six  months.  Good  wages  to 
man  of  demonstrated  eapabi  ity.  (Jive  references 
and  name  salary  wanted      Address, 

PRINCIPAL  G.. 

Care  Business  Educator     -     Columbus,  O. 


The    Pratt    Teachers'    Agency, 

70  Fifth  Avenue,  New  York, 

Recommends  college  and  normal  gradu- 
ates, specialists,  and  other  teachers  to  col- 
leges, schools,  and  families. 


The  Agency  receiTes  many  calls  for 
uercial  teachers  from  public  and  pr 
eboola,  and  business  eolhges. 


f 


WM.  O,   PRATT,  Manage 


We  want  yon  to  try  our  pens,  and  in  order 
to  mike  it  an  inducement  will  send  Assort- 
ment NO.  1,  consisting  of  15  pens  and  a 
handsome  Penholder,  postpaid,  upon  re- 
ceipt of  10  cents. 

C.  HOWARD  HUNT  PEN  CO.,  Camden,  N.  J, 


SPENCERIAN 

PERFECT 

Steel  Pens 

USED  BY  EXPERT  AND  CAREFUL 
PENMEN  FOR  NEARLY  FIFTY  YEARS 
Sample  card.  12  pens  different  patterns, 
will  be  sent  fur  trinlon  receipt  of  6  ce.ts  in 
postage  stamps.     Ask  for  card  R. 

SPENCERIAN    PEN    CO. 

349  BROADWAY,  NEW  YORK 


PENMANSHIP     BY     MAIL 


Two  Teachers 
Twenty-four  Lessons 
Individual  Instrnction 
Copies  Fresh  from  the  Pen 
Instrnctions  Typewritten 


Write  for  Circular  and  Particulars 

HARMAN  &  ELLSWORTH 

Stayer's  Busine<s  C«llege 
BALTIMORE,  MD. 


Lessons  Weekly 
Plain  or  Ornamental 
Red  Ink  Criticisms 
Satisfaction  Guaranteed 
Terms  Low 


1 


A  GUIDE  TO 
SELF  INSTRUCTION 


PRACTICAL  ANI> 
FANCY  PENMANSHI 


Thisisa6l-page. 
stitched  book, 
very  complete  in 
all  its  features. 
How  to  learn  and 
teach  writing,  giv- 
ing movement 
drills.  exercises, 
and  copies,  show- 
ing standard  styles,  ledger  headings,  engraver  s 
script,  eight  sets  of  capitals,  round  writing,  flour- 
ished exercises,  parts  of  birds,  etc  ,  complete  de- 
signs of  nourished  masterpieces  card  and  album 
designs,  lettering- such  as  Roman.  Italic  Roman, 
Gothic.  Old  English,  German  and  Church  Texts, 
Mediaeval,  and  Mediaeval  modified  Egyptian, 
German  Round.  Rustic  and  Marking  Alphabets, 
Variety  raps.  Monograms  etc.  Hints  on  mater- 
ials etc  ,  etc.  Twenty  cents  is  the  price  to  you— 
a  60-cent  book.    Send  to-day 

THE   PENMAN'S   ART  JOURNAL. 

203  BROADWAY.  NEW  YORK 


Know 
How  to 
File 

-Docume 

— Legal  Blank_ 
-Card  Records 
—Credit  Report. 
— Deposit  Tickets 
-Insurance  Polic 
— Books      — Report- 
-Samples     -Check 
— Clippings      — Invoices 
— Notes— Letters— Papers 
Simply  cher'    '" 


I   £f&z*^r£c^£^/  &>w^  /Hu~&-£cd4L£srzJ  ^Ci^-c^^  &6*<zs?7^fc  sz^tnts 


Ct?L£.73>€4<Uy-rLX^&c£otsC'Cl£<rr-   I 


*llvc  f^tUutcju£clwou,Wr   & 


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^^-»,. 


School  and 

Professional 


The   Holdrige.  Nebr.,  Business  College  is 

ne.it  eight  page  circular.      In 

it   we  li'i'l  some  very  graceful,  skillful  and 

accurate    work   from   the  pen  of  Mr.  G.  F. 

Roach,  penman  and  commercial  teacher  in 

*  thai  institution. 

A  couple  of  very  attractive  and  telling 
i  ave  been  received  from  the  Capital 
City  Commercial  College,  Des  Moines,  Iowa. 
(  Ine  is  dr\  oted  to  half-tone  portraits  of  the 
facults  and  views  of  the  college  rooms,  and 
theother  to  the  portraits  and  penmanship 
of  t  he  five  well  known  teachers  of  writing  in 
thai  Institution.  Considerable  of  the  pen- 
manship shown  is  from  the  facile  pen  of 
Hiss  Mary  I,.  Champion,  without  doubt  one 
of  the  leading  lady  writers  of  the  world. 

Mr. C.  A.  Lewis, "who  has  been  out  of  school 
work  for  some  years,  has  again  entered  the 
tield.  having"  organized  the  Clarkston 
(Wash.)  Commercial  School.  He  reports  a 
very  encouraging  outlook. 

Tin-:  BUSINESS  EDUCATOB  is  glad  to  wel- 
come him  back  in  the  work, and  wishes  him 
much  success. 

Mr.  E-  K.  Isaacs,  President  of  the  Wood- 
bury Business  College,  Los  Angeles,  Calif., 
is  having  erected  an  elegant  two-story  brick 
and  rem. -nt  building  to  be  used  exclusive- 
l\  I  >v  the  college.  The  building  will  have 
a  very  elaborate  and  classic  front,  and  the 
inside  is  planned  for  the  special  conven- 
ience of  the  school.  The  first  floor  will  be 
d  by  the  College  offices  and  the 
commercial  department.  There  will  be 
three  offices  in  front,  a  large  study  room, 
two  class  rooms,  ladies'  and  gentlemen's 
hat  and  cloak  rooms.  A  special  feature  will 
l»e  that  of  sliding  or  sash  partitions  between 
the  main  room  and  the  adjoining  business, 
practice  and  class  rooms,  thus  enabling  all 
rooms  to  be  converted  into  one  room  if  de- 
sired; also  enabling  the  teacher  in  charge 
of  the  main  room  to  see  what  is  going  on  in 
all  rooms. 

The  second  floor  will  have  six  large  apart- 
ments for  shorthand  and  typewriting,  to- 
gether with  ladies'  and  gentlemen's  hat 
and  cloak  rooms.  A  special  feature  of  the 
second  floor  is  a  large  auditorium  for  lect- 
ures, entertainments,  and  other  public  func- 
tions. 

Nlr.  Isaacs  is  to  be  congratulated  on  the 
enterprise  and  energy  displayed  in  the 
housing  of  his  school. 

In  the  early  part  of  .November  the  Capital 
Business  College.  Salem,  Oregon.  W.  I.  Sta- 
ley.  Principal,  because  for  want  of  room  to 
accommodate  more  students,  withdrew  its 
advertisements  from  the  daily  press. 

M  r.  Staley  deserves  such  prosperity  if  any 
body  does,  and  we  are  glad  to  know  that  he 
is  getting  it. 

Mr.  i  I.  A.  Hoffman,  principal  Of  Hoffman's 
Metropolitan  Business  College,  Milwaukee, 
Wis.,  recently  opened  a  branch  shorthand 

-'  1 1  in  the  great  metropolis  of  Chicago  at 

the  corner  of  Dearborn  and   Madison  Sts. 

Boj  lea'  Business  I  lollege  is  about  to  erect 
a  building  of  its  own  in  the  heart  of  the  city 
of  Omaha,  which  will  cost  in  the  neighbor- 
■  0.000. 

The  Southern  Normal  School  and  Howling 
Green    Business   College,    Howling    Green, 
>f  the  largest  and  best  illus- 


■lercial 


The      M.dero       t 
Lincoln.  Nebraska.  ... 
hundred    students    during 
Mr.  .1    L.  Stephens   who  hat 
of  the  famous   Lincoln    Bui 
the  same  clt)    foi    i  he  past   se 
president  pi   the  new  school   and 
pleased  with  the  growing  attend     i 

Stephens    IS    B    practical     Kn-in,  

man  and  we  are  glad  to  note  his  sui 


School      at 
'II   more  than  a 
it-    Ural 
been  pre   iden! 
ness  College  of 


November  14th,  The  Saturday  Record 
published  in  Cedar  Rapids,  Iowa,  had  a  pic- 
ture of  the  proposed  new  building  for  the 
Cedar  Rapids  Business  College.  According 
to  the  article  that  accompanied  the  half- 
tone cut,  President  Palmer  is  expecting 
former  students  to  subscribe  for  blocks  of 
stock.  There  are  thousands  of  these  stu- 
dents scattered  throughout  the  country, 
many  of  them  in  remunerative  employ- 
ment. If  they  should  consider  the  proposi- 
tion a  good  one,  there  ought  to  be  no  diffi- 
culty in  raising  any  reasonable  sum  to 
construct  the  beautiful  home  that  lias  been 
proposed  for  the  school. 

The  Winter  Hill  Business  College,  opened 
by  E.  H.  and  M.  C.  Fisher,  in  Somerville, 
Mass.,  last  September,  is  meeting  with 
remarkable  success.  It  is  well  equipped  and 
is  in  charge  of  conscientious,  capable 
teachers. 


A  recent  circular  from  the  four  C's  of  Des 
Moines,  shows  exceptional  work  from  the 
eachers  of  penmanship  in  that  excellent 
school. 

Moore  &  Gill,  of  Trenton,  N.  J.,  have  sold 
the  Brooklyn  Business  Institute,  which 
they  opened  in  September.  This  leaves  L. 
C.  Horton.the  former  manager,  open  for  an 
engagement.  The  school  that  obtains  Mr. 
Horton's  services  will  have  a  man  of  super- 
ior ability  in  his  specialties. 

Wolf's  Business  College  Company,  Hag- 
erstown,  Md.,  was  incorporated  November 
30,1908,  the  following  officers  having  been 
elected:  Henry  Holzapfel,  Jr.,  president; 
J.  Frank  Roessner,  first  vice-president; 
C.  Edward  Presho,  second  vice  president 
and  general  manager;  D.  Elmer  Wolf, 
secretary  and  principal;  C.  Harry  Keller, 
treasurer. 


AUTO  PEN  and  INK  -** 

MANUFACTURING      COMPANY,      73      RUSH      STREET,     CHICAGO 


WE     MANUFACTURE 

FAUST'S  AUTOMATIC  SHADING  PENS  AND  IHKS.  they  are  the  best  that  skill  and  exper 
ice  can  produce,  and  are  used  by  thousands  of  artists  and  students  all  over  the  world 
iny  schools  are  using  our  special  outfits  in  their  classes  with  the  best  of  results. 

SPECIAL    $5.00    OUTFIT 

(specially  selected  with  the  view  of  placing1  in  the  hands  of  Automata 


different  t 

Faust's  Compendium  of  Automatic  Pen  Let- 
tering-and  Designs 


published  andi 


the  only  work 


>f  the  kind  ever 
i  from  beginning 
highly  enameled 

done.  The  cover 
tes  in  four  colors 
he  hook  is  8x11, 

107  platen,  and  is 


1  25 

1  00 


One  bottle  Cold  Ink         - 

One  bottle  Adhesive  Ink,  1  oz. 

One  bottle  White  Ink,  1  oz. 

One  Screw-head  File 

One  Pencil  Compass         -         -         -         - 

One  Stick  Lecturer's  Crayon 

Fifty  sheets  Cross  ruled  Practice  Paper,! 


double  guide  lines 
;he  above  goods  sent,  express  charges  prepaid,  for  $5.00. 

SPECIAL    $2.50    OUTFIT 


Faust's  Compendium  of  Automatic  Pen 

teringand  Designs  (same  as  above  oi 

3  Sizes  of  Automatic  Pens,  making  5  diffe 


Shading  Pen  Ink 


1  Bottle  id'  Adhesive  Ink       - 

1  Bottle  of  Gold  Ink         ... 

•_'  Parka  g.-s.if  each- Metal  lies.  Flork  undone 

of  Diamond  Dust,  all  different  colors,  with 

instructions  for  using  same 


This  outfit  sent,  express  charges  prepaid,  for  $2.50. 

SPECIAL    $1.00     OUTFIT 


ing,  etc. 

i  Sizes  of  Automatic  Pens,  making  3  differ- 
ent strokes        

!  Colors  of  Automatic  Shading  Pen  Ink 


,    with  instructions   l 
Cross-Ruled  Practk 


charges  prepaid,  for  81.00. 


Ail   those  who  desire  to  buy  only  single  articles,  and  would,  therefore,  not  be  interested  In  the  i 
outfits,  will  find  the  following  list  of  interest: 


bliipie  Pen-holders,  best 

made,  I0c.,3  for 
shby    Combination    Hard    Rubber  Oblique 

Holder,   Professional,    finest 


a  colors,  the  finest  for 
ink,  hni 

Malik  Co  In  i  id  l'apir,N\11,  for  white  0 


Pape 


nk,  im  Bb 

-ss  Killed    I'laet 

st i' |  ('ulois,  any  color,  per  stick 
liiii-i'si  'rayon,  any  color,  per  : 


gold 

50  sheets,  5t»c  , 


pi-nmanship,  gross 
Vntnitf  IVns.    -'Student's    Choice,   T." 

business  writing,  gross 
loennecken   Pen,  Single  Pointed,  any  i 

•oennecken  Pens,  Double  Pointed,  any  i 

ndia  Ink,  for  drawing,  water  proof 


If  you  do  not  see  on  this  list  the  article  you  want,  write  to  us  at  once.  We  can  get  you 
anything  that  is  in  the  market  anil  will  serve  you  promptly  and  faithfully. 

We  make  a  specialty  of  executing  orders  in  all  lines  of  pen  work  ;  card  writing,  engros- 
sing  diploma  work,  etc  ,  and  shall  be  pleased  to  furnish  estimates. 

We  want  to  hear  from  you  with  order?.  Remember  when  you  buy  of  us  you  know  just 
what  the  goods  w  11  cost  you.     We  paw  the  express  charges ;  many  competitors  do  nut  ' 

Do  not  order  on  a  postal  card.  Xo  accounts  opened  for  small  amounts  or  for  individuals 
unknown  to  us.    Stamps  taken.     Prices  for  large  quantities  sent  upon  application. 

W  AUTO  PEN  AND  INK  MFG.  CO.  -» 

73    RUSH    STREET,    CHICAGO  ^^W, 


|      -.     .■■s^zgg.a/w  cz^z^  ~Su^l£u44v**d ^t,t££.  £6^nJs, sy^t*, j 


0%A  73^(*44s?z^4d <£^£ic>e>cl>£err-.    I 


^MMg  * 


.^4z^/ 


DO  YOU  NEED  A  TEACHER? 


DO  YOU  WANT  A   POSITION? 


C^zsyi^Cd^' 


'y^ZSl 


vz*z^ '^fr-zzsUz/, 


<^C&/^^ 


GLICK'S    TEACHERS'    AGENCY 

E.  L.  CLICK.  Mgr..  Concord.  N.  H. 


CALLING 
CARDS 

Oblique  Holde 
bottle,  postpaid 
of  20  shades  of 
manship. 

A.  B 

Box  686 


White  Cards,  black  ink, 
15c.  per  doz.  Colored 
Cards,  white  ink,  20c.  per 
doz.  No  1  Blank  Cards, 
from  75c.  per  1,000  to  $1.30. 
10c.  White  Ink.  20c.  per 
Send  10  cents  for  samples 
f  cards,  and  sample  of  pen- 


SMITH 

Lake  Geneva,  Wis. 


SHORT  CDTS.  -sSSaSS 


in  half  the  time  all  of  those  little  calculations 
wl  ich  we  must  figure  out  everyday.  Everything 
from  \ddition  to  Interest  and  Discount  Its 
worth  is  attested  by  the  fact  that  its  author  is 
now  and  has  been  Tor  years  the  specialist  in  this 
branch  at  the  Eastman  llusini  ss  College.  Price, 
cloth,  50c.     Address, 

GEO    A    DEEL.  Poughkeepsie,  N.  Y. 


ileof  fo 


rsfr 


,  the 


structi 


..us  students 
pies  ..f  what 
Copies  fresh 


t*wt  a.  rw  1    Who  is  ready  ■    l  an\  After  a  volu?SuiJ 

KLADl    I    field  of  ritte  penmanship  on  account  of  til  lie 
"  at  it  again",  and  my  work  finer  than  ever.    I  now  have  read- 
thorough  courses  in  ornamental   and    business    pemiianslin 
printer's  art  and  penman's  thought  and  skill  can  do.     full  in 
from  inj- pen,  not  photo  engraved.  .,..„„     v, 

AIM!    ^^^^n^^^^^^^S^^i^^^'^S^^ 

^Hpteaae  you,     Best  vah,e  for  the  money. ^  ^  fl  tl  rees 

FIRE  !    A  few  sample  copy  slips  from  each  course,  my  best  work,  for  25  cents. 

Address,  E.   M.   BARLER,    Cherokee,   Texas, 


|   Cfc^rtuL***  ^-W  'A^^c^A^K>^i^£.  Zt^rzJs.  /f^™-  frr ■  sw^rUiiryi^i^   cTtu.  /S^^^^^cS^e^^^W-   | 


WE'RE  GLAD  TO   ACCEPT   A  1,1.  THREE,   UKOTIIEK,  WHEN    IN  THE   ABOVE   MASTERFUL  FORM.  — ED. 


I.  H.  Carotliers  \V.  J.  Smith 

Mary  L.  Champion 
\V.  F.  Giesseman  B.  F.  Williai 


V- 


There  can  be  but  one  BEST,     You  want  it. 
Who  are  the  Best  Reporters  in  the  United  States? 
What  System  of  Shorthand  do  they  write  ? 


If  I  were  starting  to  learn  shorthand  now,  I  would  get  Benn  Pit- 
man's Manual,  and  other  books  and  follow  them.— Dennis  F. 
Murphy,  Late  Official  Reporter,  United  States  Senate 

In  my  career  as  an  official  reporter  of  the  senate,  now  covering 
thirty-three  years,  I  have  become  familiar  with  the  capabilities  and 
shortcomings  of  numerous  systems,  and  I  am  more  than  ever  con- 
firmed in  the  belief  that  Pitman's  phonography,  with  its  phonic  basis 
and  its  philosophic  strokes  and  curves,  dots  and  dashes,  is  as  well 
established  in  our  language  as  are  the  script  forms  for  longhand ; 
and  deservedly  so,  for  it  has  stood  the  test  of  time  and  experience— a 
test  which  seems  to  doom  every  other  invention  of  rapid  writing.— 
Theo.  F.  Shuey,  Official  Reporter,  United  States  Senate. 

What  a  tremendous  stride  it  would  be  in  the  advancement  of  our 
art  if  there  could  be  universally  adopted  by  shorthand  writers  (with 
such  modifications,  of  course,  as  long  practical  experience  may  have 
shown  to  be  wise  and  judicious)  the  standard  for  which  you  have  bat- 
tled so  long,  so  ably,  and  so  consistently— a  standard  which  has  been 
demonstrated  by  a  long  line  of  eminent  practitioners  t»  be  equal  to 
the  greatest  demands  upon  reportorial  skill.— Edward  V.  Miirphy, 
Official  Reporter,  United  States  Senate,  in  a  letter  to  Benn  Pitman 
and  Jerome  B.  Howard. 

The  "system"  written  by  myself  is  substantially  that  known  as 
the  "Benn  Pitman",  which,  during  years  of  professional  practice,  I 
have  found  admirably  adapted  to  reporting  uses.— David  Wolfe 
Brown,  Official  Reporter,  U.S.  House  of  Representatives. 

We  use  Benn  Pitman's  system  of  shorthand.  I  found  it  the  easi- 
est system  to  learn,  and  when  learned,  the  most  legible.  The  facility 
with  which  Benn  Pitman's  system  may  be  learned  and  used  renders 
it,  in  my  judgment,  fuperior  to  all  others.— George  C.  Holland, 
Official  Reporter  of  the  Canadian  Senate. 


Where  are  the  verbatim  reporters  who  use  the  "  easy, 
'  joined-vowel,"  "  light-line,"  "  single-slant  "  systems  ? 
The  Benn  Pitman  System  is  published  by 

The  Phonographic  Institute  Co., 


BENN  PITMAN,  President 
JEROME  B.  HOWARD,  Manager 


Cincinnati,  Ohio 


|  C&smz^CLA^srt  <&n*<f  T^^c^Le^d \*<s<&  £6*zsrzsfe /^nt,  firr  s??T^ri£c<trrzscs?z^  c72i^73A*4<€^t-e^&G6<*s*^z^ 


&  he  ^u£irw&£>  CwUvcctto  r   <$» 


fTHEY  ARE; 
fWINNERS.I 


Modern  Commercial  Penmanship, 

The  Model  Dictation  Course,  fey) 
Williams's  English  Grammar. 


These  books  have  won  the  unqualified  praise  of  the  best  teachers  in  the 
profession.     They  are  MODERN,  PROGRESSIVE  and  TEACHABLE. 


MODERN  COMMERCIAL  PENMANSHIP 

contains  128  pages,  is  bound  in  red  or  blue 
vellum,  and   has   60   full   page    plates  of  the 
finest  penmanship  ever  executed. 
Price,  50  Cents. 

THE  MODEL  DICTATION  COURSE 

is  a  290-page  book  of  carefully  graded  dicta- 
tion matter.      It  contains  30  full-page    plates 
of  elegant  shorthand  and  a  large  number  of 
photoengraved  vocabularies. 
Pi-lee  $1.50. 

WILLIAMS'S  ENGLISH  GRAMMAR 

is    the    most    practical    presentation    of   the  essentials  of  En- 
glish yet  published.      Price  75  Cents. 


FOR  EXAMINATION       Teachers  may  secure  any  of  our  books  for  examination  by  remitting  one  half 
the  retail  price.    USE  THE  BEST  BOOKS  NEXT  YEAR. 

THE  COMMERCIAL  TEXT  BOOK  CO.,  DES  MOINES,  IOWA. 


B/IB.DItllX/ES,  PfNHAN,  SAN  MANC/SCO  BUSMSS  COLLfljt ". 


In  penmanship  the  above  word  is 

and  executed  by  the  most  skillful 
needed  by  aspiring  penmen  is  of  a 
displayed  by  the  graver's  steel.     He 


:  with  which  to  conjure.  It 
d  by  the  greatest  penman, 
raver.  But  the  inspiration 
ach  different  sort  than  that 
st  have  for  bis  inspiration 


iteil  by 


ct  reproduction  of  the  off-hand  product, 
sional  glimpse  01  real  live  penwork — such  as  is  actu; 
our  foremost  penmen,  if  §  tj  As  beginners  we  need  it,  >ea,  we 
crave,  but  it  cannot  be  had.  Even  our  best  penman  who  are  con- 
tinually in  the  harness  cannot  do  their  best  at  all  times.  A  dollar 
or  two  sent  them  from  time  to  time,  seldem  finds  them  in  a 
condition  to  send  out  the  best  of  which  they  arc  capable.  And 
what  is  more,  our  best  penman  have  not  the  time  to  do  such 
work;  others  who  do  much  of  this  kind  have  not  reached  the 
point  where  their  work  possesses  character.  The  different  pen- 
men, who  have  prepared  paces  of  real  uniting  for  "INSPIRATION." 
realized  the  fact  that  not  for  five  dollars  (the  price  of  the  book), 
could  they  get  in  trim  to  turn  out  the  quality  of  work  they  have 
prepared  for  me.  Remember  that  they  were  months  in  getting  out 
these  specimens,  working  only  when  in  the  proper  mood.  They 
were  impressed  with  merits  of  such  a  book,  and,  with  a  reputa- 
tion as  wide  as  the  interest  of  our  art,  have  out-done  all  previous 
efforts. 

YOUNG  YENMEN 


This  is  a  book  prepared  especially  for  you.  It  will  be  a  continu- 
ous fountain  of  the  right  kind  or  inspiration.  I  particularly  want 
to  place  it  in  yout  hands.  It  was  prepared  for  you.  The  old  war 
horses  of  our  profession  do  not  need  inspiration.  It  has  been  es- 
pecially designed  to  show  you  the  great  field,  and  the  practical 
application  of  the  work  in  which  you  may  find  profit  as  well  as 
pleasure.  These  pages  of  real  penwork  are  interspersed  among  the 
greatest  collection  of  the  finest  specimens  of  penwork  ever  put 
between  book  covers.  And  the  covers  are  in  themselves  models 
of  the  binders  art.  A  number  of  enthusiastic  article1!  by  the  most 
brilliant  of  the  profession  accompany  this  wealth  of  fine  art  pen- 
manship, all  of  which  has  been  prepared  for  this  book.  An  oppor- 
tunity of  a  lifetime.  Edition  necessarily  limited.  Price  five  dol- 
lars.    One  dollar  with  order,  balance  upon  receipt  of  the  book. 


b: 


cAddress,  eM.  cA.  cALBIN, 

metzopolitan  College.  Booklet  Free.  ^MINNEAPOLIS.   MINN. 


|  Cfefrz*-&r£ci4^rJ  £Z^pz^/  ^u^-£ctd^i^^r^f  ^c<^t^£.  £&€Zs?7sfe  su^ncs  T^"7"  * 


C^z^.^^u^^?^u^^Gc6<^€^^tt^y^  I 


IMkxL,  double  feu  letk 
abcdefiphi;klmnopq& 

t(2ctlc/uuLi 


iwcU  a&^hmnpqv. 


^3t 


j^^fc.u 


Lessons  in  Simple, 
Practical  Pen  Lettering 


Italian,  Double-Pen  Lettering. 

This  is  a  very  graceful,  unique  and  quite 
practical  alphabet.  To  make  it,  use  a  good 
quality  of  writing  paper,  and  a  double 
pointed  Soennecken  lettering  pen.  Turn 
the  paper  at  such  angle  that  by  holding 
the  pen  outward  from  the  elbow  that  the 
holder  will  be  at  right  angles  to  the  main 
slant  of  the  letters,  thereby  causing  one 
point  to  follow  in  the  track  of  the  other  in 
making  the  long,  slanting  strokes.  Be  care- 
ful to  keep  the  pen  in  the  same  position  for 
all  forms  arid  strokes  with  perhaps  a  slight 
modification  in  the  z's  and  the  figure  2. 

The  beauty  of  tins  alphabet,  in  a  large 
measure,  consists  in  keeping  all  the  letters 
on  the  same  slant.  If  you  have  difficulty 
in  doing  this,  rule  a  few  pencil  slant  lines 
to  guide  you. 

On  the  last  line  will  be  found  a  few  of  the 
principles  with  which  you  should  familiar- 
ize yourself  and  upon  which  you  should 
practice  before  beginning  work  upon  the 
alphabet.  As  a  rule,  make  the  left  side  of 
the  letter  first  and  then  the  right  side, 
working  thereby  from  left  to  right.  On 
such  letters  as  g,  j  and  _r,  make  the  top  of 
letter  first  and  add  the  extension  below  the 
line  last  by  beginning  at  the  bottom  and 
making  it  from  left  to  right  and  upward. 

On  the  last  line  will  be  found  some 
optional  letters,  which  may  be  substituted 
for  the  ones  found  in  the  alphabet.  A  little 
care,  close  observation,  experiment  and 
practice  will  enable  you  to  put  out  very 
neat  and  creditable  work. 

A  broad,  single-pointed  pen  may  be  sub- 
stituted instead  of  the  double-pointed  pen. 


YOU  OUGHT  TO  HAVE  IT.  VZ 


ultiplicatlon,  fractions  anil  Bqu 
ilous  work,  only  10c.     I.uvhtnlv 

Dept.  11,  Everett  Station,  Bo 


et    of    rapid     ( 
subtraction,     I 


Mass.     ) 


.Lessons  in  Penmanship  (hi-  mail)  and 

Card  Writing  :,  Specialty. 

-  in  Practical  Bus.  Writing  . .  $5  00 

20  "  "  ••  ....  8  00 

20  "  Ornamental  "         .10  00 

1  Doz.Car.l-,  Colored  or  White 25 

i  Sel  "i  Business  or  Ornamental  Caps..  35 
Bird  Flourishes  on  black  board, 50c  to $1.25 ea. 
A  Hi  page  l k  of  graded  copies  fresh 

from  the  pen   Mc 

A.    h.    BURNETTS,  Bowling  Green,  Ky. 


St.PaUi.Sidc. 

lLlPH0Niyf30  CORT.        4    220 Jj'WAy.  /j£W Yoi{K. 


.NGF(0<£ERS 

Designees 
?rin 


Illuminator 
ENgi^Vers 


TERS 


When   the 

STUwEsT  WRITES  HOME 

It  reflects  credit  on  the  Fchool  if  KINSLEY  STU- 
DIO embossed  stationery  is  used.  We  engrave 
steel  die.  stamp  the  paper,  put  it  up  in  handsome 
special  loxes.  L'4  sheets,  J4  envelopes  and  sell  it  in 
Km  box  lots  at  2T\  cents  a  box  and  upward,  College 
stationers  and  school   principals  should    send    lor 


10  lb. 
12  lb 

Artist   Penman^  Paper 

Trt  ik      •■•25  half  ream.  4Sn  sheets;  52  0O  ream,  960 
iU  l0-    sheets, $1  90  ream  in  5  ream  lots. 
--  1K      81  50  halt  ream   480  sheets;  t2. 25  ream,  9b0 
l*  1D      sheets;  S2. 15  ream  in  5  ream  lots. 

papers  are  furnished   unruled,  ruled 


P 

ctlce 

Paper 

70c 
she 

ha 

f  r 
Bl 

af? 

48" 

M  r,  r. 

;  »i.an 
am  lots. 

S5c.  half  ream 
sheets;  »1.40r 

480 

ii  .7  re 

!  $1.5" 
am  lols 

vide  ruled.    Er 


rlup. 


nple 


THE  KINSLEY  STVDIO 

220  Broadway.  New  York 


We  pl^ce  teachers  of  the  better  class  in  positions 
with  schools  of  the  better  class.  We  charge  teach- 
ers J'J.'Xj  registration  fee  to  partly  pay  for  postage", 
and  clerical  work,  ami  incidentally  t<>  discourage 
"shopping.'"  We  also  negotiate  the  sale  of  school 
property. 

A  wide  acquaintance,  and  a  knowledge  of  the 
needs  of  schools  in  various  localities  are  placed  at 
the  disposal  of  school  principals  free. 

WM.     J.     KINSLEY.    Manager 
220  Broadway.  New  York 


/*N^7^ 


Lettering  and  Designing 

E.  L.  BROWN, 
Rockland,      -      Maine. 


number  twcnty=sevcn. 

[See  Heading  on  Page  Seven.] 
We  present  j.  pleasing  and  effective  design 
for  journal  heading.  Roughly  suggest  the 
decorative  matter  and  lettering,  and  be 
sure  to  obtain  the  correct  relative  propor- 
tions before  finishing  in  detail.  The  Sym- 
bols of  art  and  wisdom  add  much  to  the 
value  of  the  design,  aside  from  their  deco- 
rative features.  The  ornaments  are  after 
the  rococo  style,  and-the  detail  must  be  care- 
fully drawn  in  pencil  before  applying  the 
ink.  Observe  the  light  and  shade  values, 
and  use  the  fewest  lines  possible  to  obtain 
the  desired  results.  Pen  work  for  reproduc- 
tion must  contain  strong  lines,  whether  fine 
or  coarse,  in  oider  to  show  up  well  on  the 
plate;  therefore,  avoid  the  use  of  weak,  in- 
distinct lines,  and  make  your  drawings 
about  twice  the  size  of  the  desired  cut. 


CARDS!     CARDS!     CARDS! 
Are    you     in     need    of    any     Cards  ? 

Fancy  written  I  aids.  2  doz.  tor  25c.,  3  doz.  for 35c.  Col- 
ored Cards,  7  colors,  white  ink,  2  doz  25c.  Tinted  Cards, 
black  ink,  2  doz.  for  25c.  Printed  Bird  and  Scroll  Cards, 
9  designs,  12  for  35c.  Nourished  Bird,  Swan  or  Eagle.  1 
for  15c,  2  for  25c.  KHi  Cards  printed  in  Shaded  (lid  Eng- 
lish type.  fiOc.  Specimen  of  Card  Writing,  10c.  Ornamen- 
tal Capitals,  10c. 

PENMEN'S  SUPPLIES 


3  Ply,  Wedding  Bristol,  7i 
6  Ply.  W editing  Bristol,  91 

4  Ply.  Perfection  Bristol.  91 
6  PI) ,  Perfection  Bristol,  >1  I 
4  Ply.  Leader  Bristol,  6t 
3  Ply, Colored  or  Tinted  Bristol.K 

Print*  d  Bird  and  Scroll  Cards,  i 
PKI  good  Envelopes,  15c  2511  s 
50c.  Gillott's  Pens,  No.  1 .  3  doz. 
1  bottle  of  White  Ink  15c.  One  ti 
Agents  wanted,  send  25c.  for  Aj 
orders  promptly  tilled.    Send  for  samples. 

W.  McBEE,  19  Snyder  St.,  Allegheny,  P«. 


12  10 

t3  3M 

2  70 

4  25 

■2  70 

4  25 

3  00 

4  75 

1  65 

2  50 

3  75 

s.  per 

1.000,(3  25 

ting  Paper 

.   H(H 

3  doz.,  20c 

p  White  25c 

ampl 

Book.     All 

ESTERBROOK'S  NEW  PENS  SS 


No.  702 
707 


702     Slightly  EL 


MODIFIED   SLANT   OR 
BfflT  "MEDIAL"    WRITERS. 


707     Elastic 


AMONG  PENMEN  there  is  a  demand  for  a  pen  that  is  adopted  to  the  Modified 
Slant  or  "Medial"  Writing,  to  combine  increased  speed  with  the  legibility  of 
the  Vertical.    To  meet  this  we  present  our  Modified  Slant  Pens.    These  Pens 
are  made  from  the  highest  grade   steel  and  are  finished  with  the  same  care  that 
has  made  Esterbrook  Pens  the  Standard  for  nearly  half  a  century. 

THE    ESTERBROOK     STEEL     PEN     MANUFACTURING     COMPANY, 
26  John  Street,  New  York.  Works,  Camden,  N.  J. 


|  Cfc£v^r£m4*rJ  cm</  72u^-&j4L£srJ  ^v-t&  £6^ru&.  sv^c. 


C%~e-  73^tt4jsnu<4^  £*£tc*t>6l£<rr-   j 


t) \xv  © u&u %eb t&  Selu&Gbtor   ^ 


Commercial  Beograpby    Continued  from 
Page  II. 

slides  can  usually  be  hired  at  a  small 
price  from  dealers  who  keep  them  on 
hand. 

//.  Coins,  etc.  A  collection  of  coins 
and  money  used  by  the  chief  nations 
of  the  world  is  rather  a  curiosity 
than  a  working  specimen  and  is 
expensive.  A  partial  one  of  the  ordi- 
nary cheaper  coins  of  daily  use  would, 
however,  be  of  value  at  times,  and  so 
can  be  included  in  a  library.  The 
editor,  as  before,  wishes  to  say  that 
curiosities  as  such,  have  no  place 
in  this  subject. 

The  information  contained  in  the 
books  named  above  is  not  of  much 
value  unless  it  can  be  easily  obtained. 

To  do  this  a  card  catalogue  of  sub- 
jects is  necessary.  An  author's  cata- 
logue does  not  seem  necessary  in  this 
work  as  it  is  in  most  libraries. 

The  editor's  method  is  as  follows: 
Each  book,  picture,  etc.,  is  cata- 
logued on  a  card  and  filed  under  the 
proper  subject  title.  Any  important 
special  papers  in  the  books,  as  for 
example,  in  the  Year  Books  of  the 
Department  of  Agriculture,  or  in  the 
Census  reports  are  catalogued  on 
separate  cards  and  filed  in  the  sub-, 
ject  catalogue,  with  necessary  cross- 
references.  So  also  with  monthly 
issues  like  the  Consular  Reports 
which  contain  scores  of  valuable 
articles. 

When  a  subject  catalogue  of  this 
kind  is  made,  a  pupil  can  see  in  a 
moment  what  books  or  special 
articles  in  the  school  library  can  help 
him  in  his  particular  subject. 


The  labor  of  making  such  a  sub- 
ject catalogue  is  very  great  and  few 
teachers  can  spare  the  time  to  do  it. 
The  pupils,  however,  can  make  it. 
The  editor  has  plain  paper  cut  into 
the  sizes  of  catalogue  cards.  Upon 
this  paper  the  pupil  writes  the  sub- 
ject title,  the  title  of  the  book  or  clip- 
ping, the  name  of  the  author,  the 
book  from  which  the  article  is  taken, 
etc.  Although  these  cards  are  not 
very  well  written,  the  necessary 
information  is  on  them  and  they  can 
be  filed  in  the  catalogue.  As  soon 
as  convenient  these  notes,  etc.,  are 
to  be  rewritten  upon  ordinary  ruled 
cards,  but  from  the  first  the  data  is 
at  hand.  For  example,  a  Consular 
report  is  received,  containing  many 
valuable  articles.  The  report  is  given 
to  a  pupil  who  writes  out  a  card  for 
each  article,  as  described  above,  so 
that  within  a  day  or  two  the  book 
and  its  contents  is  ready  to  be  con- 
sulted in  the  catalogue. 

In  the  same  way  the  various  speci- 
mens in  the  working  collection  or 
commercial  museum  should  be  cata- 
logued on  cards  and  filed  in  the  sub- 
ject catalogue  under  the  proper  title. 
In  this  way '  the  student,  looking 
up  the  subject  of  Cotton,  finds  the 
books  and  the  specimens  catalogued 
in   the  same  place. 

By  using  cards  of  a  different  color 
the' museum  specimens  will  appear 
at  a  glance.  A  duplicate  catalogue 
of  the  museum  specimens  should  be 
kept  by  itself  in  a  different  box. 
These  cards  should  have  all  neces- 
sary detail,  such  as  date  of  accession 
and  full  description  of  the  specimens. 


A  library  formed  as  above  and 
properly  catalogued  on  cards  will 
give  a  class  all  necessary  sources  of 
knowledge  so  far  as  they  can  be 
found  in  books. 

The  next  issue  of  The  Business 
Educator  will  contain  a  list  of  the 
most  important  books  on  foods,  tex- 
tiles and  building  materials  which 
are  suitable  to  the  teacher  and  stud- 
ent of  Commerce  and  Industry.  A 
catalogue  of  such  books  and  others 
is  being  prepared  by  the  Commerce 
and  Industry  Supply  Co.,  of  Boston, 
and  it  is  hoped  that  it  may  be  put  on 
the  market  in  the  spring. 


Commercial  Caw     Continued  from 
Page  14. 

a  class  by  themselves  and  a  represen- 
tation practically  amounts  to  a  war- 
ranty, and  whoever  makes  a  warranty 
is  bound  to  answer  for  the  truth  of 
his  statement. 

RIGHTS    OF    INJURED    PARTY. 

Two  courses  are  open  to  the  party 
who  has  been  defrauded.  Fraud 
makes  a  contract  voidable  at  the 
option  of  the  injured  party.  He  may 
hold  the  other  party  to  the  contract 
and  sue  for  damages,  or  he  may  re- 
scind the  contract,  and,  if  he  has 
been  induced  by  fraud  to  deliver  pos- 
session of  goods,  he  may  recover 
them  from  the  buyer  by  legal  process. 
If  a  party  defrauded  does  any  act 
inconsistent  with  rescission  of  the 
contract  or  accepts  any  benefits  under 
it  after  he  has  learned  of  the  fraud, 
he  may  lose  his  right  to  rescind. 
So    if    he    delavs    until    the    subject- 


" Never  mind  about  our  figures;  get  our  books— that's  what 
really  cuts  the  figure." 

This  paraphase  of  a  catchy  line  from  a  famous  Boston  printing  house  expresses  exactly  what  we  want  the 
readers  of  this  advertisement  to  demonstrate  for  themselves.  A  close  examination  of  our  books,  or,  better,  the 
use  of  them  for  a  term,  is  the  surest  avenue  to  a  place  on  our  sales  book,  and  that  is  where  we  want  you. 
That  is  why  we  are  paying  for  this  space  every  month.  We  do  not  consider  it  necessary  to  pretend  that  we 
are  in  the  publishing  business  as  a  philanthropy  or  to 

"sing  to  one  sweet  harp  in  divers  tones  " 

that  our  books  are  educational  in  method,  that  they  are  written  in  good  English,  that  they  are  prepared  by 
authors  who  were  specialists,  and  so  on  ad  nauseam.  It  is  not  necessary  for  us  to  resort  to  any  such  cant  as 
this,  for  our  customers  are  intelligent  enough  to  know  whether  our  publications  are  worthily  prepared,  and 
they  are  not  going  to  continue  to  purchase  them  in  tens  of  thousands  unless  they  are  all  that  is  implied  in 
the  word  "educational." 

Just  before  the  preparation  of  this  advertisement,  we  had  an  order  from  A.  P.  Armstrong  the  famous 
pioneer  commercial  school  manager  of  Portland,  Oregon,  for  450  books,  and  in  the  same  mail  an  order  from 
Calcutta,  India,  for  150.     We  are  shipping  books  literally  from 

"Greenland's  icy  mountains  to  India's  coral  strand," 

for  we  have  several  customers  in  Alaska.  South  Africa  is  represented  on  our  books,  and  the  Philippines  duti- 
fully fall  into  line.     You  ought  to  see 

"ANOTHER  YARD  OF  ORDERS." 

It  demonstrates  that  our  constituency  represents  the  cramo  de  la  cramo  of  the  profession.  Tens  of 
thousands  of  our  commercial  text-books  were'  shipped  during  the  past  few  months  to  every  class  of  schools  in 
this  country  that  teach  the  commercial  subjects.  We  send  our  catalogue  and  circulars  on  request.  We  shall 
be  glad  to  hear  from  you. 

THE  PRACTICAL  TEXT  BOOK  COMPANY 

479  EUCLID  AVENUE,  CLEVELAND,  OHIO. 


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matter  of  the  contract  has  gone  into 
the  hands  of  an  innocent  purchaser 
.mi  then  rescind. 
While  the  injured  party  owes  no  duty 
act  promptly  upon 
learning  lud,  it  is  to  his  in- 

to do  so.  The  contract  must 
:  as  a  whole  or  not  at  all. 
Sometimes  where  an  instrument 
has  been  obtained  bv  fraudulent 
means  or  is  withheld  fraudulently, 
on-'  may  brine;  suit  in  equity  to  have 
it  delivered  up  or  canceled. 


Practical  mathematics    Continued 
from  Page  13. 

his  commission  should  be  computed, 
because  it  shows  the  volume  or  busi- 
iriess  transacted  by  him  for  his  prin- 
cipal, and,  in  a  purchase  of  goods, 
the  amount  of  money  which  the  agent 
pays  for  the  goods,  which  is  the  net 
cost  of  the  goods,  is  the  base  upon 
which  his  commission  for  buying 
should  be  computed. 

Comparing  the  terms  used  in  Com- 
mission, with  those  used  in  Percent- 
age, we  have : 

ri  i;>  1  NT  AGE  COMMISSION 

Base equals  Prime      cost,     or 

Gross  Sale  or 
Proceeds. 

Rate "  Rate  of  Commis- 
sion. 

Percentage..  "  Commission  or 
guaranty. 

Amount "       Gross  cost. 

Difference...       "      Net  proceeds. 

With  this  table  of  equivalents,  it  is 
a  very  easy  matter  to  teach  the  sub- 
ject of  Commission,  because  we  have 
the  same  principles  governing  the 
relationship  of  the  terms  in  Commis- 
sion that  we  have  in  Percentage. 

It  might  be  well  in  connection  with 
the  above  comparison,  to  mention 
that  the  prime  cost  and  gross  pro- 
ceeds are  connected  directly  with  the 
agent;  that  is,  they  represent  the 
amount  which  he  pays  for  the  goods 
bought  for  his  principal  or  receives 
for  the  goods  sold  for  his  principal  ; 
and,  contrasted  with  this,  we  have 
gross  cost  and  net  proceeds,  which 
are  connected  directly  with  the  prin- 
cipal, in  this,  that  the  gross  cost 
shows  the  amount  which  the  princi- 
pal pays  for  the  goods  bought,  and 
be  net  proceeds  is  the  amount 
which  the  principal  receives  from  the 
agent  for  the  sale  of   the  goods  sold. 

ILLUSTRATIVE    PROBLEMS 
An  agent   received  $525.00    with    in- 
structions to  invest  the  same  in  wheat 


IF   YOU   WANT   THE 


at  $1.00  per  bushel,  after  deducting 
his  commission  of  5  per  cent,  for  buy- 
ing.    How  many  bushels  did  he  buy  ? 

In  this  problem,  you  will  note  that 
the  $525.00  is  not  the  amount  which 
the  agent  is  to  pay  out  for  wheat  but 
that  it  represents  the  full  cost  to  the 
principal  and  therefore,  is  the  gross 
cost,  and  correspondents  to  the 
amount  in  percentage.  We  then  have 
given  the  amount  and  rate,  to  find 
the  base.  Since  the  base  is  not 
known  we  may  let  100  per  cent,  equal 
it  and,  as  the  commission  is  5  per 
cent,  of  the  base,  then  the  amount  is 
105  per  cent,  of  the  base,  which  is  the 
prime  cost  of  the  wheat.  If  105  per 
cent,  of  the  prime  cost  of  the  wheat 
equals  $525.00,  1  per  cent,  of  the 
prime  cost  equals  1/105  of  $525.00  or 
$5.00,  and  if  1  per  cent,  of  the  prime 
cost  equals  $5.00,  100  per  cent,  of  the 
prime  cost  must  equal  100  times  $5.00 
or  $500.00,  the  prime  cost  of  the 
wheat. 

If  one  bushel  of  wheat  costs  $1.00, 
as  many  bushels  can  be  bought  for 
$500.00,  as  $1.00  is  contained  times  in 
$500,00  or  500  bushels. 

We  may  explain  the  problem  as 
follows  : 

The  agent  has  $525.00  to  invest  in 
wheat  after  deducting  his  commis- 
sion. 

For  each  dollar  that  he  invests  in 
wheat,  he  is  to  receive  5  cents  as  his 
commission.  Therefore,  every  time 
he  buys  a  dollar's  worth  of  wheat  he 
takes  out  of  the  pile  of  money  $1.05, 
and  if  there  are  in  the  pile  of  money, 
$525.00,  the  agent  can  buy  as  many 
dollars'   worth    of   wheat    as  $1.05  is 


contained  times  into  $525.00,  or  $500 
worth.  Hence,  he  can  buy  500  bushels 
at  $1.00  per  bushel. 

MISCELLANEOUS    PROBLEMS   FOR    CLASS 


1.  An  agent  sold  cotton-seed  oil  at 

4  per  cent,  commission  and  invested 
the  net  proceeds  in  sugar,  after  de- 
ducting his  commission  of  3  per  cent, 
for  buying. 

If  the  gross  cost  of  the  sugar  was 
$1,256.60,  what  was  the  prime  cost  of 
the  sugar,  the  gross  proceeds  of  the 
sale  of  cotton,  and  the  total  commis- 
sion ? 

2.  An  agent  collected  75  per  cent, 
of  a  debt  of  $600.00. 

If  his  commission   for  collecting  is 

5  per  cent.,  what   is  the  commission? 

3.  An  agent  received  $650.00  to  in- 
vest in  coffee,  after  deducting  his 
commission  of  5  per  cent.,  drayage 
$5.00,  and  other  expenses  $15.00;  how 
many  pounds  of  coffee  did  he  buy  at 
20  cents  per  pound  ? 

4.  An  agent  sold  a  consignment  of 
wheat  at  4  per  cent,  commission,  and 
invested  the  net  proceeds  in  tea,  after 
deducting  his  commission  of  3  per 
cent,  for  buying. 

If  his  total  commission  was  $245.00, 
what  was  the  selling  price  of  the 
wheat  and  the  prime  cost  of  the  tea? 

5.  An  agent  sold  flour  at  5  per 
cent,  commission  and  invested  s  of 
its  value  in  bacon  at  4  per  cent,  com- 
mission. 

If  his  total  commission  was  $69.00, 
what  was  the  selling  price  of  the 
flour  and  the  prime  cost  of  the  bacon  ? 


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to.  2     One   of   America's   foremost  penmen;  high   and  commercial 
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of  teachers  or  positions.  Our  work  is  confidential  so  far  as 
thai  may  he  desired.  File  your  application  now  for  either  a 
teacher  or  a  position. 

THE  NATIONAL  COMMERCIAL  TEACHERS'  AGENCY 
E.  E.  Gaylord.  Manager.  Prospect  Hill,  Beverly,  Mass. 


There  can  be  but  one  BEST.     You  want  it. 
Who  are  the  Best  Reporters  in  the  United  States? 
What  System  of  Shorthand  do  they  write  ? 


orthand  now,  I  would  get  Be 
>ks    and    follow    them.  — Dennis 
United  States  Senate 


Pit- 


lf  I  were  starting  to  lean 
man's  Manual,  and  other 
Mi'RPHY,  Late  Official  Repor 

In  mv  career  as  an  official  reporter  of  the  senate,  now  covering 
thirty  three  years.  I  have  become  familiar  with  the  capabilities  and 
shortcomings  of  numerous  systems,  and  I  am  more  than  ever  con- 
firmed in  the  belief  that  Pitman's  phonography,  with  its  phonic  basis 
and  its  philosophic  strokes  and  curves,  dots  and  dashes,  is  as  well 
established  in  our  language  as  are  the  script  forms  for  longhand  ; 
and  deservedly  so,  for  it  has  stood  the  test  of  time  and  experience— a 
test  which  seems  to  doom  every  other  invention  of  rapid  writing.— 
Theo.  F.  Shuey,  Official  Reporter,  United  States  Senate. 

What  a  tremendous  stride  it  would  be  in  the  advancement  of  our 
art  if  there  could  be  universally  adopted  by  shorthand  writers  (with 
such  modifications,  of  course,  as  long  practical  experience  may  have 
shown  to  be  wise  and  judicious)  the  standard  for  which  you  have  bat- 
tled so  long,  so  ably,  and  so  consistently— a  standard  which  has  been 
demonstrated  by  a'long  line  of  eminent  practitioners  tio  be  equal  to 
the  greatest  demands  upon  reportorial  skill.— Edward  V.  Murphy, 
Official  Reporter,  United  States  Senate,  in  a  letter  to  Benn  Pitman 
and  Jerome  B.  Howard. 

The  "system"  written  by  myself  is  substantially  that  known  as 
the  "Benn* Pitman",  which,  during  years  of  professional  practice,  I 
have  found  admirably  adapted  to  reporting  uses. -David  Wolfe 
Brown,  Official  Reporter,  U.S.  House  of  Representatives. 

We  use  Benn  Pitman's  system  of  shorthand.  I  found  it  the  easi- 
est system  to  learn,  and  when  learned,  the  most  legible.  The  facility 
with  which  Benn  Pitman's  system  may  be  learned  and  used  renders 
it,  in  my  judgment,  tuperior  to  all  others.— George  C.  Holland, 
Official  Reporter  of  the  Canadian  Senate. 


Where  are  the  verbatim  reporters  who  use  the  "  easy," 
"joined-vowel,"  "  ligfht-iine,*'  "  single-slant  "  systems  ? 
The  Benn  Pitman  System  is  published  by 

The  Phonographic  Institute  Co., 

BENN  PITMAN,  President  rinrinnflti    flhin 

JEROME  B.  HOWARD,  Manager  ClllWIlIldU,  UU1U 


GAe  Williams  <&  Rogers 
Commercial  Publications 

are  better  adapted  for  commercial  schools  and  commercial 
departments  of  high  schools  than  any  other  text-books.  Their 
popularity  and  success  have  been  entirely   without  precedent. 


A  complete  descriptive  catalogue  will  be  mailed  on  request. 

AMERICAN   BOOK  COMPANY 

NEW  YORK  3?  CINCINNATI  3?  CHICAGO 


[  Cfa<v&r£c<iLzsrt  ez^z^c/  ~£tcd~&dshzsrd  ^4*<&  t^a^n^  /tf€n.c  t 


<^%-A  7^ct^4yrt^^^<^^^><!l^^7'   I 


fJhQ&hi*iiwz*CdA*ov\&L>r   #> 


About  two 
years  ago 
we  issued 
a  closely 
printed  list— 
ONE  YARD 
IN  LENGTH— 
of  the  schools 
that  had 
adopted 
GREGG 
SHORTHAND. 
A  few 
months  ago 
we  published 
"TWO  YARDS 
OF  SCHOOLS." 
Our 

" THREE 
YARDS  "is  now 
in  the 

printers'  hands. 
This  tells 
the  story. 


Gre&ik  Shorthand 


Is  today  taught  in  more  public  and  private  schools  than  any  other  three  systems 
combined ;  it  is  equipping:  the  stenographers  of  today  to  successfully  cope  with  the 
ever  increasing  demands  put  upon  them  by  modern  business  and  profesional  needs. 


Because — 

Gregg  Shorthand  is  easy  to  learn  ;  it  is  serving  the  best  interests  of  mankind  by  reaching  and 
benefiting  the  largest  number. 

Because — 

Gregg  Shorthand  is  a  positionless  system  ;  its  writers  are  freed  from  one  of  the  most  useless 
and  perplexing  principles  ever  introduced  into  a  shorthand  method. 

Because — 

Gregg  Shorthand  is  a  shadeless  system  ;  writers  of  it  are  brought  out  of  the  shadow  of  dark- 
ness and  despair  into  the  sunlight  of  modern  achievement. 

Because — 

Gregg  Shorthand  requires  no  useless  study  ;  its  writers  are  able   to   out-distance    writers   of 
other  systems  in  point  of  time  of  learning  and  practical  results  accomplished. 
Because  — 

Achievements  of  today,  not  deeds  of  the  past,  have   awakened   enthusiasm   in   young   men 
seeking  reportorial  skill  ;  Mr.  Raymond  P.  Kelley,  a  writer  of  Gregg  Shorthand,  attained  a  speed 
of  235  words  a  minute  in  a  public  test.     Mr.  Kelley  is  a  mere  stripling  in  shorthand  experience — 
a  young  man  22  years  old — and  his  record  is  the  highest  ever  achieved  by  anyone  so  young. 
And — 

Because  of  the  wonderful  adaptability  of  Gregg  Shorthand  to  the  highest  class  of  reporting, 
it  is  receiving  such  endorsements  as  these  : 

COURT  REPORTING. 

"  I  have  been  using  Gregg  Shorthand  in  my  official  capacity  as  reporter  of  the  several  courts  of 
Venango  County.  Pennsylvania,  for  almost  three  years.  The  system  is  amply  equal  to  the  demands 
of  my  office,  and  I  have  no  hesitation  in  recommending  it.  I  am  able  to  do  all  that  Fitmanic  writers 
are,  and  can  read  my  notes  more  readily  than  any  writer  of  other  systems  I  have  known."  — H.  B. 
Bennett,  Franklin,  Pa.,  Official  reporter  of  the  28th  Judicial  District  of  Pennsylvania. 

MEDICAL  REPORTING. 
Extract  from  a  letter  from  Dr.  Wilson  A.  Smith,  Recording  Secretary  American  Institute  of 
Homreopathy,  in  regard  to  work  of  a  Gregg  writer — 22  years  of  age — as  reporter  of  a  medical 
convention  : 

"This  was  Mr.  Niklaus's  first  attempt,  and  while  I  will  not  say  that  he  did  any  hetter  than  the 
other  three— one  had  twenty  years'  experience  in  this  line,  one  had  many  years'  experience,  and  an- 
other had  been  doing  medical  reporting  for  several  years— yet  I  can  truthfully  say  he  was  exceeded 
by  none.  His  transcript  was  of  such  a  high  character  that  of  all  returned,  his  had  the  fewest  correct- 
ions. When  you  take  into  consideration  that  a  good  convention  reporter  should  have  at  least  ten 
years'  experience  in  old-line  shorthand  to  undertake  convention  work  of  this  kind,  then  recall  the 
fact  that  Mr.  Niklaus  had  but  five  years'  experience  altogether,  that  it  was  his  first  attempt,  and  that 
he  had  no  knowledge  of  medicine,  I  have  no  hesitation  in  affirming  that  there  is  but  one  system  of 
shorthand  which  meets  the  difficulties  of  technical  reporting,  and  that  one  is  ORKor;  Shorthand." 


These  are  some  of  the  reasons  why  Gregg  Shorthand  is  used  by  the  BEST  schools 
in  America  today— the  schools  that  are  equipping  young  men  and  women,  not  to 
do  business  at  the  «  Old  Stand  "  but  at  the  new  one,  where  skill  and  speed  and 
ACCURACY  are  indispensable. 

There  are  other  reasons  which  we  should   like  to  submit  to  your  consideration — a  postal  will 
bring  full  particulars.     If  you  are  a  teacher  ask  for 

"  A  TALK  TO  TEACHERS." 


The 

Gregg  Publishing  Company 

CHICAGO 


J  Cji£i*^r£ctL£^rf  a^z*/  l^t^-^c^L^rd  -*4*t^£  £6*c&-risfe  spine,  fzrr  sm^n^Ci-a-rz^sn^  C??L4.  TUcisUsn^d^s <  £^c£oc*>cis£<r-r-  I 


*Jkc&u,;>lrw:>u£d^&u?toF   & 


A  PHENOMENAL  SUCCESS 

A  Practical  Course  in  Touch  Typewriting 

A  Scienlific   Method  of    Mastering    Keyboard    by  the  Sense  of  Touch. 
BY    CHARLES    E.    SMIXH. 


SPECIAL    FEATVRES 


An  Invariable  System  of  Fingering. 

Exercises  Arranged  Along  the  Line  of  Least  Resistance 
Gives  Absolute  Command  of  Every  Key 

Charts  and  Diagrams  in  Five    Colors 
Words  Not  Arranged  in  the  Hackneyed   Alphabetical  Order 
Printed  From  Bold,   Clear  Type  Newly  Cast 


What  A  Practical  Teacher-  Says: 


"It  is  the  best  that  I  have  ever  seen.  I  have  been  favored  in  having  an  opportunity  of  testing 
it  in  class  work  before  actual  publication,  and  the  results  have  been  highly  gratifying,  nor  to  say 
surprising.  A  close  examination  will  reveal  the  wonderfully  painstaking  work  in  the  selection  of 
the  practice  material.  There  is  no  waste  of  energy  on  the  part  of  the  pupil  or  teacher;  every  exer- 
cise and  every  word  has  a  specific  purpose,  and  the  learner  is  conducted  by  the  shortest  and  most 
expeditious  route  possible,  to  a  high  standard  of  proficiency.  As  is  aptly  stated,  the  system  is 
planned  entirely  along  the.  line  of  least  resistance.  The  unique  arrangement  of  the  lessons 
enables  a  teacher  to  handle  ab«ut  twice  the  number  of  pupils  and  with  far  more  satisfactory  results. 
The  work,  both  in  the  inherent  excellence  of  its  contents,  and  the  general  typographical  make-up 
is  a  great  credit  and  is  quite  on  a  par  with  all  the  other  Isaac  Pitman  texts.  It  is  impossible  to 
expatiate,  too  forcibly  on  the.  merits  of  this  work,  and  I  predict  for  it  a  very  wide  adoption." 

A.  M.  KENNEDY,  Central  Business  College  of  Toronto,  Limited,  Toronto,  Ont. 


11  inches.    Pr 


50  cents.    Sample  copy  to  Teachers  and  Schools,  postpaid,  on 
Published  for  Single  or  Double  Keyboard  Machines. 


^eipt  of  37  cents 


ISAAC  PITMAN'S  SHORTHAND 

EXCLUSIVELY    ADOPTED 

For  the  Elementary  and  High  Schools  of  Greater  New  York 


ISAAC  PITMAN'S 

jNsmucroR 


ISAAC  PITMAN'S  SHORTHAND 
INSTRUCTOR.-  Revised  Twentie- 
th Century  edition.  Used  in  the 
New  York  High  School  of  Com- 
merce. Brooklyn  Commercial 
High  School,  and  Girls'  Technic- 
al High  School,  etc.  This  work 
is  a  new  presentation  of  the  sys- 
tem based  on  the  accumulated 
experience  of  the  past  sixty 
years,  and  includes  many  valu- 
able improvements  which  ap- 
pear for  the  first  time.  Cloth, 
gilt,  276  pages,      .        .       .       $1.50 


TWENTIETH  CENTURY  DICTATION  BOOK  AND  LEGAL  FORMS 

—Third  Edition.  A  collection  of  genuine  business  letters, 
in  ordinary  type,  covering  fifty  lines  of  business;  Legal 
Forms,  and  a  judicious  selection  of  practice-matter.  Chap- 
ters on  Spelling,  Punctuation,  Capitalization,  etc.  Pro- 
gressive schools  everywhere  are  adopting  this  work.  272 
pages,  boards  and  cloth  back,  75c;   cloth,         .         .         $1.00 


ISAAC  PITMAN'S  SHORTHAND  DICTIONARY.- Shorthand 
Outlines  of  over  61,000  words  with  Type  Key.  Also  a 
complete  list  of  Grammalogues  and  Contracted  Words. 
20th  Century  (Eighth)  Edition.    312  pages,  cloth,  gilt  -$1.50 


SEND  FOR  SAMPLE  COPY  OF  "PITMAN'S  SHORTHAND  WEEKLY"  AND  "REASONS  WHY. 


ISAAC    PITMAN   (&L  SONS,    Publishers, 


31    Vnion    Square    West, 


NEW    YORK. 


Owing  to  tit,-  exclusive  adoption  of  the  Isaac  Pitman  Shorthand  bv  tin-    Elementary  and  High  Schools 
of  Greater  Xew  York,  there  is  a  great  demand  for  first-class   Isaac    Pitman     teacliers. 


\   <5£zW^z5e^sW  q^n-c/  72t±>£-£e^i^?Tf  ~usi&  A«^4:yra.^r, 


0%&  7^od>csn^4*4  <E^e£i*^>ez£<?-r~.    I 


6USINESSMMT0R 


Pf^^R^fe^i 


DEVOTED    TO     THE    INTERESTS    OF    BUSINESS    EDUCATION    AND    PENMANSHIP 


Vol.   IX.     No.   6. 


COLUMBUS,  0.,   FEBRUARY.    1904. 


THE  BUSINESS  EDUCATOR. 

Entered  at  Columbus,  Ohio,  Post  Office  as  Second 
Class  Matter. 

Published  Monthly  (Except  July  and  August),  by 
Zaner  &  Bloser,  118  North  High  St.,  Columbus.  O., 
at  $1.(10  a  Year      Foreign  Subscriptions,  30c.  extra. 


Editor 
-  Associate  Editor 
Business  Manager 
o  Zaner  &  Bloser, 
ting  to  the  depart- 
[r.  Gaylord. 


C.  P.  Zaner,  Columbus,  O. 
!  i  G  .  ■  ■  d,  Beverly,  Mass. 
E.  W.  BLOSER,  Columbus,  O.  - 
Vddress  all  communications 
Columbus,  O.,  except  those  rel; 
ments,  which  should  be  sent  to 


Change  of  Address.  If  you  change  your 
dress,  be  sure  to  notify  us  promptly  (in  advanc 
possible),  and  be  careful  to  give  the  old  as  we 
the  new  address.  We  lose  many  papers  each  i 
through  negligence  on  the  part  of  subscribers. 

Back  Numbers  cannot,  as  a  rule,  be  supplied. 

Postmasters  are  not  allowed  to  forward  joui 
unless  postage  is  sent  to  them  for  that  purpose. 


The  Business  Educator  is  devoted  to  the  pro- 
gressive, and  practical  interests  of  Business  Educa- 
tion and  Penmanship.  A  journal  whose  mission  is 
to  dignify,  popularize,  and  improve  the  world's  new- 
est and  neediest  education  It  purposes  to  inspire 
and  instruct,  both  pupil  and  teacher,  and  to  further 
the  interests  of  those  engaged  in  the  work,  in  pri- 
vate, as  well  *s  in  public,  institutions  of  business 
education.  Your  co-operation  will  strengthen  us  in 
our  endeavor  and  thus  help  you  and  the  cause  we 
love  and  believe  in.  Good  penmanship,  aside  from 
a  good  character,  being  the  best  passport  to  a  good 
position,  is  given  the  space  and  attention  it  deserves. 


Rates  to  A§enrs  and  Club  Raisers  sent  up- 
on application.  Be  sure  to  write  for  them,  whether 
you  are  in  a  position  to  send  few  or  many  subscrip- 
tions. Sample  copies  furnished  to  secure  sub- 
scriptions. 

Considering  the  fact  that  we  issue  no  incomplete 
or  cheap  editions;  that  our  journal  is  high-grade  in 
every  particular;  that  progressive,  practical  lessons 
in  penmanship  are  a  distinctive  feature  of  the  mag- 
azine; that  departments  of  interest  and  helpfulness 
to  students  and  teachers  in  subjects  relating  to 
I  ducation  are  found  only  in  the  Business 
Edi  ■  ATOR^you  will  readily  see  that  the  Business 
is  not  only  the  best  but  the  cheapest,  when 
quality,  character,  and  quantity  are  considered. 


Advertising  Rates  furnished  upon  application. 
The  Business  Educator  being  the  highest  grade 
journal  of  its  class,   is  purchased  and  read   by  the 

Lligent  and  well-to-do  among  those  inter- 
ested in  business  education  and  penmanship,  in  the 
United  States,  Canada,  England,  and  nearly  every 
country  on  the  globe.    It  circulates,  not  alone  among 

college  proprietors,  teachers,  and  pupils, 
but  also  among  principals  of  commercial  depart- 
ments of  High  Schools,  Colleges  and  Religious 
Schools,  as  well  as  among  office  worker-,  home 
students,  etc.     It  is  pros  ;rved  as  is  no  other  journal, 

of  its  beauty,  practicality,  timeliness  and 
progressiveness.  Our  subscription  list  is  rapidly 
increasing,  though  our  advertising  rates,  for  the 
i  ire  not  nearly  so   high   as   those   of   other 

journals  not  nearly  so  widely  read  among  school 
officials.  It  you  want  to  get  in  on  the  ground  floor, 
apply  for  rates  early.  No  similar  journal  ever  in- 
Ci  d    in    substantial    advertising    patronage    so 

rapidly  as  The  Business  Educator, 


The  Cincinnati  Convention 


eighth  Annual  meeting 

OF    THE 

national  Commercial  Ceachers*  Federation 

CINCINNATI,  OHIO,  DECEMBER  28,  29,  30,  31,  1903 

held  in  Bartlett  Commercial  College 


Officers  for  1904. 

Officers  of  the  Seneral  federation. 

President,  R.  C.  Spencer,  Milwaukee,  Wis. 
Vice-President,  C.  P.  Zaner,  Columbus,  Ohio. 
Secretary,  J.  C.  Walker,  Detroit,  Mich. 
Treasurer,  D.  D.  Mueller,  Cincinnati,  Ohio. 


Officers  of  the  Private  School  managers' 

Association. 

President,  Enos  Spencer,  Louisville,  Ky. 
Vice-President,  D.  I.  Rowe,  Milwaukee.  Wis. 
Secretary, T.  W.Bookmyer,  Sandusky,  Chio. 
f  J.  G.  Dunsmore,  Staunton,  Va. 
Executive   I   j  A.  Taylor,  Springfield,  Mo. 
Committee  I   J  *.      " 

J.  A.  Lyons,  Chicago,  111. 

Officers    of   the  Penmanship  Ceachers* 
Association. 


Hi 


i,  Worcester,  Mass. 
Hostetler,     South 


President,  A.  H 
Vice-President, 

Bend,  Ind. 
Secretary,  W.  LeRoy  Brown,  Cleveland,  O. 

I   W.  F.  Giesseman,  Des  Moines, 

|         la. 
Executive    !   C.  A.  Faust,  Chicago,  111. 
Committee  . 

|    T.  K.  Renshaw,   Philadelphia, 
'      Pa. 


Officers  of  the  Business  Ceachers' 
Association. 

President,  A.  F.  Harvey,  Waterloo,  la. 
Vice  President,  W.  E.  White,  Quincy,  111. 
Secretary,  W.  S.  Ashby,  Bowling  Green.  Ky. 

f  B.  F.  Williams,  Des  Moines,  la. 
Comi'n'ittee      L'  L'  Tucker'  Alliance.  I  Ihio. 

i  E.  E.  Gaylord.  Beverly,  Mass. 

Officers  of  the  Shorthand  Ceachers' 
Association. 

President,  W.  O.  Davis,  Erie.  Pa. 
Vice-President,   II.  L.   Andrews.  Pittsburg, 

Pa. 
Secretary,  W.  I.  Tinus,  Chicago,  111. 

|   R.  A.  Grant,  Rockford.  111. 

„  ..         I    I.  L.  Harmon,  Bowling  Green, 

Executive       J     K 
Committee,  -  ' 

|  J.  Annie  Jones,  Xew    Albany, 

I         Ind. 


Chicago  Business  College,  Chicago,  HI.,  place  of  neat  meeting. 


Vi.tf      In  order  to  avoid  delay  in  getting  this  number  into  the  hands  of  our   readers 

•N"^',v  -,, u] I  to  nreten a  cumbersome  enlargement  of  this  number,  it  has  been  thought 

KTto "mi the  departments 'of  Law.  t.ffice  Training.  Commercial  Geography    Aritlm.et.c 

ami  En  J    sh.    These  will  appear  in  the  March  and  subsequent  numbers.    Mr.  W.  1    Staley, 

latent  Oregon,  will   have/an  exceptionally _  i^erestang  artxele  on  T^rcommun  cat,on 


of  propriety  to  say  tlu 

contributions  have  mad"  a  fascinatbi'gVubie^tlhat'to"  many'had  appeared  an  insurmount, 

aWeSaP?re^U^ 

still  tocome/  We  shall  therefore  strive  earnestly  to  justify  your  fuitl.er  confidence.     Eps 


£n^e@u^in?e^£d**&a»toF  & 


With  carnations  exhaling  fragrance, 
roses  nodding  in  beauty,  and  violets 
dimpling  invitingly— in  the  hothouses 
—  the  <  lueeii  City  of  the  Ohio,  ermine- 
clad,  welcomed  to  her  hospitality, 
holiday  week,  nearly  two  hundred 
men  and  women  deeply  interested  in 
commercial  education.  President  C. 
M.  Bartlett  and  Principal  D.  D. 
Mueller,  of  the  Bartlett  Business  Col- 
met  every  possible  demand  that 
could  have  been  made  on  the  execu- 
tive ability,  tart,  and  generosity  of  a 
host.  The  only  fault  that  could  have 
been  found  — if  any— was  in  the  very 
lavishness  of  the  entertainment.  As 
always,  the  Executive  Committee  pre- 
pared a  fuller  program  than  it  was 
possible  to  carry  out,  and  this, 
coupled  with  the  delightful  social  en- 
tertainment each  evening,  made  it 
hard  to  dispatch  events  on  schedule 
time. 

Apathy  and  light  attendance  ruled 
in  the  Business  Teachers'  section  at 
the  beginning  of  the  meeting,  and  it 
did  not  at  any  time  exhibit  the  life 
and  interest  that  ought  to  character- 
ize this  body,  though  Vice  President 
Harvey,  who  presided,  did  his  part 
effectively.  A  good  degree  of  interest 
was  manifested  in  the  Penmanship 
Teachers'  section,  where  President 
Lister  won  new  laurels.  The  Busi- 
ness Managers'  section  was  a  sort  of 
bear  garden  most  of  the  time,  with 
fair  attendance.  The  Shorthand 
Teachers'  section  was  probably 
larger  than  any  two  of  the  others, 
and  in  it  centered  most  of  the  inter- 
est of  the  visiting  delegates.  Presi- 
dent Piatt  proved  to  be  a  ready,  firm, 
and  altogether  satisfactory  presid- 
ingotficer. 

The  various  Executive  Committees 
placed  on  their  programs  not  a  few 
names  of  teachers  who  were  not  con- 
sulted beforehand,  and  a  considera- 
ble number  of  those  who  had  planned 
to  be  present  to  take  the  part 
assigned  to  them  were  absent. 

The  venerable  shorthand  author, 
Benn  Pitman,  was  easily  the  foremost 
figure  of  the  convention.  It  was  little 
short  of  marvelous  to  see  this  sil- 
octogenarian  actively  engaged 
in  discussing  all  phases  of  commer- 
cial education,  being  on  the  program, 
indeed,  for  three  addresses  in  one 
day. 


Second  in  popularity  and  interest 
was  "  The  Grand  Old  Man"  of  our 
profession,  Uncle  Robert  C.  Spencer, 
of  Milwaukee.  Mr.  Spencer  is  loved 
and  honored  by  everybody,  and  to 
see  his  intelligent  activity  in  these 
meetings,  at  seventy-six  years  of 
youth,  should  inspire  every  ambitious 
teacher  to  attend  these  gatherings. 

federation  meetings. 

MONDAY  EVENINCi. 

With  the  skill  of  the  crayon  artist, 
A.  H.  Hinman,  covering  the  black- 
boards, and  amid  the  cozy  warmth 
and  light  and  the  attractive  furnish- 
ings of  a  spacious  suite  of  rooms, 
Principal  C.  M.  Bartlett,  after  music 
by  the  orchestra,  welcomed  an  aud- 
ience of  about  one  hundred  and  fifty 
persons  to  the  hospitality  of  his  up- 
to-date  school,  at  the  opening  session 
of  the  eighth  annual  convention  of 
the  National  Commercial  Teachers' 
Federation.  The  Executive  Commit- 
tee had  elected  J.  A.  Lyons  to  preside 
during  the  week,  in  the  absence  of 
the  regular  president  and  the  vice- 
president  of  the  Federation.  Mr. 
Lyons  introduced  Lieutenant-Gover- 
nor Gordon,  of  the  State  of  Ohio,  who 


happily  seconded  Mr.  Bartlett's  ad- 
dress. H.  M.  Rowe  responded,  sur- 
prising even  his  closest  friends  by 
his  ready  wit  and  exceptionally  clever 
rendering  of  several  good  dialect 
stories. 

Mr.  Lyons  then  delivered  one  of  the 
most  thoughtful  and  forceful  ad- 
dresses that  we  have  ever  heard  from 
a  commercial  teacher.  It  showed 
unusual  familiarity  with  the  best 
pedagogical  thought  of  the  day,  and 
in  its  close  reasoning  and  vigorous 
English  was  a  contribution  to  the  lit- 
erature of  commercial  education  that 
ought  to  be  read  earnestly  by  every 
commercial  teacher.  We  shall  not 
publish  it  in  full,  because  it  and  all 
other  proceedings  will  appear  in  the 
verbatim  report  which  is  to  be  issued. 
However,  Mr.  Lyons  dwelt  with  spec- 
ial emphasis  on  the  need  of  good 
teachers  ;  on  the  cardinal  principle  of 
all  good  teaching,  viz.  :  the  arousing 
of  interest  among  his  pupils,  the 
wakening  of  mind  ;  on  the  import- 
ance of  the  thorough  teaching  of  Eng- 
lish, longer  courses,  and  better 
material  on  which  to  work.  He 
pointed  out  the  value  of  the  manual 
element  in  commercial  subjects  as  a 
lever  that  commercial  teachers  have 
to  arouse  interest  in  their  subjects, 
and  warned  such  teachers  against 
boasting  overmuch  of  their  own  im- 
portance in  having  stirred  to  action 
the  latent  power  of  indifferent  pupils. 
He  referred  to  the  custom  of  Marshall, 
Field  &  Co.,  who  pay  one  dollar  for 
each  mistake  in  their  correspondence 
pointed  out  to  them  by  any  of  their 
employes,  and  to  the  recent  engage- 
ment of  a  high-priced  teacher  of 
English  and  writer  of  advertisements 
to  teach  business  English  to  the  great 
force  of  employes  in  the  offices  of 
Montgomery,  Ward  &  Co  ,  probably 
the  greatest  mail-order  house  in  the 
world.  Altogether,  Mr.  Lyons  made 
a  splendid  plea  for  more  attention  to 
what  we  have  held  as  peculiarly  the 
fundamental  commercial  subject. 

After  the  conclusion  of  Mr.  Lyons' 
address,  the  audience  was  dismissed, 
though  many  lingered  for  the  little 
chats  that  are  the  most  delightful 
feature  of  any  convention.  Indeed, 
this  element  of  the  evening's  enjoy- 
ment was  continued  till  a  late  hour, 
at  the  Burnet  House. 


C.  M.   BAH  i  ill  i  .  The  Host. 

ft 


J.  A.    LYONS,  Chairman. 


D.  D.  MUELLER,  Assistant  Host. 


federation  Favorites,  famous  for  Fun,  Uersatility  and  flourishes. 


"  1'NCLE  KOBERT. 


TUESDAY  AFTERNOON. 

This  meeting  was  called  for  one 
o'clock,  but  few  were  on  hand  at  the 
appointed  time.  Those  who  were  not 
present  missed  very  entertaining  ad- 
dresses by  prominent  Cincinnati  bus- 
iness men.  Following  these  addresses 
came  the  exposition  of  Mr.  Rowe's 
plan  for  federating  commercial 
schools.  The  well-known  author  and 
publisher  was  listened  to  with  deep  in- 
terest, and  he  responded  to  questions 
with  readiness.  It  was  voted  to  carry 
the  discussion  over  until  Wednes- 
day, but  the  outcome  of  that  discus- 
sion was  that  the  Committee  which 
was  appointed  by  the  Business  Mana- 
gers, and  which  consisted  thus  far  of 
Mr.  Rowe,  was  empowered  by  the 
Federation— as  it  has  been  by  the 
Business  Managers— to  take  the  nec- 
essary steps  for  incorporating  the 
"American  Institution  of  Commercial 
Schools." 

The  last  number  on  the  program 
was  an  exhibition  of  blackboard  work 
by  A.  H.  Hinman,  which  was  greatly 
enjoyed  by  everyone  present.  Mr. 
Hinman  is  as  much  a  credit  to  his 
famous  instructor,  John  D.  Williams, 
as  F.  B.  Courtney  is  a  credit  to  his 
instructor,  Mr.  Hinman.  Probably 
there  is  not  in  this  country  today 
anyone  who  can  equal  Mr.  Hinman  in 
his  particular  style  of  blackboard 
work.  It  has  come  to  be  a  feature  of 
every  large  gathering  of  commercial 
teachers. 

TUESDAY    EVENING. 

The  complimentary  reception,  en- 
tertainment, luncheon  and  dance 
fiven  at  the  headquarters  hotel, 
uesday  evening,  was  a  most  enjoya- 
ble variation  from  the  order  of  even- 
ing entertainments  hitherto  followed. 
At  least  two  hundred  persons  assem- 
bled in  the  parlors  and  halls  of  the 
Burnet  House  in  the  late  evening, 
and,  after  informal  greetings,  were 
ushered  to  the  large  dining  hall  of 
the  hotel,  where  Professor  Montaville 
Flowers  gave  a  reading  from  Dickens' 
Christmas  Carol,  which  was  an  artis- 
tic and  educational  treat.  It  was  de- 
lightfully free  from  the  nerve-racking 
gymnastic  contortions  which  one  so 
often  fears  when  looking  forward  to 
a  professional  elocutionary  entertain- 
ment. 

After  the  reading,  the  floor  was 
cleared  while  the  guests  partook  of  a 
buffet   lunch   in   the   hotel  ordinary, 


Benn  Pit?ian. 


and  then  the  disciples  of  Terpischore 
hastened  to  the  improvised  ball  room, 
where  for  an  hour  and  a  half  they 
thoroughly  enjoyed  themselves.  Per- 
haps the'  funniest  feature  of  the 
dance  was  the  vision  of  Robert  C. 
Spencer,  with  a  partner  whose  em- 
bonpoint is  quite  as  conspicuous  as 
his  own,  waltzing  across  the  floor  as 
gaily  as  though  his  seventy-six  sum- 
mers were  no  more  than  seventeen. 
All  voted  the  evening  a  most  enjoy- 
able one,  though  all  were  glad  to 
retire  to  rest. 

WEDNESDAY  AFTERNOON. 

So  much  emphasis  had  been  placed, 
in  previous  advertising,  on  the  at- 
tractiveness of  the  Art  Museum,  the 
Rookwood  Pottery  and  the  residence 
part  of  the  city,  that  those  who  had 
to  leave  the  city  early  on  Thursday— 
and  that  meant  the  majority  of  the 
members  — decided  to  make  their 
pilgrimages  Wednesday  afternoon. 
Therefore  a  comparatively  small 
number  assembled  late  Wednesday 
afternoon  to  listen  to  the  program. 
Mr.  Palmer  begged  off,  on  account  of 
the  lateness  of  the  hour,  and  his 
desire  to  "  join  the  crowd  "  going  to 
see  the  sights.  Mr.  Pitman  read  an 
interesting    and     instructive    paper, 

WM.  J.  Ml'XSTEB. 


A.  H.  HINMAN. 


and  Mr.  Munster,  a  public  accountant 
of  Cincinnati,  followed  with  a  care- 
fully prepared  address  on  "The  De- 
fects and  Deficiencies  of  the  Average 
Bookkeeper."  Unlike  many  other  men 
of  his  vocation  Mr.  Munster  did  not 
feel  called  to  ridicule  the  work  done 
by  commercial  schools,  but  he  did 
point  out  in  a  practical  way  many 
things  that  need  to  be  done  in  the 
training  of  efficient  bookkeepers. 
The  discussion  that  followed  Mr. 
Munster's  paper  was  devoted  to  Mr. 
Rowe's  paper  read  Tuesday  after- 
noon. 

WEDNESDAY    EVENING. 

Probably  more  real  enjoyment  was 
obtained  by  the  various  visiting 
teachers  Wednesday  evening  than 
during  any  other  part  of  the  conven- 
tion. Mr. "J.  E.  Neahr,  representing 
the  Underwood  Typewriter  Company, 
had  arranged  a  complimentary  thea- 
ter party  for  the  members  of  the  Fed- 
eration,having  reserved  the  first  floor 
of  the  Columbia  Theater,  a  high-class 
vaudeville  play-house.  The  enter- 
tainment was  in  perfect  taste,  and  of 
a  grade  worthy  to  rank  with  the  best 
to  be  seen  at  Keith's  in  Boston  or 
New  York,  or  at  the  Olympic  in  Chi- 
cago. Several  "hits"  were  directed 
at  Messrs.  Spencer,  Brown,  Lyons, 
and  Rowe,  but  all  was  in  good  part 
and  was  so  received.  At  the  close  of 
the  program,  a  flashlight  picture  was 
taken  of  the  entire  audience.  It  was 
the  unanimous  verdict  that  Mr.  Neahr 
is  a  jolly  good  fellow,  a  prince  of  en- 
tertainers, and  that  his  Company  had 
taken  the  Blue  Ribbon  in  the  effort  to 
extend  courtesies  to  visiting  teachers. 

THURSDAY    AFTERNOON. 

President  Lyons  called  the  meeting 
to  order  and  requested  Mr.  A.  D.  Wilt, 
Dayton,  Ohio,  to  take  the  chair  for 
the  purpose  of  convening  the  Electoral 
College  and  electing  the  Federation 
Officers  for  the  coming  year,  at  which 
point  the  chairman  of  the  Executive 
Committee,  Mr.  C.  M.  Bartlett.  was 
called  to  preside. 

Mr.  C.  C.  Marshall,  Cedar  Rapids, 
la.,  at  this  point  attempted  to  intro- 
duce an  amendment  to  the  constitu- 
tion providing  for  the  election  of  offi- 
cers  by  popular  vote   of   the   entire 


£/h©  &i»ulrvei>i>  £tlu,cctWr   ^ 


body.  After  some  little  debate  he  as 
well  as  his  proposed  amendments 
were  ruled  out  of  order  on  merely 
technical   grounds. 

The  election  of  officers  for  the  en- 
suing year  then  proceeded  with  the 
result  as  shown  at  the  beginning  of 
this  report.  After  the  adjourning  of 
the  electoral  college  and  the  re-con- 
vening of  the  Federation,  the  amend- 
ments referred  to  were  offered,  and 
ordered  printed  in  the  proceedings, 
as  well  as  made  a  special  order _  of 
business  for  discussion  and  adoption 
or  rejection  at  the  second  day  of  the 
meeting  in  Chicago,  one  year  hence. 

The  annual  election  of  officers  of 
the  Federation  brings  with  it,  year 
after  year,  unpleasantries  which 
should'  be  dispensed  with.  If  it  is 
due  to  the  un-democratic  electoral 
college,  do  away  with  it.  If  it  is  due 
to  some  "  clique  "  or  "  machine,"  then 
do  away  with  it.  Past  experiences 
would  indicate  that  the  former  fosters 
the  latter. 

Xow,  friends,  if  you  are  in  favor  of 
every  member  having  a  voice  and 
vote  in  the  election  of  the  Federation 
officers,  be  on  hand  at  Chicago  and 
so  vote.  If  not,  then  so  vote.  Let 
the  majority  rule.  And  then  let  there 
be  peace  and  harmony  and  good  will 
at  the  close,  as  there  always  is  at  the 
beginning  of  these  annual  meetings. 

The  Cincinnati  meeting  was  an 
unusually  cordial,  orderly,  entertain- 
ing, instructive,  harmonious  gather- 
ing of  co-workers.  Spirit  rather  than 
technicalities  ruled,  except  as  above 
stated  at  the  closing  meeting. 

A  project  on  the  part  of  a  few  was 
set  on  foot  looking  to  the  abolishing 
of  the  Private  Commercial  School 
Managers'  Association,  and  to  the 
combining  of  the  Penmanship  and 
Business  Teachers'  Associations,  but 
this  came  to  a  timely  end  at  the  hands 
of  a  committee  appointed  to  consider 
the  matter,  of  which  Mr.C.C.  Marshall 
was  chairman.  As  might  have  been 
expected,  and  certainly  desired,  the 
committee  recommended  the  marshal- 
ing of  our  forces  to  make  the  depart- 
ments a  permanent  success  i  as  they 
have  been  and  are)  by  inducing  all 
commercial  teachers  and  penmen  to 
attend.     And  now  for  Chicago! 


Report    or   the 

national  Penmanship  Ceacbcrs' 
Association 


The  Association  convened  accord- 
ing to  program  on  Monday,  Dec.  28, 
in  one  of  the  many  capacious,  pleas- 
antly  situated,  arid  luxuriously  ap- 
pointed rooms  of  the  Bartlett  Com- 
mercial College. 

The  meeting  was  called  to  order  at 
2  :  30  p.  m.  with  President  C.  C.  Lister, 
of  Baltimore,  in  the  chair.  Owing  to 
the  absence  of  Secretary  E.  O.  Fol- 
som,  of  Milwaukee,  the  "first  item  of 
business  was  the  appointment  of  a 
Secretary  pro  tern.  Mr.  Leroy  Brown, 
of  Cleveland,  Ohio,  was  called  by  the 
President    to   fill   the  vacancy. 

After  the  reports  of  the  Executive 
Committee  and  the  State  Secretaries 
present,  President  Lister  gave  his 
most  excellent  address.  It  was 
strong,  logical,  enthusiastic,  full  of 
meat,  and  up  to  the  usual  high  stan- 
dard   of    his    efforts. 

Ohio,  he  said,  was  his  native  state, 
and  it  was  famous  for  fine  penmen  : 
the  Spencer  family,  Root,  Gaskell, 
Packard,  McKee,  Zaner,  Michael, 
Bloser,  Pierson,  Lehman,  Hoffman, 
and  many  others. 

It  was  fitting  to  meet  in  the  Bartlett 
College,  inasmuch  as  its  founder  was 
one  of  the  pioneers  of  business  edu- 
cation. Penmanship  brought  about 
the  establishment  of  two  modern, 
mighty  factors  in  education:  the  bus- 
iness college  and  this  Federation  of 
Associations,  as  it  first  started  with 
penmanship  alone.  No  small  share 
of  credit  for  the  success  of  commer- 
cial schools  is  due  to  the  penman- 
ship profession. 

Good  business  writing  always  has 
been  considered  one  of  the'  very 
foundation  stones  of  a  business  train- 
ing. The  penman  of  today  must 
possess  educational  attainments  in 
addition  to  his  skill  with  the  pen. 
Our  penmanship  has  become  more 
practical.  The  omission  of  shade 
and  elimination  of  superfluous  lines, 
makes  modern  writing  more  practical 
than   that    which   existed  a   half  cen- 


tury ago.  It  is  more  simple  and 
consequently  easier  to  teach,  easier 
to  learn,  easier  to  write,  and  easier  to 
read. 

These  meetings  have  done  much 
to  advance  the  cause  of  good  writing, 
as  have  also  our  enterprising  pen- 
manship journals. 

The  writing  of  our  public  schools 
is  as  yet  a  puzzling  factor  and  de- 
mands our  earnest,  progressive 
efforts. 

"  Underlying  Principles  of  Movement 
and  Form  of  Ornamental  Writing," 
by  Mr.  C.  P.  Zaner,  of  Columbus, 
Ohio,  was  presented  with  illustra- 
tions upon  his  usual  high  intellectual 
and  artistic  plane.  Mr.  Zaner's  easy 
spontaneity  and  simple,  thought- 
laden  sentences  are  always  attractive, 
interesting  and  forceful.  He  said 
that  the  underlying  principles  of 
good  writing  are  grace,  and  skill. 
Grace  has  to  do  with,  curvature.  He 
advised  that  pupils  take  a  card  and 
place  on  it  in  bold  letters  the  follow- 
ing words  :  Grace,  Harmony,  Con- 
trast, Symmetry,  and  Space  Values. 
He  explained  the  meaning  of  each 
and  gave  illustrations  of  each  as  he 
would  present  them  to  a  class. 
Strokes  should  be  parallel  or  cross 
at  right  angles. 

TUESDAY,    DECEMBER    29 

The  first  topic  presented  was  "  Art 
and  Illustrating,"  by  Mr.  Benn  Pit- 
man, Cincinnati,  Ohio. 

Mr.  Pitman  said  that  there  was  a 
misconception  of  what  a  science  is. 
Many  of  the  so-called  exhibitions  of 
science  is  simply  skill.  He  defined 
drawing  as  a  delineation  by  line  or 
dot  of  mental  conceptions.  Painting 
is    drawing   with   the    use    of    color. 

The  basis  of  all  civilization  is  lan- 
guage. Shakespeare's  language  was 
a  fine  art.  The  soul  is  reached 
through  the  ear  by  the  orator.  Ora- 
tory is  an  art  of  the  finest  kind. 

Then  there  is  tone  thought  and 
tone  themes,  as  of  Handel.  The 
interpretation  and  rendition  of  these 
tone  themes  is  a  fine  art. 

There  is  the  clay  artist,  the  form 
artist,  the  surface' artist.  Construc- 
tion is  a  fine  art.  Taking  the  con- 
structive forms  and  making  them 
beautiful.     The  art  of   decorating  the 


W.  I.KKov  Kh-ou  \.  Sei  reta 


C.  C.  Lister,  President. 


Burt  German,  Vice-Prea 


J.  K.  RENSHAW. 


construction.  In  all  there  are  eight 
fine  arts. 

There  ma)-  be  the  ninth  fine  art, 
viz.,  fine  human  conduct.  A  man 
who  walks  well,  talks  well,  acts  well. 
Fine  conduct  shows  the  absence  of 
anything  in  bad  conduct. 

On  the  whole  Mr.  Pitman's  talk 
was  scholarly  and  uplifting.  He 
explained  many  art  processes  and 
exhibited  samples  of  the  same,  on 
paper,  wood,  brass,  and  other  metals. 

Mr.  Pitman  is  now  engaged  in  get- 
ting out  a  child's  primer  which 
rationalizes  our  spelling.  We  learn 
to  spell  by  observing.  We  may  take 
twenty-three  of  the  Roman  alphabet 
and,  by  the  addition  of  a  few  diacrit- 
ical marks,  represent  every  sound  in 
the  English  language. 

The  United  States  is  spreading. 
The  language  goes  with  our  com- 
merce. Can  these  foreign  people, 
with  their  foreign  tongue,  do  our 
spelling?  Never,  it  is  absurd.  It 
is  foolishness  to  expect  it. 

Mr.  Pitman  then  explained  the 
features  of  his  primer.  On  the  whole 
it  is  strikingly  unique  and  simple. 

The  topic",  "'The  Specific  Applica- 
tion of  Movement  to  Form,"  was 
presented  in  his  characteristieallv 
lively  and  forceful  way  by  Mr.  A.  N\ 
Palmer,  of  Cedar  Rapids,  la. 

He  said  that  the  all  important  thing 
was  to  "start  in  the  right  direction 
and  keep  on  in  that  direction."  He 
would  not  have  the  pupils  think  of 
the  forms  of  the  letters  at  all  at  first. 
He  insists  upon  the  right  movement 
from  the  first.  He  does  not  believe  in 
drawing  with  the  fingers  and  a  distinct 
process  of  studying  the  forms  at  first. 

Mr.  Palmer1  used  the  blackboard  in 
illustrating  his  ideas  and  formed  the 
Association  into  a  writing  class, 
having  them  go  through  the  various 
oval  and  other  movement  exercises 
and  the  application  of  the  same  to 
letter  forms.  He  believes  that  in  the 
tracing  oval  exercises  a  speed  of  200 
down  strokes  per  minute  is  none 
too  fast  for  the  beginning. 

In  practicing  letter  forms  as  spe- 
cific applications  of  certain  definite 
movement  exercises  he  does  not  care 
about  minor  modifications,  as  for 
instance  in  the  capital  C,  whether 
the  initial  oval  be  large  or  small,  or 
a  mere  dot.  Furthermore,  he  does 
not  care  about  the  slant.  Movement 
is  paramount  to  them  all  and  de- 
mands the  whole  attention.  The 
wrist    Hat    is  an  extreme  position  and 


A.  N.  Palmer. 


Court  F.  Wood. 


unnatural.  If  movement  and  posi- 
tion are  right  the  slant  will  take  care 
of  itself.  All  down  strokes  are  made 
toward  the  body. 

With  the  grades  Mr.  Palmer  would 
make  movement  the  key  note  through- 
out. Even  in  the  first  y-ear  he  lets 
the  children  "play  with'the  ovals." 
They  do  not  write  with  the  muscular 
movement ;  but  they  lay  the  foun- 
dation for  muscular  movement  in 
the  fourth  grade. 

WEDNESDAY,  DECEMBER  30 

(Wood's  paper.  I 

"Business  Writing  that  Business 
Men  Require,"  was  presented  by  Mr. 
Court  F.  Wood,  Washington  D.  C, 
in  his  own  inimitable  forceful  way. 
He  said  in  part : 

"What  is  the  kind  of  business  writ- 
ing that  business  men  demand?  The 
business  man  wants  results  and  he  is 
not  concerned  about  theories.  He 
demands,  first  of  all,  legibility.  No 
matter  what  the  style  or  system  of 
penmanship,  if  it  can  not  be  read  it 
is  of  no  value  to  any  one.  In  other 
words,  writing  is  valuable  in  propor- 
tion to  its  legibility.  When  a  busi- 
ness man  wants  a  clerk  he  does  not 
ask  the  applicant  whether  he  writes 
this  style  or  that ;  he  does  not  inquire 
about  the  movement.  He  wants  to 
see  the  specimen  of  his  handwriting, 
and  if  it  is  legible  and  looks  like  it 
had  been  written  with  some  degree  of 
rapidity  it  is  enough  for  him.  Ik- 
cares  not  for  this  system  or  that, 
this  movement  or  that ;  he  is  concern- 
ed about  two  requisites,  legibility  and 
speed.  It  will  be  noted  that  the  mat- 
ter of  speed  is  of  secondary  conse- 
quence. The  employer  often  selects 
a  clerk  without  any  knowledge  of  his 
speed,  but  not  without  a  knowledge 
of  his  writing.  After  the  matter  of 
legibility  and  speed  has  been  passed 
upon,  the  next  in  importance  is  that 
of  neatness,  and  of  general  appear- 
ance. The  business  man  wants  to 
see  the  work  neat  and  beautiful.  Xo 
hair  lines  or  shading  is  desired.  The 
matter  of  uniformity  in  the  formation 
of  letters  is  of  importance  to  a  busi- 
ness man.  The  institution  which  we 
represent  should  cater  to  the  wants 
of  the  business  man  ;  when  we  find 
what  he  requires  we  should  endeavor 
to  meet  those  demands.  The  suc- 
cessful school  of  to-day  is  the  one 
which  meets  the  calls  upon  it  for  effi- 
cient office  help." 


"  Plans  for  Getting  Work  From 
Pupils,"  bv  Mr.  J.  K.  Renshaw, 
Philadelphia,  Pa.,  proved  exceedingly 
interesting,  was  full  of  valuable  sug- 
gestions and  drew  forth  many  words 
of  commendation  and  the  most 
pleasing  kind  of  criticism. 

One  must  necessarily  conclude  that 
Mr.  Renshaw's  success  as  a  teacher 
must  be  remarkable. 

He  insists  that  to  get  the  best 
results  the  teacher  must  be  alive, 
conscientious,  love  his  work,  be 
skillful  and  ever  enthusiastic— if  he 
can  hope  to  inspire  his  pupils. 

Pupils  should  be  made  to  feel  that 
a  good,  practical  handwriting  is  one 
of  the  most  valuable  accomplish- 
ments and  can  be  acquired  by  any- 
one of  average  intelligence  and  with- 
in a  reasonable  time. 

It  is,  however,  impossible  for  any- 
great  number  to  succeed  under 
methods  frequently  employed.  When 
pupils  enter  our  classes  we  do  not 
attempt  to  destroy  their  individuality. 
We  take  them  with  their  character- 
istics. By  following  our  liberal 
course  of  instruction  they  all  sooner 
or  later  fall  into  line  unconsciously 
and  write  with  an  easy,  flowing 
motion  a  practical  style  of  penman- 
ship. They  soon  acquire  a  love  for 
their  work.  The  practice  of  penman- 
ship is  not  a  task,  but  a  genuine 
pleasure. 

Mr.  Renshaw  thinks  a  frequent 
mistake  made  is  in  the  attempt  to 
cover  too  much  ground  the  first 
month  or  two,  over-anxious  to  write 
something.  His  method,  briefly,  is 
as  follows  : 

Due  attention  is  given  to  the  funda- 
mentals, viz.,  position  of  body  and 
paper,  pen  holding,  etc. 

Arm  movement  must  necessarily 
be  created  before  the  student  can 
execute  with  ease.  Three  distinct 
motions  must  be  mastered— the  oval, 
direct  and  indirect ;  up-and-down  or 
push-and-pull ;  and  the  horizontal 
or  lateral. 

From  the  verv  beginning  he  insists 
upon  the  quality,  rather  than  the 
quantity  of  effort'.  The  teacher  must 
be  constantly  on  the  alert,  must  see 
the  work  the  individual  student  is 
doing,  note  how  he  is  doing  it, 
instruct  him  personally,  and  show 
him  how-  the  exercise  can  best  be 
made. 

Each  day's  work  is  dated,  carefully 
arranged,  done  to  count,  and  filed 
until  the  end   of  the  month,  when  all 


£fFve  fitUlrvej^  £<4u»<H*UrF   & 


such  work  is  submitted  for  examina- 
tion. This  enables  the  teacher  to 
understand  fully  the  kind  and  amount 
of  work  done  by  each  individual  and 
secures  the  very  best  effort  from  each. 

As  a  special  incentive  he  frequently 
offers  a  prize  to  the  pupil  from  each 
class  submitting  at  the  end  of  the 
month  the  best  work,  considering 
neatness,  arrangement, improvement, 
and  quality  of  work. 

Furthermore,  he  exacts  each  day 
from  every  student  at  least  two  pages 
of  carefully  written  exercises  pre- 
pared out  of  the  regular  penmanship 
hour.  A  selection  of  five  or  six  of 
si  specimens  is  made  and 
arranged  in  order  of  merit.  These 
are  displayed  in  the  class  room  in 
-  mspicuous  place. 

In  evidence  of  the  results  attained 
Mr.  Renshaw  had  a  large  package  of 
lesson  work  from  as  many  of  his 
pupils,  which  the  Association  in- 
spected with'  pleasure  and  inspira- 
tion. 

Discussion  of  Mr.  Renshaw's  paper 

rticipated  in  by  Messrs.  Zaner, 

aust,  Giesseman,  Bennett, 

and    others.     It    was    almost    wholly 

interrogatory  and  congratulatory. 

Mr.  Bennett,  Supervisor  of  writ- 
ing and  I 'rawing  for  public  schools 
iddock,  Pa.,  spoke  from  the 
Supervisor's  standpoint.  He  allows 
no  writing  at  all  during  the  first  four 
months  of  the  child's  school  life. 
He  then  takes  up  the  work  from  'the 
view  point  of  movement,  developing 
the  same  in  a  classified  order,  so 
that  by  the  end  of  the  third  month 
they  will  have  developed  the  i,  u  w  v. 

"  Principles  of  Lettering  and  Flour- 
ishing "  was  presented  and_  illus- 
trated by  Mr.  I  tinman  in  his  own 
characteristically  masterful  and  inter- 
esting way.  He  presented  in  a 
simple  manner  the  principles  and 
its  of  blackboard  designs  and 
'ions. 

"Speed  Tests"  were  made  in  fig- 
apitals,  and  a  short  one-line 
sentence,  and  was  participated  in  by 
a  large  number.  Two  minutes  were 
allowed  for  each  class  of  work,  con- 
tinuing through  six  consecutive 
minutes.  Results  were  as  follows : 
In  figures  the  record  ranged  from 
303,  with  Mr.  R.  W.  James, 
St.  Louis,  Mo.,  leading.  In  capitals 
the  record  ranged  from  71  to  113, 
with  Mr.  C.  P.  Zaner  leading.  In 
sentence   writing-   the  record    ranged 


from  43  to  70  words,  with   Mr.   James 
and  Mr.  Giesseman  leading  in  a  tie. 

THURSDAY,    DECEMBER   31 

"Effects  of  Stimulants  and  Nar- 
cotics," by  C.  P.  Zaner,  was  pre- 
sented without  manuscript,  and  in 
Mr.  Zaner's  usual  earnest,  conscien- 
tious, and  convincing  way.  His  talk 
was  just  as  he  would  give  it  to  his 
students.  It  likewise  carried  with  it 
equal  convictions  and  elicited  reso- 
lutions. 

He  said  that  teachers  have  no 
moral  right  to  smoke,  and  that 
stimulants  of  all  kinds  are  injurious 
to  the  nervous  system.  He  believes 
that  his  influence  is  greater  for  not 
indulging  in  these  things.  He  places 
tea  and  coffee  in  this  class  and  urged 
that  penmen  should  not  drink  it. 
Athletes,  football  players,  and  the 
like  recognize  the  evil  effects  of  these 
and  persistently  follow  the  total 
abstainance  policy.  Why  not  pen- 
men ? 

Mr.  Zaner's  arguments  and  appeal 
met  with  a  hearty  response  in  public 
confessions  and  resolutions  to  reform, 
which  gave  him  much  pleasure  and 
fully  repaid  him  for  coming  to  the 
convention. 

Mr.  Healey  emphasized  the  im- 
portance of  teachers  carrying  this 
matter  before  their  pupils.  The  sac- 
rifices made  by  the  athletes  in  this 
direction  for  their  own  personal 
benefit  will  generally  appeal  to  young 
people,  and  no  doubt  would  inspire 
many  to  good  resolutions. 

Mr.  Hinman  urged  a  more  lively 
interest  in  The  Business  Educator, 
if  for  no  other  reason,  for  these  little 
"Talks  to  Students"  which  Mr. 
Zaner  intends  publishing  from  time 
to  time. 

The  next  number  presented  was, 
"Some  Hindrances  to  Successful 
Penmanship  Practice,"  by  Mr.  R.  W. 
James,  St.  Louis,  Mo. 

The  first  point  made  by  Mr.  James 
was  that  all  good  things  are  accom- 
plished only  through  difficulty.  If 
labor  was  not  the  price  to  be  paid 
for  good  writing  there  would  be  very 
few  poor  writers. 

He  touched  with  usual  correctness 
upon  arousing  interest,  creating  a 
desire,  and  establishing  confidence 
in  the  minds  of  the  pupils. 

The  teacher  should  be  competent, 
enthusiastic  and  earnest.     He  will  be 


successful  in  just  the  proportion  that 
he  possesses  the  above  qualities  and 
qualifications.  There  could  hardly 
be  a  greater  hindrance  to  pupil's 
progress  than  a  poorly  qualified 
teacher. 

The  teacher  should  keep  his  sub- 
ject fresh  in  his  mind  and  keep  up 
with  his  profession  as  represented  in 
the  different  penmanship  journals. 
He  should  also  make  careful  prepa- 
ration in  advance  of  all  penmanship 
lessons. 

It  is  imperative  that  the  teacher 
impress  the  importance  of  the  sub- 
ject upon  the  minds  of  the  students. 
He  can  do  this  by  citing  failures  and 
lost  opportunities  for  improvement 
because  of  poor  writing.  A  fair 
degree  of  proficiency  should  be  re- 
quired before  allowing  the  students 
to  enter  upon  advanced  bookkeeping 
or  office  work. 

Inattention  on  the  part  of  the  pupil 
is  a  grave  hindrance.  The  best 
remedy  for  this  is  true  enthusiasm 
on  the  part  of  the  teacher,  for 
enthusiasm,  like  measles,  is  catching. 
It  is  well  to  have  pupils  stop  writing 
and  give  undivided  attention  to  the 
teacher  when  giving  instruction  from 
the  board.  We  cannot  pour  water 
into  a  jug  while  the  stopper  is  in 
place,  or  get  results  while  the  student 
is  engaged  elsewhere. 

Another  great  hindrance  is  indis- 
tinct visions  of  the  forms  in  the 
minds  of  the  pupils.  To  secure  clear 
visions  there  must  be  the  combined 
enthusiastic,  lucid  teaching  and  the 
attentive,  conscientious  effort  on  the 
part  of  the  pupil.  The  copies  should 
be  made  large  upon  the  board  and 
frequent  comparisons  of  correct  and 
incorrect  forms  illustrated. 

Some  teachers  make  a  mistake  of 
giving  the  class  too  great  a  variety 
of  work  during  the  hour,  thinking  it 
impossible  to  hold  the  attention  of 
the  pupils  otherwise.  He  should 
acquire  the  faculty  of  holding  the 
interest  upon  few  copies. 

A  most  serious  obstacle  in  my 
experience  is  this  so-called  "  Vertical 
Writing,"  better  known  in  my  class 
as  "Vertical  Drawing."  Students 
come  to  us  from  the  public  schools 
thus  handicapped.  They  never  have 
fore-arm  movement  and  invariably 
write  very  slowly,  not  more  than  five 
or  ten  words  per  minute.  The  many 
bad  habits  thus  acquired  are  hard  to 
overcome. 


W.  F.  Giesseman. 


R.  W.  James. 


C.  A.  FAUST. 


\V.  H.  WHlliAM. 


A.  F.  HARVEY,  President. 


C.  C.   MARSHALL. 


national  Business  Ccacbcrs' 
Association.  - 


MONDAY  AFTERNOON,  DECEMBER  28. 

The  Business  Teachers' Association 
was  called  to  order  by  Vice-President, 
A.  F.  Harvey.  In  addressing  the 
members  of  this  section  he  said  only 
enough  to  launch  the  organization  oh 
its  voyage  of  deliberation.  The  Ex- 
ecutive Committee  offered  the  an- 
nounced program  with  the  informa- 
tion that  the  persons  assigned  to  dif- 
ferent subjects  were  present  or  had 
sent  their  papers  to  be  read. 

The  greater  part  of  the  session  was 
devoted  to  registration  and  to  getting 
acquainted.  J .  A.  Hiner  was  in  charge 
of  the  query  box,  which  was  intro- 
duced as  a  new  feature,  or  rather,  as 
an  old  one  that  had  been  dropped  for 
a  few  years.  This  time  it  was  pro- 
ductive of  much  useful  discussion. 
Many  points  of  interest  may  be  dis- 
cussed in  this  way  that  otherwise 
would  receive  no  attention.  Not  a 
few  questions  relating  to  higher  ac- 
counting were  presented,  and  some 
lack  of  the  knowledge  of  the  technic- 
alities of  accounting  was  brought  out 
when  so  well-established  and  tech- 
nical a  term  as  "  trading  account  " 
was  about  to  be  passed  with  the  in- 
formation that  it  was  some  sort  of 
financial  account. 

The  writer  is  of  the  opinion  that 
often  more  valuable  information  is 
brought  out  in  these  round-table  talks 
and  discussions  than  in  the  carefully 
written  papers.  The  latter  is  at  time's 
wordy,  and  the  points  obscured  by  an 
over-abundance  of  matter,  related  in 
itself,  perhaps,  but  not  of  much  im- 
portance. The  query  box  gives  the 
new  member  an  opportunity  to  get  on 
his  feet  and  say  a  few  words.  The 
prepared  paper  is  apt  to  treat  the 
question  in  too  general  a  way.  It 
does  not  go  to  the  root  of  the  dis- 
ease, but  wanders  around  indefinitely. 
The  writer  treats  his  subject  as  a 
whole  instead  of  as  being  made  up  of 
distinct  but  related  parts,  each  re- 
quiring its  own  diagnosis  and  its  own 
specific  remedy.  The  query-box  plan 
takes  the  parts,  analyzes  the  whole, 
and  gets  to  the  very  gist  of  the  sub- 
ject. The  attendance  the  first  day 
was   rather   small. 


TUESDAY   FORENOON,   DECEMBER  29. 

In  view  of  the  fact  that  so  many  of 
the  business  section  exerted  them- 
selves to  an  abnormal  extent  in  order 
to  be  present  at  nine  o'clock,  the 
time  for  the  first  paper,  the  executive 
committee  deemed  it  best  to  reverse 
the  program  by  starting  with  the 
query  box.  This  was  evidently  a  wise 
measure,  as  many  of  the  teachers  of 
the  section  are  hot  accustomed  to 
being  on  hand  at  so  early  an  hour. 
The  presentation  of  a  heavy,  peda- 
gogical subject  at  so  early  an  hour 
would  have  been  very  enervating  and 
depressing. 

The  query  box  was  conducted  by 
the  writer.  The  discussions  were 
interesting,  instructive,  and  broad  in 
scope.  The  bookkeeping  questions 
were  of  an  accounting  nature  and 
were  objected  to  by  a  few  as  being 
outside  the  field  of  the  average  teacher. 
If  this  were  true,  they  should  be  com- 
mended. Teachers  who  made  the 
criticism  should  study  to  increase 
their  general  knowledge.  Nearly 
every  one  present  entered  into  the 
various   discussions. 

We  next  listened  to  a  fertile  and  re- 
sourceful article  on  "The  Evolution 
of  Bookkeeping,"  by  C.  C.  Marshall. 
We  expected  a  treat  and  were  not 
disappointed.  The  paper  fairly  bris- 
tled with  valuable  historical  and 
evolutionary  matter.  The  paper  was 
discussed  principally  by  A.  F.Harvey 
and  Robt.  C.  Spencer. 

Next  came  "Correlation  of  Pen- 
manship With  Other  Commercial 
Branches,"  by  B.  F.  Williams,  of.Des 
Moines.     Briefly  eptomized,  good   re- 

B.  F.  Williams. 


suits  are  secured  only  by  a  consistent 
policy  persistently  adhered  to  as  the 
student  progresses.  Correct  habits 
are  thus  instilled.  The  best  that  the 
student  can  do  is  the  poorest  that  can 
safely  be  accepted.  Harmony  of  in- 
struction in  all  departments  is  neces- 
sary. This  paper  was  discussed  by 
many  leading  teachers  of  penman- 
ship, notably,  C.  P.  Zaner  and  A.  N. 
Palmer.  Their  war  cry  was,  "Care! 
care  !  Enthusiasm  !  enthusiasm  !  ! 
Keep  it  up."  Correlation  should 
mean  give  and  take.  A  compromise 
only  for  the  best  good  of  all  concern- 
ed. Pointed  remarks  were  made  by 
D.  S.  Hill,  J.  F.  Grant,  B.  J.  Toland, 
W.  F.  Giesseman,  and  others. 

WEDNESDAY  FORENOON,  DECEMBER  30. 

Query  box  feature  first  for  the  day, 
conducted  by  C.  C.  Marshall.  The 
chief  questions  related  to  the  con- 
ducting of  classes  in  commercial  law. 
Discussed  by  Messrs.  Hiner,  Lyons, 
and  Wilt.  This  was  followed  by 
"  Office  Practice,  What  and  Why  ?  "  by 
J.  A.  Lyons,  of  Chicago.  It  was  a 
characteristic,  Lyonized  paper.  A 
pithy,  practical,  pointed,  broad-guag- 
ed  presentation  of  the  subject  that 
appealed  to  all  present.  Cogent 
reasons  were  urged  regarding  the  re- 
quirements of  business  practice;  the 
absolute  necessity  for  a  training  that 
prepares  for  present-day  necessities; 
a  careful  leading  of  the  student  from 
the  known  to  the  unknown,  never 
taking  anything  for  granted  in  an 
hypothesis;  the  recognition  that 
theory  and  practice  are  necessarily 
blended  in  securing  the  highest  and 
most  desired  end.  It  was  an  elabor- 
ate and  scientific  presentation  and 
made  a  demand  for  the  laboratory 
method  in  teaching  the  subject.  The 
paper  was  discussed  by  W.  H.Whigam, 
Mr.  Hammond,  Mrs.  D.  C.  Meyers, 
Mr.  Clark,  J.  A.  Hiner,  and  H.  D. 
Harris. 

THURSDAY,    DECEMBER   31. 

After  an  exceptionally  interesting 
paper  on  "  A  PraGtical  System  of  Ac- 
counting for  Commercial  Schools," 
by  W.  E.  White,  Quincy,  111.,  the 
election  of  officers  was  held,  there 
being  no  contests.  The  tribute  to  Mr. 
Harvey  in  electing  him  to  the  presi- 
dency was  well  earned. 

Why  is  it  that  with  a  combined  gen-  ■ 
eral  attendance  of  over  three  hundred, 
only  about    two  hundred  were  regis' 


I.    \V.    BOOKMYER. 


\V.  E.  White, 


J.  C.  Walker. 


It    would    be    interesting   to 
learn    whether     this    extra    hundred 
red  the  benefits  derived  equal 
ir  expenditure. 
While  the  attendance  was  good,  why 
ger,  when  there  are    so    many 
commercial    teachers,  particularly  in 
the  Middle  Wist,  easily  accessible  to 
the    meeting    place,    who   seldom   or 
never  attend  ?     Have  they  reached  the 
professional  attainments  and 
re  are  deterred  from  attending 
by  the  fear  that    pearls   of   priceless 
value  would  drop  from  their  scintillat- 
ing minds  for  which  they  will-receive 
no    adequate    recompense?     Or   have 
they  become    tossilized   in   the   little 
circular  track  in  which   their  train  of 
thought     runs?    All    classes   of    pro- 
fessional and  business  interests  have 
,s    fully    attended.      Why   not 
commercial    teachers?     There   is   no 
den  vine;-  the  fact  that  the  association 
and  women  interested  in  one 
common  object,  discussingthe various 
problems  that  they  meet,  is  of   ines- 
timable value  to  all  concerned. 

If  you,  non-attending  members,  are 
of  the  first  class,  come  out  and  give 
i  r.s  poor,  hard-working,  ill- 
informed,  regularly  attending  mem- 
bers some  of  your'valuable  informa- 
tion :  our  appreciation  of  your  great- 
ness should  be  an  ample  reward  for 
icrifice,  and  sufficient  food  for 
your  vanity.  If,  perchance,  you  are 
of  the  second  class,  come  out  for  ex- 
pansion   and    a  breath    of    fresh   air. 


There  is  still  hope  as  long  as  life 
really  exists.  You  may  yet  be  able  to 
revolutionize  your  Rip  Van  Winkle 
ideas,  and  catch  up  with  the  present 
century. 

The  registration  is  made  up  of 
about  an  even  hundred  members  who 
attend  regularly,  the  old  guard  always 
on  hand  and  to' be  relied  on  ;  the  rest, 
an  ever-changing  constituency.  A 
united  effort  should  be  made  to  in- 
crease the  attendance  and  to  hold  it 
when  secured.  Each  one  should  con- 
stitute himself  or  herself  a  committee 
of  one  to  recruit  the  ranks  for  the 
next   session.     Begin   now. 


Che  Business  managers'  Jlsso= 
elation. 

The  sessions  held  by  this  organiza- 
tion convened  every  morning  at  about 
nine  o'clock.  President  Enos  Spen- 
cer, after  reading  his  address  Satur- 
day morning,  appointed  a  committee 
consisting  of  G.  W.  Brown,  M.  H. 
Lockyear,  and  J.  G.  Dunsraore,  to 
consider  recommendations  as  to  ad- 
vertising, guaranteeing  positions, 
supplies,  qualifications  and  salaries 
of  teachers,  requirements  for  admis- 
sion of  students,  qualifications  for 
membership  in  this  Association,  etc. 
This  committee  held  a  stormy  ses- 
sion, and  divided,  Mr.  Brown  taking 
the  minority  side.  He  believes  that 
"  ignorance' and  fifty  dollars  "  should 


be  the  requirements  for  admission  to 
a  business  school ;  that  anyone  who 
has  the  price  and  who  has  anything 
to  do  with  the  management  of  a  com- 
mercial school  should  be  permitted 
to  join  the  Managers'  Association ; 
that  the  best  possible  teachers  should 
be  hired — and  that  the  Managers' 
Association  should  be  disbanded. 
As  the  father  of  this  child,  he  says 
he  is  ashamed  of  it. 

When  this  report  came  up  for  dis- 
cussion in  the  meeting,  there  was 
excitement  to  spare.  President  Spen- 
cer said  that  anyone  who  would  guar- 
antee positions  was  a  fakir,  and  Mr. 
Brown  wanted  to  know  whether  he 
called  him  a  fakir.  Mr.  Spencer  re- 
peated his  words  and  said  that  Mr. 
Brown  might  put  on  them  what  con- 
struction he  would.  Mr.  Brown  is  a 
fighter  as  well  as  the  Kentuckian, 
he  retaliated  by  saying  that  he  would 
measure  products  with  President 
Spencer  at  any  time. 

Practically  the  entire  time  of  the 
sessions  of  this  Association  was 
taken  up  in  more  or  less  acrid  debate 
on  the  subject  of  guaranteeing  posi- 
tions, and  at  last  the  whole  subject 
was  left  in  the  air  by  being  referred 
to  a  committee  to  report  at  the  next 
convention— which  is  likely  to  be  the 
fate  of  subsequent  reports,  unless  so 
few  attend  the  next  meetings  that 
they  can  get  together  on  a  proposi- 
tion simply  because  there  is  no  one 
present  to  cross  swords  with  them. 


I'.  NHS    -  I 


£FTve  fei  vuii %&*  j  £cUccciXvr  ^» 


Che   Rational  Shorthand  Ccacb= 
ers'  Jlssociation 

REPORTED    BY    P.    B.    S.    PETERS,    HANFAL 

TRAINING  HIGH  SCHOOL,  KANSAS 

CITY,  >IO. 

MONDAY    AFTERNOON 

President  Charles  T.  Piatt  called 
the  meeting  to  order  promptly,  with 
an  attendance  larger  than  either  of 
the  other  sections.  In  his  address  he 
encouraged  free  expression,  neigh- 
borly^ exchange  of  experiences,  and 
positive  action  regarding  fraudulent 
schools. 

Secretary  W.  O.  Davis  reported 
practically  no  progress  in  the  in- 
crease of  membership  this  year,  and 
recommended  renewed  activity  by 
state  secretaries. 

Jerome  B.  Howard  then  read  a 
paper  on  the  subject,  "With  What 
Educational  Lines  Is  It  Most  Import- 
ant For  a  Shorthand  Teacher  to  Keep 
in  Touch  ?  "  Mr.  Howard  is  always 
forceful  and  direct.  He  believes  that 
the  teacher  should  master  his  sys- 
tem, that  he  should  have  for  it  such 
enthusiasm  that  he  would  willingly 
forego  other  delights  to  give  atten- 
tion to  shorthand.  He  regards  it  as 
of  the  first  importance  that  the 
teacher  have  enthusiasm  for  his  sub- 
ject in  order  that  he  may  excite  the 
deepest  interest  of  his  students.  The 
mastery  of  "Touch  Typewriting" 
and  of  English  were  considered  as 
second  only  to  shorthand  itself,  and 
Mr.  Howard  believes  that  for  practical 
usefulness  the  beginner  ought  to  be 
well  prepared  in  other  technical  com- 
mercial subjects.  The  teacher  ought 
to  be  the  means  of  bringing  his 
students  into  sympathetic  relations 
with  good  books  and  helpful  literary 
infiuences. 

In  the  discussion,  Geo.  Walker, 
Crawfordsville,  Ind.,  said  he  found 
his  knowledge  of  law  very  helpful  in 
his  teaching  of  shorthand  and  he 
thought  the  teacher  ought  to  know 
about  different  systems  of  shorthand, 
in  order  to  point  out  to  his  students 
similarities  and  differences. 

F.  B.  Miller,  of  St.  Louis,  thought 
it  unwise  to  talk  about  the  different 
systems,  believing  it  would  bring 
about  mental  confusion. 


CH AS.  T.  Plati,  President. 

Charles  Clark,  Springfield,  Mo., 
said  students  ought  to  know  enough 
of  other  systems  than  their  own  to 
take  advantage  of  any  valuable  short 
cuts  in  other  systems.  He  thought 
students  entered  commercial  schools 
without  a  sufficient  general  education. 

H.  L.  Andrews,  Pittsburgh,  said: 
"A  very  mediocre  system,  if  thor- 
oughly learned,  will  be  of  more  ad- 
vantage than  a  polyglot  system. 
The  more  I  have  to  write  shorthand 
for  a  living,  the  more  I  stick  to  one 
system,  and  follow  the  text  at  that. 
I  require  pupils  to  spend  a  short 
time  each  day  giving  definitions  of 
short  words  and  then  compare  them 
with  dictionary  definitions." 

J.  L.  Harmon,  Bowling  Green,  Ky., 
is  sure  that  many  teachers  know  too 
little  about  their  business.  If  they 
would  go  out  among  business  men 
they  could  find  out  what  they  desire 
the  stenographers  to  know. 

W.  N.  Phillips,  Milwaukee,  is  of 
the  opinion  that  membership  in  busi- 
ness men's  clubs  and  organizations 
is  a  good  means  of  acquiring  the 
intimate  acquaintance  with  business 
men  that  is  required  if  one  is  to  be 
reasonably  successful  in  picking  out 
for  them  the  kind  of  office  help  that 
will  suit  them. 

Selby  A.  Moran,  Ann  Arbor,  Mich., 
declares  that  everyone   should   have 


business  experience,  either  as  em- 
ployer or  as  employe,  before  begin- 
ing  to  teach.  Every  letter  he  dic- 
tates is  a  real  letter  that  is  to  go  out 
in  the  mails.  He  knows  that  the 
teacher  cannot  too  impressively  point 
out  to  the  student  that  every  bit  of 
knowledge  he  can  master  will  be  of 
use  to  him  as  a  writer  of  shorthand. 

John  R.  Gregg  said  that  he  made  it 
a  ruleto  read  some  standard  of  work 
of  fiction  every  week  and  something  in 
history.  He  is  a  lover  of  history. 
He  thinks  we  all  neglect  the  science 
of  teaching,  and  he  commended  to 
the  teachers  Herbert  Spencer's 
Science  of  Education,  and  the  various 
educational  magazines. 

Benn  Pitman  laid  emphasis  on  the 
importance  of  mastering  English. 

Fred  Irland,  Washington,  D.  C, 
said  that  it  was  almost  impossible 
to  be  a  reporter  in  the  National 
House  of  Representatives  without 
being  misinformed  a  little  about 
almost  everything;  it  is  not  knowing 
so  much,  but  knowing  so  much  that 
is  not  so.  Expert  though  he  is,  he 
says  he  learns  every  day  something 
new  that  a  shorthand  writer  ought  to 
know.  Four  of  the  reporters  in  the 
House  are  lawyers,  two  have  had  a 
medical  course^  and  one  is  a  finished 
classical  scholar. 

P.  B.  S.  Peters,  Kansas  City,  Mo., 
then  remarked  that  a  shorthand 
teacher  should  be  the  embodiment  of 
the  definition  of  an  educated  person  ; 
viz.,  "one  who  knows  something 
about  everything  and  everything 
about  something." 

Court  F.  Wood,  Washington,  D.  C, 
wants  shorthand  teachers  to  know 
enough  to  dictate  original  letters  ;  to 
bring  into  the  recitation  something 
that  the  students  did  not  know  and 
that  they  could  not  well  have  learned 
without  coming  to  school.     ' 

Geo.  Walker,  of  Crawfordsville, 
Ind.,  then  read  a  paper  on  "Athletics 
in  the  Business  College."  He  made 
these  points  :  Business  men  want 
help  that  can  do  as  well  as  think, 
that  have  endurance.  Athletics  aid 
in  teaching  students  how  to  meet 
strangers,  to  exercise  self-control, 
and  to  accept  defeat  when  necessary. 

There  was  no  discussion  on  this 
paper,  and,  as  these  two  were  the 
only  papers  for  the  afternoon  whose 


\v.  O.  DAVIS. 


Jerome  B.  Howard. 


l-'IfH    rui.ANO. 


&H&  @*Uirvebi>  £clu,£<*Wr   # 


authors   were   ready  to  respond,  the 
meeting  was  adjourned. 

TUESDAY    FORENOON. 

One  of  the  most  interesting  papers 
nf  the  session  was  the  first,  "The 
Piano  Method  of  Operating  the  Type- 
writer and  What  May  Be  Accom- 
plished by  its  Use,"  read  by  D.  D. 
Mueller,  Cincinnati.  He  thinks  the 
name  "Touch  Typewriting"  a  very 
ambiguous  and  unsatisfactory  term, 
for  writing  by  sight  is  writing  by 
touch,  and  it  would  be  hard  to  con- 
ceive of  writing  not  done  by  touch. 
The  frequent  remark  of  visitors  pass- 
ing through  Mr.  Mueller's  typewrit- 
ing rooms,  that  the  new  method  was 
just  like  playing  the  piano;  and  the 
oft-repeated  question,  "Will  the 
ability  to  plav  the  piano  assist  the 
student  in  learning  to  operate  the 
typewriter?"  led  him  to  adopt  the 
new  name.  As  in  piano  playing  the 
critical  period  is  the  earliest  stages. 
There  must  be  proper  touch.  The 
key-depression  is  about  one-half  an 
inch,  and  the  finger  should  follow  the 
key  for  about  one-fourth  of  an  inch, 
then  be  lifted  so  as  to  allow  the  key 
to  return ;  or,  the  keys  should  be 
struck  as  though  they  were  hot,  the 
fingeis  being  withdrawn  merely  out  of 
reach  of  the  keys.  The  action  should 
be  from  the  wrist,  not  from  the  arm. 
Mr.  Mueller  would  shield  the  key- 
board with  a  copy-holder  so  as  to 
remove  the  temptation  to  look  at  the 
keys.  He  thinks  the  teacher  should 
be  the  sole  judge  of  the  proper 
amount  of  work  to  require  of  the  stu- 
dent before  promoting  him,  and  he 
urges  that  a  tight  rein  be  held  over 
the  student  all  the  time,  for  his  ex- 
perience teaches  him  that  the  average 
student  will  do  no  more  than  he  has 
to  do.  They  should  have  plenty  of 
work,  not  that  they  may  do,  but  that 
they  must  do. 

In  the  discussion  T.  P.  Scully,  Nor- 
folk, Ya.,  expressed  the  thought  that 
covered  keyboards  help  but  little; 
that  it  is  all  in  the  mental  picture 
that  is  formed. 

Fred  Irland  said  that  the  first  pub- 
lic exhibition  of  "Touch  Typewrit- 
ing" was  given  in  1888,  when  Frank 
McGurrin,  in  his  eighth  test,  writing 


from  his  own  notes,  wrote  eighty 
words  a  minute. 

H.  L.  Andrews,  Pittsburg,  then 
presented  his  method  of  keeping  a 
systematic  record  of  each  pupil's 
progress.  He  insists  that  all  the  de- 
tails of  typewriting  be  completed  at 
the  time  the  theory  of  shorthand  has 
been  reasonably  mastered  and  a  suf- 
ficient speed  acquired  to  take  ordin- 
ary dictation,  so  that  the  greater 
part  of  the  pupil's  time  may  be  given 
to  dictation  and  transcribing  from 
his  notes.  When  a  student  takes  a 
position,  he  is  asked  to  report  to  the 
school  anything  that  he  may  be  asked 
to  do  of  which  he  has  no  knowledge. 
In  this  way  the  school  has  compiled 
a  list  of  difficulties  met  by  the  aver- 
age student  in  business  offices,  and 
instruction  is  shaped  to  meet  and 
overcome  these. 

F.  P.  Temple,  Washington,  D.  C., 
prepares  his  students  for  Civil  Service 
examinations,  and  he  must  give  dicta- 
tion at  varying  rates  of  speed.  He 
starts  at  about  eight  and  increases  to 
one  hundred  and  sixty  per  minute. 
After  a  selection  has  been  dictated,  a 
student  is  required  to  read  it  back 
while  the  teacher  places  it  on  the 
board.  In  this  way  the  students  get 
the  correct  word  signs,  contractions, 
and  phrases.  They  use  the  Congres- 
sional Record  a  great  deal  for  dicta- 
tion matter. 

Mr.  Temple  then  requested  Mr. 
Irland  to  write  on  the  board  from 
Mr.  Temple's  dictation.  On  the  first 
test  Mr.  Irland  wrote  20fi  words  in  one 
minute  and  read  it  back  easily  in 
fifty  seconds.  The  second  test  was 
difficult,  containing  matter  relating 
to  Panama,  and  but  199  words  were 
written.  Benn  Pitman  remarked  that 
if  the  spirit  of  his  brother  Isaac 
could  see  what  he  had  just  seen,  he 
would  look  on  the  feat   as  a  miracle. 

Raymond  Kelly,  a  Gregg  writer, 
then  gave  an  exhibition  of  blackboard 
speed  and  wrote  160  words  per  min- 
ute, according  to  the  count  of  the 
dictator.  At  the  noon  intermission 
Mr.  Irland  again  tried  his  hand,  and 
made  233  words  in  one  minute,  the 
highest  known  blackboard  record  ;  a 
remarkable  performance  in  view  of 
the    fact  that    Mr.    Irland   never    had 


any  practice  in  writing  on  the  board. 

WEDNESDAY    AFTERNOON. 

F.  E.  Haymond,  Evansville,  lad., 
considered  the  subject  of  a  proper 
apportionment  of  time  among  Study, 
Dictation,  and  Typewriting.  As  the 
speaker  made  no  definite  statements 
about  the  division  of  time,  Clifford  J. 
Kennedy  raised  that  point  and  said 
that  after  much  experimenting  he  had 
come  to  the  conclusion  that  in  a  five- 
hour  day  about  two  hours  should  be 
devoted  to  typewriting. 

O.  H.  White,  St.  Louis,  Barnes 
Businss  College,  said  that  they  re- 
quired two  hours,  but  that  if  a  stu- 
dent fell  behind  in  his  work,  he  was 
required  to  put  in  more  time,  so  that 
it  sometimes  fell  out  that  students 
were  working  three  or  four  hours  each 
day  on  typewriting. 

Miss  Carrie  Parsons,  Kalamazoo, 
Mich.,  requires  two  hours,  but  many 
of  the  students  practice  four  hours 
or  more.  She  makes  it  a  point  to 
start  them  at  the  machine  within  two 
hours  after  they  have  entered  the 
school,  for  they  take  more  interest  in 
typewriting  than  in  shorthand. 

F.  W.  Mosher,  Omaha,  has  no  re- 
quired time.  He  exacts  results, 
whether  it  necessitates  one  hour  or 
five  daily.  The  student  must  put  in 
the  requisite  amount  of  time  to  mas- 
ter the  subject. 

Jerome  B.  Howard  remarked  that 
he  believed,  after  the  previous  day's 
exhibition  of  blackboard  work,  that 
a  normal  hand  has  dexterity  enough 
to  write  at  a  high  rate  of  speed  all 
the  words  that  an  amanuensis  will 
need  ;  that  a  skilled  shorthand  writer 
writes  shorthand  with  his  head,  not 
with  his  hand. 

Here  the  discussion  drifted  to  the 
subject  of  preventing  erasures.  The 
preponderance  of  opinion  was  in 
favor  of  a  penalty  for  erasing. 

Mr.  T.  P.  Scully,  Norfolk,  Va., 
then  read  a  paper  on  the  best  method 
of  handling  beginning  and  advanced 
students  at  the  same  time  and  in  the 
same  room.  He  uses  the  individual 
method,  especially  for  beginners. 
Such  students  do  not  go  to  the  board. 
Promotions  occur  as  rapidly  as  feasi- 
ble.    The  text-book  is   gone  through 


John  k.  <;rk. 


II  AVMOMP. 


A.  S.  HEANEV. 


twice  before  the  student  is  allowed  to 
enter  the  dictation  class. 

Miss  Pearl  A.  Power,  Cincinnati, 
read  a  paper  on  the  choice  of  double 
or  single  keyboard  machines,  for 
teaching  typewriting,  and  the  best 
method  of  learning  each.  She  thinks 
it  better  to  begin  on  a  single  key- 
board, but  in  either  case  the  machine 
on  which  the  pupil  begins  ought  to 
be  mastered  before  he  tries  another. 
It  requires  no  drill  for  pupils  who 
can  operate  the  single  keyboard  to 
operate  the  double  keyboard.  The 
latter  is  well  adapted  to'  Touch  Type- 
writing because  the  keys  are  arranged 
in  straight  rows. 

O.  H.  White  said  that  no  one  who 
desired  to  become  a  Touch  operator 
could  learn  to  operate  two  machines 
at  the  same  time.  When  the  location 
of  a  key  had  been  learned  it  should 
not  be  unlearned. 

F.  E.  Haymond,  Evansville,  Ind., 
uses  only  single  keyboard  machines, 
for  he  finds  that  students  have  no 
difficulty  in  becoming  able  to  operate 
the  double  keyboard  if  they  have 
been  taught  to  operate  the  single 
with  skill. 

A.  S.  Heaney,  Providence,  R.  I., 
then  ably  discussed  "The  .Spelling 
Problem."  He  thinks  there  are  not 
more  than  350  difficult  words  to  mas- 
ter. He  selects  from  this  list  about 
one  hundred  and  calls  them  "First 
Aid  to  the  Injured."  Then  he  intro- 
duces spelling  rules,  especially 
those  that  apply  to  derivatives.  Then 
he  selects  words  of  different  termina- 
tions and  prepares  a  list  of  disputed 
spellings,  and  of  about  fifty  cities. 
He  does  not  believe  in  having  defini- 
tions in  the  book,  followingthe  words. 

John  R.  Gregg,  Chairman  of  the 
Committee  on  Fraudulent  Schools, 
then  presented  his  report.  The  Asso- 
ciation adopted  the  recommendations, 
which  were  that  a  large  and  repre- 
sentative committee  be  appointed,  and 
that  E.  N.  Miner  be  made  chairman 
of  this  committee,  with  power  to  ap- 
point the  other  members,  and  report 
at  the  next  meeting  of  the  Federation. 
A  vote  of  thanks  to  Mr.  Miner  was 
recorded  for  what  he  has  done  in 
this  direction  already. 

THURSDAY     FORENOON. 

W.  O.  Davis,  Erie,  Pa.,  and  W.  H. 
Howard,  Columbus,  Ohio,  discussed 
"Facility  in  Writing  Figures"  and 
"Capital  Letters  on  Shift  and  Double 


#Wj* 


BS 


R.  A.  Grant. 


\v.  H.  Howard. 


Keyboard  Machines."  R.  A.  Grant, 
Rockford,  111.,  read  a  paper  on 
"  Problems  to  Be  Solved  by  the  High 
School  Shorthand  Teacher."  Here  it 
must  be  remembered  that  two  high 
duties  are  to  be  performed:  (1) 
Young  people  must  be  trained  for 
good  citizenship,  (2)  Pupils  must  be 
enabled  to  earn  a  living  on  leaving 
school.  The  time  devoted  to  short- 
hand must  not  be  less  than  the 
equivalent  of  one  full  period  each 
day  for  one  and  one-half  years. 
These  subjects  should  be  elective  and 
should  be  given  in  the  third  and 
fourth  years.  No  student  should  be 
permitted  to  study  shorthand  and 
typewriting  who  has  not  successfully 
completed  fifteen  hours  of  work  each 
week  during  the  first  two  years  of  his 
course. 

D.  D.  Mueller  was  appointed  to 
solicit  funds  for  the  Spencer  Memor- 
ial Fund. 

John  R.  Gregg,  rising  to  a  question 
of  personal  privilege,  called  attention 
to  the  work  he  had  done  in  the  inter- 
est of  the  Association,  studiously 
avoiding  invidious  references  to  sys- 
tems, but  working  rather  for  the 
good  of  shorthand  itself.  He  was 
opposed  to  speed  contests  in  these 
meetings,  and  objected  to  the  way  in 
which  the  blackboard  exhibition  was 
brought  about  and  to  the  report  that 
was  printed  in  the  Cincinnati  papers. 
Further  discussion  was  not  permitted 
at  the  time. 

C.  W.  BENTON. 


Benn  Pitman  then  read  a  most  in- 
teresting paper  dealing  with  his 
reporting  experiences  during  the 
Civil  War. 

After  the  conclusion  of  Mr.  Pit- 
man's paper,  it  was  voted  to  make 
the  Typewriter  and  Phonographic 
World  the  official  organ  of  the  Asso- 
ciation, although  many  were  strenu- 
ously opposed  to  this  action,  and  the 
committee  appointed  to  consider  the 
matter  reported  adversely.  It  was 
also  decided  to  have  state  secretaries 
next  year.  The  election  then  took 
place,  resulting  as  indicated  on  an- 
other page. 

Mr.  S.  A.  Moran,  Chairman  of  the 
Press  Committee,  reported  that  he 
had  nothing  whatever  to  do  with  the 
press  report  to  which  Mr.  Gregg  took 
exceptions,  Mr.  Gregg  accepted  the 
explanation,  and  the  meeting  ad- 
journed. 

members  of  tbe  Penmanship  Hssocia= 
Hon. 

Robert  C.  Spencer,  Milwaukee,  Wis.  ;  C.  P. 
Zaner,  Columbus,  Ohio  ;  R.  W.  James,  St. 
Louis,  Mo.;  C.  C.  Lister,  Baltimore,  Md. ; 
Burt  German,  Fremont,  Ohio;  Horace  G. 
Healey,  New  York,  N.  Y.;  W.  LeRoy  Brown, 
Cleveland,  Ohio;  C.  A.  Faust,  Chicago,  111.; 
A.  N.  Palmer,  Cedar  Rapids,  Iowa  ;  Mrs.  A. 
N.  Palmer,  Cedar  Rapids,  la.;  F.  A.  Keef- 
over,  Western  Penman;  J.  K.  Renshaw 
Banks  Business  College,  Philadelphia;  N- 
H.  Wright,  Louisville,  Ky. ;  D.  S.  Hill,  Ev- 
ansville, Ind  ;  B.  C.  Kassiel,  Chicago,  Ills. ; 
A.  N.  Symmes,  Louisville,  Ky.;  C.  R.  Tate, 
Cincinnati,  Ohio;  H.  P.  Ellsworth,  Balti- 
more, Md.;  Fay  O.  Pinks,  Warren,  Ohio;  H. 
E.  Weaver,  Niles,  Ohio;  T.  J.  Hoover,  Car- 
linville,  111.;    Court  F.   Wood,  Washington 

D.  C;  W.  F.  Giesseman,  Des  Moines,  la..  M. 

E.  Bennett,  Pittsburg,  Pa.  ;  Delia  M.  Strack, 
New  Albany,  Ind. ;  M.  D.  Fulton, Pawtucket, 
R.  I.;  A.  H.  Hinman,  Worcester.  Mas-  ;  I.  C. 
Ross,  Cincinnati,  Ohio;  C.  G.  Price,  Balti- 
more, Md. ;  E.  T.  Zerkle,  Thackery,  Ohio  ;  H. 
A.  Popp,  Ft.  Wayne,  Ind.;  E.  A.  Dietrich, 
Fairrnount,  W.  Va. ;  A.  L.  Peer,  Charleston, 
W.  Va.;  F.  F.  Musrush,  2927  Detroit  Street, 
Cleveland,  Ohio;  W.  F.  Hostetter,  South 
Bend,  Ind.;  Philip  Maguire,  care  of  Ladies' 
College,  Baltimore,  Md.;  E.  E.  Admire,  De- 
troit, Mich.;  T.  J.  Risinger,  Utica,  N.  Y.;  I). 
Newton  Greer,  Braddock,  Pa.;  L.  L.  Tucker, 
Alliance,  Ohio;  A.  L.  Brown,  Leamington, 
Ont.;  Anna  M.  Hall,  McConnellsville,  Ohio: 
W.  P.  Jones,  Little  Rock,  Ark. ;  S.  B.  Fahne- 
stock,  McPherson,  Kans.;  J.  F.  Fish,  Chica- 
go, 111.;  E.  J.  O'Sullivan,  Winnipeg,  Canada; 
E.  O:  Folsom,  Milwaukee,  Wis.;  W.  C.  Wol- 
laston,  Wildpr,  Minn. 


M.   I>.  FULTON. 


J.  E.  NEAHR. 


H.  G.  HEALEY. 


Report  of  the 

Spencer  memorial  Library  Com= 
mittee 

Of  the   national    Commercial   teachers' 

Association 

We  tin-  ci  mi  mittee  appointed  at  Milwaukee 
to  devise  plans  for  completing  the  Spencer 
Memorial  Library  at  Geneva,  Ohio,  recom- 
mend: 

First,  that  contributions  in  the  form  of 
money  or  pledges  be  received  during  this 
meeting.  . 

Second, that  contributions  be  forwarded  to 

the    ictarv   from     penmen,    commercial 

teachers,  principals  and  all  who  revere  the 
name  which  lias  made  the  penmanship  of 
America  famous  throughout  the  world.  * 

Third,  that  a  Spencerian  Day  be  held  in 
all  sell. ...Is  during  February,  at  which  time 
contributions  shall  be  received.  The  exer- 
cises .if  that  day  could  consist  of  an  illus- 
trated talk  and"  readings  of  the  life  and 
labors  of  Piatt  K.  Spencer,  Sr. 

These  contributions  are  to  be  handed  or 
sent  to  the  Secretarv  and  Treasurer,  C.  C. 
Lister,  Baltimore,  Md.,  in  care  Sadler's 
Business  College. 

C.  P.  ZANER,  President,  \ 

C.  C.  LISTER,  Sec.  and  Treas.) 

\V.   F.    GDSSSEMAN,  f 

G.  W.  Brown,  >  Commitee. 

H.  M.  ROUTE,  I 

(  habx.es  T.  Piatt,  i 

W.  L.  MUSICS,  / 

•(This  applies  particularly  to  the  readers 
of  penmanship  journals  and  therefore  to 
roa.  Remit  to  Mr.  Lister  today  whatever 
vou  feel  like  subscribing  or  can  afford,  as  it 
is  desired  to  raise  not  less  than  $7,500.00  by 
the  end  of  February.) 

"  The  memory  of  statesmen,  poets,  artists, 
sculptors,  musicians,  warriors,  and  heroes 
of  various  kinds  have  been  perpetuated  in 
various  ways,  but  so  far  as  I  know,  nothing 
has  ever  been  done  in    recognition  of  any 


k.  I).  MITCHELL. 


penman.  The  name  Spencer  touches  the 
heart  of  every  lover  of  beautiful  penman- 
ship, similar  to  the  thrill  in  the  breast  of 
every  true  patriot  at  the  mention  of  Colum- 
bus or  Washington.  A  few  years  ago  a 
move  was  made  toward  erecting  a  Memorial 
Library  in  honor  of  Mr.  Piatt  K.  Spencer,  at 
his  old  home,  Geneva,  Ohio,  near  where  he 
taught  penmanship  in  his  Log  Seminary. 
The  sum  of  $5,000  and  about  3,000  volumes  of 
books  are  now  in  charge  of  a  Board  of  Trus 
tees  at  the  above  place,  where  the  ground 
on  which  the  library  is  to  be  built  has  been 
donated  by  the  citizens  of  Geneva,  who  are 
enthusiastic  over  this  commendable  enter- 
prise. 

"  A  committee  of  nine  appointed  at  Mil- 
waukee last  December  to  devise  a  plan, 
whereby  those  engaged  in  commercial  work 
may  co  operate  with  the  citizens  of  Geneva 
in  building  this  Library,  submit  its  report 
herewith.  I  look  upon  this  as  a  glorious 
opportunity  and  privilege  for  every  lover 
of  true  greatness  and  of  beautiful  pen- 
manship, whether  in  public  or  private 
school,  to  have  an  interest  in  a  Memorial 
Library  to  be  erected  to  keep  green  the  mem- 
ory of  the  noble  founder  of  Spencerian  pen- 
manship. 
Extract  from  President  Lister's  address. 


W.   H.  CARRIER. 


Convention  notes. 


Clifford  J.  Kennedy  and  J.  E.Neahrare"a 
pair  to  draw  to,"  and  when  they  undertake 
anything  it  is  likely  to  go  through  smooth 
as  oil.    That's  the  way  the  show  went. 

The  popular  representative  of  the  Reming- 
ton Company,  Mr.  John  F.  Soby,  was  omni- 
present, and  his  courteous  operators  ren- 
dered much  excellent  service  to  members  of 
the  Federation. 

Everybody  wondered  what  had  become  of 
the  Smith-Premier  people  and  the  other 
typewriter  firms  that  in  the  past  have  dis 
puted  the  popularity  of  the  Remington  and 
the  LTnderwood,  each  of  which  had  a  room 
at  the  Burnet  House. 

Mr.  Piatt,  after  urging  the  members  of  the 
Shorthand  Teachers'  Association  to  move 
forward  so  as  to  make  it  easier  forthe  speak- 
ers, said,  "  I  am  impelled  to  make  these  re- 
marks in  a  perfunctory  way,  although  I 
know  they  will  not  have  any  effect."  It  would 
be  a  good  thing  if  every  presiding  officer 
were  endowed  with  Mr.  Piatt's  sense  of 
humor. 

By  the  way,  ask  Mr.  Piatt  to  define  "an 
open  meeting."  He  has  a  very  interesting 
idea  to  exploit. 

Envious  young  men  remarked  that  L'ncle 
Robert  had  evidently  "  got  the  Power  "  when 
they  saw  him  strolling  down  the  aisle  with 
his  arm  paternally  about  the  shoulders  of  a 
slender,  winsome,  and  very  popular  young 
woman. 

W.   S.   ASHBY. 


*** 


D.    S.    1111*1.. 


A.  I).  \\  n.T. 


J  NO.  F.   SOBY. 


Wherever  the  carnations,  roses,  and  vio- 
lets may  have  been  blooming,  Boreas 
seemed  to  have  made  a  special  trip  with 
North  Pole  varieties  of  weather  for  the  par- 
ticularbenefit  of  theconvention.and  Vulcan 
toiled  away  at  his  forge  with  such  industry 
that  we  all  decided  Cincinnati  to  be  just  as 
dirty  a  place  as  Pittsburg,  Chicago,  St.  Louis 
or  Cleveland. 

Not  having  consulted  one  another,  the 
Executive  Committees  of  the  several  organi- 
zations cut  out  a  strenuous  day's  work  for 
Benn  Pitman,  having  him  down  for  an  ad- 
dress before  the  shorthand  section  at  nine 
o'clock  on  "Reporting  Experiences  During 
the  War;  "  before  the  penmanship  section  at 
ten  o'clock  on  "Art  and  Illustrating;"  be- 
fore the  Federation  at  one  forty  five,  on  "  Es- 
sentials in  the  Commercial  College. "  Quite 
as  much  as  any  other  young  man  of  eighty- 
one  would  care  to  undertake.  It  need  hardly 
be  said  that  the  watchful  Jerome  B.  Howard 
saw  to  it  that  some  re-arrangements  were 
made. 

A  recent  visitor  to  Cincinnati,  who  had 
not  been  there  since  the  Civil  War,  said 
that  the  city  had  changed  wonderfully; 
that  the  only  building  he  recognized  was 
the  Burnet  house.  Despite  its  age,  however, 
it  was  a  good  headquarters  hotel,  for  Cin- 
cinnati. 

Speaking  of  hotel  accommodations  makes 
one  think  of  the  remarkable  restaurant 
where  many  of  the  teachers  took  most  of 
.their  meals.  The  Manhattan  is  remarkable 
in  the  number  of  its  customers— thousands 
daily— the  incredibly  low  price  for  its  service, 
and  the  excellence  of  its  cooking,  consider- 
ing everything.  One  teacher  said  that  there 
were  certainly  no  labor  troubles,  for  eggs 
were  too  cheap  for  hens  to  be  on  a  strike. 
They  served  three  eggs  in  any  style  for  ten 
cents;  they  cost  us  five  cents  each  au  natural 
in  Massachusetts. 


Many  comments  were  made  on  the  mag- 
nificence of  the  entrances  to  the  saloons  of 
Cincinnati.  We  do  not  know  how  many 
took  "  the  Cincinnati  examination"  by  go- 
ing inside,  but  we  understand  that  the 
interior  beauty  of  the  furnishings  of  most  of 
these  saloons  is  as  extravagant  as  the  ex- 
cessive misery  of  the  women  and  children 
and  brutalized  men  from  whose  hearts  and 
minds  and  stomachs  most  of  this  splendor 
is  transmuted.  Certainly  the  exteriors  were 
alluring  enough  to  seduce  any  cold  and 
cheerless  man  away  from  the  path  of  right 
living. 

Everybody  enjoyed  the  blackboard  speed 
contest  between  Fred  Irland  and  Raymond 
P.  Kelly,  although  it  seemed  strange  that  a 
veteran  of  the  United  States  Congress 
should  have  been  pitted  against  a  youth. 
However,  Mr.  Kelly  received  the  hearty  con- 
gratulations of  everyone  who  witnessed  his 
performance. 

Mr.  Mueller's  paperon  "  the  Piano  Method" 
was  a  good  one  and  it  dealt  with  a  very 
sensible  proposition,  the  adoption  of  a  con- 
gruous name  for  the  new  method  of  teaching 
typewriting.  It  is  to  be  hoped  that  the  name 
will  meet  the  favor  shown  to  Mr.  Mueller's 
excellent  class  in  typewriting  and  to  his 
able  paper. 

Mr.  E.  O.  Folsotn  was  greatly  missed  by 
the  penmen,  but  W.  LeRoy  Brown  filled  the 
position  of  temporary  secretary  most  ac- 
ceptably. 

The  publishers  were  well  represented  in 
the  exhibit  rooms,  the  well  arranged  ex- 
hibit of  F.  H.  Bliss  being  especially  at- 
tractive, because  of  its  comparative  new- 
ness. 

A  large  party,  under  the  direction  of  Mr. 
Elliott  and  Mr.  Miner,  of  the  American  Book 
Company,  made  a  trip  to  the  Art  Museum 
and    the    Rookwood   Pottery.      Both    trans- 


portation and  admission  were  provided  by 
the  aforesaid  gentlemen,  who  do  nothing 
by  halves. 

We  all  regretted  very  much  the  necessary 
absence  of  W.  N.  Ferris,  whose  splendid 
paper  was  read  on  Thursday  by  C.  C.  Mar- 
shall. It  was  probably  the  most  interesting 
and  inspiring  paper  read  before  any  of  the 
sections. 

Among  the  many  absentees  who  were 
greatly  missed— teachers  who  in  the  past 
have  been  regular  in  their  attendance— were 
A.  C.  Van  Sant,  L.  L.  Williams,  W.  H.  Sad- 
ler, N.  P.  Heffley,  Charles  J.  Smith,  J.  F. 
Fish,  Geo.  P.  Lord,  J.J.  Eagan,  E.  F.  Quintal, 
H.  W.  Ellsworth,  and  F.  B.  Virden. 

The  re-election  of  A.  F.  Harvey— this  time 
as  president— in  the  Business  Teachers'  As- 
sociation was  a  well-merited  tribute  to  real 
worth.  Mr.  Harvey  did  not  and  will  not 
flinch  from  his  duty  as  president. 

The  penmanship  teachers  honored  them- 
selves in  electing  A.  H.  Hinman  for  next 
year's  presidency.  Mr.  Hinman  was  a  pro- 
fessional when  most  of  the  present  active 
penmen  were  abstracting  sustenance  from 
their  great  toes,  on  the  floors  of  their  moth- 
ers' kitchens.  He  has  forgotten  more  about 
various  kinds  of  penmanship  than  many  an 
enthusiast  of  to-day  ever  knew.  He  loves 
the  work,  has  had  wide  experience  in  teach- 
ing, and  will  make  a  good  president. 

When  the  business  manager  heard  Mr. 
Lockyear's  dream  they  wondered  whether 
he  had  visited  Chinatown  or  had  "seen 
things"  the  previous  evening.  Nevertheless, 
"truth  is  stranger  than  fiction."  It  pays  to 
be  honest  and  to  set  a  good  example.  The 
strong  should  concede  something  for  the 
sake  of  the  weak;  they  should  practice  what 
Saint  Paul  preached;  "If  meat  make  my 
brother  to  offend,  I  will  eat  no  meat  while 
the  world  standeth." 


C  K.  Tate. 


T.  J.RISINOE-R 


A.  L.  Musick. 


HHc&tvM  tc^CcUvcuXcr   #> 


&Ke@u^irvc^£elup&{fctor   &> 


/J7  /^?  J? 


J       i^-rz^J 


-fo~r  ^c^.  /A.^  y^yz^a^zyu  /2/-zzAsL^J  ^d-/k^ciJ     a^Le-  ^&yz^>A^ 


AN  OHKHAMi  FJU-Nti   AT  MK.  PALMBK  HY   THE  EDITOK  <>F  THE  B.  E. 


Complimentary  theatre  Party  Given  by  the  Underwood  typewriter  Company  to  the  ttati 


The  Entire  First  Floor  as  Above  Shown  was  reserved  for  and  Occupied  by  Membe 


"3est  Tor   Tun" 

Ask  Gaylord  what  he  thinks  of  the  saloon 
furnishings  of  Cincinnati. 

Who  is  the  Moses  of  the  Penmanship 
World?    Ask   brother  Palmer. 

Who  "swore  off"  at  the  convention? 
What  was  the  cause?  President  Lister  put 
up  the  Price  and  then— oh,  well !  Ohio  river 
water  is  riley,  and  he  had  other  reasons 
which  he  may  not  object  telling. 

Did  Zaner  ever  forget  an  engagement? 
Tate  knows.  The  cause?  Never  mind,  the 
river  was  "friz"  over  and  you  can  guess 
the  rest. 

Who  says  "Uncle  Robert"  can't  dance? 
He  waltzed  not  only  in  the  ball-room  of  the 
Burnet  House,  but  clear  into  the  presiden- 
tial   chair. 

Bartlett  did  up  everything  just  right;  but, 
say,  come  to  think  didn't  he  make  Marshall 
Wilt? 

And  the  Private  School  Managers'  and 
Penmanship  Teachers'  Associations  still 
live!  And  weren't  they  about  as  lively  as 
the  Brownies  could  make  them?  (G.  W.  in 
the  former  and  W.  LeRoy  in  the  latter.) 

Where  was  Moses  when  the  speed  contest 
came  off? 

What  is  the  difference  between  Dutch  and 
German?  The  two  Charlies  said  they  tallied 
and  that  meant  one  more  vote  for  Hurt. 

Twenty  years  ago  St.  Michael  attended  a 
Cincinnati  convention  and  astonished  the 
natives  with  the  subject  of  Rapid  Writing. 
This  j-ear  Moses  attended  and  did  the 
same. 


When  it  comes  to  parliamentary  law,  Wilt 
isn't  as  old  as  his  initials  (A.  D.)  might  sig- 
nify. 

Those  who  were  at  Milwaukee  a  year  ago 
and  at  Cincinnati  this  year,  now  know  that 
the  Power  of  carnations  is  mighty  as  well 
as  sweet. 

When  Uncle  Robert  has  a  Row-e,  with  the 
Mrs.,  look  out !  The  subjects  are  too  mighty 
to  handle  without  music  or  elevators. 

The  Penmanship  Section  was  visited  by  a 
Ren-shaw,  it's  a  shame  there's  not  more  of 
them  or  that  they  do  not  come  oftener. 

With  O.  H.  at  St.  Louis,  W.  E.  at  Quincy, 
and  J.  A.  at  Moline,  things  look  quite 
White,  and  they  are,  too  (three). 

What  beer  has  done  for  Milwaukee,  the 
restaurants  bid  fair  to  do  for  Cincinnati  — 
especially  the  Manhattan.    So  say  we  all. 

Cincinnati  restaurant  meals  were  so  large 
and  the  bills  so  small  you  felt  like  apologiz- 
ing with  a  blush  every  time  you  paid  them. 

Do  you  "Guarantee  Positions?"  Then 
steer  clear  of  the  Private  Commercial 
School  Managers'  Association. 

Who  can  tell  what  there  is  about  the  Ken 
tucky  end  of  the  Suspension  bridge  that 
seemed  so  attractive  to  the  members  of  the 
Federation  ?  Can  it  be  that  Zaner's  talk  on 
narcotics  converted  so  many  that  they  had 
to  go  across  to  get  distilled  water? 

Whrii  it  comes  to  brewing  and  strwing, 
Cincinnati  takes  the  cake.  Ask  any  mem 
her. 

(  iiH  innati  business  men  are  neither  slow 
nor  sloppy  when  it  comes  to  making  side- 
splitting   speeches..       __         


Who  said  they  had  grate-full  fires  at  the 
Burnet    House? 

Zaner  got  there  on  capitals,  but  he  had  to 
take  a  back  seat  with  a  number  of  members 
on  sliced  bananas  smothered  with  ice 
cream.  LeRoy  took  the  cake,  as  well  as  the 
aforesaid. 

"  Old  men  for  counsel,  young  men  for  war," 
expanded  at  Cincinnati  into,  "  Old  men  for 
counsel  and  waltzing,  all  men  for  Warn" 

Oh,  Zinzinnatte's  O.  K !  She's  the  A.  B.  C. 
of  entertainers.  Rookwood  as  well  as 
Underwood  were  strictly  in  it. 

The  convention  is  mighty  Neahr  Elliott- 
Miner  with  its  affections. 


News  ^otes 

and  Notices. 


Mr.  W.  K.  White,  teacher  of  Commercial 
Law,  Mathematics,  Rapid  Calculation  and 
Correspondence  of  the  Gem  City  Business 
College,  Quincy,  111.,  was  presented  with  a 
gold  watch  by  the  students  of  the  business 
department  just  before  holidays.  This 
demonstration  of  their  appreciation  indi- 
cates that  Mr.  White  is  quite  as  popular  at 
home  among-  his  own  students  as  he  is 
when  away  from  home  and  among  busi- 
ness educators. 

J.  H.  Drake,  of  the  commercial  depart- 
ment of  the  Creston,  Iowa,  High  School,  has 
had  a  serious  siege  of  pneumonia,  from 
which  he  is  happily  recovering. 

The  manv  friends  of  W.  J.  Smith,  of  the 
Four  C's,  Des  Moines,  will  learn  with  deep 
regret  that  he  died  early  in  December. 
Mr.  Smith  was  a  verv  capable  man,  well- 
liked. by  all  who  came  toknow  him. 


£omttiertial  teachers'  federation,  Columbia  theatre,  Cincinnati,  Ohio,  Dec.  30,  1003. 


rHE  Federation,   many  Famous  and  familiar  Faces  are  Found  in  the  Foreground." 


John  Showerman,  of  Mt.  Vernon,  N.  Y., 
lias  brought  suit  against  E.Virgil  Meal,  of 
New  York  City,  for  $50,000  for  alienation  of 
Mrs.  Showerman's  affections.  Mr.  Shower- 
man  ssserts  that  his  wife  is  entirely  under 
the  control  of  Mr.  Neal,  who  is  a  banker  at 
1981  Broadway,  although  more  widely 
known  in  the  commercial  teaching  profes- 
sion as  the  author  of  a  recent  work  on 
Banking  for  commercial  schools;  also  as 
X.  LaMotte  Sage,  hypnotist,  etc. 

Miss  Elizabeth  McDonough,  a  public 
stenographer  of  Boston,  recently  submitted 
to  the  city  auditor  a  bill  for  $7457  for  services 
in  reporting  the  proceedings  of  an  investi- 
gating committee.  The  bill  was  declared 
exorbitant,  and  has  not  been  paid.  Mr. 
Bates  Torrey,  the  well  known  author  of  a 
book  on  Touch  Typewriting,  has  filed  a 
writ  of  attachment  against  Miss  McDon- 
ough for  $1,600  for  services  rendered  as  one 
of  Mias  McDonough's  force  on  this  particular 
case.  Evidently  fees  for  expert  reporting 
ijre  higher  than  salaries  for  teaching  the 
art. 

The  Boston  force  of  Smith-Premier  em- 
ployes, thirty-one  in  number,  met  at  the 
New  Lexington  Hotel  New  Year's  eve  for 
a  dinner  and  an  evening  of  fun.  Mr.  W.  H. 
Gleazen,  of  the  New  York  executive  staff 
of  the  Smith-Premier  Co.,  was  the  guest  of 
the  evening,  and  what  with  such  dainties 
us  "Typewriter  soup,  Little  Italy,"  "  Paris- 
sienne  potatoes  from  Wilson's  supplv 
department,"  "  Virden  squab,  No.  6  type.^' 
"  Stenographers'  fingers,  au  key  tops,"  etc., 
together  with  encouraging  words  about  the 
great  growth  of  their  business,  the  evening 
was  pleasantly  spent.  Manager  R.  R.  King, 
of  the  Boston  office,  is  to  be  congratulated 
on  the  happy  event. 

The  Spencer  Memorial  Library  Associa- 
tion of  Geneva,  Ohio,  held  an  annual  meet- 
ing in  December  The  treasurer's  report 
showed  nearly  $5,000  on  hand,  and  the 
sentiment  of  the  members  present  was 
strongly  in  favor  of  erecting  a  building 
luring  this  year.  An  offer  by  Andrew 
Carnegie  to  contribute  $5,000  toward  the 
building  on  condition  that  the  village 
guarantee  to  provide  $1,000  annually  for 
maintenance,     was      rejected     because     it 


seemed  impossible  to  make  the  guarantee. 
Contributions  from  those  who  are  willing 
to  aid  in  the  construction  of  this  worthy 
memorial  to  one  who  did  as  much  as  any 
one  else  to  make  commercial  education 
popular,  through  the  influence  of  good 
writing,  should  be  sent  to  S.  S.  Searle, 
Treasurer,  Geneva,  Ohio,  or  C.  C.  Lister, 
Baltimore,  Md. 

The  Philadelphia  papers  of  December  19th 
contained  extended  reports  of  the  always 
notable  graduating  exercises  of  Peirce 
School.  More  than  3,000  auditors  and  a 
class  of  200  listened  to  Secretary  Shaw,  of 
the  U.  S.  Treasury,  in  an  address  that 
abounded  in  wise  and  witty  advice.  Here 
s  a  sample: 

NO  SUCCESS  WITHOUT  EDUCATION 

"  If  I  were  to  say  that  no  uneducated  man 
ever  succeeds  it  would  be  necessary  to 
define  what  I  meant  by  education.  Men 
succeed  who  can  neither  read  nor  write, 
but  they  do  not  succeed  without  education. 
Men  go  through  college,  take  post-graduate 
courses,  and  then  sometimes  fail  for  want 
of  education. 

"Education  does  not  consist  in  simply 
knowing  certain  facts.  Facts  are  cold. 
Education  is  mental  warmth. 

*'  If  I  were  to  criticise  modern  educational 
processes  as  pursued  in  the  schools  I  would 
say  that  the  average  school,  the  average 
academy,  and  the  average  college  are  build- 
ing too  manv  granaries  and  not  enough 
gristmills.  You  can  buy  for  twenty-five 
cents  a  vest  pocket  volume  containing  more 
facts  than  any  one  man,  living  or  dead, 
ever  knew.  But  you  might  commit  the 
entire  volume  to  memory,  and  justify  your 
friends  in  calling  you  a  walking  encyclo 
pedia,  and  you  would  still  remain  unedu- 
cated. 

"Education  is  a  drawing-out  process  as 
distinguished  from  a  cramming  process. 
An  educated  man  is  able  to  take  facts,  like 
grain,  and  grind  them;  bolt  them;  leaven 
them;  knead  them,  and  bake  them.  Then 
he  has  something  possessing  a  market 
value.  Capacity  for  success,  therefore,  is 
capacity  to  think,  to  reason,  to  weigh,  to 
adjust,  to  deduce,  to  conclude,  to  decide 
and  then  to  act  upon  the  decision." 


John  Wanamaker  entertained  the  Secre- 
tary at  dinner  with  John  H.  Converse, 
Charles  Emory  Smith,  and  other  notable 
Philadelphians  present.  The  exercises  of 
Peirce  School  are  always  on  so  high  a  plane 
that  no  one  can  think  of  invidious  distinc- 
tions between  it  and  any  of  the  other  great 
educational  institutionsof  this  famous  city. 

S.  M.  Blue,  with  whose  fine  penmanship 
most  of  our  readers  are  familiar,  is  now  con- 
nected with  the  Paris,  Texas,  Commercial 
College.    Success  to  you,  friend  Blue. 

J.  F.  Cooper,  principal  of  the  Commercial 
Department  of  the  Pueblo,  (Colo.)  High 
School,  reports  that  he  has  a  very  large  and 
successful  department  this  year.  Miss 
Lucy  Olds,  formerly  of  Galesburg,  111.,  is 
Mr.  Cooper's  assistant. 

We  learn  that  the  San  Francisco  Business 
College,  of  which  A.  S.  Weaver,  the  well 
known  penman  and  teacher  is  principal, 
has  a  daily  attendance  of  nearly  400  stu- 
dents.   This  is  indeed  a  splendid  showing. 

The  Harlem  Commercial  Institute,  67 
West  125th  Street,  New  York  City,  William 
Hope,  A.  M.,  LL.  B.,  President,  recently 
closed  the  shorthand  examination  and  con- 
tests for  Isaac  Pitman  &  Sons'  Silver  and 
Bronze  Medals.  In  a  division  numbering 
ninty-eight,  after  an  examination  lasting 
three  hours,  Miss  Margaret  C.  Stein,  West- 
chester, won  the  Silver  Medal,  and  Miss 
Henrietta  Myers,  New  York  City,  won  the 
Bronze  Medal.  On  Monday,  December  14th, 
the  medals  were  presented  to  the  success- 
ful students  in  the  presence  of  the  entire 
school. 

Did  you  know  that  away  out  in  the  north- 
western nick  o'  the  woods  was  to  be  found 
one  of  the  twenty  largest  business  training- 
schools  in  America?  Thus  is  rated  Wilson's 
Modern  Business  College,  Seattle,  Wash. 
Big  things  are  not  always  the  best  things, 
but  they  are  keeping  their  own  standard 
high  by  insisting  upon  students  reviewing 
subjects  or  passing  finals  on  entering  the 
Academic  As  a  consequence  no  school  of 
this  class  has  a  larger  per  cent,  of  its  stu- 
dents pursuing  all  academic  subjects  irk 
conjunction  with  the  special  courses. 


Wessons  in  Uptoinak  Business  Penmanship 


C^y^^^^^>^<^z^z^ 


TROY,  N.  Y. 


Cesson  6. 

Writing  a  Delicate  Brl 

While  writing  ill  general  can  hardly  be  classed  with  the  tine  arts,  it  is  without  doubt,  the  most  delicate  and  difficult  problem  that 
he  average  individual  is  asked  to  master.  Its  accomplishment  demands  more  attentive  effort  and  thoughtful  practice  than  any  other 
ask  laid  before  him,  and  this  is.no  doubt,  the  strongest  excuse  for  much  of  the  poor  writing  that  we  see  from  day  to  day.  Ask  the 
iverage  person  to  sign  his  name  on  the  back  of  a  check  or  note  and  watch  him  struggle  to  do  it.  His  effort  is  indeed  a  laborious  one, 
mil  reveals  tin-  fact  that  writing  (good  writing,  at  least)  demands  effort  that  is  quite  unusual  for  him  to  expend.  It  must,  therefore,  be 
•\ -idetit  to  all  who  are  striving  to  improve  along  this  line  that  the  task  before  you  is  a  delicate  one,  and  demands  careful,  thoughtful, 
;ondensed  effort  to  succeed.  If  you  entertain  for  a  moment  the  idea  that  you  can  make  satisfactory  ad  vancement  by  mixing  other 
:houghts  and  efforts  into  your  writing  practice,  you  have  made  quite  a  plain  mistake.  To  reach  the  desired  end  and  successfully  carry 
?our  work  to  completion,  the  thought  and  consideration  must  be  along  the  line  of  good  writing,  and  not  other  matters.  The  good 
\  rit.r-  in  my  classes  today  are  those  whose  past  practice  was  thoughtful,  and  whose  efforts  were  sincere.  Let  me,  therefore,  appeal  to 
■ach  and  everyone  to  think  deeply  about  the  form  you  are  making  or  trying  to  make  during  your  practice  moments.  Let  me  remind 
rou  of  the  fact  that  those  students  who  swing  away  in  an  indifferent  manner  day  after  day  without  any  thought  as  to  just  what  is 
i  \  to  succeed,  have  yet  to  rind  the  sure  and  true  road  to  plain,  easy  writing.  Realize  the  truth  of  this  and  I  feel  sure  that  your 
iractice  of  the  future  will  be  of  better  quality.  The  pen  is  moved  and  guided  through  physical  exertion,  yet  without  the  honest  direc- 
ionoi  voiu  will,  your  efforts  will  be  well  nigh  useless.  Think,  then,  while  you  practice,  and  think  only  of  that  which  you  are  striving 
Such  effort,  truly  speaking,  is  the  highest  form  of  practice,  and  the  kind  and  quality  necessary  to  master  this  most  delicate  of 

arts.  _ 

Perseverance 

-  essential  to  success  in  any  vocation,  consequently  you  must  not  give  up.  During  the  periods  of  discouragement  that  you  will 
indoubtedly  encounter,  apply  the  powerful  antidote  termed,  "  I  Will,"  and  again  dive  in.  The  present  period  is  most  important,  in  fact 
t  is  the  turning  point  to  success  or  failure.  To  give  up  now  would  mean  a  total  waste  of  your  past  efforts,  while  to  continue  means 
-ertain  success.    Come  on,  then,  one  and  all. 

Plate   42 

K\  en  at  this  stage  of  your  practice  honest  effort  on  such  designs  as  this  will  aid  greatly  in  reaching  the  desired  end.  Freedom  in 
writing  is  dependent  upon  arm  training  and  control,  and  there  is  no  surer  means  of  acquiring  it  than  through  perseverance  on  these 
X1.,,  isrs.  'i  rue  it  is  that  they  are  often  misused  by  students  who  use  them  as  an  excuse  for  scribbling,  yet  when  employed  rightly  and 
judiciously,  the  benefit  is  quite  noticeable.  To  plan  and  execute  such  an  exercise  as  this  one  must  employ  thought  as  well  as  execution. 
The  lame  center  oval  was  made  first,  after  which  the  surrounding  exercises  were  formed.  In  the  compact  work,  nimbleness  and  light- 
ness oi  -troke  are  necessary,  else  you  are  liable  to  make  a  muddy  job  of  it.  Originate  something  new  along  this  line  and  work  it 
>ut  carefully.    The  arm  rolls  at  all  times  on  the  muscle  in  front  of  the  elbow  and  no  finger  action  should  be  employed. 


Plati  43 
Take  the  oval  exercise  at  the  beginning  of  line  one  and  work  on  it  carefully,  moving  as  the  arrow  indicates.  Start  the  first  stroke 
of  i  lie  ./  ni'  and  well  toward  the  right  and  make  the  long  down  stroke  quite  straight.  The  lower  part  of  the  letter  is  somewhat  narrower 
than  the  portion  above  the  line,  while  the  turns  at  both  ends  are  round.  Make  it  quickly,  and  once  started  keep  the  pen  moving  till  it  is 
completed.  The  lower  part  is  exactly  the  same  as  the  lower  part  of  the  small  j,  therefore  practice  on  one  will  aid  on  the  other.  Use  arm 
movement  exclusively  in  making  the  capital,  and  watch  position  closely.  Do  not  lean  against  the  table  or  the  chair-back.  Spacing 
between  letters  in  the  word  in  line  five  is  wider  than  usual,  yet  it  will  encourage  freedom  to  try  it.  When  trying  the  sentence  in  line  six 
J  >-e  that    \  on  employ  the  care  that  is  s,i|jeec;tod  in  the  wording. 


Plate  44 

Here  is  some  review  work  along  the  small  letter  line.  Go  back  often  and  practice  in  this  manner.  Save  some  of  your  best  efforts 
from  time  to  time  and  compare  them  with  what  you  did  weeks  and  months  previous.  In  this  way  you  will  notice  your  own  improve- 
ment, and  at  the  same  time  see  wherein  you  can  do  still  better  on  the  same  work.  In  truth,  you  ought  to  keep  reviewing  frim  time  to 
time  all  the  work  we  have  thus  far  taken,  for  much  of  it  is  of  the  greatest  importance  to  you. 


Plate  45 

The  /  is  started  the  same  as  the  /,  and  is  an  easy  letter  to  make.  Some  people  make  it  in  the  opposite  manner,  like  the  small  J 
with  a  dot  at  the  beginning.  Try  it  with  the  /  as  in  line  two.  The  sentence  in  lines  four  and  rive  was  written  twice  to  suggest  sys- 
tematic arrangement  when  practicing  page  and  bodywork.  Keep  the  words  under  each  other  and  use  a  light,  gliding  movement  in 
going  across  the  page.    Try  joining  the  two  capitals  as  in  the  last  line. 


Plat*    46 

The  styles  of  T  and  F  given  in  line  three  are  simple  and  plain,  and  no  doubt  some  will  say  that  they  are  the  extreme  in  that  line. 
However  the  success  that  I  have  had  in  teaching  them  during  the  past  few  years  prompted  me  to  give  them  here.  I  believe,  too,  that 
you  will  like  them  once  you  get  accustomed  to  them.  Study  the  top  carefully  and  work  on  it  as  arranged  in  line  two.  The  top  is  well 
•above  the  Lower  part  and  at  no  time  should  it  be  allowed  to  touch  it.  The  tendency  will  be  to  make  this  part  too  large,  thus  making  the 
complete  form  quite  out  of  proportion.  Be  careful  in  this  respect.  The  different  forms  in  the  last  line  are  used  by  many  and  all  are 
good.  If  you  can  make  any  of  them  better  than  those  of  line  three,  there  is  no  reason  why  you  should  not  adopt  them.  Select  one 
style  and  learn  to  make  it  well. 


Plate  47 

Wide  spacing  is  valuable  as  a  means  of  securing  freedom  and  strength,  but  as  a  style  to  adopt  for  general  work,  it  is  not  worth 
much.  For  ordinary  work  it  occupies  too  much  space,  and  consequently  demands  an  unnecessary  expenditure  for  material  in  the  paper 
line.  The  spacing  between  letters  in  this  plate  is  not  extremely  wide  yet  wide  enough  to  secure  the  desired  result.  Work  on  it  occasion- 
ally and  you  will  soon  notice  an  improvement  in  your  manner  of  getting  from  left  to  right.  Regulate  your  spacing  in  the  first  word  and 
keep  it  uniform  throughout  the  sentence. 


/ZSS- -/h^  zMf>  /3^3  /3^3^3^~ 


Plate   48 
The  joining  ../  capitals  in  this  manner  demands  thought  as  well  as  execution.    To  do  it  successfully  and  without  hesitation,  one 
must  lirst  know  jusl  n  here  the  pen  is  to  go.     It  you  cannot  make  each  letter  fairly  well  alone,  you  will  not  have  much  success  with  such 
work  as  this.    Tr\  your  hand  at  it,  howet  er,  as  ii  will  aid  you  to  plan  while  you  write.     Use  a  good  strong  arm  movement,  and  sit  up  in 
a  business  like  way. 


^Ivc/^cUtrve^&iii^&fcbWr   £* 


Plate   a? 

Yes,  good  plain  business  writers  are  always  in  demand  and  they  always  will  lie.  Learn  to  write  a  simple,  legible  hand,  and  other 
things  being  equal,  your  chances  are  far  better  for  success  in  the  business  world  than  are  those  of  your  next  door  neighbor  whose  writ- 
ing is  slow  and  illegible.  Learn  to  write  well  while  thinking  of  other  things,  for  that  is  the  sure  and  certain  test  as  to  the  value  of  your 
hand. 


lessons  in  Practical  Business  tPriting 


^ 


'^J^ZZ^e^^C'  _^^)A~-t^t?L^?--ri-S- 


CAVANAUGH  COMMERCIAL  COLLEGE,  NEW  BRITAIN,  CONN. 

Students'  practice  criticized  in  these  column*  free  of  charge.    Specimens  should  be  sent  to  Miss  Hudson,  Sew  Bntai, 


the  fifth  of  each  I 


Michael  Angelo  somewhere  writes:  "  Meanwhile,  the  Cardinal  Ipolito,  in  whom  all  my  hopes  were  placed,  being  dead,  I  began  to 
understand  that  the  promises  of  this  world  are  for  the  most  part,  vain  phantoms,  and  that  to  confide  in  one's  self  and  become  some- 
thing of  worth  and  value,  is  the  best  and  safest  course." 

Plate  33 

1.  Make  i  with   the  "bringing  back"  motion  of  the  arm,  stopping  at   the  base   line,  and  the  o  with  a   rolling  motion. 

2.  Practice  the  small  if.    Keep  the  top  of  7  narrow;  a  slight  double  curve. 

3.  Keep  horizontal  line  of  4  very  near  the  base  line;  down-stroke  of  6  straight  and  the  curve  small. 

4.  Make  the  6  upside  down.    Have  no  loop  at  the  bottom.    Start  the  8  at  the  right.    End  with  a  straight  line. 

5.  3  is  the  E  turned  to  the  right,  made  with  a  similar  motion.  These  figures  should  be  made  quickly,  freely,  and  with  the 
combined  movement,  using  the  arm  as  much  as  possible. 

6.  Notice  the  method  of  joining.    Remember  the  beauty  of  a  nicely  written  letter  may  be  spoiled  by  poor  figures. 


.ZZ\Z.Z.ZZ-ZZZ 


00    a    i?   &  .&    (7   c    0  0 

7  7  7  7-7/7/77 
rrrrrrrrrr 


fJftK? 

,ZJ~x  Z.J-=  6 Z~<S 


Z0/0/0/0/-0  <t£    <r-, 

77f //////      f/tftitf 
z  r  z  r  tz  r  z  f      £  fl  #  fl  # 

s  ^  ^p  ^r<?^s  ^~^        /  J  J  J  f 

*3-£/<7  ry<!7 

/    Z  yf  ^  ^6/  ff  / *  /  z  >S  ^'<r<L  y  rpa       -     =     =    =   = 


Your  chief  difficulty 
the  top  of  E  and  L,  beginr 


i  putting  up  a  good  alphabet  will  lie  in  the  height  and  slant.    Keep  the  like  parts  of  different  letters  alike  as 
agof  H  and  A',  or,    Small  loop  in  M,  N,  Q,  T,  V,   t",  .Y,  Y,  and  Z-    Join  the  small  letters,  lifting  the  pen  only 


in  /,  tl,  j,  andy,  keeping  the  extended  letters  the  same  height  and  width, 


P/a-tej^. 


-^  c  a^  ^-y  a  ^A/^-  y  ^ss^c*-. 


'-*/ 


T 


Plate  35  consists  "I  the  common  prefixes  which- should  have  considerable  practic  so  that  you  may  write  them  in  good  form  as 
easily  as  a  shorthand  writer.  Be  careful  in  the  little  things,  such  as  the  crossing  of  the  t'a,  the  height  of  g's  and  a  's,  the  curve  in  the 
ending   stroke    of    in.   i.   e.  and    r. 


'<^t?L/ 


S  ^t^J^Z^ZZ 


The  comiuoii  affixes  are  included  in  this  plate.    You  will   find   the  fourth  line  as  difficult  as  any.    Watch  the  curves,  height,  and 
down-strokes  of  the  extended  letters. 


c^Lz^&l^ls '  tzLz^^t^ty  <&!^<2^>L^iy  &^<? 


t^t^L^Z^/ ^ 


Criticisms. 

C.  M.  M.    Shall  be  glad  to  have  you  continue  with  the  lessons,  as  constant  practice  means  improvement. 

Saint  Elmo.  Your  work  is  graceful  and  shows  thought.  You  will' need  to  overcome  the  little  faults,  such  as  keeping  the  down 
stroke  of  z  straight  to  the  base  line,  also  the  down  stroke  of  the  /,  n,  11  and  m  parallel  and  straight.  Let  the  loop  of  the  capital  7.  rest  on 
the  base  line.  The  small  r  should  have  more  retracing  at  the  top.  L  's  and  Q's  are  excellent.  You  are  inclined  to  get  an  angle  in  the 
lower  loop  of  the  T>*  Cross  the  I  at  the  base  line  with  the  upstroke.  To  regain  movement,  practice  on  the  ovals  ;  for  control,  the  i  and  in 
exercises. 

J.  A.  II.     Keep  litise  line  evener  and  spacing  more  exact.    Do  not  bring  the  down  stroke  of  the  Y so  far  below  the  line. 

B.  C.  L.  Yoiir  work  is  better  this  month.  Do  much  practicing  on  the  D.  It  is  a  hard  letter.  You  will  need  to  notice  the  double  curve 
ut  the  base  line. 

Student.     Do  not  slant  J  as  much  and  get  good  curve  in  the  loop.    Keep  the  spacing  more  even. 

A.  >l.  A.     Use  the  Zanerian  business  pen.    I  consider  it  better  for  a  beginner  to  use  a  coarse  pen. 

i  ii.     Slant  and  spacing  are  two  essentials  you  need  to  follow.    Keep  both  uniform.    Otherwise  your  work  is  good. 

(1.  K.  C.  In  placing  the  capitals  on  the  paper,  keep  spacing  even  between  letters.  Draw  lines  through  each  and  observe  whether 
the  slant  is  uniform, 


£H%e  @u^in?e^  £4&u?&€btor   &> 


Portraits 

Illust 

a 

ing  position  of  bod 

►'.ha 

nd.aud 

paper 

in 

the  act  of  writing  ( 

f  Mi 

ss  Hud- 

son,  v 

rh 

r>se   helpful,   inspir 

ing 

lessons 

are  ru 

nr 

ing  in  this  journa 

1. 

Offhand,  Kapid.  Clear-cut,  Roundhand,  by 
C,  W.  Ransom,  Sedalia,  Mo, 


BUSINESS  WRITING  BY  J.  E    THORNTON,  CARKOLLTON.  GA. 


BY  A.  R.  BURNETTE,  BOWLING  GREEN,  KY. 


THE    WAY    NOT    TO   !><>  IT. 


1,  M.  E.  Butler;  2,  E.  G.  Schollar;  4,  C.  L.  Butler;  4,  Ernest  P.  Hopkins;  5,  James  Byrne. 
Clippings  from  class  specimens  by  pupils  of  A.  \V.  Holmes,  Salem,  Mass.,  Com'l  School. 


mmmmwk 


Students' 

Specimens 


A  large  roll  of  students'  business  writing 
representing  daily  work  was  received  by 
prepaid  express  from  A.  \V.  Holmes,  teacher 
of  penmanship  and  commercial  work  in  the 
Salem,  Mass.,  Commercial  College.  Half  of 
the  specimens  represent  the  work  done  in 
movement  exercises  and  figures,  a  line  of 
work  for  which  Mr.  Holmes  has  an  enviable 
reputation.  The  other  half  of  the  work 
represents  sentence  writing,  the  sentence 
written  having  been  "Music  is  the  lanV 
guage  of  the  soul."  This  work  in  some 
particulars  we  have  never  seen  excelled, 
and  we  wish  to  extend  congratulations 
upon  the  excellence  of  the  work.  Mr. 
Holmes  gets  results  of  a  practical  nature  in 
business  writing  that  but  few  are  able  to 
secure. 

The  specimens  are  unusually  neat,  legi- 
ble and  rapid,  not  a  blot  appearing  on  the, 
many  pages  received  nor  a  serious  misha-O 
in  motion,  the  spacing,  height  and  slant  all 
being  exceptionally  uniform,  and  one  of 
the  best  of  the  whole  lot  is  a  very  slanting 
backhand. 

Mr.  \V.  C,  Wollaston,  penman  and  com- 
mercial teacher  in  the  Breck  School,  Wilder, 
Minn.,  submitted  specimens  of  students' 
writing  in  business  penmanship  which 
show  unusual  improvement  for  the  time 
that  the  pupils  have  been  under  his  in- 
struction. Mr.  Woilaston  is  a  practical 
penman  and  believes  in  preaching  that 
which  he  practices,  which  creed  we  heartily 
subscribe  to. 

Mr.  F.  M.  Erskine,  Principal  of  the  Com- 
mercial department  of  the  Chatham,  N.  Y.. 
High  School,  favored  us  with  specimens  of 
students'  work  which  show  excellent  work 
in  movement  as  well  as  in  advanced,  prac- 
tical writing.  Some  of  the  movement  exer- 
cises we  have  never  seen  excelled,  while 
the  advanced  work  compares  very  favor- 
ably with  the  work  done  in  the  average 
up  to-date  school. 

Miss  Julia  Bender,  teacher  of  penmanship 
and  shorthand  in  the  Seminary  School  of 
Business,  Buckhannon,  W.  Va.,  favored  us 
with  some  specimens  of  students'  writing 
indicating  excellent  instruction  in  this 
usually  neglected  art.  Some  of  the  work  is 
exceptionally  strong,  free  and  rapid,  this 
being  particular^  true  of  the  work  of  Mr. 
W.  T.  Law. 

F.  F.  Musrush,  Supervisor  of  Writing  in 
Lakewood  and  Rocky  River  public  schools, 
suburbs  of  Cleveland,  submitted  speci- 
mens of  students'  writing  which  reveal  the 
successful  teaching  of  vertical  and  slant 
writing,  both  showing  good  form  and  free- 
dom, movement  having  been  taught  and  se- 
cured from  the  ages  of  ten  up.  The  work  is 
first  class  and  a  credit  to  supervisor,  teach- 
ers, and  pupils.  Specially  creditable  work 
was  done  bv  the  following:  Anna  Frobietex, 
Eva  Root,  Rina  Nowalk,  Dora  Smeet,  Helen 
Sloat. 

tflostlfielpland  inspiration 

Enclosed  find  $1.00  for  THE  BUSINESS 
Educator  another  year. 

Of  all  the  papers  that  come  to  my  desk 
The  Business  Educator  furnishes  me 
with  the  most  help  and  inspiration.  The 
d^nartment  nf  Business  Education  is  par- 
ticularlv  valuable  to  the  high  school  com- 
cial   teacher.  Frank  M.  Erskine, 

Chatham,  N.  Y. 
Prin.  Commercial  Dept.  High  School. 


KY    MISS    LILIAN    PETERS,    NT.    >IOK*hM 


?iii.ler,  penman. 


^/Ive /vivUlite^£d^ccLlur   <***> 


Supplementary  practice  for   Stuoents  of  practical  IPriting. 


195  Grand  Avenue. 


Rochester,  X.  Y. 


/(. 


^ 


£_/ 


■ 


t> 


,?=/ 


a^iL^Z^yL^^^z^cy-- 


^zi^^-C^L^^-7^ 
-=^4  -^c^, 


,w>lvc(citUlrvcjj^lfcfc&i?bWr   <***> 


Practical  Penmanship  SU9= 
gestions 

l:Y   THE  OBSERVING    PENMAN 

Practice,  ;m>l  criticallj  .  while  you  can, 
Pracf  ice  penmaiden,  practice  penman  : 

the  lesson  that's  Intended  foryou, 
,,Yr  ami  o'er  the  work  ymi  have 
to  do; 
It  will  save  more  than  half  the  grind 
T.>  study,  studj  form  you'll  6nd, 
And  not  practice 

that 


Aim  high,  for  : 


acl  ice  all  the 

can't    hit   higher 


our  future  with  courage— you  may 
need  it. 

Miss  no  chance  to  read  all  you  can  about 
penmanship. 

I. earn  to  practice  fewerand  betterpages. 
This  is  the  aei  ret  of  success  in  penmanship. 

Practice  well  all  the  elements  rjnd  exer- 
cises needed,  hut  don't  entertain  the  idea 
that  that  is  all  required  to  become  a  fine 
penman. 

Don't  practice  when  you  are  tired— it  is 
SS  than  gain. 

There  is  a  riiiht  way  for  doing  everything, 
even  in  penmanship. 

Always  lay  your  penholders  down  with 
the  points  of  the  pens  toward  you.  They 
t  to  pick  up  when  wanted  again. 
All  professional  wood  carvers  place  the 
snarp  edges  of  their  chisels  toward  the 
front  edge  of  their  benches,  for  the  same 
reason. 

Look  on  the  bright  side  of  everything; 
not  bing  can  be  seen  on  the  dark  side. 

Criticise  as  you  go. 

Better  sacrifice  time  than  penmanship. 

If  your  writing  is  good,  keep  on  and  make 
it  better. 

There  is  always  more  room  at  the  top 
than  any  where  else;  because  there  are  not 
so  many  there. 

Don't  sit  too  close  to  the  table  and  cramp 
your  stomach  and  writing.  Sit  well  back 
and  keep  the  spine  straight. 

Health  and  penmanship  go  hand  in  hand. 
Von  may  have  good  health  and  write 
poorly,  but  you  can  not  execute  fine  pen- 
manship and  have  poor  health  for  any 
great  length  of  time. 

Some  Bay  that  a  raw  potato  will  clean 
pens  that  refuse  to  write.  Try  it, then  if 
they  will  not  work,  throw  them  away. 
Don't  practice  "with  a  wornout  pen ;  it  may- 
he  all  riuht  for  business  purposes,  but  for 
tin,-  penmanship  and  good  practice  work, 
it's   had. 

What's  the  use  of  scrawlers.  anyhow! 
I'hi-  business  man  don't  want  them.  Who 
does  ? 

Poor  penmanship  is  either  the  result  of 
defective  vision,  lack  of  training,  or  down- 
right laziness. 

Pine  penmanship  comes  from  those  who 
have  :,   keen, clear,  accurate  eye,  perfectly 

controlled    tensi f    the-  hand,   arm    and 

shoulder  muscles,  and  ambition. 


I  saw    recently  where  a  high   scl I   out 

we-t  farthei  had  about  250  students  in  the 
commercial  course  and  boasted  about  hav- 
ingthe  largest   number  in  anj  high  school 


West    o 

II,,.  Mississippi.      Wh.-n    i 

C !S    to 

boasti 

Ig  «•■  t.  el   thai    we  have  so 

uethingto 

talk  ai 

out,  to,  out  ot  tin-  [800  pupi 

IS  enroll,,! 

SCl 1    we    hav,'    over    150   I 

i    the  cm 

mercii 

1  course,  and   the   number 

ovei    150  is 

so   ma 

;    .Mil  u, .t  name 

lol    fea 

-  I  will  be 

uis,.  i  will  i "   at  »  i na1 

Cordiall 

\  ours, 

P.  B.  s 

PETBSS. 

Man 

ial  Training  High  School, 
Kan-.. 

By  C.  R.  TATE,   ItAK'I'I.EI  I   S  l'o;i>lKKl'IAI.  C'ol.I.Kc.E.  CINCINNATI,  OHIO. 


AUTO  PEN  and  INK 

MANUFACTURING      COMPANY,      73      RUSH      STREET,     CHICAGO 


WE     MANUFACTURE 

FAUST'S  AUTOMATIC  SHADING  PEBS  ADD  INKS,  they  are  the  best  that  skill  and  exper- 
ience can  produce,  and  are  used  by  thousands  of  artists  and  students  all  over  the  world. 
Many  schools  are  using  our  special  outfits  in  their  classes  with  the  best  of  results. 

SPECIAL    $5.00    OUTFIT 

with  the  view  of  placing  in  the  hands  of  Automatic 


Fail- 


Pen  Let- 


;  Tin-  is  the  only  work  of  the  kind  ever 
published  ami  is  exquisite  from  Beginning 
to  end  ;  it  is  printed  on  highly  enameled 
hook  paper,  in  colors  representing  actual 
work  as  nearly  as  can  he  done.  The  cover 
is  printed  from  relief  plates  in  four  colors 
and  gold  The  size  of  the  hook  is  8x11, 
containing  72  pages,  and  107  plates, and  is 
neatly  bound.) 


Three  packages  each,  Metallies,  Bronze  j 
Flock,  one  package  Diamond  Dust 

one  battle  Gold  Ink         - 

One  bottle  Adhesive  Ink,  I  oz. 

One  bottle  White  Ink,  1  oz. 

One  Screw-head  File        - 

One  Pencil  Compass        - 

One  Stick  Lecturer's  Crayon 

Fifty  sheets  Cross-ruled  Practice  Paper,  n 


All  the  above 


doufile  guide  lilies 
ges  prepaid,  for  $5.00. 


SPECIAL    $2.50     OUTFIT 


:i  Sizes  ot  Automatic  Pens,  making  o  different 

strokes 

'A  Colors  of  Automatic  Shading  Pen  Ink 


1  Bottle  of  Adhesive  Ink      - 

I  Bottle  of  Gold  Ink  - 

'2  Packages  of  each— Metallies.  Flock  and  < 


charges  prepaid,  for  >"2. .">(). 


SPECIAL    $1.00    OUTFIT 


1  Set  '.|  Insti  action  Sheets,  s|, i. win- alpha- 
bets, and  correct  form  of  letters,  pen  hold- 
ing, etc.       -       ------- 

2  Sizes  ot  Automatic  Pens,  making  3  differ- 
ent strokes 

'2  Color-;  of  Automatic  Shading  Pen   Ink 


I   Bottle  of  Adhesive  Ink,  small 
1  Package  of  each.  Metallies.  Flock  and  Dia- 
mond   Dust,    with   instructions   for    using 


■i  prepaid,  for  SI  00. 


All  those  who  desire  to  buy  only  single  articles,  and  would,  therefore,  not  be  Interested  in  the  above 
outfits,  will  find  the  following  list  of  interest: 


Faust's  Compendium 
KaUSt'9  Automatic  Pens  i  sample  I 
Faust's  Automatic  Ink,  1  oz. 
Faust's  Superior  White  Ink,  l  oz. 
'   i  Superior  Gold  Ink 


Bronze  Ink.  5  colors,  fj  oz. 

Adhesive  Ink.  1  oz.  size 

White  Cards,  Bristol,  finest,  lun 


Blank  Colored  Papei.Mxll,  for  white  oi  g,.,ld 


ink,  ii"1  sheetii 

■    ...       Uiih-d    I'ra 

iiki  jheets 

I', i    irl  (   mI,,i  -    an  v    .-.  .!..[■,  per  stick 

Lecturer's  Crayon,  ->u\  color,  per  st 


Papei   50  sheets,  m>< 


Metallic*.    Bronzes.  Flocks,  10  different  col- 
ors, and  Diamond    Dust,  1    package,   lUe ., 

G  packages 

Screw-head  Files,  each        - 

Oblique   Penholders,   best    common    holder 

made,  lUc  .  3  for 
Ashh\     Combination    Hard    Rubber  Oblique 
Holder.   Professional,    finest    made 


penmanship,  gr< 
Writing   Pens.    "Student's    Choice.   T."     for 

business  writing,  gross         - 
Soenneiken    Ben.   Single    Pointed,  any  niim 


India  Ink,  for  draw  ing,  water  prool 


If  you  do  not  see  on  this  list  the  artie'e  you  want,  write  to  us  at  once.     We  can  get  you 
anything  that  is  in  the  market  and  will  serve  you  promptly  and  faithfully. 

"  We  make  a  specialty  of  executing  orders  in  all  lines  of  pen  work  ;  card  writing,  engros- 
sing  diploma  work,  etc  ,  and  shall  he  pleased  to  furnish  estimates. 

We  want   to  hear  from  you   with   orders       Remember  when  you  buy  of  us  you  k  now  just 
what  the  goods  wll  cost  vou.     We  p«  the  express  cbarqes  :  msnv  competitors  dm  n  .t 

Do  not  order  on  a  postal  card,     No  accounts  opened  for  small  amounts  or  for  individuals 
unknown  to  us.    Stamps  taken.     Prices  for  large  quantities  sent  upon  application. 

AUTO  PEN  AND  INK  MFG.  CO. 

72    RUSH    STREET,    CHICAGO 


£f  I  vc  ^ WU4U  vc  j b  CcltVOCl,lvr    ^ 


Mr.  and  Mrs.  George  E-  Helsley, 

request  the  pleasure  of  your  company 

at  the  marriage  of  their  daughter 

Gertrude 

to  Mr.  Charles  W.  Ransom 

on  Tuesday,  December  29, 1903 

at  high  noon 

Syracuse,  Missouri 


E.  C.  MILLS 

Script    Specialist  and   Engraver 

195  Grand  Ave..  Rochester.  N.Y. 
Script  illustrations  are 
educational  for  works  on 
Bookkeeping,  Business-Prac- 
tice, Correspondence,  Copy 
Slips,  etc.  I  make  a  specialty 
of  furnishing  THE  BEST 
script  plates  for  these 
purposes 


CARDS 


iet  the  best  alwayi 


3  CARDS 


Hand  cut  cards. 
100  M.  IS.  Mo ..re's  printed  Bud  and  Scroll  cards.  35c 

5UO  Colored  or  Wedding:  Bristol  Cards,  60c 
All  orders  for  cards  le$s  than  im>0  sent  postpaid. 
Hand  cut  cards^-  fer  100U     Per  300»    Per  5" 

;j-l'lv  A  No.  I  Wedding  Bristol,    *o  75  $2  10 


1  in 


3  15 


end  for  catalogue  of  printed  Bird  &  Emblem  cards. 

w,  McBEE,  19  Snyder  St.,  Allegheny,  Pa. 

44  Advertising  in  tbe  B.  €.  Pavs" 

We  are  continually  receiving  good  reports 
from  advertiser-  in  THE  BUSINESS  EDUCA- 
TOR. The  journal  is  a  money  maker  for 
persistent  persons  who  have  something  of 
value  to  offer.  As  an  illustration  we  give 
the  following':  "My  ad  is  paying  well  in 
your  paper.  One  school  in  Indiana  sent 
me  an  order  for  one  hundred  dozen  written 
cards,  and  an  agent  at  Washington,  Pa., 
sent  forty-one  orders  for  printed  cards,  fifty 
cards  to  each  order."  W.  McBEE, 

19  Snyder  St., 
Allegheny,  Pa. 


ILLUMINATING  E 


handsome       and 

tical    lesson   will 

be  sent  for  $1.00,  and 

with  it  a  plan  will  be 

secure  some  elaborate 

all  cost.     Fine 

Script  for 

grav- 


unfolded  by  wnich  you 

and  valuable  lessons  at  a  very 

engrossing  on  parchment  a  specialty 

headings,  cards,  etc.,  prepared  for  process 

ing.     Instruction  by  correspondence  given  in  all 

branches  of  penmanship.  Lesson  in  card  writing  50c. 

H.  W.  KIBBE,  i8i  Tremont  St.,  Boston,  Mass. 

Pleasure  and  Inspiration 

"Your  journal  has  truly  been  a  source  of 
a  great  deal  of  pleasure  and  inspiration  in 
my  private  hours.  1  wish  to  congratulate 
you  on  your  neat,  carefully  compiled,  and 
thoroughly  practical  journal  that  you  pub- 
lish every  month.  The  new  departments 
that  you  have  added  make  it  a  journal  that 
should  be  in  the  hands  of  every  one  inter- 
ested in,  or  seeking,  a  business  education." 
G.  W.  PAULUS, 
Grand  Rapids,  Wis. 


THE   GREAT   BOY    PENMAN 

writes  cards  at  15c.  per  dozen,  white  or 
colored.  Written  in  a  dashy,  artistic  and 
beautiful  manner.  Send  15c.  (coin)  for  a 
sample  dozen  and  be  convinced  of  the  abil- 
ity of  the  fifteen  year  old.    Fine. 

H.  L,.  SMITH, 

Box  168,   Grcensburg,    Pa. 


Colored    Cards 

The  Kind  That  Bring  the  Dimes. 


Six  Color 
Larger 


Best  Quality.  90c  per  I.OOO 
uantities— better  prices.     Write. 


H.  0.  KEESLING,  LArAEssCE 


Mr.  P.  W.  Costello,  the  owner  of  the  above 
countenance,  is  a  politician  as  well  as  a 
penman  and  artist.  He  fills  the  office  of 
City  Controller  of  the  City  of  Scranton,  Pa., 
being  the  only  Democrat  holding  a  promi- 
nent position  in  that  progressive  city.  This 
speaks  better  for  Mr.  Costello  than  for 
Democracy. 

He  was  born  in  Miuooka,  a  suburb  of 
Scranton,  March  11, 1866, and  began  work  in  a 
coal  breaker,  picking  slate,  at  the  age  of 
eleven.  For  the  past  nineteen  years  he  has 
held  some  political  position,  either  by  elec- 
tion or  appointment,  which  has  been  the 
means  of  keeping  him  out  of  the  profession 
of  penmanship. 

He  has  never  taken  lessons  in  writing, 
and  is  therefore  a  self-made  man  in  the  true 
sense  of  the  word. 

As  a  penman,  engrosser,  pen  artist,  and 
politician,  he  easily  stands  at  the  head. 
How  he  can  be  so  skillful  in  writing,  en- 
grossing, drawing,  and  politics  is  a  wonder 
to  us.  Politeness  as  well  as  penmanship 
are  and  have  been  his  stock  in  trade,  and 
secret  of  success. 

Mr.  Costello  is  married  and  the  proud  and 
worthy  father  of  seven  children.  Socially, 
therefore,  he  is  no  less  a  man  than  profes 
sionallv. 


Stands  Tirst 

Enclosed  find  $1.00  for  which  please  renew 
my  subscription  to  THE  BUSINESS  EDU- 
CATOR for  another  year. 

I  think  THE  BUSINESS  El>UCAT<  »K  is 
worth  many  times  the  price  asked,  and  am 
frank  to  say  that  it  stands  first  in  its  en- 
larged field.  The  department  feature  is 
something  that  no  one  who  desires  to  keep 
abreast  of  the  times  in  business  education 
cannot  afford  to  miss.  There  is  much  of  in- 
terest to  both  beginners  and  the  ones  who 
have  been  at  it  for  some  time. 

H.  J.  Holm, 
Massey  Bus.  College.  Louisville,  Ky. 


By  mail,  postpaid. 
W.  A.  BODE,    27th  St.,  S.  S.,  Pittsburg:,  Penna. 


FREE 

One  Flourish,  One  Set  of  Ornamental  Capitals, 
One  Specimen  of  my  Ornamental  Writing.  One 
Set  of  Business  Capitals,  One  Pack  of  Sample 
Cards,  Your  name  on  one  dozen  cards  in  orna- 
mental or  plain  writing,  cannot  be  beat.  Circu- 
lars explaining  my  method  of  instruction  by 
mail.  Price  List  of  all  Penman's  Supplies,  and  a 
letter  in  my  finest  ornamental  band  :  All  for  25c. 
W.  A.  BODE,  No.  48  27th  St.,  South  Side 
Pittsburg,  Pa. 


CARDS 


black   ink. 

er    doz.       Colored 

white  ink,  20c.  per 

No   1  Blank  Cards, 

5c.  per  1,000  to  $1.30. 

Holder,  10c.      White   Ink,  20c.  per 

Send  10  cents  for  samples 

sample  of  pen- 


Obliq 

bottle,  postpaid 

of  20  shades  of  cards 

manship. 

A.  B.   SMITH 
Box  586  Lake  Geneva,  Wis 


HOT  CAKES 

would  not  sell  better  than  colored  and 
white  cards  nicely  written.  I  furnish  blank 
cards,  best  quality,  at  80c.  per  1,000  for 
colored,  and  $1.00  per  1,000  for  white.  Sample 
100-25C. 

L.  E.  STACY.  Camden.  N.  J. 


/(/nma/n. 


wJm&0  Qt/um/rt 


Engrossing ;  script  fr.nn  the  fertile  I. run 
Penman's  Art  Journal.  'SH  Broadway,  \ 
journal  and  waking  it  a  renewed  success. 


l'iIl-  pell 

.1  Mi.  II.  G.  Healev 

.editor 

uf  tl 

lose  mi 

iring  efforts  are  r 

ebuildi 

ig  tl 

9foQ&\*J*in>ebb&dAb&&&G)r  & 


fi^^^^Sii. 


Catalogs 

and  Circulars 


i_n 


"Commercial  and   Railroad    relegraphy 

is  the  title  of  a  mtv  neat  little  sixteen  page 
circular    from    Kellar's    Business     College, 

ollege,  Raleigh,  N.  C, 
favored  us  with  a  number  oi  attractive 
circulars  which  bespeak  a  flourishing,  pro- 
gressive institution. 

••  In    a    Nut    Shell  "is  F  till     neatest 

little  thin  1  at  this  office  for  some 

time      It  came  from  the  New  Britain, Conn., 

ollege,    and     Mi~s     Nina    P. 

ircular  is  at   hand  from   the 
(formal   and   School   oi    Business, 

in,  Ky„  Cherry    Bros.,  Proprie 

ited  ex<  lu-iv  el>  to  business 
mental  penmanship  and  flourish- 
in,'  ami  the  specimens  are  from  the  pen  of 
Messrs.  K.  II.  Fcaron  and  A.  R.  Burnette. 
The  v>< >ik  is  highly  creditable  to  all  con 
cerned. 

A  twentj  page  booklet  with  attractive 
headings  and  cover  is  received  from  the 
Northwestern  Business  College,  Chicago, 
Illinois. 

The    "Butte    Business     Educator,"     pub 

lished  by   the   Butte  Business  t  ollege  Co., 

Butte.  Mont.,  and  "The  Practical   Fellow," 

by    I.    P.    Wilson,  of   Wilson's  Modern  Busi- 

, liege,  Seattle,  Wash.,  are  the  titles 

of  twool    the  best  school  journals  received 

at  this  office.    They  are  aljvays  looked  over 

ad    with   more    than  usual  interest, 

,       :  1 1  Li  gotten  up  in  first-class  shape. 

the  handsomest  and  most  effective 
halt  time  illustrations  of  a  business  school 
room  in  poster  form  was  received  from  the 
Highland  Park  Business  College,  Des 
Moines,  la.,  being  an  elevated  photographic 
ot  t  he  1  lusiness  exchange  room. 
Another  very  handsome  half-tone  plate 
•  ■I  students  is  at  hand  from  Wilson's 
Modern  Business  College,  Seattle,  Wash. 

Advertising  literature  has  been  received 
from  the  following:    Kasmussen   Practical 
Business  School,  St.  Paul,  Minn.;  The  Prac- 
k   Co.,   Cleveland, O. i    Isaac 
Pitman  &   Sons,  No.  31  Union   Square,  New 
York  City;    Spencerian    Business    College, 
Louisville.   Ivy. :  Gainesville  Business  Col- 
iiiesville.  Texas;  South  Bend  Com- 
mercial Cnllege,  South   Bend,  Ind.;    Allan- 
inwii.  Pa.,  Business  College;  Peirce  School, 
Philadelphia,    Pa.;    Heald's    Business  Col- 
Calif. ;  Greenfield.  <>., 
Business    College;    Richmond,    Jnd.,    Busi- 
illege;    xocum's   Practical   Business 
Massillon,  <  >.;  Owensboro,  Ky.,  Com- 
mercial College. 


Commencement  announcements  and  in- 
vitations have  been  received  from  the  fol- 
lowing: Cleary  Business  College,  Ypsilanti, 
Michigan;  t  alifornia  Business  College,  San 
lifornia;  Capital  City  Cum 
mercial  College,  Des  Moines,  Iowa;  Central 

Coi n mi      i    ,n, ■-,  ,     Cumberland,    Md. ; 

I'hii     lelphia,  Pa, :  Miles  Col 

lull.;   Central   Busii 

1   


floli 


' have    been     received 

in. in  the  following:  I..  Madarasz.  X.  V; 
I  n.K.  hi  P.Wilson,  Seattle.  Wash.;  f.O.  Wise, 
Chicago;  The  lavlor  School,  Philadelphia; 
Pa.;  Richmond, 
[nd..  Business  College;  ruscola,  lll.Busi 
liege;  \.  C.  Brewster,  Gloversville, 
,\.  ■)  ..  Business  School 


Some  time  ago  it  was  my  fortune  to  come  in  contact  with  a  copy  of  the  forerunu 
this  Journal,  at  that  time  called  the  PENMAN  AND  ARTIST,  later  taking  the  name  of  Pen- 
man Artist  and  Business  Educator,  and  now  known  as  The  Business  Educator. 
That  first  Journal,  if  I  remember  correctly,  contained  a  number  of  designs  along  the  line 
ol  lettering  by  Mr.  Zaner.  From  these  lessons  I  got  my  first  inspiration.  Since  that  time 
1  have  been  wrestling  with  letters,  ScroHs  and  borders,  twisting  them  in  and  out,  up  and 
down,  and  finally,  through  the  courtesy  of  the  Publisher,  I  have  the  houor  and  privilege 
,.t  showing  you  the  little  I  yet  know  about  such  things.  However,  I  may  have  a  few  points 
that  will  inspire  the  younger  members  of  our  profession,  and  possibly  interest  the  older 
ones  as  well. 

Through  the  course  I  shall  introduce  practical  ideas  concerning  chalk  plate  engraving, 
pen  lettering,  wash  drawing,  Ross  &  Stipple  paper  work,  three  color  line  drawing,  etc.,  and 
I  shall  endeavor  to  tell  you  just  how  it  is  all  done,  so  that  you  may  get  the  best  results  out 
of  it. 

My  course  will  be  particularly  along  lettering  and  decorative  designing,  as  employed 
in  designs  and  illustrations  for  all  advertising  purposes. 

Trusting  that  they  may  inspire  and  please  the  readers  of  THE  BUSINESS  EDUCATOR, 
I  am.  Sincerely,  A  BUSINESS  EDUCATOR  Enthusiast, 

C.  D.  SCRIBNER. 

[The  lessons  above  announced  will  begin  in  the  March  BUSINESS  EDUCATOR.  Be  ye 
ready  for  them  as  they  are  up-to-date  and  out  of  the  ordinary— well  worth  your  watching. 
Mr.  Scribner  is  a  practical  pen  artist  and  an  expert  at  lettering.     EDITOR.) 


(I)i:j: 


t  'ouow/mc  /fcsoL i/nons si/ir/?ei r  ehcrossep  be 

PjfESEHTEPTOTSii 


l>fliHi)!C£u;. 


* 


/    as. 


;r.  «»«.»  ■■  '<w.,-.'.v  ^.^:w^.,:ncw,ces 


PAGE   FROM   MEMORIAL  ALBUM    DONE   AT  THE   KINSLEY   STUDIO  COMPANY, 
220  BROADWAY,   NEW   York   CITY,   N.   Y. 


TEACHERS  Or  COMMERCIAL   BRANCHES  WANTED 

Advance  Fee  Nol  Required 

Positions  in  High  Schools  and  Colleges,      Penmanship,  t  omniercial  Branches,   also  teachers  of 
Stenography.     Salaries,  $600  to  $1,500.     Register  early.     Semi    for  circulars. 

Anna  M.  Thurston,  Mgr..  378  Wabash  Ave..  Chicago  THURSTON  TEACHERS-  AGENCY 


\    MAS'I  l-.RI  I    I.   MOVEMENT  EXERCISE  BY  C.  C. 


ANAN,    URADI'liRH.    PA 


/tr^jT-tfJ. 


^£^£??24Z<?? 


JRACEFl'I.,    EFFECTIVK    SIK'IIT  KV    FRANCIS    II.   I'lll'KTNEY,  -"."_'  WEST   l'J.'id   ST. 


- — c^K 


School  and 

Professional 


L. 


W.  G  Bishop  atid  J.  L.  Stephens  have 
consolidated  their  Lincoln,  Neb.,  com- 
mercial schools.  This  is  in  the  line  of 
progress.  They  save  much  duplication  of 
expenses,  besides,  it  is  easier  to  make  a 
wagon  go  when  each  horse  pulls  in  the 
same  direction. 

J.  S.  C  Adamson,  who  has  for  some  time 
been  at  the  head  of  commercial  depart- 
ment of  H.  C.  Clark's  school  in  Coates- 
ville,  Pa.,  has  gone  to  Houston.  Texas, 
to  become  the  manager  of  a  new  school 
opened  there  by  Willard  J.  Wheeler,  of 
Birmingham,  Ala. 

C.  R.  Lane  has  sold  his  interest  in  the 
Portsmouth,  Va.,  Business  College. 

H.  Kiest  has  sold  the  YVaterville,  Maine, 
Business  College. 

The  Trenton  Times.  Trenton,  N.  J.,  under 
date  of  December  31,  contains  a  two-page 
write-up  of  the  Rider-Moore  and  Stewart 
Schools  of  Business.  It  is  one  of  the  most 
effectixe  examples  of  newspaper  advertis- 
ing that  we  have  seen  in  many  a  day. 

M.  A.  Connor  recently  resigned  his  posi- 
tion a-  principal  of  the  Bath  (Maine)  Busi- 
ness College  and  accepted  a  position  as 
Commercial  Teacher  in  the  Bath  High 
School.  Mr.  E.G.  Greetileaf  has  taken  Mr. 
Cnnnor's  position. 

The  new  Morse  High  School  of  Bath  is 
now  being  completed  and  will  soon  be 
rendv  for  occupancv.  It  is  a  gift  to  the 
city  fnm  the  Hon.  Chas.  W.  Morse,  one  of 
Bath's  millionaires.  When  completed  it 
will  co-t  about  $75,000. 

Mr.  Connor  will  have  an  elegant  home  for 
the  Commercial  Department  and  is  to  be 
congratulated  in  securing  the  place.  The 
people  of   Bath  are  also  to  be  congratulated. 


T.  M.  Milam,  president  of  the  South- 
western Business  University,  Oklahoma 
City,  O.  T.,  reports  that  their  school  is  more 
than  double  what  it  was  at  this  date  last 
year.  They  now  have  142  pupils  in  daily 
attendance.  This  record  is  certainly  in 
keeping1  with  the  way  they  do  things  out 
west.  

Tour  Gold   medals. 

On  December  22,  '03,  Sadler's  Bryant  & 
Stratton  Business  College,  Baltimore,  Md., 
C,  C.  Lister,  penman,  gave  four  gold  medals 
to  as  many  students  for  excellence  and  im- 
provement in  business  penmanship.  Two 
were  given  for  the  former  and  two  for  the 
latter, one  of  each  to  students  in  the  busi- 
ness department,  and  one  of  each  to  stu- 
dents in  the  shorthand  department. 

The  best  work  in  the  business  department 
was  done  by  Mr.  Reginald  Keene  ;  Mr. 
Walter  A.  Stur  being  a  close  second.  The 
besl  work  in  the  shorthand  department 
was  done  by  Miss  Anna  Virginia  Carey  ; 
Miss  Dora  Carter  second  best. 

The  most  improvement  in  the  business 
department  was  made  by  Mr.  Marvin  Ship- 
ley. The  most  improvement  in  the  short- 
hand  department  was  made  by  Miss  Mar- 
garet Simpson. 

A  number  received  honorable  mention. 
The  contest  covered  a  period  of  seven  weeks 
and  created  much  interest. 

L.G.Spencer  and  C.  H.  Waller  were  the 
judges. 

Our  profession  has  no  nobler  hearted  man 
than  Mr.  Sadler,  nor  a  better  teacher  of 
writing  than  Mr    Lister. 


BLANK  CARDS  S^^M" 

by  express,  81  cents.    Samples  for  stamp. 

W.  A.  BODE,    27th  St..  S.  S.,  Pittsburg,  Penna. 


Specimens 

Received 


SHORT  CUTS. 


fo 


ibterih 

the  right  place. 


nor   is   the 


;ht 


A  little  book,  pocket 
size,  showing  how  to  do 
with  half  the  figures  and 
in  half  the  time  all  of  those  little  calculations 
wl-ich  we  must  figure  out  every  day.  Everything 
from  Addition  to  Interest  and  Discount.  Its 
worth  is  attested  by  the  fact  that  its  author  is 
now  and  has  been  for  years  the  specialist  in  this 
brancb  at  the  Eastman  Business  College.  Price, 
cloth,  50c.    Address, 

GEO    A    DEEL,  Poughkeepsie,  N.  Y. 


II.  J.  Ennis,  of  Portland,  Oregon,  renews 
his  subscription  to  The  Business  Edu- 
cator, and  sends  some  very  daintily  writ- 
ten cards,  as  well  as  some  bold  and  dashy 
ornamental  writing.  Mr.  Ennis's  work  has 
considerable  individuality  and  is  very 
pleasing.  Before  receiving  this  work  we 
were  not  aware  that  he  possessed  such  a 
high  order  of  skill. 

A  number  of  exceptionally  well  written 
cards  have  been  received  from  the  well 
known  penman,  F.  S.  Heath.  Concord, 
i\.  H.  Mr.  Heath's  work  is  no  doubt  giving 
the  very  best  of  satisfaction,  and  for  that 
reason  he  is  building  up  a  large  business. 

Persons  desiring  to  secure  some  of  his 
work  should  notice  bis  advertisement 
which  appears  elsewhere  in  our  columns. 

E.  L.  Filger,  of  Wooster,  Ohio,  in  renewing 
his  subscription  to  The  Business  Edu- 
cator, inclosed  one  of  the  best  specimens 
of  flourishing  we  have  seen  for  some  time- 
Mr.  Filger  is  working  to  the  front  in  this 
line,  and  is  to  be  congratulated  upon  the 
skill  displayed. 

Some  bold  and  graceful  ornamental  script 
has  been  received  from  J.  E.  Thornton, 
Carrollton,  Ga. 

Some  very  graceful,  artistic  and  accurate 
pec i mens  of  ornamental  penmanship  have 
Mr.  H.  B.  Slater,  Albany, 
ds  The  Business  Edd- 
ost    interesti 


been  received  f 

N.  Y.,  who  coniai 

CATOR    as    "the 

similar  publications  "  he  has  ever  read. 

Mr.  H.  L.  Smith,  of  Greensburg,  Pa.,  fifteen 
years  of  age,  submits  cards  written  in 
ornamental  style  which  compare  favorably 
with  those  received  from  professional  pen- 
men. Mr.  Smith  is  somewhat  of  a  prodigy, 
and  we  hope  to  hear  more  of  him  in  the 
future,  as  he  has  unquestioned  ability  in 
the  line  of  penmanship  and  can  become  a 
master  if  he  so  desires. 


v>p»  a  y\vi  Who  is  ready?  lam.  After  a  voluntarv  exile  of  four  years  from  the 
KH* AUI  2  field  of  tine  penmanship  on  account  of  ill  health,  I  am  strong  and 
"  at  it  again  ",  and  my  work  finer  than  ever.  I  now  have  ready  for  ambitious  students 
thorough  courses  in  ornamental  and  business  penmanship;  tine  examples  of  what 
printer's  art  and  penman's  thought  and  skill  can  do.  Full  instructions.  Copies  fresh 
froila  in  i   />(■//,  not  photo-  en  graved. 

*  fTnw  f  Your  aim  should  be  to  better  your  handwriting.  This  is  your  chance.  No 
./%.ml^  I  matter  how  many  courses  you  have  taken,  or  from  whom,  these  courses 
will  please  von.     Best  value  for  the  money. 

ITIOIT  t  Yes,  fire  a  postal  card  at  me  for  artistic  circulars  describing  these  courses. 
•F   M*CM-#  I     A  few  sample  copy  slips  from  each  course,  my  best  work,  for  L'fi  cents. 

Address,    E.    M.    BARLER,    Cherokee,   Texas. 


i   Cfe&z*-£s-r£t*iL£s?^f  <zstt*€f  l£Ut*&£c<4s6-&s?zf  ^v-i*££-  £-&s<zsKs6>  su^u^  firr-  ^y^i^^T^c^r?^^^?^  C^lc  73^cc^t^t-&d^  £se£ttsC'€Zs£&-r.   I 


**/ 1  ve  fci  tUli  v^i>  i>  fisUb&ebWr   <$» 


"Commerce  and  Finance  by  O.  M. 
Powers,  Principal  of  the  Metropolitan  Com- 
■.  published  by  Powers  A: 
Lyonu,  Chicago,  substantially  bound  in 
cloth  wiili  giH  side  stamp,  four  hundred 
and  seventy-three  pages,  and  first-class 
printing  and  paper.    "The  book  is  designed 

as  a  text  I k    for  schools  and  a  volume  of 

I,!  j-  iii, —  information  for  the  general  reader. 
mblnation  of  history  and  econom- 
ic-. Ii  relates  to  both  the  past  and  present. 
[n  the  first  146  pages  of  the  book,  embracing 
a  history  oi  commerce  and  of  banking,  a 
foundation  is  laid  for  the  proper  construc- 
tion of  the  subjects  which  follow.  Iu  deal- 
ing with  historical  facts  we  have  aimed  to 
show  why  commerce  flowed  in  certain 
channels  at  certain  times  and  the  in- 
fluences which  have  effected  its  progress 
am!  development.  In  the  discussion  of  the 
various  subjects  which  follow,  the  aim.  has 
constantly  been  to  reach  the  basic  princi- 
ples underlying  each,  to  discover  the 
theories  upon  which  business  is  done. 
nilv  the  subjects  could  not  be 
treated  in  exhaustive  detail  in  a  work  of 
e,  but  the  most  important  features 
are  set  forth,  and  a  basis  is  thus  furnished 
for  those  who  wish  to  pursue  any  special 
line  of  study  farther  into  its  details  and 
intricacies." 

The  following  headings  will  give  an  idea 
of  the  extent  and  character  of  the  book: 

History  of  Commerce;  Money;  History  of 
Banking:  Hank  Clearing  House;  Borrow- 
ing and  Lending  Money;  Corporations; 
Bonds;  Securities  and  Investments;  Com- 
mercial Credits;  Purchase  and  Sale  of  Real 
Estate;  Fire  Insurance;  Life  Insurance; 
The  Stock  Exchange;  The  Produce  Ex- 
change; Storage  and  Warehousing;  Trans- 
portation by  Mail;  Foreign  Commerce; 
Foreign  Exchange. 

These  chapter  headings  are  divided  into 
fifty-two  subdivisions,  which  in  turn  are 
subdivided  into  topical  inset  headings. 
The  index  is  very  complete,  enabling  one 
ti  easily  find  the  information  desired. 

As  i  text  book  for  the  teacher,  and  work 
of  reference,  this  is  undoubtedly  one  of  the 
foremost  books  of  the  day,  and  no  com- 
mercial teacher  can  afford  to  be  without  it. 

"One  Hundred  Lessons  iu  Public  School 
Writing,"  by  J.  II.  Bachtenkircher,  special 
teacher  of  writing  and  bookkeeping  ill  the 
public  schools  of  Lafayette,  Ind.,  is  the  title 
of  a  forty-four  page  paper  covered  71/?  x  10 

i K     hi    public     school     penmanship,    the 

price  ol  which  is  twenty-five  cents.  It  con- 
tains .1  great  deal  of  solid,  sensible  infor- 
mation and  instruction  on  the  subject  of 
teaching  writing  in  the  public  schools  and 
is  well  worth  the  price  asked.  The  author 
of  this  publication  has  had  extensive 
nee  in  the  public  school  and  knows 
whereof  he  -peaks,  and  he  speaks  tersely 
and  plainly  upon  many  details  too  fre- 
i|in'nti\  overlooked  by  the  average  teacher 
of  writing. 

"  Rational  Typewriting"  by  Ida  McLenan 
Cutler  and  Rupert  P.  Sorelle,  published  by 
the  Gregg  Publishing  Co..  Chicago,  is  a 
revised  edition  containing  mi  pages  1'j  s  lo1-*. 
inches,  well  printed,  some  plates  beingin 
uniquely   and     flexibly     bound     in 

linen. 

The  large  sale  ol  tin-  book  during  the 
past  sear  i-  it-  best  recommendation.  The 
authors  believe  in  putting  into  practice  the 
old  educational  maxims  "  From  the  Simple 
to  the  Complex,"  and  "From  the  Easy  to 
the  Difficult."  Every  detail  of  fingering  is 
explained  from  a  to  /..  with  a  wealth  of 
information  for  alike  teacher  and  pupil. 


M  I  LLS'S  Correspondence 
School  ot  Penmanship 

Is  conceded  by  the  leading 
penmen  of  this  country  to  be 
I  he  most  thorough  school  of 
lis  kind  Yotl  ennnot  do  a 
better  thing  tlmn  to  send 
stamp  today  for  full  particu- 
lars concerning  our  courses. 

E.   C.   MILLS 
195  Grand  Ave.,  Rochester.  N.  Y. 


ENGROSSING  SCRIP  I'   BY   UK.  J.  I).   VALENTINE,  PITTSBURGH,  PA. 


handsome:    design   cards 


de-awake  card  writers  they  are  money  makers,  costing  less  than  4  cents 

hen  $3.50  worth  are  ordered  at  a  time. 

and  see  how  easy  it  will  be  to  take  orders  at  good  figures.    The  writ- 
excelled  for  fine  penmanship,  the  stock  being  extra  fine  White  Wed- 


ipl 


ever  gotten  out. 

In  the  hands  ofi 
per  set  of  twelve  cards 

Order  a  set  for  sai 
ing  surface  of  the  card: 
ding  Bristol. 

They  are  printed  so  as  to  very  closely  resemble  pen  work,  and  most  persons  would  suppose 
them  to  be  pen  work.  The  original  designs  were  of  course  all  prepared  with  the  pen,  by  one  who 
is  recognized  as  the  greatest  master  of  flourishing  and  designing. 

We  present  herewith  two  of  the  designs,  but  you  must  see  all  of  them  to  fully  appreciate  the 
entire  set. 


PRICES     (By  Nail  Postpaid.) 

At  these  prices,  cards  can.be  furnished  in  sets  only. 


afeach  design). $0  10 


Twelve  sets  of  144  cards  (12  ( 
Twenty-four  sets  of  288  "  {24 
Forty-eight     "    of  676  "  (48 
Ninety-six      "  of  1152"  (96 


ZANER     <&     BLOSER,     COLUMBUS,  OHIO. 


|  Cfc&s-£*^£cd~esrJ  <zs?z*/  jQtc&£t<4<fa£srj  ^oc^L^d  &i*zsvis£>  /ZftrtC'  fzrr  s?ii^s??s£<s(r>7sts?^<?  C%Lt,  /3«^Vz-tf<4^c£<z^^r^^ 


BKADFOKD,    PA. 


A  few 


1  k 


a  little  about ;  most  things 
othing  about ;  but  one  thing  I  KNOW 
I  KNOW — I  can  improve  your  writing  if  you  are 
willing,  and  will  work  under  my  instruction.  I 
can  teach  you  at  home  without  loss  of  time, 
with  little  expense  and  in  a  fascinating  way. 
Write  me,  and  I'll  tell  you  more  about  it. 

F.  W.  TAMBLYN,  KANSAS  CITY,  MO. 


DO  YOU  NFED  A  TEAC"ER1 


Questions  Answered  and 

Criticisms  Offered  by 

C.  P.  Zane.r. 


/  ■^~T~ 


DO  YOU  WANT  A  POSITION! 


GLICK'S    TEACHERS'    AGENCY 

E.  L    CLICK.  Mgr..  Concord.  N.  H. 

Business  College  For  Sale 

Thoroughly  equipped.  Thoroughly  advertised. 
Several  hundred  dollars  spent  this  month  in 
advertising  for  the  January  Opening.  Must  sell 
on  account  of  ill  health.  A  most  excellent 
opportunity  for  securing  a  well  established  bus- 
iness at  a  low  figure. 

Address  "RARE  BARGAIN" 

Care    of    BUSINESS    EDUCATOR,    Columbus,    Ohio 


The    Pratt   Teachers'    Agency, 

70  Fifth  Avenue,  New  York, 

Recommends  college  and  normal  gradu- 
atea,  •pecialists,  and  other  teachers  to  col- 
lege!, school*,  and  families. 


The  Agency  receiTes  many  calls  for  com- 
mercial teachers  from  public  and  private 
schools,  and  business  colleges. 

WM.  O,  PRATT,  Manager 


Under  this  heading  Mr.  Zaner  criticises  specimens 
of  penmanship,  drawing,  etc.,  submitted  to  him. 
Postage  should  be  enclosed  if  specimens  are  to  be 
returned.  He  will  also  endeavor  to  answer  any  and 
all  questions  pertaining  to  penmanship  matters,  or  if 
thought  best,  questions  may  be  submitted  through 
this  department  to  the  readers  of  our  journal  for  vol- 
unteer answers.  This  gives  the  readers  of  The 
Business  Educator  the  benefit  of  the  experience 
of  one  who  has  made  this  work  a  life-time  study,  as 
well  as  of  those  who  contribute  thereto. 

Talse  motions. 

Milwaukee,  Wis. 

When  starting  to  write  I  have  gotten  into 

the  habit  of  making  a  spin  in  the  air  before 

touching  the   paper,' especially   in   making 

C,  M,  D,  A,  etc.     How  can  this  be  overcome? 

E-  J.  SCHU.LTE. 

[Your  trouble  comes  under  the  head  of 
"false  motions,"  and  is  due  to  indefinite 
thinking  and  willing.  Think  more  intensely 
the  exact  form  you  desire  to  make  and 
decide  to  execute  it  without  hesitancy  or 
preliminary  action.  Or  if  it  is  for  profes- 
sional purposes  that  your  aiming  to  write, 
then  make  a  definite  number  of  motions 
before  touching  the  paper,  all  the  while 
keeping  clearly  in  mind  the  form  to  be 
made. 

Practically  all  professional  penmen  use 
preliminary  motions,  which  are  not  to  be 
confounded  with  false  motions,  as  the 
former  lead  to  grace  and  sureness,  while 
the  latter  leads  to  hesitancy  and  uncer- 
taintv.— Editor.] 


WANTED 

Manager  for  one  of  the  foremost  and  best 
known  Business  Colleges  in  this  country,  located 
in  a  large  and  prosperous  city.  School  exper- 
ience is  necessary,  but  more  than  a  pedgogue  is 
required.  He  must  be  shrewd,  tactful,  energetic, 
upright,  of  good  presence,  and  thoroughly  capa- 
ble of  transacting  business.  Would  sell  the  one- 
fourth  or  the  one-fifth  interest  to  the  right  man. 
Address  PAR  EXCELLENCE.  Care  Business  Educator 
Columbus,  Ohio 


FOR  SALE 


The  first  of  April,  or  sooner,  if  necessary,  th< 
only  Commercial  and  Normal  School  in  a  count- 
seat  of  35,000,  and  in  the  best  agricultural  state  ii 
the  Union.  A  city  having  thirteen  railroads  an< 
one  interurban  electric  line  and  prospects  fo 
another.     Proprietor  giving  up  school  work. 

Address  2,  Care  of  BVSINESS  EDUCATOR. 
Columbus,  Ohio 


WANTED: 


SPENCER'S  BUSINESS  SCHOOL, 
II6U  St.  and  Eighth  Ave. 
NEW  YORK  CITY,  N.  Y. 


M  I  LLS'S  Correspondence 

fchoal  rf  Penmanship 
Is  an  exclusive  school  of  pen- 
manship. If  yon  feel  the 
■need  of  improving  your 
writing  you  should  send 
stamp  at  once  for  full  infor- 
mation concerning  our 
school.    Address, 

E.  C     MILLS 
1 95  Grand  Ave..  Rochester.  N.  Y. 


I     CfidrttiisrCctl^srJ   £ZsK*f   72tC*&&*d>^l^sTJ  -4>V-L>££.  £&CZs?Zsfe  s?f€n*'  t 


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fr^~s 


Lettering  and  Designing 


E.  I..  HK'i  IWN, 


number  Cwenly=6igbl. 

Here  is  a  very  effective  design  owing  to 
lie  strung  contrasts  ill  the  color  values, 
n<l  it  will  serve  a>  an  excellent  study  in 
,11  technique.  Make  a  careful  pencil  dra-w- 
ig,  iitnl  suggest  all  the  strongest  shadows, 
i-,,  the  thickness  and  direction  of  the  lines 
i  treating  the  same.  Note  the  pleasing 
nntrast  obtained  by  treating  the  roses 
,itli  very  few  lines,  and  the  vase  with 
eavylinesand  solid  black.  A  close  studj 
I  the  design  will  reveal  far  more  than  1 
-,„  hi  words,  s.i  I  will  leave  the  matter 
,-itli  you,  and  guarantee  that  the  right 
mi. Mint  of  observation  and  application  on 
our  part,  will  give  the  desired  results. 


Vhy  go  to  "College"  — > 
TO  LEARN  BOOK-KEEPING 
WHEN  I  WILL  MAKE  A 

irst-ClassBook-Kpeper 


1THODSANDS.   Ter- 

.(.742   testimonials 

I  VE  THIS  AXnWRITE. 

V. main.    Room 

»i:n  kirk,  \.  Y. 


JTA 


MILLS'S 
CORRESPONDENCE   SCHOOL 

OF  PENMANSHIP 
Is  helping  scores  of  ambi- 
tious people  to  acquire  a 
fine  style  of  penmanship  at 
home.  We  are  ready  to  help 
YOU  also.  Send  stamp  for 
information. 

E.  C.   MILLS 
1 95  Grand  Ave  ,  Rochester.  N.  Y. 


WEAVER'S  Correspondence  School  of  Pen- 
manship and  Drawing,  Mt.  Morris,  Ills  , 
Offers  the  best  instructions  in  the  various 
branches  of  Penmanship  and  Drawing. 
Write  today  for  foil  particulars. 


IMo,  Never  Before 

have  I  been  able  to  give  mv  patrons  such  fault- 
less  BCKIPT.  In  the  past  the  public  has  been 
satisfied,  but  I  have  not.  My  copy  did  noi  reach 
my  ideal,  the  work  of  the  man  who  engraved  it 
not  print  it 


iter  could 


lit,  and  the 
1>,  rfectly. 

At    Last,    after   much   experimenting,   I  have 

found  an   engraver  who   I  think  a  wonder;   an 

who   can   produce   from   my  copy   a  cut 

which  will  print  with  the  delicacy  of  a  copper 

plate. 

Hut  My  Troubles  Did  Not  End  There.     I  needed 

who  undt  rsl 1  the  tine  points  about 

script  Without  the  right  kind  of  printing  it 
was  impossible  to  eel  superior  results.  I  solved 
that  problem  by  putting  in  a  printing  plant,  get- 
ting the  best  machinery  money  could  buy.  I 
educated  a  pressman  on  the  tine  points  in  script, 

I     Can     Furnish     Cards 

which  look  like  it  for  a  small  part  of  the  cost  of 
copper  plate  work.  The  following  prices  include 
writing  of  name,  cut,  the  card  stock,  printing 
and  mailing.     Address,  50  cents  extra. 

innliiv  cards    $1  50 

2  1(1 
"       i  50 


1000 


Samples  for  two  2c  stamps 


I  25 
4  00 


/  SS/f/s/jfy, 


Artist  and  Penman,        Holmes  Business  College 
Portland,     Oregon. 


THIS  BOOK  IS  FREE 

It  illustrates  47  different  kinds  of  business  that  are  successfully 
conducted  by  the  use  of  Shaw-Walker  card  and  filing  systems. 
It  tells  you  how  to  improve  your  office  systems.  How  to  save 
time,  money  and  labor.  How  to  increase  the  efficiency  of  your 
employees.  How  to  decrease  your  pay  roll.  One  hour  invested 
in  reading  this  catalogue  will  pay  you  large  dividends  during 
l,.l(»4.     Semi  today  fur  this  valuable  58  page  free  catalogue. 

C6e  SHAW  -WALKER  Co. 

Branch   at   Chicago   in 
the  Marquette  Building. 


Muskegon,  Michigan 


I    Cj&V-tsrCctLesTj   tZsrt*?'    ~&€C^-&*dsfl4s7z?  -*4*t^£  £4sCZs?Zsfe  sTf&tC* 


c?^^ /S^u^^^^^^^^i^  I 


Pfi\Q  t<£  Vl-ill  XCi  J  £tlUi&i*ttiT     <S> 


#    To  Our  Friends  and  Patrons 


We  desire  to  call  your  attention  to 

"MODERN     COMMERCIAL     PENMANSHIP" 

A  book  that   has  had   a   phenomenal  sale  since  it  was  offered    to  the  fraternity  a  few  weeks  ago       The 
plan  is  unique  in  many  respects.    Among  the  many  advantages  of  the  book  are  the  following: 

1.  The  copies  represent  the  very  highest  degree  of  skill  in  business  writing.  They  were  prepared  bv 
Mr.  E.  C.  Mills,  whose  superiority  as  a  business  penman  is  recognized  throughout  the  United  States 
The  lines  are  strong,  life-like,  and  are  so  engraved  as  to  represent  as  nearlv  as  possible  copies  fresh 
from  the  pen. 

2.  The  instruction  for  each  lesson  appears  on  the  page  opposite  the  copy  and  is  always  directly 
before  the  student. 

3.  The  book  is  bound  to  open  at  the  end  and  is  thus  very  convenient  for  handling:  it  always  lies 
flat  when  open. 

4.  The  copies  are  divided  into  sixty  lessons-one  for  each  school  day  in  twelve  weeks. 

5.  The  gradation  of  copies  is  such  triat  the  student's  progress  is  assured.  Appropriate  movement 
exercises  accompany  the  different  lessons  and  are  not,  as  is  true  of  many  similar  publications, 
grouped  at  the  beginning  of  the  course. 

6.  The  instruction  is  terse  and  pertinent.  The  many  helpful  hints  to  the  student  will  enable  him 
to  overcome  many  of  the  awkward  movements  of  the  novice. 

The  price  is  within  the  reach  of  all  students.    The  retail  price  of  the  book  is  50c. 


Remember  these  for  next  year: 

Williams's  English  Grammar, 
The  Model  Dictation  Course, 
The  New  Business  Speller, 

And  remember  to  write  to  us 

For  information  concerning  all  kinds  of  books  and  supplies  for  Commercial  Sch 


Clarke's  Shorthand, 

The  Complete  Guide  to  Touch  Typewriting 

Modern  Commercial  Banking. 


THE  COMMERCIAL  TEXT  BOOK  CO., 


DES  MOINES,  IOWA. 


WILL  YOU  PAY  $10.00? 


For  a  Thorough,  Scientific  Course  in  the  Following  Branche 


WRITING  (12  styles  i 
FLOURISHING 
LETTERING  (8  Styles) 


DESIGNING 
ENGROSSING 
AUTOMATIC 


PERSPECTIVE  DRAWING 
FREE  HAND  DRAWING 
WASH  DRAWING 


PORTRAITURE 
METHODS  OF 

.      TEACHING 


It  is  my  Famous  Diploma  Course  in  the  new  education  in 
Penmanship  by  Correspondence. 

It  is  based  upon  Laws  of  Mental  Development— the  True 
Science  Method. 

All  copies  fresh   from   my    pen,  and   equal  to  the  finest 
producible. 

All  instructions  written  for  the  student  to  whom  they  are 
sent. 

It  is  my  regular  $35.00  Course,  but  $10.00  sent  before  March 
15th  pays  for  it  complete. 

It    is    cheap    at    $100.00.      Requires    from    10  to  20  months 
to  complete. 


ADDRESS 


L 


L  H.  HAUSAM,  Author,  Riverside,  Calif. 


A   Business  Speller 


A  Comprehensive  little  book  on  Spell- 
ing, 120  pages  of  words  most  frequently 
f  een  in  business  correspondence.  Divided 
into  lessons  of  fifty  words  each.  Several 
lessons  of  words  pronounced  alike,  but 
spelled  differently.  Just  the  thing  for 
the  school  room.  Sample  copy  sent  post- 
paid for  25  cents. 


Business  Letter  Writing 


One  of  the  neatest  and  brightest  little 
works  on  Commercial  Correspondence. 
Unlike  anything  else  published.  Write 
for  sample  pages.  Single  copy  sent  post- 
paid for  50  cents. 


Other  books  published  are  "Mussel- 
man's  Practical  Bookkeeping,"  "  High 
School  Bookkeeping,"  "Commercial 
Law,"  "Commercial  Arithmetic." 


Try  a  box  of 

Mussulman's 
Perfection 
Pens,  25  cents. 


D.  L.  MUSSELMAN 
PUBLISHING    CO., 

QUINCY,  ■  ILLINOIS. 


I   Cfc&l>-&r£c4^rJ  asn*/  72<**£-£t44i4srzf  ^ct*t&  £6-cisru£.  sifjrt^.  firr  /rrz&rz^tm^rz^   c9Vit.  73M^it^L^id  €W^ut>tx-ie-r 


tycoak^ew  ^ooc^Cvug  fV\v\\oJoeY. 
a\>c^c^\A\3\^\\\\\o\)(\ts\vv^\x)x^i 

\\\\\\\\\UUL^OYmynV\  ssssssssssss 


Lessons  in  Simple, 
Practical  Pen  Lettering 


Broad*Pen  marking   HlphJbct. 

The  Alphabet  presented  herewith  may  be 
made  with  ordinary  stub  pen  for  small 
work,  or  with  any  size  up  to  a  No.  1  Soen- 
necken,  and  if  something  still  larger  is  de- 
sired, a  large  size  automatic  pen  may  be  em- 
ployed. Arid  for  rapid,  every  day  work  the 
latter  pen  may  be  employed  for  work  as 
small  as  the  copy  given. 

Study  the  turns  at  top  and  bottom  of  let- 
ters, and  watch  slant  and  spacing  closely. 
Aim  at  plainness,  neatness, and  uniformity. 
Practice  upon  the  elements  on  the  last  line 
until  you  can  make  them  well  before 
attempting  the  alphabet. 

Dip  ink  often  and  but  little  at  a  time,  if 
you  wish  tine  beginnings  and  endings. 

Hold  pen  and  paper  much  as  in  writing, 
with  the  latter  more  nearly  parallel  with 
the  desk. 


Penmen  M 


AMATEUR   AND    PROFESSIONAL 

Professionals:  Keep  in  touch  with  me. 
Get  your  name  on  my  mailing  list.  1  have 
something  you  do  not  find  in  the  journals. 
Ghe  Amateur  willfind  the  opportunity 
to  place  and  promotion  in  my  advertising 
matter.  I  have  inspiration  for  all.  Book- 
let for  two  cent  stamp.  It's  a  fine  one, 
too.    Write    me.        *■       **•       ■*■       *■ 


M.  A.  ALBIN  mVnne 


I  will  write  14  of  the  finest  cards  yon  ever  gazed 
upon  for  only  20  cents. 

Colored  cards  written  in  white  ink  at  20  cents 
per  dozen. 

24  ink  recipes,  gold,  silver,  white,  black  and  20 
others,  10  cents ;  worth  $5  to  any  penman. 

Each  letter  of  the  alphabet  written  in   from 
four  to  nineteen  ways,  40  cents. 

Send  for  circulars.    Address,  J*.  A.  ADAMS, 
Care  Marietta  Commercial  College, 
Marietta,  Ohio. 


PS  GOOD  AS  PEN  EVER  TOUCHED 

Is  the  verdict  ot  those  who  have  used  the 

"  English  Bristol " 

In  14  colors,  90  cents  per  1,00(1. 

"Norway  Wedding  Bristol" 

In  white,  $1.15  per  1,000,  or  any  of  the  cards 
handled  by  the  Berkshire  Card  Co.,  whose 
business  I  have  purchased.  Samples  for  the 
asking.  Better  yet,  100  assorted  cards  by 
mail  25  cents.  Also  written  cards  and  speci- 
men work. 

F.  S.  HEATH 

Concord,  N.  H.  -      50  Dunklee  St. 


SPENCERIAN 


PERFECT 


Steel  Pens 


Sample  card,    12    pens  different    patterns, 

Will  lie  sent  for  trial  on  receipt  of 6  cents  in 

postage  stamps.     Ask  for  card  R. 

SPENCERIAN    PEN    CO. 

349  BROADWAY,  NEW  YORK 


irant  you  to  try  our  pens,  and  in  order 
to  make  it  an  inducement  will  send  Assort- 
ment Xo.  1.  consisting  of  15  pens  and  a 
handsome    Penholder,    postpaid,    upon    re 

Ceip*  of    10,  nil-. 

C.  HOWARD  HUNT  PEN  CO.,  Camden,  N.  J. 


ESTERBROOK'S  NEW  PENS  US 


No.  702 
707 


MODIFIED    SLANT   OR 
"MEDIAL"    WRITERS. 


702    Slightly  Elastic 


707    Elastic 


AMONG  PENMEN  there  is  a  demand  for  a  pen  that  is  adopted  to  the  Modified 
Slant  or  "Medial"  Writing,  to  combine  increased  speed  with  the  legibility  of 
the  Vertical.  To  meet  this  we  present  our  Modified  Slant  Pens.  These  Pens 
are  made  from  the  highest  grade  steel  and  are  finished  with  the  same  care  that 
has  made  Esterbrook  Pens  the  Standard  for  nearly  half  a  century. 

THE     ESTERBROOK     STEEL     PEN     MANUFACTURING     COMPANY, 

26  John  Street,  New  York.  Works,  Camden,  N.  J. 


I  Cfi^s-csrfed^r-J  asrz*/  Ticc^-^d^c^J  ^c<^t^£.  £&€zsrtsfe  su*™c> 


C%L&  73^td<€J?Z4<4d <  6^e£t€sG<l£<r7:    I 


rJHe  ©u^li\?&^ CkliL&^l&r   <$> 


Obituary 

Mr.  J.  C.  Y.  Cornwall,  of  Chicago,  the 
veteran  card  writer  and  true  gentleman, 
departed  this  life  January  5,  1901,  after  a 
lingering  illness,  at  the  ripe  age  of  seventy 
two  years. 

Mr.  Cornwall  graced  and  dignified  for 
many  years  the  calling  of  card  writing, 
having  made  considerable  mone)'  which 
he  spent  in  travel  and  summer  vacations, 
and  not  in  dissipation.  About  the  World's 
Fair  year  he  moved  from  New  York  City  to 
Chicago,  and  later  did  policy  engrossing 
for  a  large  company  in  that  city. 

A  year  ago  the  writer  ate  New  Year's 
dinner  with  him  and  his  estimable  wife 
and  sister,  and  was  deeply  impressed  with 
his  sincere  and  unaffected  whole-souled, 
generous  hospitality.  May  he  be  received 
in  the  future  life  as  graciously  as  he  re- 
ceived others  in  this,  is  the  earnest  wish  of 
C.  P.  ZANER. 


Mr.  H.  Coleman,  of  Newark,  N.  J.,  the 
well  known  business  educator  and  presi 
dent  of  Coleman's  Business  College,  died  at 
his  home  on  December  fi,  1903,  at  the  age  of 
sixty-five  years. 

Mr.  Coleman  taught  for  many  years  in 
Eastman's  College,  Poughkeepsie,  remov- 
ing to  Newark  in  1880  and  purchasing  the 
Bryant  &  Stratton  Business  College,  which 
is  conducted  successfully,  incorporating  it 
some  years  ago  so  that  it  will  continue  to 
educate  for  business  and  success  as  here- 
tofore. 

Mr.  Coleman  was  a  leading  member  in 
the  M.  E.  Church,  a  line  musician,  and  a 
member  of  numerous  societies.  A  widow 
and  three  children  survive  him. 


Mr.  M.  A.  Adams,  Marietta,  O.,  the  pro- 
prietor  of  the  above  portrait,  began  exist- 
ence thirty-one  years  ago  on  a  farm  in 
Washington  County.  Ohio.  At  the  age  of 
seventeen  he  began  teaching  public  school, 
continuing  eight  years.  In  the  meantime 
he  attended  the  Marietta,  Ohio,  Normal 
School  in  1893,  Michael's  Business  College 
in  1894,  Ohio  Normal  University,  Ada,  Ohio, 
in  1895,  and  the  Zanerian  College  in  1898. 

Mr.  Adams  is  now  president  of  the 
Marietta  Business  College,  and  reports  a 
prosperous  school.  He  writes  a  good  hand, 
and,  as  yet,  trots  in  single  harness. 


right.  The  esprit  de  corps  which  distin- 
guishes a  man  may  also  distinguish  n  pub- 
lication. 

Success  is  written  on  page  and  cover  and 
I  congratulate  you  upon  the  unique  arrange- 
ment and  plan'of  the  magazine.  With  best 
wishes  and  $1.00,  I  am. 

Very  truly  vours, 

F.  E.  Wood, 
New  York  City,  X.  Y. 
Pres.  Wood's  N.  Y.  School. 


F.  €.  Wood  Speaks 


Chat  Cong  Word 

NEW  York,  Dec.  28, 1903. 
Messrs.  Zaner  &  Bloser, 
Columbus,  Ohio. 

Dear  Sirs:  In  the  January  number  of 
The  Business  Educator  an  article  en- 
titled "Long  Words"  attracted  my  atten- 
tion. On  account  i>f  my  familiarity  with 
the  name  of  the  lake  in  quest i-n  I  wish  to 
call  your  attention  to  the  fact  that  it  was 
incorrectly  spelled.  It  is  called,  lor  short, 
by  those  in  its  vicinity:  "Chaubunagunga- 
maug."     Its  correct  name  is: 

'"  Chaubunauungamaugmancliaugagoga- 
gogchaTgogagOL'gagungamaug." 

It  contains  tilty-tivr-  letter-  and  si- teen 
g's,  and  is  an  excellent  copy  for  practice 
upon  these  letters  I  have  usni  it  many 
time*  in  class  work.  While  b  aching  a  class 
at  Webster.  Mas-,  in  the  late  'so's.  I  became 
entangled  with  the  g's  and  took  them  west 
to  Nebraska  where  they  were  joined 
together  and  used  by  the  young  fellows  as 
a  lariat  on  the  plains  for  a  short  period.  I 
next  took  them  to  Kansas  City  and  the 
g's  mad-*  the  old  Missouri  gurgle  as  she 
passed  the  town.  Milwaukee  was  next  on 
the  map,  that  city  needing  a  cable  to  con- 
nect the  Great  Lakes,  I  loaned  it  for  that 
purpose;  time  expiring  I  brought  it  to  New 
York,  and  here  they  purpose  using  it  in  the 
subway.  The  long  and  short  of  it  is  that 
this  remarkable  word,  with  its  many  loops, 
has  looped  the  loop  both  east  and  west. 
It's  great! 

The  business  card  of  the  Joslyn  House, 
Webster,  Mass.,  will  verify  my  statements. 
Yerv  truly  yours, 
Francis  B.  Courtney. 


£*£&&§&&&£&&§-:&§.&&&&&&^ 


"Never  mind  about  our  figures;  get  our  books— that's  what 
|  really  cuts  the  figure." 


This  paraphase  of  a  catchy  line  from  a  famous  Boston  printing  house  expresses  exactly  what  we  want  the 
readers  of  this  advertisement  to  demonstrate  for  themselves.  A  close  examination  of  our  books,  or,  better,  the 
use  of  them  for  a  term,  is  the  surest  avenue  to  a  place  on  our  sales  book,  and  that  is  where  we  want  you. 
That  is  why  we  are  paying  for  this  space  every  month.  We  do  not  consider  it  necessary  to  pretend  that"  we 
are  in  the  publishing  business  as  a  philanthropy  or  to 

"sing  to  one  sweet  harp  in  divers  tones  " 

that  our  books  are  educational  in  method,  that  they  are  written  in  good  English,  that  they  are  prepared  by 
authors  who  were  specialists,  and  so  on  ad  nauseam.  It  is  not  necessary  for  us  to  resort  to  any  such  cant  as 
this,  for  our  customers  are  intelligent  enough  to  know  whether  our  publications  are  worthily  prepared,  and 
they  are  not  going  to  continue  to  purchase  them  in  tens  of  thousands  unless  they  are  all  that  is  implied  in 
the  word  "educational." 

Just  before  the  preparation  of  this  advertisement,  we  had  an  order  from  A.  P.  Armstrong  the  famous 
pioneer  commercial  school  manager  of  Portland,  Oregon,  for  450  books,  and  in  the  same  mail  an  order  from 
Calcutta,  India,  for  150.     We  are  shipping  books  literally  from 

''Greenland's  icy  mountains  to  India's  coral  strand," 

for  we  have  several  customers  in  Alaska.  South  Africa  is  represented  on  our  books,  and  the  Philippines  duti- 
fully fall  into  line.     You  ought  to  see 

"ANOTHER  YARD  OF  ORDERS." 

It  demonstrates  that  our  constituency  represents  the  cranio  de  la  cranio  of  the  profession.  Tens  of 
thousands  of  our  commercial  text-books  were  shipped  during  the  past  few  months  to  every  class  of  schools  in 
this  country  that  teach  the  commercial  subjects.  We  send  our  catalogue  and  circulars  on  request.  We  shall 
be  glad  to  hear  from  you. 

|  THE  PRACTICAL  TEXT  BOOK  COMPANY 

479  EUCLID  AVENUE,  CLEVELAND,  OHIO. 


I   Cfc&i*&rCc*l^rJ  tZr^z*/  ^e*~&£c<!ls6*esrzf  ^tst*&-  &i*z^zsfe  sty&iC'  j 


C%*e.7B*<s4<sri^Ld&s£ic^cz£ir?-   I 


OFF  HAND  CAPITALS   BY    .MR.    L.    M.    KELCHNEK,  DIXON  COLLEGE  OF  PEN   ART,   DIXON,  ILL. 


ENGF$<£ERS 

Designees 
?rin 


Illuminators 

EfJG^ERS 
TERS 


When  the 

STUDENT  WRITES  HOME 


steel  die,  stamp  the  paper,  put  it  up  in  hands, 
special  bu\e».  ja  she, -is,  l'4  envelopes,  and  sell  i 
1UU  box  lots  at  US  rents  a  box  and  upward.  Col] 
stationers  and  bc] I   principals  should  send 


10  lb. 
12  lb. 


Practice  Paper 

lie.  halt  ream,  4Mu  sheets  ;  (1.30  n 
h..  I~,  11.20  ream  in  5  ream  lots. 
Is      beets  |  $1.50  r 


sheets;  el. 40 
Artist  Penman 
in  lh     llJSha  I 

10    "•      sheets. »|.!«P  r, 
t">   lh        " 

i£i°J    sheets,  12.15  i 
These    pape 


1  lots. 

Papai- 

•     «2.00  ream,  900 


•d.    Kr 


THE  KINSLEY  STVDIO 

220  Broadway.  New  York 


KINSLEY      COMMERCIAL      TEACHERS' 
BUREAU  AND  SCHOOL  EXCHANGE 


!■  f.    an>l 

'       '■  -H  !"H-    I    .Cllllt.     .. 

thf  ili-po~j»l  t>f  v. ■),. 
WM.     J.     KINSLEY.     Manage. 
220  Broadway,  New  York 


CENTRAL    TEACHERS'    AGENCY  r.uggery  building 


rial  Colleges  rt'iiUt-rs  ou 
nmercial  teacher.  Now  is  the  tii 
nterest  you.      Sent  free  on  applies 


Columbus,   Ohio 
ADAMS     6l      ROGERS 


FINEST  SUPPLIES 


FOR  PENMEN 

AND  ARTISTS 


CARDS,  INK.  PAPER,  ETC. 

On  goods  listed  below  we  pay  postage  on  those  that  go  by  mail  and  purchaser 
pays  carriage  charges  on  those  that  go  by  express  or  freight.  Of  course  the  cheapest 
way  is  to  ©rder  in  fair  sized  quantities  and  have  them  go  by  freight. 


Blank  Cards— White  bristol  with  finest 
■surface  for  fine  penmanship. 

100  by  mail  postpaid.. 28c 

500  by  express 75c 

1000  by  express.  „ $1.35 

Black  Cards— Best  made  for  white  ink. 

100  by  mail  postpaid  ._ 28c 

500  by  express 75c 

1000  by  express $1.35 

White  Cardboard— Wedding  Bristol  for 
fine  pen  work.    Sheets  are  22x28. 

6  sheets  by  express $  .60 

12  sheets  by  express 1.00 

2  sheets  by  mail  postpaid 50 

White  Cardbtard— With  hard  finish, 
much  like  ledger  paper.  Sheets  are 
20^>  x  23. 

6  sheets  by  express: $  .40 

12  sheets  by  express 70 

3  sheets  by  mail,  postpaid .50 

Black  Cardboard  -Finest  for  white  ink. 
Sheets  are  22x28 

6  sheen  by  express   $  .60 

12  sheets  by  express 76 

2  sheets  by  mail,  postpaid ..    .60 

Wedding:  Paper— Finest  for  penmanship 
or  drawing.    Sheets  are  21  x  33. 

6  sheets  by  express $  .50 

12  sheets  by  express ..". .70 

3  sheets  by  mail,  postpaid 50 


Zanerian  Pen,  Pencil,  and  Painting-  Pad, 
and  Portfolio/for  sketching,  drawing, 
and  water  color  painting.  Contains  40 

sheets  for .. 40c 

By  mail  20  cents  extra 60c 

Zanerian  India  Ink— A  fine  drawing  ink 
and  best  for  preparing  script  and 
drawings  for  photo-engraving. 

1  bottle  by  mail,  postpaid.. $  .80 

1  dozen  bottles  by  express 2.00 

Arnold's  Japan  Ink  - 

Nearly  y2  pint  bottle  by  mail,  post- 
paid   40c 

1  pint  by  express ...46c 

1  quart  by  express  ___ 75c 

White  Ink- Very  fine. 

1  bottle  by  mail,  postpaid $  .25 

12  bottles  by  express 1.85 

Writinf  Paper— Finest  12  lb.  paper 
made.     960  sheets    per    ream,   ruling 

wideand  faint.     1  ream  by  express $2.25 

Writing:  Paper— Same  quality  as  above 
mentioned  but    10    lb.  per    ream.      1 

ream  by  express $2.00 

Practice  Paper— Best  for  the  money  to 

be  had.     1  ream  by  express ..$1.50 

Send  stamp  for  samples  of  paper. 
Envelopes— 100  fine  blue  by  mail,  post- 
paid   _ 40c 

"            100  fine  white  by  mail,  post- 
paid   40c 

1000  either  kind  by  express. $1.50 


Address,  ZANER  &  BL0SER,  Columbus,  Ohio 


I  Cfe<z^esT&<±£srj  a^tf  *UcA&4sfL&<Td  -wt&  £&ezs, 


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zmneRKin 


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THE   ZANERIAN 

PEN,  PENCIL    AND    PAINTING    PAD, 
AND  PORTFOLIO 


[BSMxlOJtfiDcl 

Drawinp.  and  ' 
holding  the  pictu 


I  for  Sketching. 


paper   equally  good    for  pencil,   ptn   and    ink,   or 
i  cents.     By 


Liberal  discounuin  nuantith 


MANUFACTURED    BY 

ZANER    &    BLOSER,  Columbus,  Ohio 


be  Card  Writer 

'rites  cards  at 
c.  per  dozen, 
ny  style,  any 
ime.  Fine  and 
sure     to     please.      Order    today. 


Mt.  Morris,  ///. 


Stock  diplomas  for  all  kinds  of  schools  and 
colleges.  Our  specialty  is  furnishing  diplomas 
filled  out  complece,  ready  for  signatures. 
Special  designs  prepared  on  short  notice. 
Sketches  and  estimates  cheerfully  furnished  to 
school      proprietors.  Resolutions  engrossed. 

Commercial  Designing.  Highest  grade  work. 
Lowest  prices.  When  in  need  of  diplomas, 
correspond  with  as. 


^Address. 


Howard     CSi     Brown 

Rockland,  Maine 


[  desire  tlie 
lames-  of  those 
nterested  in 


ENGROSSING 

My  mail  course  consists  of  ten  lessons 
in  each  of  the  following: 

Round    Hand 

Lettering 

Wash  Drawing 

Designing 
Work    criticised    and   returned.      Real 
models  from   pen   and   brush.       Speci- 
mens  for  2c.  stamp. 

H  Y.C.WALKER  5S*5  IVf.r.?.onJV„ve' 


[teachers  wanted! 

j        Our  bureau  makes  a    specialty  ► 

J    of  placing  Commercial  Teachers.  I 

1    We  have  calls  from  every  state  in  r 

4    the  Union  and  we  are  filling  many  r 

]    of  the  best  positions  in  the  Lead-  [ 

!ing  Business  Colleges. 

Free  Registeration  if  you  mention  ► 

this  paper.  L 

Continental  Teachers  Agency  ► 

J               Bowling  Green.  Kentucky  L 


YOU  OUCHT  TO  HAVE  IT.  gfij 

implication,  fractions  and  S( 

<     velous  work,  only  10c.    Lightn: 

Dept.  11,  Everett  Statio 


PEH01HHSHIP  SUPPLIES 

ALL     GOODS     LISTED     BELOW     GO     BY     MAIL     POSTPAID. 


FINEST  DBTfllNHBLE. 

PENS    AND     HOLDERS 


Zanerian  Fine  Writer  Pen— The  best  and 
finest  fine  writing  pen  made — best  for 
engrossing,  card  writing  and  all  fine 
script  work.  Gross  $1.00,  >.  gross  25e, 
1  Doz 12c. 

Zanerian  Ideal  Pen -One  of  the  best  pens 
made  for  general  penwork- business 
or  ornamental  One  of  the  best  pens 
for  beginners  in  penmanship.  Gross 
75c,  !4  Gross  25c,  1  Doz 10c 

Zanerian  Medial  Pen  —  A  high-grade 
medium,  extra  smooth  pen  for  busi- 
ness writing-  None  better  Just  right 
for  students  and   accountants.    Gross 


75e, 


,  Gr 


25c. 


Zanerian  Business  Pen— A  smooth,  dur- 
able, common  sense  business  pen.  For 
unshaded  business  writing,  it  has 
never  been  excelled  if  equaled.  Gross 
75c,  %  Gross  25c,  1  Doz 10c. 

Gillott's  Principality  Ho.  1  Pen -A  fine 
writing  pen.  Gross  $1.00,  1i  Gross  25c, 
1  Doz.- 12c. 

Gillott's  Doable  Elastic  E.  F.  No.  60*  Pen— 
A  medium  fine  writing  pen.  Gross  75c, 
;4  Gross  25e,  1  Doz 10c. 

Gillott's  Maennm  Qnill  e  F.  No.  601  Pen— 

"A  business  pen.     Gross  $1.00,  %  Gross 

H25c,lDoz 12c. 

Gillott's  No.  303  E.  F.  Pen-Used  largely 
for  drawing  purposes.  Gross  $1.00, 
'4.Gross25c,  1  Doz     12c. 


Gillott's  Lithographic  Pen  No.  290 -One 
of  the  finest  pointed  drawing  pens 
made.    6  pens  25c,  3  pens 15c. 

Gillott's  Crow  Quill  Pen  No  6S9— Very 
fine  points.    6  pens  25c,  3  pens 15c. 

Soennecken  Lettering  Pen -For  making 
German  Text,  Old  English,  and  all 
broad  pen  letters.  Set  of  12— numbers 
1.  1%  2,  1%.  3,  3%,  4,  5  and  6  single 
pointed  arid  10,  20  and  30  double 
pointed.  25c. 

Doable  HolJer  for  Soennecken  Pens- 
Holds  2  pens  at  one  time 10c. 

Zanerian  Oblique  Penholder— Handmade, 
rosewood.  12  inches  long,  a  beautiful 
and  perfect  holder,  1  holder 50c. 

Fine  Art  Oblique  Holder  -  Inlaid  and 
fancy,  hand-made,  rosewood,  and  by 
far  the  most  beautiful  holder  made. 
1  holder  sent  in  a  small  wooden  box__$l  00 

Excel'ior  Obliqne  Holder— The  best  low- 
priced  oblique  holder  made.  Many- 
hundreds  of  gross  have  been  sold. 

1   Holder 10c. 

1  Dozen 50c. 

V*  gross     $1.10 

Jl  Gross.... 2.15 

1  Gross 4.25 

Straight  Penholder— Cork  tipped  and 
best  for  business  writing,  flourishing, 
etc  1  holder  10c,  6  holders  40c,  1:2 
holders  65c. 


WE  HANDLE  THE  BEST  AND  CAN  SAVE  YOU  MONEY. 

Cash  must  accompany  all  orders.     Prices  are  too  low  to  keep  accounts. 
Remit  by  money  order,  or  stamps  for  small  amounts 


ADDRESS 


ZANER  (&L  BLOSER,  Columbus,  Ohio 


Lessons  in   Penmanship  f  bj 
Card  Writing  a  Sped 
12  Lessons  in  Practical  Bus.  Wr 
20 
20  "  Ornamental 

1  Doz.  Cards,  Colored  or  White 

1  Set  of  Business  or  Ornamental  Caps..  35 
Bird  Flourishes  on  black  board, 5uc  to  $1.25 ea. 
A  10  page  book  of  graded  copies  fresh 

from  the  pen  50c 

A.    R.    BURXETTE,   Bowling.   Green,  A>. 


I  Cfe&it^srdei-t'^  tz^z*/  l£2u~&£c*d<6*e>vxf  ->ttrc££  &v€zsnsfe.  su*ei*s  fir?'  sm^ru£o*trri4sn^  C7%^  7He&<44srL4<$4£^<c<sC€i£&v 


A  Stupendous  Bluff 


■i 


We  believe  the  limit  in  strenuous  business  methods  has  been  reached  in  the  plan 
which  we  are  informed  is  being  followed  by  a  certain  publishing  concern  of  going  into 
a  town  and  threatening  to  establish  a  rival  business  college  unless  the  one  approached 
immediately    adopts   their   system  of  bookkeeping. 

This  is  a  downright  educational  "hold=up".  That  sort  of  bluff  should  be  called  every 
time. 

[One  of  our  customers  reports  that  when  this  proposition  was  presented  him  he  tolil  the  strenuous  agent  to  crack  ahead. 
Needless  to  say  he  left  town  on  the  next  train. 1 

G/»e  SADLER-ROWE  COMPANY 

does  not  do  business  that  way.  Their  books  are  sold  on  merit  only.  We  do  not  even  pay 
Commissions  to  Teachers  to  influence  them  in  securing  the  adoption  of  our  books.  We 
say  to  all,  if  our  books  are  not  the  best  books  educationally,  pedagogically  and  practically, 
do  not  use  them.  If  they  are  the  best  we  feel  that  we  are  entitled  to  their  use  without 
paying  for  it      We  do  business  on  the  square. 

This  advertisement  is  notification  to  our  friends  of  our  protest  against  all  business 
methods  that  are  not   absolutely  straight -forward,  honorable  and  legitimate. 


We  Have  Good  Books  to  Sell 

17  ,»       »7       .«•     i      /-<  J  (a  large  new   edition  of  which   is 

Lamest  s  Lnghsn  Correspondence  jusl  from  lhe  pres8)  i8  „  book 

worthy  of  the  careful  consideration  of  every  commercial  and  shorthand  teacher  who  desires 
to  supply  his  students  with  a  brief,  solid,  attractive  course  which  will  straighten  out  their 
defects  in  the  use  of  business  English. 

Where  is  the  teacher  who  does  not   want   to  secure  the  best  results  in   English?     One 
of  the  best  helps  in  print   is  Earnest's  English  Correspondence. 

Our  language  is  difficult   in  the  spelling.     Some  teachers    think    spelling   ought   to    be 
taught  as  a  parrot  is  taught  to  speak.     We  think  differently. 

/pi         %j  »|     ii         \    o        ||  in    the    hands  of  an  intelligent  teacher  who  ap- 

1  ne    NeW    rletnOO   speller     preciates  the  construction  of  oar    language    will 

produce  \\ lerful  results.     It   is  especially  valuable  in  shorthand  classes,  as  it  shows  the 

stem   word  and  all   its  prefixes  and  suffixes  in  one  group. 

Both  the  above  books  are  supplied  at   very  low  cost.     Neither  is  profitable  to  publish 
but    they   are  invaluable  in   the  school   room. 

Our  business  is  with  teachers  and  schools,  not  with  private  individuals.     Detailed  in- 
formation  will   lie  sent    to  the  former  upon   application,  but   not  to  the  latter. 


SADLER-ROWE  CO 

BALTIMORE:,     MD. 


1  Cfc&V'esT&A&'r^  &*?%*</  &t4*&-£tdstL£-^f  ^cis-t*££  £^<z^rt^3'  static*  fv^  s??*i4s?7~>£t^rr2*<s*Zs&   cfft*.  7cLtcd4s?z*6d*4 }  c^«^ei^c^:  I 


ZANER^BIOSERPUBS- 

COIAJMBUS.OHIO 


STvef3vUir^^i>£clwsG»ei>tor   <8> 


.-■> 


J/VrR^ACTIOtSS 
ARE  PERFORMED* 
OVER/TIffi  COUNTER 


PUBI/ISHED    BY"  r.'H.BLISS.    SA&INAW.  MICH. 


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C^i^7^c<^U^^e^^^^^c^i^^r-.    I 


Mh&  i&\>v*hr\>&z*&dA&&v\&vr   <S 


CLEAR   -   CONCISE   -   THOROUGH   -   PRACTIGAL 

Spencer's 

Commercial 

Law 

1904 

Nelson's 

Commercial 

Arithmetic 

T 

COMMERCIAL 

Taylor's 

Natural  Method 

of 

Shorthand 

X 

T 
S 

Gilbert's 

Modern 

Business 

Bookkeeping 

THE  BOBBS-MERRILL  COMPANY,  PUBLISHERS,  INDIANAPOLIS,  U.  S.  A. 

Remember 


when    fitting   yourself  for 
business,  that 

Remington  operators  are 
wanted  everywhere 

Other  operators  only 
here  and  there. 


Remington 

Typewriter  Company 

Branches  Everywhere.  327  Broadway,  N.  Y. 


Cfciv-e^tu^rJ  asrz^Z  ~Pit^-£c^Lj^rd  ^e^o££  £&asrufe-  strove  frr  , 


'^i^yz^  cT&e.  73**4*^z^A4  £i£oc>c<i&r?'.   1 


M\xz&\Aiiivcjj£iAA*t(xlvr  & 


HERE'S  THE  WAY  THE   LETTERS   COME 


We  shull  ilesire  to  employ  a  teacher  of  Bookkeeping  and  Pen- 
manship this  spring  Can  you  put  us  in  communication  with  a 
Kood  man  ?  "—(Good  Western  school.)  . 

•  (  an  von  put  us  in  correspondence  with  a  hrst -class  commercial 
teacher  one  especially  good  in  Aiithmetic  and  the  English  branches  ? 
We  are  willing  to  pay  from  $900  to  $1500  (depending  on  ability  I  for  a 
man  who  can  handle'these  subjects  in  a  first-class  manner."— (A  large 
Kastern  school  ) 

"  Do  you  know  where  I  can  secure  the  services  of  an  Al  teacher 
of  all  the  commerc  al  branches  who  can  also  teach  all  branches  of 
pen  and  brush  art  work  »  I  w;int  just  this  kind  of  man  and  am  will- 
ing to  payfrom  $1000  to  $1500  for  him  "—(One  of  the  best  Pacific  Coast 
schools.)  _  .       _  , 

'■  If  you  have  any  top-notch  Pitniamc  shorthand  men.  please 
communicate  their  names  to  me  confidentially  I  shall  make  no 
change  unless  I  can  do  much  better  than  I  am  doing,  and  I  shall  not 
place  this  matter  in  the  hands  of  any  other  agejicy,  nor  do  I  want 
you  to  mention  it  to  any  other  agency.  I  shall  he  glad  to  hear  from 
you  at  any  time  between  now  and  June  30th.  Salary,  $1200  '  —  (A  fine 
New  England  school.) 

"You  are  quite  right  in  thinking  that  we  are  giving  some  thought 
t.i  lining  the  posit  on  in  the  high  school  as  Head  of  the  Commercial 
Department.  Submit  to  me  personal  and  profess  onaldata  in  regard 
to  the  two  best  men  on  your  list  We  shall  pay  $1700."-  (One  of  the 
best  high  schools  in  the  East.)  .  . 

"  I  am  hoping  that  will   have  an  additional  teacher  for 

the  commercial  department.  If  you  have  any  desirable  man  to  rec- 
ommend, I  shall  be  glad  to  know  about  him.  Please  do  not  advertise 
the  fact  that  we  are  looking  for  a  teacher,  but  let  me  know  about  two 
or  three  who  are  most  desirable  for  the  position.  We  shall  probab'y 
be  unable  to  pay  more  than  $1000  in  the  beginning."— (One  of  the 
foremost  high  schools  in  this  country.) 

These  are  just  straws  to  show  you  how  the  wind  blows.  The 
especial  qualifications  of  the  manager  of  this  Agency  to  per- 
form the  special  service  required  of  such  an  institution  are  well 
and  Favorably  known  through  the  country,  and  our  mail  is 
heavy  with  correspondence  in  regard  to  both  immediate  and 
future  engagements.  You  would  better  apply  early,  whether  for 
B  teacher  or  for  a  position.  Get  the  pick.  No  charge  to  schools. 
No  enrollment  fees.  Only  the  usual  commission  for  accepted 
positions.  We  are  arranging,  also,  for  the  exchange  of  school 
property.     Local  and  long-distance  telephone  connection. 

THE  NATIONAL  COMMERCIAL  TEACHERS' AGENCY, 

A  specialty   by  a  specialist. 
P.  E.  QAYLORD,  Manager.  Prospect  Hill,  Beverly,  Mass. 


A  BVSINESS  SPELLER 

A  comprehensive  little  book  on  Spelling, 
120  pages  of  words  most  frequently  seen  in 
business  correspondence.  Divided  into  les- 
sons of  fifty  words  each.  Several  lessons 
of  words  pronounced  alike,  but  spelled  dif- 
ferently. Just  the  thing  for  the  school 
room.  Sample  copy  sent  postpaid  for  25 
cents       ::::::::: 


Business  Letter  Writing 

One  of  the  neatest  and  brightest  little 
works  on  Commercial  Correspondence. 
Unlike  anything  else  published.  Write  for 
sample  pages.  Single  copy  sent  postpaid 
for  fifty  cents        ::::::: 

Other  books  published  are  "  Musselman's 
Practical  Bookkeeping,"  "High  School 
Bookkeeping,"  "Commercial  Law,"  "Com- 
mercial Arithmetic." 


Try  a  Box  of  Mus.-elmans  Perfection  Pens,  25  Cents. 

D.  L,.  MUSSELMAN  PUBLISHING  CO. 

QUINCY,     ILLINOIS. 


The  Williams  &  Rogers  Commercial  Text-Books 


More  nidely  used  than  any  other  series 


Descriptive  Catalogue  sent  to  teachers  and  schooi  officers  on  application 


\k>      MODERN    ILLUSTRATIVE    BOOKKEEPING       \*> 

THE    LEADING    BOOKKEEPING    SYSTEM 


Prominent    Features    of    the 

1.  The  pupil  at  the  outset  is  thor- 
oughly grounded   in  the  elements    of 

I kkeeping  by  the  easy  step-by-step 

illustrative  method. 

2.  The  instructions  to  the  pupil  are 
so  full  and  explicit  that  he  cannot  fail 
to  perform  the  work  understanding^ 
and  with  little  or  no  assistance  from 
the  teacher. 


Work: 

6.  The  incoming  vouchers  are  fac- 
similes of  model  business  papers,  and 
are  the  handsomest  that  have  ever 
been  published  for  school  purposes. 

7  The  vouchers  come  to  the  pupil 
in  instalments,  so  that  he  cannot  go 
over  the  work  faster  than  he  should, 
nor  fail  to  do  any  part  of  it  without 
the  teacher  being  aware  of  the  fact. 


3.  Special  emphasis  is  placed  from 
the  very  start  on  good  penmanship, 
and  (in  accuracy,  neatness  and   order. 

4      Varied   price  lists  are  introduced 

early  in    the    work   and   are  continued 

throughout    ihe    larger     part     of     the 

course.    These    assist    greatly    in    cul- 

accuracy  and   self-reliance  in 

t  he  pupil. 

5.  Frequent  tests  are  given  through- 
out the  course,  both  by  Test  Ledgers 
and  bj  the  Civil  Service  Method  of 
Examination. 


8.    The   style  of  penmanship  i 
vouchers  is  uniform  with  that 
text-book. 


the 


9.  The  special  branches  of  business 
treated  in  the  advanced  part  of  the 
Complete  Course  are  of  the  most  rep- 
resentative character,  and  illustrate 
modern  and  approved  methods  of  ac- 
count keeping. 

10.  The  work  is  published  in  three 
forms,  viz.:  Introductory  Course,  Ad- 
vanced Course,  and  Complete  Course. 


OTHER    POPULAR    COMMERCIAL 
TEXT-BOOKS 


Holies'  Money,  Hanking  and  Finance 
Piatt's  Pitmanic  Shorthand  Instructor 
Modern  Illustrative  Banking 
Mills's  Modern  Business  Penmanship 
Office  Routine  and  Bookkeeping 
New  Introductive  Bookkeeping 
Commercial  Arithmetic 
New  Commercial  Law 
New     Practical     Grammar     and     Cor- 
respondence 
Seventy  Lessons  in  Spelling 
Mental  Commercial  Arithmetic 
Civil  Government  of  the  United  States 
Pen-Written  Copies  (Reproduced) 
Robinson's  New  Higher  Arithmetic 
Milne's  Standard  Arithmetic 
McCleary's  Studies  in  Civics 
Overton's  Advanced  Physiology 
Southwick's  Steps  to  Oratory 
Hill's  Foundations  of  Rhetoric 
Maxwell     and     Smith's      Writing     in 

English 
Muzzarelli's  Brief  French  Course 
Edgren  &  Fossler's  German  Grammar 
Kutner's  Commercial  German 
Garner's  Spanish  Grammar 


AMERICAN  BOOK  COMPANY,  Publishers. 

New  York,  Cincinnati,  Chicago,  Boston,  Atlanta,  Dallas,  San  Francisco. 


I  Cfe&z*^  r-£i-3-£s?-J  tx^L-ef  £>c4^-&*d^L£sTzf  ^<^i^£  frfaezsTtsfe  s^iK^  i^rr  s??^£s?7^£€>4r?7sis7^&  C^t^  73^t^^yz^^^ €^cCu^c^u^^:  I 


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SOME  WORDS  ABOUT  "WORDS" 


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A  few  months  ago  we  published  a  new  commercial  Speller  entitled  "  Words, 
Their  Spelling,  Pronunciation,  Definition  and  Application."  Although  we  have 
made  but  one  or  two  announcements  in  regard  to  this  book  it  has  met  with  phenome 
nal  success.  To  tell  the  truth,  we  did  not  advertise  it  very  much  at  first  for  the 
reason  that  soon  after  its  appearance  we  were  bombarded  with  inquiries  for  exchange 
prices  on  almost  e/ery  known  commercial  Speller,  and  as  our  stock  room  is  filled  with 
books  taken  in  exchange  we  prefer  to  wait  until  the  schools  have  disposed  of  most  of 
their  Spellers. 

Now  that  the  season  is  nearly  over  and  school  men  are  beginning  to  look  ahead 
to  next  season,  we  desire  to  call  attention  once  more  to  this  remarkable  little  book. 
As  an  introduction  we  print  some  pithy  paragraphs  from  letters  received  regarding  it : 


WILL  USE  ABOUT  ONE  THOUSAND  EACH  YEAR. 

"The  four  hundred  copies  of  your  new  commercial 
Speller  have  been  received  and  placed  in  the  hands  of  our 
students.  We  have  been  using  this  Speller  now  a  suffi- 
cient length  of  time  to  offer  you  our  hearty  endorsement 
of  the  book.  The  teachers  and  students  agree  that  it  is  a 
first-class  text  book.  You  may  rely  upon  it  that  we  will  be 
regular  customers  hereafter  to  the  extent  of  about  one 
thousand  each  year."  H.  B.  BOYLES, 

Boyles'  College.  Omaha.  Neb. 


BRIEF  AND  TO  THE  POINT. 

"  Please  express  to  us  two  hundred  copies  of  '  Words.' 
George  Soule  and  Sons, 
Soule  Commercial  College,  New  Orleans,  La. 


THE  PLAN  FOR  WEEKLY  REVIEWS  APPEALS  TO  HIM. 

"  Your  work  on  spelling  is  the  best  book  of  its  kind  we 
have  ever  examined.  The  arrangement  for  weekly 
reviews  appeals  to  us  especially  as  that  is  in  accordance 
with  the  method  we  have  followed  for  a  long  time.  There 
are  many  other  advantages  which  a  careful  review  will 
immediately  discover."  FREEMAN  P.  TAYLOR, 

The  Taylor  School,  Philadelphia,  Pa. 


"A  RATIONAL  AND  SCIENTIFIC  SPELLER." 

"It  comes  the  nearest  to  being  what  you  might  call  a 
rational  speller  or  scientific  speller,  of  any  I  have  yet 
seen.  English  spelling  is  certainly  an  inconsistent  thing, 
even  at  best,  but  there  are  some  underlying  rules  and  it 
seems  to  me  that  the  proper  way  to  do  is  to  classify  words 
in  the  beginning  according  to  those  rules  as  you  have 
done."  Miss  Hortense  L.  Allen, 

Brown's  Business  College,  Decatur,  111. 


ADOPTED  FOR  THE  WHOLE  SCHOOL. 

e  are  so  well  pleased  with  the  examination  copy  of 
'  that   we  have  decided   to  adopt  it,  not  merely  for 
lmercial  department,  but  for  the  whole  school." 
J.  E.  BOYD, 
LaBette  County  High  School,  Altamont,  Kas. 


HAS  THE  RIGHT  KEY  NOTE. 

"  I  have  been  looking  over  your  spelling  book  since  re- 
ceiving it  and  it  strikes  me  as  one  of  the  best  books  I  have 
ever  examined.  It  is  especially  valuable  for  shorthand 
students.  I  have  always  felt  that  there  should  be  more 
dictation  exercises  in  spelling  books. 

"In  my  own  case,  1  remember  that  we  had  a  great 
many  dictation  exercises.  I  also  like  the  list  of  words,  as 
they  are  words  that  are  in  everyday  use.  I  think  you  have 
struck  the  right  key  note  in  this  work." 

M.  H.  DAVIS, 
Davis  Business  College,  Toledo,  O. 


"SIMPLY  SPLENDID." 
"I  think  the  arrangement  of  words  in  the  columns 
giving  a  correct  first   impres-ion,  the  diacritical   marks, 
divisions  of  the  syllables  and    the  use  of  the  words  in  the 
sentences  is  simply  splendid."  G.  M.  LYONS, 

Kirksville  Business  College,  Kirksville,  Mo" 


WILL  BROADEN    THE    ST''DE.  T'S   MENTAL    HORIZON. 

"The  plan  of  the  work  and  the  scholarship  shown  in 
the  selection  of  the  words,  in  the  careful  marking  and  in 
the  apt  definition  of  the  words  appeals  to  me  very 
strongly.  Also  the  sentences,  in  which  the  words  are 
used  correctly,  are  of  a  high  order  and  will  undoubtedly 
prove  very  helpful  in  broadening  the  student's  mental 
horizon."  G.  M.  MARTIN, 

Brown's  Business  College,  Peoria,  111. 


It  will  be  seen  from  these  letters  that  "  WORDS "  differs  widely  from  the  old- 
style  commercial  Spellers  and  that  there  are  many  different  features  in  it  that  appeal 
to  practical  teachers-  Why  not  send  for  a  sample  copy  —  which  will  be  sent  on  re- 
ceipt of  fifteen  cents  —  even  if  you  do  not  use  it  in  your  class-room,  you  will  get  a 
great  deal  of  valuable  information  which  will  assist  you  in  your  work. 


tik. 


THE  GREGG  PUBLISHING  CO., 

57    WASHINGTON    ST.,    CHICAGO. 


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immg&m&mm&mmm 


1     Cf&W&T&td^sTd    CZS7Z4?   ^CC^^i^LZ^Td  ^€K^t^£.   £6sCZsrisfe  S2f>0~tC' 


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r*!/K©^vUirvci>i>C4?lu?©iii»toF   & 


Second  Edition  Now  Ready 


WHAT  THEY  SAY 


Please  extend  our  previous  or- 
der   for   five  hundred  copies  of 

\  Practical  Course  in  Touch 
Typewriting"  to  one  thousand 
copies.  —  Frederick  E.  Wood, 
Wood's  School  of  Business 
and  Shorthand,  Xew  York. 


The  unique  arrangement  en 
ables  a  teacher  to  handle  about 
twice  the  number  of  pupils,  and 
with  far  more  satisfactory  re 
suits.  We  have  ordered  650  cop- 
ies for  our  school.— A.  M.  Ken 
ncth-,  Central  Business  Col- 
lege, Limited,  Toronto. 


It  is  about  the  best  work  I  ha 
ever  seen.  We  shall  adopt  it 
our  college.  -E.J.  Forney,  St: 
Normal  and  Industrial  C 
lege,  Greensboro,  X.  C. 


I  consider  the  work  is  more 
logically  arranged  and  superior 
to  anv  other  treatise  published 
,.n  touch  typewriting.  Just  the 
thing  for  high  schools.— G.  II  . 
Velaon,  New  Brunswick  (X.J./ 
High  School. 


A  PRACTICAL  COURSE 
TOUCH     TYPEWRITING 


Br  CHARLES  E. 


LEFT  HAND       \  RIGHT  HAND 


SPACE  BAR 


PRACTICAL 

TOUCH  TYPEWRITING 

CHART 


Sample  Copy  to  teache 
on  receipt  of  37  < 


s,   prepaid, 
snts. 


It  is  a  habit  with  publishers 
when  putting  something  new  on 
the  market  in  the  way  of  a  text- 
book to  claim  it  to  be  the  best. 
"  A  Practical  Course  in  Touch 
Typewriting"  certainly  merits 
this  distinction.  The  unique  ar- 
rangement of  the  course  makes 
it  easy  for  the  student  to  acquire 
the  ability  to  write  by  touch.  It 
has  not  the  fault  of  containing 
too  little  to  permit  of  the  art 
being  thoroughly  mastered  or  of 
the  lessons  being  so  long  and 
uninteresting  as  to  tire  the  stu- 
dent. The  happy  medium  has 
been  struck,  and  the  composi- 
tion of  the  lessons  is  such  as  to 
hold  the  interest  of  the  student 
from  start  to  finish,  making  pos- 
sible a  maximum  of  results  in  a 
minimum  of  time.  I  believe 
those  who  compare  the  results 
produced  by  the  "  Practical 
Course"  with  those  of  other  sys- 
tems, will  admit  that  there  is  a 
superior  something  about  the 
former  that  easily  places  it 
ahead  of  anything  at  present  on 
the  market.— J?.  A.  Kells,  Prin- 
cipal Kells '  Shorthand 
School,  New  York. 


Isaac  Pitman  &  Sort,  n,""".?' 


ISAAC  PITMAN'S  SHORTHAND 

EXCLUSIVELY    ADOPTED 

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INSTRUCTOR 


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tem based  on  the  accumulated 
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TWENTIETH  CENTURY  DICTATION  BOOK  AND  LEGAL  FORMS 
—Third  Edition.  A  collection  of  genuine  business  letters, 
in  ordinary  type,  covering  fifty  lines  of  business;  Legal 
Forms,  ami  a  judicious  selection  of  practice-matter.  Chap- 
ters on  Spelling,  Punctuation,  Capitalization,  etc.  Pro- 
gressive schools  everywhere  are  adopting  this  work.  272 
pages,  boards  and  cloth  back,  75c;  cloth,         .         .         $1.00 


ISAAC  PITMAN'S  SHORTHAND  DICTIONARY.  Shorthand 
Outlines  of  over  61,000  words  with  Type  Key  Also  a 
complete  list  of  Grammalogues  and  Contracted  Words. 
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SEND  FOR  SAMPLE  COPY  OF  "PITMAN'S  SHORTHAND  WEEKLY"  AND  "REASONS  WHY." 


ISAAC    PITMAN   <&   SONS,   Publishers, 

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5USINESSfDU(iAT0R 


DEVOTED    TO    THE    INTERESTS    OF    BUSINESS    EDUCATION    AND    PENMANSHIP. 


Vol.   IX.     No.   7. 


COLUMBUS.  0..  MARCH,    1904. 


THE  BUSINESS  EDUCATOR. 


Published  Monthly  (Except  July  and  August),  by 
'aser  &  Bloser,  118  North  High  St.,  Columbus,  O., 
it  $1.00  a  Year      Foriign  Subscriptions,  30c.  extra. 


Editor 
-  Associate  Editor 
Busiuess  Manager 


C.  P.  Zaner,  Columbus,  O. 
1     E.  Gaylord,  Beverly,  Mas 
L.  W,  Bloser,  Columbus,  O. 

Address  all  communications  to  Zaner  & 
Columbus,  O..  except  those  relating  to  the 
merits,  which  should  be  sent  to  Mr.  Gaylord. 


Change  of  Address.     If  you  change  you 

ad- 

dress,  be  sure  to  notify  us  promptly  (in   advan 

=e.  if 

possible),  and  be  careful  to  give  the  old  as  we 

II  as 

the  new  address.     We  lose  many  papers  each 

through  negligence  on  the  part  of  subscribers. 

Back  Numbers  cannot,  as  a  rule,  be  supplied. 

Postmasters  are  not  allowed  to  forward    jou 

nals 

unless  postage  is  sent  to  them  for  that  purpose. 

The  Business  Educator  is  devoted 
gressive,  and  practical  interests  of  Busi 
tion  and  Penmanship.  A  journal  whosi 
to  dignify,  popularize,  and  improve  the  world's 
est  and  neediest  education  It  purposes  to  in 
and  instruct,  both  pupil  and  teacher,  and  to  fu 
the  interests  of  those  engaged  in  the  work,  in  pri- 
vate, as  well  as  in  public,  institutions  of  business 
education.  Your  co-operation  will  strengthen  us  in 
our  endeavor  and  thus  help  you  and  the  cause  *-e 
love  and  believe  in.  Good  penmanship,  aside  from 
a  good  character,  being  the  best  passport  to  a  good 
position,  is  given  the  space  and  ; 


hether 

bscrip- 

sub- 


Rates  to  Agents  and  Club  Raisers 

on  application.     Be  sure  to  write  for  them, 
you  are  in  a  position  to  send  few  or  many 
tions.        Sample    copies    furnished 
scriptions. 

Considering  the  fact  that  we  issue  no  incomplete 
or  cheap  editions;  that  our  journal  is  high-grade  in 
every  particular;  that  progressive,  practical  lessons 
in  penmanship  are  a  distinctive  feature  of  the  mag- 
s;  that  departments  of  interest  and  helpfulness 


to 
Busii 


■  Kdur«iti( 


subje 


found  only 
11  readily  see  that  the  Bus 
ily  the  best  but  the  cheapest. 
and  quantity  are  considered, 


ne   to 


Advertising  Rates  furnished  upon  application. 
The  Business  Educator  being  the  highest  grade 
journal  of  its  class,  is  purchased  and  read  by  the 
most  intelligent  and  well-to-do  among  those  inter- 
ested in  business  education  and  penmanship,  in  the 
United  States,  Canada,  England,  and  nearly  every 
country  on  the  globe.  It  circulates,  not  alone  among 
business  college  proprietors,  teachers,  and  pupils, 
but  also  among  principals  of  commercial  depart- 
ments of  High  Schools,  Colleges  and  Religious 
Schools,  as  well  as  among  office  workers,  home 
students,  etc.  It  is  preserved  as  is  no  other  journal, 
because  of  its  beauty,  practicality,  timeliness  and 
progressiveness.  Our  subscription  list  is  rapidly 
increasing,  though  our  advertising  rates,  for  the 
present,  are  not  nearly  so  high  as  those  of  other 
journals  n~>t  nearly  so  widely  read  among  school 
officials.  If  you  want  to  get  in  on  the  ground  floor, 
apply  for  rates  early.  No  similar  journal  ever  in- 
creased in  substantial  advertising  patronage  so 
rapidly  as  The  Business  Educator. 


Something  to  Cook   forward  to. 

Francis  B.  Courtney,  the  skilled 
pen  athlete  of  New  York  City,  is 
something  more  than  a  pen  technician. 
He  is  a  thinker  and  an  absorber  of 
what  others  have  thought  and  ex- 
pressed. We  have  such  evidence  of 
his  ability  in  the  form  of  upwards  of 
two  dozen  paragraphs  literally  leaden 
with  thought  for  young  people  start- 
ing out  in  life. 

"The  man  who  rescues  a  great  thought 
from  obscurity  and  pushes  it  into  puhlic 
notice,  when  it  is  most  NEEDED,  often 
benefits  humanity  more  than  lie  who  orig- 
inated it:    So  much  for  ENERGY!" 

Unce-Ben, 

We  can  say  truthfully  that  Courtney 
is  such  a  man.  After  you  have  seen 
the  little  sermonettes  and  noted  Mr. 
Zaner's  comments  thereon,  you'll  say, 
too,  "So  much  for  Energy,"  arid 
Courtney. 

You'll  find  one  or  more  in  this 
number. 

Besides  these  condensed  chunks  of 
wisdom,  we  have  on  hand  as  many 
skillful  superscriptions  from  the  same 
fertile  soil. 

Itlr.  F.  Ul.  Camblyn, 

Kansas  City,  Mo. ,  the  penman  whose 
graceful,  dashy,  artistic  writing  is 
known  all  over  this  widening  land  of 
ours,  is  preparing  a  series  of  lessons 
in  ornamental  penmanship  for  the 
readers  of  The  Business  Educator. 
Young  penmanship  aspirants  will  do 
well  to  get  ready  for  the  feast  of 
curves  and  flourishes  which  will  be 
so  invitingly  displayed. 


Itlr.  ill.  n.  Currier, 

Penman  in  the  big  Rider-Moore 
and  Stuart  School  of  Business,  Tren- 
ton, N.  J.,  is  now  at  work  on  a  series 
of  lessons  in  practical,  up-to-date 
business  writing,  which,  for  solid 
worth  and  enthusiasm,  are  sure  to  be 
eye-openers  and  winners.  Mr.  Cur- 
rier is  enthusiastic,  skillful,  aggres- 
sive, and  intensely  practical;  there- 
fore, lookout! 


miss  nitta  P.  Hudson. 

Whose  lessons  in  business  writing 
have  been  so  widely  admired  and 
commented  upon,  is  now  preparing 
supplementary  work   in    the   form  of 


business  papers  to  continue  indefi- 
nitely. The  same  will  be  begun  after 
the  present  lessons  have  all  been 
given.  Miss  Hudson  stands  in  the 
front  ranks  of  practical  penwomen, 
if  she  does  not  stand  alone,  and  is  a 
shining  example  in  our  profession  to 
the  adage  that  "what  man  has  done 
woman  can  do,  also" 


Che  Demand 

For  our  February  number  was  so 
unusual  that  before  we  were  aware 
of  it  the  entire  edition  was  exhausted. 
Therefore  all  subscriptions  will  have 
to  begin  with  this  or  following 
numbers. 

Of  Interest  to  Advertisers. 

A  liberal  advertiser  in  The  Busi- 
ness Educator  writes  under  date  of 
November  31st  as  follows  : 

"  From  previous  advertising  I  re- 
ceived more  replies  from  your  sub- 
scribers and  readers  than' from  the 
other  two  similar  journals  combined. 
I  am  convinced  that  for  me  it  pays 
much  better  to  use  your  medium,  in 
spite  of  claims  made  by  the  others. 
I  placed  the  same  amount  and  kind 
of  advertising  in  all." 

In  this,  as  in  other  matters,  it  has 
not  been  our  policy  to  make  the 
strongest  claims.  We  prefer  that  our 
patrons  be  agreeably  surprised.  We 
are  all  well  aware  that  whatever  may 
be  said,  judicious  advertisers  soon 
find  out  which  medium  is  best  ;  and 
judging  from  our  unprecedentedly 
large  patronage,  time  considered,  we 
have  no  reason  to  complain. 


fln  error. 

In  our  report  of  the  Cincinnati  Con- 
vention, on  page  11  the  portrait  of 
Archibald  Cobb  appears  over  the 
name  of  Court  F.  Wood.  Our  office 
assistant  got  the  labels  mixed  on 
the  cuts,  and  ye  editor's  eyes  must 
have  gotten  crossed  from  the  effects 
of  taking  brother  Bartlett's  Cincin- 
nati examination.  The  latter  we  pre- 
sume is  sufficient  excuse,  and  we 
shall,  therefore,  offer  no  further  apol- 
ogy-, as  there  is  no  other,  no  matter 
how  serious,  that  would  be  so  cordi- 
ally and  generally  accepted  as  "pat 
to   the   purpose." 


/\J.    O".  ^l£x^z^/j  -Jttrr    /^Uc^t^L^j^r  Ctc^i^c^^-^   cz^eO  /CLZ^&r    C&^^^&^rt,. 


^ilve^tUlivc^^^fcltfc&cttor   <$> 


Editor's  Page 


Psychologists  and  physi- 
fjeaitb,  ologists  are  learning  that 
Chen  there   are   certain    periods 

Dexterity  during  which  bodily  as 
well  as  brain  functions 
develop  rapidly  and  attain  nearly 
their  fullest  growth.  Instruction 
should  be  varied  to  correspond  with 
these  different  stagesof  development. 
They  tell  us  that  the  years  from  six 
to  ten  should  be  given  to  those  things 
which  develop  bodily  health  and 
mental  cheer;  that  games  and 
studies  should  be  pleasing,  and  free 
from  worry  and  fatigue. 

We  are  also  told  that  the  period 
from  ten  to  fourteen  years  should  be 
d  to  those  arts  which  are  skill- 
ful, and  to  those  studies  demanding 
quick  ami  definite  results,  as  well  as 
sound  and  sensible  reasoning.  Games 
should  be  skillful  and  exercises 
dexterous.  Writing  being  a  skillful, 
dexterous  art  should  be  taught  most 
vigorously  at  this  time.  The  age  is 
right  for  correct  training,  and  more 
writing  is  demanded  in  other  studies, 
hence  the  time  and  need  of  correct 
training'.  Necessity  and  nature  both 
seem  to  be  in  harmony  at  this  period, 
and  both  demand  skill,  therefore  let 
writing  be  skillfully  taught,  so  that 
it  may  be  skillfully  and  hence  prac- 
tically written. 

From  every  point  that  we  may  view 
this  subject  (except  from  tradition) 
it  would  seem  that  there  is  no  real 
reason  why  very  young  children 
should  be  taught  to  write,  and  why 
writing  should  not  be  taught  cor- 
rect lv  in  the  grammar  grades. 

When  parents  overcome  the  idea 
of  making  prodigies  of  their  children, 
educators  will  then  cease  to  invent 
schemes  for  premature  mental  de- 
velopment of  immature  children. 
Then,  and  not  until  then,  may  we 
expect  sensible  instruction  in  writ- 
ing, and  in  many  other  things. 

As  soon  as   parents   and 
"Original     teachers    see  that  writing 
Sin"  in         is  not   only   not   necessary 
Writing         to   the  education    of   chil- 
dren,   but    absolutely    in- 
jurious, the  greatest  stumbling  block 
to   good    writing     can     and    will    be 
d.     People  in  general,  as  well 
as  teachers,  and   even   penmen,    have 
not  stopped  to  consider  carefully  just 
uticult    and    taxing  writing    is, 
particularly  with  children. 

It  is  this  extreme  difficulty  of  exe- 
'.ln  It  causes  children  to  use 
the  fingers  instead  of  the  arm  in 
making  the  characters.  It  is  also 
this  technical  exactness  which  causes 
children  to  draw  rather  than  to 
write  the  letters.  It  is  this  same 
inabil:'  form    with     freedom 

which  i    children   to    grasp 

and  grip  er  so  tightly. 

So  great  is  the  skill  demanded  in 
the   production    of    ordinary     script 

ters,    that     breathing"  is     sup- 
ed,    even    in    adults.    The    exe- 
cution   of    professional    penmanship 


suppresses  breathing  almost  entirely 
while  the  pen  is  on  the  paper. 

Imagine  the  iniun  this  must  :;msi 
upon  the  part  of  agrowing,  breath- 
ing, active,  perhaps  nervous  child ! 
It  is  high  time  we  are  learning  of 
these  evils.  Their  abandonment  can 
not  occur  too  soon. 

The  requirement  that  writing  be 
taught  in  the  early  years  of  school 
life  has  done  morel  perhaps,  than  all 
other  causes  combined,  to  make 
thousands  of  little  tots  take  to  spec- 
tacles. How  uneducational  a  thing 
it  must  be  to  thus  impair  sight 
which,  of  all  the  senses,  is  the  most 
valuable  and  precious.  How  mons- 
trous is  this  child  writing! 

It  is  not  slanting  writing  but  writ- 
ing at  all  that  has  caused  the  eye  to 
become  prematurely  old  and  perma- 
nently injured.  And  whatever  injures 
the  eye  injures  the  child,  and  blights 
its  fullest  development. 

Fingei  movement  and  gripping  are 
the  two  evils  most  difficult  to  over- 
come, and  they  are  the  unmistakable 
and  unavoidable  fruits  of  the  teach- 
ing of  writing  to  children  before  they 
are  old  enough  to  learn  properly. 

The  child  at  the  age  of 
Immaturity  six  years  is  an  imma- 
and  ture  creature.     It  is  able 

Prematurity  to  perform  scarcely  any 
of  the  arts  which  adults 
practice  with  comparative  ease.  It 
has  been  wisely  said  "the  child  is 
the     most     helpless      of     animals." 

Writing  being  the  most  technical 
art  that  all  are  expected  to  acquire 
and  perform,  is  certainly  not  suited 
to  childhood.  The  art,  when  intro- 
duced to  persons  under  ten  years  of 
age,  is  nothing  if  not  premature. 
When  immaturity  and  prematurity 
meet  you  may  expect  something  to 
happen.  In  the  case  of  childhood 
and  writing,  they  both  get  the  worst 
of  the  bargain.'  The  child  butchers 
the  writing,  and,  worst  of  all,  the 
writing  permanently  deforms  the 
child.  Yes,  deforms  is  the  right  word. 
It  is  not  a  bit  too  strong. 

But  you  still  ask,  "What  further 
proof  have  you  that  writing,  at  the 
age  of  six,  is  premature  and  conse- 
quently injurious  ?  "  Be  patient.  We 
have  proofs  "a  plenty." 

Physiology  teaches  us  that  the 
shoulder  muscles  develop  before  the 
muscles  of  the  upper  arm,  and  those 
of  the  forearm  before  those  of  the 
hand.  Children  are  prepared  to 
write  with  the  arm  muscles  at  least  a 
year  and  a  half  before  the  finger 
muscles  are  equally  developed.  And 
yet  children  use  the  fingers  before 
they  do  the  arm.  Why?  Because 
the  writing  that  is  required  is  too 
small  for  them  to  produce  with  the 
larger,  stronger  muscles.  They  re- 
sort to  the  immature  finger  move- 
ment and  thereby  suffer  permanent 
harm. 

If  children  were  allowed  to  write 
large  enough  so  that  the)7  could  and 
would  voluntarily  use  the  arm  in- 
stead of  the  fingers,  much  less,  per- 
haps but  little,  harm  would  ensue, 
as  but  little  of  such  large  writing 
is  allowed.  It,  however,  is  the  first 
step  in  the  direction  of  no  writing  on 
the  part  of  young  children,  and 
should  be  encouraged  by  all  who 
have  at    heart    the  |best]!.interests    oi 


theljchild  and    of    the    profession    of 
penmanship. 

Premature  writing  by  immature 
children  bring  about  results  more 
harmful  and  lasting  than  has  been 
imagined.  The  evil  will  cease  as 
soon  as  the  facts  can  be  presented 
and  the  conscience  quickened.  Will 
not  you,  dear  reader,  help  along  the 
good  cause  of  child  emancipation  by 
denouncing  the  evils  herein  spoken 
of?  Arm  yourself  with  the  facts  and 
present  them  at  institutes,  meetings 
of  professional  associations,  through 
the  press,  by  personal  contact  with 
superintendents,  parents,  and  school 
boards. 

About  testimonial:?. 


The  June  Business  Educator  con- 
tained eight  extra  pages,  which  were 
added  to  allow  Lspace  for  our  an- 
nouncements for  the  present  year. 
In  these  extra  pages  we  also  pub- 
lished no  small  number  of  testimon- 
ials composed  of  the  strongest  words 
of  commendation  ever  written  in 
favor  of  a  journal  of  this  class. 

These  testimonials  were  evidently 
too  warm  for  the  editors  of  the  West- 
ern Penman  to  stand  with  comfort, 
for  they  immediately  attempted  to 
pour  cold  water  on  them  by  occupy- 
ing a  whole  column  of  their  regular 
space  denouncing  the  habit  of  pub- 
lishing testimonials  as  childish,  stat- 
ing that  since  they  had  outgrown 
their  swaddling  clothes  they  had 
found  it  unnecessary  to  employ  such 
juvenile  methods. 

From  this  we  could  only  infer  that 
no  more  testimonials  in  favor  of  the 
Western  Penman  wouldappear  in  that 
journal,  notwithstanding  the  fact 
that  in  the  past  testimonials  appeared 
in  almost  every  number. 

Now,  that  they  are  again  publish- 
ing testimonials,  no  doubt  all  of  the 
best  they  receive,  are  we  to  conclude 
that  they  have  gone  back  to  swaddling 
clothes?"  or  have  they  reached  that 
condition  of  childishness  due  to  de- 
clining years  of  old  age?  Was  the 
column  article  really  sincere?  or 
would  the  writers  of  it  have  been 
pleased  to  publish  such  testimonials 
as  appeared  in  The  Business  Edu- 
cator had  they  received  them? 

The  publishers  of  such  magazines 
as  The  Century ,  and  The  World's 
Work,  do  not  hesitate  to  publish  tes- 
timonials in  favor  of  their  periodicals. 
Are  they  still  in  their  swaddling 
clothes?  or  are  they  not  aware  that 
they  so  flagrantly  violate  a  new  code 
for'  magazine  publishers  which  has 
been  drawn  up  by  the  editors  of  the 
Western  Penman. 

How  the  mighty  have  fallen! 


Lessons 


In  engrossing,  lettering,  nourish- 
ing, etc.,  etc.,  are  in  process  of  prep- 
aration the  like  of  which  has  perhaps 
never  been  known. 

"The  best  possible"  is  our  motto. 

See  that  your  subscription  is  paid 
in  advance  and  see  that  you  encour- 
age your  neighbor  to  do  likewise. 


9Ho>  @ubirfcefeb  CcUtocttor  <$> 


Scboolrjom   Dis«ipaSicsi 

Educational  waste  has 
English  been   a  favorite    theme 

since  President  Butler 
of  Columbia  dwelt  on  it  in  his  ad- 
dress at  Minneapolis,  before  the 
X.  E.  A.,  in  1902.  X-  class  ol  in- 
structors more  readily  wax  eloquem 
over  pedagogical  delinquencies  than 
do  commercial  teachers,  particularly 
when  they  refer  to  the  alleged  short- 
comings of  their  biethren  in  the  pub- 
lic schools.  That  there  is  much 
reason  for  criticism  of  both  methods 
and  results  in  the  work  of  the  public- 
schools  we  are  ready  to  admit.  In- 
stances of  indifferent,  purposeless, 
ignorant  teaching  (!)  are  too  numer- 
ous to  mention  in  detail,  but  the  work- 
in  English,  in  its  various  aspects, 
probably  more  than  that  of  any  other 
subject,  isbrought  prominently  before 
the  attention  of  commercial  teachers. 

Everybody  knows  that,  in  these 
days  of  teaching  reading  by  the  word 
or  sentence  method,  spelling  is  almost 
a  lost  art ;  and  there  are  but  few  who 
do  not  realize  that  the  average  high 
school  graduate  knows  but  little 
about  capitalization,  punctuation, 
paragraphing,  or  the  logical  expres- 
sion of  such  thought  as  he  may 
happen  to  have,  to  say  nothing  about 
having  acquired  a  vocabulary  large 
enough  to  meet  the  demands  of  an 
up-to-date  business  office.  But  this 
is  not  so  strange  when  one  looks  a 
little  farther  and  sees  the  kind  of 
teaching  that  is  done. 

In  New  England,  it  is  a  kind  of 
unwritten  law  that  high  school  teach- 
ers must  be  college  graduates.  Prob- 
ably ninety  per  cent,  of  the  high 
school  teachers  throughout  the  coun- 
try are  women.  This  is  especially 
true  of  the  teachers  of  English.  Wel- 
lesley,  Smith,  Radcliffe,  and  Vassar, 
yearly  graduate  large  classes  of 
young  women  who  immediately  seek 
high  school  positions  at  almost  any 
salary.  We  can  name  a  good  many 
who  are  today  receiving  not  more  than 
$45.00  a  month.  These  young  persons 
have  had  nothing  to  do  with  spelling 
or  English  grammar,  as  subjects  of 
study.  Those  subjects,  the  college 
authorities  hold,  belong  to  the  work 
of  the  preparatory  school ;  the  high 
school ;  and  the  high  school  teachers 
say  spelling  and  grammar  should  be 
finished  in  the  grammar  school. 
Therefore  these  teachers  of  English 
come  to  the  English  departments  of 
the  high  schools  with  no  more  sys- 
tematic knowledge  of  English  gram- 
mar than  they  had  when  they  left  the 
grammar  school,  and  no  more  knowl- 


edge of  the  best  method  of  teaching 
the  subject  than  they  were  able  to 
absorb  from  their  seventh  and  eighth 
grade  instructors.  We  know  of  a 
teacher  who  began  teaching  a  high 
school  class  in  English  grammar  last 
fall,  who  said  she  knew  Latin  gram- 
mar, but  she  had  never  studied 
English  grammar,  and  she  "  plugged" 
to  keep  ahead  of  her  class.  We  re- 
cently heard  of  another,  a  college 
graduate  and  head  of  a  large  English 
department,  whose  practical  knowl- 
edge of  English  was  so  deficient  that 
her  imperfect  editing  of  the  manu- 
script for  the  high  school  paper  cost 
the  staff,  for  compositor's  corrections, 
twenty  per  cent,  of  the  regular  print- 
ing bill. 

These  teachers  enthusiastically— 
emotionally,  in  fact,  describe  the  effect 
of  the  usual  course  in  cultivating  a 
taste  for  good  reading,  and  they 
almost  weep  in  sorrow  over  the  hard 
lot  of  the  commercial  pupil  whose 
schedule  may  cause  him  in  the  last 
year  of  his  course,  to  drop  out  of  the 
entertaining  reading  of  Evangeline, 
The  Lady  of  the  Lake,  Sir  Roger  1  )e 
Coverley  Papers,  The  Merchant  of 
Venice, "Macbeth,  King  Lear,  etc.,  in 
order  that  he  may  specialize  on  such 
gross  and  sordid  things  as  spelling, 
capitalizing,  punctuating,  paragraph- 
ing, and  the  careful  study  of  words. 

We  give  place  to  no  one  in  our  high 
regard  for  the  delights  that  may  be 
derived  from  the  companionship  of 
books — it  is  where  our  spare  money 
I  and  not  a  little  that  is  not  ' '  spare  ' ' ) 
finds  its  way;  but  thoughtful  and  ob- 
servant people  everywhere  know  that 
the  scrappy  high  school  course  does 
not  make  lovers  of  the  best  in  litera- 
ture. There  must  be  something  be- 
hind the  high  school  influence  to  in- 
sure the  subtle  sympathy  that  leads 
a  man  to  love  the  best  books  as  his 
closest  companions,  and,  given  that 
something,  it  is  mere  educational 
waste,  schoolroom  dissipation,  to 
spend  the  greater  part  of  a  four-year 
course  in  a  form  of  activity  that  is  to 
be  related  almost  solely  to  the  leisure 
hours  of  after  life.   . 

Why  should  not  spelling,  and  the 
other  mechanical  features  of  English 
composition,  be  taught  in  the  high 
school,  and  why  should  not  proof- 
reading and  the  preparation  of  sim- 
ple advertisements  be  made  a  part  of 
the  applied  work  ?  Why  should  man- 
agers of  commercial  schools,  like 
modest  ostriches,  stick  their  heads 
into  the  sand  of  "  Oh,  they  have  been 
in  the  high  school,  and  '  so  they  do 
not  need  English,"  and  then  think 
they  have  concealed  the  weakest  spot 
in  all  private  commercial  school 
work  ?  Why  do  they  not  withdraw 
their  crania  from  the  sand,  open  their 
eyes,  admit  what  President  Lyons  so 
forcefully  and  truthfully  said  in  his 
Cincinnati  address,  and  then  go  cour- 
ageously to  work  to  solve  the  problem, 
as  they  have  solved  the  other  prob- 
lems that  have  been  presented  to  them? 


If  commercial  teachers 
Business  have    some   excuse    for 

Practice  blaming    the    public 

school  teachers  who 
have  not  taught  elementary  English 
successfully,  what,  excuse  will  they 
give  for  not  doing  this  needed  work 
themselves?  What  shall  be  said  then, 
if  thev  not* only  fail  to  make  up  for 
the  deficiencies  of  the  public  schools 
in  subjects  which  those  schools  may 
rightly  be  expected  to  teach  well, 
but  also  fail  in  the  special  subjects 
for  which  they  themselves  must  be 
responsible? 

Inter-communication  and  other 
forms  of  Business  Practice  are  in- 
valuable, if  business  usages  and 
forms  are  followed,  and  if  close  su- 
pervision is  exercised  and  a  tight 
cein  held  over  the  students  to  keep 
them  from  making  mere  "  horse  play" 
of  the  routine  of  business  transac- 
tions. As  we  write,  there  lie  on  our 
desk  thirty  or  forty  communications 
from  students  of  a  large  Western 
commercial  school,  directed  to  the 
office  firms  in  our  own  school,  order- 
ing goods,  making  sales,  sending 
consignments,  etc. 

There  are  bills  of  lading  unsigned 
and  undated ;  beans  and  flour  and 
butter  and  eggs  at  the  same  freight 
rate,  notwithstanding  a  fixed  classifi- 
cation which  requires  widely  different 
rates  ;  consignment  invoices  without 
instructions  as  to  the  disposition  of 
the  proceeds ;  invoices  accompanied 
bv  way-bills  instead  of  bills  of  lading ; 
letters  with  unendorsed  checks;  C. 
<>.  I),  shipments  without  draft  or  bill 
of  lading  sent  to  the  bank  or  other- 
wise, the  goods  being  consigned  to 
the  purchaser  in  the  usual  way;  some 
letters  in  envelopes  and  some  not  so 
enclosed  ;  freight  weights  and  charges 
incorrect,  and  writing,  spelling,  and 
language  incredibly  bad.  Here  are 
two  samples,  the  first  on  the  face  of 
an  invoice  of  consignment,  the  second 
from  a  letter  : 

"  Please  sell  on  com  Place  Procedes 
to  my  cr  subject  to  st  Dft." 

"  Enclose  Sight  Draft  on for 

about  I  &  Charge  Bal  to  Mv  a/c  & 
Oblige" 

In  the  first  place,  these  students 
need  some  preliminary  training  in  the 
simplest  matters  of  English  compo- 
sition before  taking  up  Business  Prac- 
tice ;  in  the  second  place,  they  should 
be  in  the  hands  of  a  teacher  who 
know^  better  than  to  permit  Business 
Practice  work  to  go  out  without  his 
having  inspected  and'  approved  it. 
There  is  not  a  sign  on  any  of  this 
work  of  the  teacher's  having  seen  it 
at  all.  The  principle  in  this  school 
seems  to  be  :  "  Learn  to  do  by  doing." 
We  believe  that  this  is  educational 
waste,  schoolroom  dissipation,  and 
we  do  not  know  of  any  subject  that 
so  easily  lends  itself  to  this  form  of 
dissipation  as  does  unrestrained,  un- 
supervised, so-called  Business  Prac- 
tice. 


DEPARTMENT    OF    COMMERCIAL    ENGLISH 


By  E.  E.  OAYLOKD,   Beverly,  Mass. 


H    foreign   Excursion. 

\^  one  of  the  diversions,  though  practical  in  purpose,  in  which  we  occasionally  indulge  our  pupils,  we  present  this  month  a  lesson 
on  foreign  expressions  that  commercial  students  will  often  meet.  Many  of  these  words  and  phrases  must  be  a  part  of  the  vocabulary  of 
every  ambitious  stenographer.  We  dictate  twenty-five  of  these  expressions  for  a  lesson,  allowing  the  pupil  one  week  in  which  to  prepare 
himself  on  the  spelling  and  meaning  ;  then  once  a  week  we  have  a  lesson  of  this  kind,  until  we  have  covered  the  list  that  has  been  com- 
piled.  Pupils  are  expected  to  give,  not  only  the  meaning,  but  also  a  sentence  in  which  the  word  or  phrase  is  correctly  used.  The  exercise 
i-  stimulating  to  those  who  are  in  the  least  ambitions  to  excel  in  the  exact  use  of  words  and  in  grasping  the  meaning  of  all  that  they 
meet  in  their  general  reading. 

We  suggest  that  students  be  asked  to  bring  to  the  class  examples  of  the  use  of  these  expressions,  and  that  they  be  required  to  com- 
pose sentences  illustrative  of  the  correct  use  of  these  words  and  phrases. 

The  first  column  contains  the  expression  as  it  is  commonly  printed  ;  the  second,  the  pronunciation  as  well  as  it  can  be  indicated 
phonetically;  the  third,  the  meaning.    Illustrative  sentences  follow.    The  Century  Dictionary  is  our  authority. 


a  la  francaise 

:i<1  nauseam 


ad  astra 
ad  infini 
ad  inter 
ad  libitum 
al  fresco 
alias 


in 


alibi 

alma  mater 

alter  ego 

amende  honorable 

ante  bellum 
a  priori 


beau-ideal 
bete  noire 
blase 

bona  fide 
bonhomie 
bouillon 
casus  belli 
caveat  actor 


ah  lah  frahn-sas' 
ad  naw'  se-am 

ad  as'  tra 
ad  in-fi-ni'  turn 
ad  in'  ter-im 
ad  lib'  i-tum  * 
ahl  fres'  Co 
a   li-as 

Sl'i-bi 

al'  mah  ma'  ter 


An'  te  bel'  Ok 

a  pri-'V  ri 


bo-I-de'  al 

bat  nwor' 
blah-za' 

bn  nah  fi'  de 
bon-o-me' 
boo'  lyun 
ka'  sus  bel'  i 
ka'  ve-at  ak'  ter 


After  the  French  manner. 

Literally,  to  sickness:  to  the  disgust  that  arises  from  wearisome  repetition, 
or  from  satietv. 

To  the  stars  ;  loftily  ;  with  aspiration. 

To  infinity;  endlessly. 

In  the  meantime  ;  for  the  present.    Abbreviated,  ad  int. 

At  pleasure  ;  to  the  extent  of  one's  wishes.    Abbreviated,  ad  lib. 

In  the  open  air  ;  out  of  doors. 

Otherwise  ;  used  chiefly  in  judicial  proceedings  to  connect  names  assumed 
by  one  who  attempts  to  conceal  his  true  name. 

The  fact  or  state  of  having  been  elsewhere  when  an  offense  was  committed, 
or  at  a  specified  time.    Used  chiefly  in  law. 

Applied  by  students  to  the  school  wherein  they  were  trained. 

Another  self  ;  a  double  ;  a  counterpart. 

Any  open  apology  and  reparation  to  an  injured  person  for  improper  language 
or  treatment. 

Before  the  war. 

Applied  to  reasoning  which  proceeds  from  cause  to  effect  ;  having  to  do  with 
first  principles. 

Used  as  an  adjective,  or  an  adverb,  in  the  general  sense  of  "appropriately," 
"opportunely,"  or  "  with  reference."  In  the  latter  sense,  followed  by  "of;" 
as,  Apropos  of  your  remark,  I  saw  that,  too. 

A  secret;  a  mystery.    Generally  used  in  the  plural,  arcana. 

The  judicial  procedure  during  the  time  of  the  Spanish  Inquisition,  but  com- 
monly accepted  as  meaning  the  infliction  of  capital  or  corporal  punish- 
ment, especially  burning  to  death. 

A  mental  model  of  excellence  ;  perfection. 

A  person  or  thing  regarded  with  especial  dislike;  a  bugbear. 

Exhausted  by  the  enjoyment  of  sensuous  pleasures;  weary  and  disgusted 
with  life. 

In  good  faith;  genuine;  not  make-believe. 

A  frank  and  cordial  manner;  simple  good-heartedness. 

A  kind  of  clear  soup. 

An  excuse  or  a  reason  for  declaring  war. 

Let  the  doer  beware. 


ILLUSTRATIVE    SENTENCES. 

I.  The  dinner  was  served  a  la  francaise. 

'.'.     William  Ellery  Channing's  imagination  swept  the  blue  vaults  above;  ad  astra,  indeed. 

:s.  When  one  divides  the  decimal  one-tenth,  by  three,  he  obtains  three  in  his  quotient,  and,  though  he  should  go  on  dividing  ad 
infinitum,  he  would  obtain  nothing  more. 

i.  Charles  the  First  of  England  was  beheaded  in  1619,  and  Charles  the  Second  began  to  reign  in  1660.  Oliver  Cromwell  ruled  ad 
interim. 

5.  Thomas  A.  Edison,  when  a  boy,  ranged  through  the  books  of  the  Detroit  Public  Library  ad  libitum. 

6.  It  was  known  that  the  teacher  used  tobacco  and  profanity,  but  his  students  had  to  listen  to  him  as  he  delivered  homilies  on  the 
moral  virtues  nd  nauseam. 

7.  Luncheon  was  served  on  the  lawn,  al  fresco. 

B.    Henry  Smith,  alias  Tom  Hughes,  alias  Walter  kussell,  was  arraigned  (not  arranged)  in  court. 
9,    Ceorge  Wallace  was  at  a  party  at  the  time  of  the  robbery,  and  so  it  was  easy  for  him  to  establish  an  alibi. 
in.     Harvard  University  is  President  Roosevelt's  alma  mater. 

II.  Dr.  Jekyll  was  Mr.  Hyde's  alter  ego.  They  thought  they  saw  Alice,  but  when  they  were  convinced  of  their  error,  they  said  it 
must  have  been  her  alter  ego. 

12.  Alderman  McGurrlty  called  Alderman  Hoolihy  a  liar,  at  one  of  the  meetings  of  the  Board  of  Aldermen  last  month,  but  at  the 
ii. -M  meeting  In-  made  the  amende  honorable. 

13.  The  planters  of  ante  bellum  days  lived  not  unlike  feudal  lords  of  old. 

11.  Knowledge  a  priori,  as  distinguished  from  empirical,  or  experimental,  knowledge,  is  pure,  native  knowledge;  a  condition  essen- 
tial to  the  exercise  of  the  faculties  of  the  mind  but  not  a  result  of  the  exercise  of  such  faculties. 

15.  The  military  display  on  the  arrival  of  Secretary  Taft  at  Washington  was  quite  apropos,  in  view  of  his  environment  for  the  last 
two  or  three  years. 

16.  If  one  should  covet  admission  to  the  royal  arcanum  of  political  life,  he  ought  to  cultivate  the  intii 
Thomas  C.  Piatt  or  Senator  Matthew  Stanley  Quay. 

17      the  negro  was  captured,  and  a  horrible  auto  da  fe  followed. 

1--.    ( ieorge  Washington  was  very  nearly  the  American's  beau  ideal  of  a  soldier. 

19.  Examinations  are  the  bete  noire  of  school  life. 

20.  The  blase  sons  of  the  rich  will  not  sit  in  the  future  Boards  of  Directors. 

21.  Uncle  Sam  made  a  bona  fide  offer  to  Columbia,  but  it  was  rejected. 

22.  His  delightful  bonhomie  disarmed  those  who  knew  not  the  selfishness  that  underlay  his  gayety. 

23.  The  first  course  at  dinner  consisted  of  bouillion. 

24.  Spain  regarded  our  intervention  in  Cuban  affairs  as  a  casus  belli. 
ill'   lawyer  quoted  the  legal  maxim,  cacear  actor. 


■  acquaintance  of  Senator 


£H^e /du^in?e^  £<&u»&<fetor   <**► 


DEPARTMENT    OF 

Commercial    (Beograpfyy 


Frank  o.  Carpenter. 


^ 


Cbcses  and  Reports. 

"  Writing  tiiaketli  an  exact  man." 

These  words  were  said  a  great 
many  years  ago,  but  the  wisdom  of 
the  saying  remains  undimmed,  and  in 
all  branches  of  study  the  number  of 
written  exercises  are  as  many  as  the 
teacher  has  time  and  strength  to  ex- 
amine. 

In  Commercial  Geography  the  writ- 
ten work  should  be  in  the  form  of 
theses  or  reports.  The  following  is 
the  editor's  method  : 

Each  pupil  in  the  class  is  required 
to  prepare  three  theses  per  year- 
One  on  some  food,  a  second  on  a  tex- 
tile, and  the  third  on  some  manufac- 
ture or  industry.  The  thesis  is  writ- 
ten, handed  in,  examined  and  cor- 
rected, returned  to  the  pupil,  rewrit- 
ten, marked  and  filed  away  by  the 
teacher.  The  marks  are  an  essential 
part  of  the  year's  record  and  the  final 
year's  mark  in  the  study  is  not  given 
till  the  last  thesis  is  filed.  This  com- 
pels the  pupil  to  prepare  the  thesis 
with  care. 

Each  pupil  is  given  a  different  topic 
making  it  impossible  to  copy  from 
another. 

It  is  the  desire  of  the  instructor  to 
make  these  theses  as  practical  as 
possible,  and  the  pupils  are  told  not 
to  consult  any  book  at  first.  They 
are  directed  to  go  to  some  man  in 
that  business  and  get  from  him  all 
the  details  of  the  actual  trade  or  bus- 
iness as  carried  on.  In  most  cases 
the  business  men  have  been  cordial 
in  their  assistance.  The  pupil  then 
reports  to  the  instructor  what  he  has 
learned  from  the  dealers.  If  suffic- 
ient he  is  told  to  write  it  out.  If  the 
pupil  has  not  been  successful  in  his 
search,  he  is  permitted  to  consult  the 
books  and  to  make  as  good  an  extract 
as  he  can.  Always  it  is  the  editor's 
direction  "Men  first,  books  second." 
If  the  pupils  have  taken  typewriting, 
they  are  required  to  hand  in  their 
second  copy  typewritten.  The  edi- 
tor remembers  with  special  pleasure 
the  neatly  bound  typewritten  final 
theses  of  the  pupils  in  the  Central 
High  School  at  Philadelphia,  pre- 
pared under  the  direction  of  Dr.  C. 
A.  Herrick. 

After  the  theses  are  finished  a  num- 
ber of  the  best  are  read  in  class. 
Each  pupil,  then,  during  the  year, 
writes  three  and  hears  a  number  of 
others  read  in  class. 

The  requirements  for  the  theses  are 
such  that  even  the  dullest  pupil  in 
the  class  must  have  made  himself 
acquainted  with  the  main  facts  of  his 


three  subjects  and  from  his  inquiries 
from  the  tradesmen  has  actuallycome 
in  touch  with  real  trade  and  the  great 
world  of  commerce  and  industry.  In 
connection  with  these  theses  the 
pupil  is  required  for  a  part  of  the 
year,  after  he  has  written  his  theses, 
to  keep  a  record  of  the  rise  and  fall 
of  prices  in  his  commodity  from  week 
to  week,  and  to  prepare  a  chart  to 
show  this  point,  which  is  made  a 
part  of  his  thesis. 

In  giving  out  the  subjects  in  towns 
and  smaller  cities,  the  teacher  will 
be  restricted  to  some  extent  in  choice, 
but  the  subjects  in  every  case  should 
include  all  the  principal  industries  of 
trade  or  manufacture  or  agriculture 
which  that  particular  community 
possesses. 

This  has  several  values.  First: 
The  pupils  get  an  idea  of  what  part 
in  the  world's  work  their  town  plays. 
Second  :  The  tradesmen  or  manu- 
facturers feel  a  certain  satisfaction  in 
being  recognized  as  factors  in  the 
town's  prosperity  and  are  usually 
disposed  to  give  all  the  information 
they  can  to  the  inquiring  pupil.  It 
often  happens  that  only  a  part  of  the 
necessary  knowledge  can  be  obtained 
from  the  dealer,  as  for  example,  the 
head  salesman  of  a  large  firm,  manu- 
facturers and  dealers  in  stockings, 
knew  fully  the  styles,  prices,  etc.,  of 
stockings  which  were  in  the  store, 
but  of  the  process  of  knitting,  the 
fibres  used  for  the  yarns,  etc.,  he  was 
absolutely  ignorant,  though  he  had 
sold  the  stockings  there  for  many 
years.  In  such  cases  the  teacher 
must  fill  in  from  the  books. 

The  main  point,  the  essential  thing, 
however,  is  that  the  pupil  shall  actu- 
ally see  some  branch  of  commerce  or 
industry  in  action,  and  report  it  in 
his  own  words  and  way,  and  in  the 
words  of  Whittier  : 

"  As  one  who  felt  the  pulse  of  trade 
Beneath  his  fingers  fall  and  rise." 

The  thesis  should  not  be  long.  Not 
less  than  three,  not  more  than  six 
pages  of  foolscap  paper  is  a  fair  re- 
quirement, and  compels  the  pupil  to 
condense  and  to  pick  out  the  most 
important  points  of  his  subject. 

The  topics  should  discuss  the  fol- 
lowing points.  Wheat  is  used  as  an 
example : 

a.  Wheat.  Kinds,  planting,  har- 
vesting, storing. 

b.  Wheat,  milling,  grindstones, 
patent  process. 

c.  Uses  and  by-products. 

d.  Where  raised  in  the  United 
States.     United  States  export  trade. 

e.  Where  raised  outside  of  United 


States.  Foreign  rivals  of  the  United 
States  for  the  world's  trade  in  wheat 
and  flour. 

Stated  in  another  way  the  thesis 
should  cover  : 

a.  What  the  thing  is  and  how  it  is 
produced. 

b.  Manufactured  products  of  the 
thing  discussed. 

c.  Uses  and  by-products. 

d.  Where  raised  in  United  States, 
exports,  etc. 

e.  World  rivals  of  United  States  in 
the  trade  in  that  particular  thing. 

The  list  of  subjects  is  long,  but  a 
few  may  be  of  assistance  to  teachers 
to  show' the  kind  of  subjects  suitable  : 

1.  Wheat,  kinds,  harvesting,  trans- 
portation, storing. 

2.  Wheat,  milling,  uses,  by-pro- 
ducts. 

3.  Corn,  by-products,  starch,  glu- 
cose, alcohol^  corn  oil. 

4.  Nuts  and  their  uses. 

5.  Fruit,  fresh,  canned,  preserved. 

6.  Live  stock  raising,  animal  feeds. 
silos. 

7.  Meat  packing. 

8.  Milk  and  its  uses. 

9.  Water  and  Ice. 

10.  Cocoa  and  Chocolate. 

11.  Carding,  spinning  and  weav- 
ing of  textiles. 

12.  Cotton  from  plant  to  bale. 

13.  Sheep  as  food  and  as  wool 
bearers. 

14.  Wool,  varieties,  uses,  etc. 

15.  Building  woods  of  the  United 
States. 

16.  Paper  from  fibre  and  wood,  and 
so  on  in  endless  variety. 

The  finished  theses  are  filed  away 
alphabetically,  the  titles  are  entered 
upon  the  card  subject  catalogue  and 
the  theses  become  a  part  of  the  litera- 
ture of  the  subject  in  the  school 
library. 

The  following  list  of  books  in- 
cludes the  best  of  the  modern  books 
on  foods  and  textiles.  The  text-books 
of  commercial  geography  already 
cited  contain  much  valuable  matter 
on  each  subject  and  should  of  course 
be  carefullv  examined. 

BOOKS  ON  FOOD  AND  TEXTILES. 
FOODS. 

Food  products  of  the  world.  M.  E. 
Green. 

How  we  are  fed.  (elementary)  J. 
F.  Chamberlain. 

Food  and  its  functions.     J.  Knight. 

Food  and  its  uses.  C.  Langworthv, 
U.  S.  Dept.  Agric,  1901. 

Cost  of  Food.      E.  H.  Richards. 

Food  of  the  future.    H.  W.  Wiley. 

Food  we  eat.     J.  M.  Fothergill. 

Science  in  production  of  food.  E. 
Atkinson. 

Food  and  feeding.     H.  Thompson. 

Foods  and  adulterants.  U.  S.  Dept. 
Agric,  1887. 

Food  supply.     R.  Bruce. 

Wheat  problem.     W.  Crooks. 

Wheat  capacity  of  U.  S.  E.  Atkin- 
son. 

Story  of  a  grain  of  wheat.  E. 
Edgar. 

Macaroni  wheat.  U.  S.  Dept. 
Agric,  1901. 

Wheat  on  Pacific  Coast.  U.  S. 
Dept.  Agric,  1901. 

Corn  plants.     J.  L.  Sargent. 

Book  of  corn.     H.  Myrick. 

Indian  corn  culture.     C.  S.  Plumb. 


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Composition  of  Maize.  U.  S.  Dept. 
Aerie,  1898.     ' 

Varieties  of  corn.  U.  S.  Dept. 
Agric,  1899. 

Use  of  corn  in  Europe.  U.  S.  Dept. 
Agric,  1891. 

Nut  culture  in  U.  S.  U.  S.  Dept. 
Agric,  1896. 

Rice.     U.  S.  Dept.  Agric,  1893. 

Rice  culture  in  U.  S.  U.  S.  Dept. 
Agric,  1893. 

Rice  cleaning.  U.  S.  census  report, 
1900. 

Meat  supply.     P.  G.  Craigie. 

Meat  packing.     U.  S.  Census,  1900. 

Cheese  and  butter  making.  J. 
( (liver. 

Nutritive  value  of  food.  W.  O. 
At  water. 

U.  S.  Census  of  1900.  "Agricul- 
ture" and  "  Manufacturers." 

TEXTILES. 

Color  in  woven  design.     Beaumont. 

Diet,  of  Dry  Goods.    Cole. 

Weave  Lexicon.     Donat. 

Textile  fibres  of  commerce.  Han- 
nan. 

Manual  of  weave  construction. 
Kastanek. 

Textile  design.      Passelt. 

Angora  goat  raising.     Thompson. 

Textile  raw  materials.     Zipser. 

Cotton  manufacture.     Lister. 

Students  cotton  spinning.  Nas- 
mith. 

Cotton  weaving.     Marsden. 

Cotton  plant.  U.  S.  Dept.  Agric, 
1896. 

Fibre  plants  of  world.  U.  S.  Dept. 
Agric,  1897. 

Cotton  and  its  uses.     C.  P.  Brooks. 

Story  of  the  cotton  plant.  F.  Wil- 
kinson. 

Woolen  and  worsted  manufacture. 
Beaumont. 

Spinning  woolen  and  worsted. 
McLaren. 

Woolen  spinning.     Yickerman. 

Dyeing  of  textile  fabrics.     Hummel. 

Printing  of  textile  fabrics.  Rath  well. 

Bleaching  of  linen  and  cotton. 
Tailfer. 

Sizing  (of  fabrics,.     Monie. 

Textile  industries  of  U.  S.  W.  R. 
Bagnull. 

I".  S.  Census  Reports  of  1900. 
"  Manufactures." 

The  list  above  contains,  of  course, 
many  books  which  are  technical  and 
fitted  to  the  manufacturer,  but  the 
teacher  of  commercial  geography 
must  do  some  hard  work  and  extract 
from  the  advanced  books  the  infor- 
mation suitable  to  his  grade  of  work. 

The  magazines  of  the  last  few  years 
have  had  many  articles  of  the  highest 
value  upon  foods  and  other  commer- 
cial products. 

The  list  is  too  long  for  this  article 
and  is  reserved  for  a  future  number 
of  the  Educator. 

Teachers  should  jret  from  the  Sup- 
erintendent of  Documents,  Washing- 
ton. I).  C,  a  catalogue  of  books  and 
pamphlets  issued  bv  the  United 
Mans,  and  examine  it  carefully,  for 
books  on  this  line.  Whenever  the 
government  issues  a  book  on  a  topic, 
everything  of  importance  on  the 
subject  is  usually  included  up  to  the 
date  of  issue.  For  example,  the 
papers  in  the  Census  reports  of  1900 
on  agriculture  and  manufactures  are 
models  of  clearness  and  completeness 


T 


^-~^7\ 


DEPARTMENT    OF 


Practical  ZHatfyemattcs 

GEORGE    E.  KrNG, 

Cedar   rapids  Business  College, 

Cedar   Rapids,  Iowa 


7 


Interest 

Interest  is  an  allowance  made  for 
the  use  of  money  or  is  a  compensa- 
tion allowed,  or  exacted,  for  the  use 
of  money.  It  is  usually  computed  at 
a  certain  per  cent,  for  a  period  of 
one  year,  on  the  sum  loaned,  although 
by  agreement  the  per  cent,  may  be 
for  any  period  agreed  upon.  As  2  per 
cent,  semi-annually  means  2  per  cent, 
of  the  sum  loaned  for  each  six 
months ;  or  3  per  cent,  quarterly, 
means  3  per  cent,  of  the  sum  loaned 
for  three  months,  which  is  equivalent 
to  12  per  cent,  per  annum,  if  the  inter- 
est is  not  made  payable  oftener  than 
once  a  year. 

If  a  note  reads  with  a  promise  to 
pay  interest  at  5  per  cent,  payable 
semi-annually-,  it  means  that  the  rate 
is  5  per  cent,  of  the  principal  for  a 
period  of  one  year  and  that  the  inter- 
est accruing  is  to  be  paid  every  six 
months ;  but  if  the  note  reads  with 
interest  at  the  rate  of  5  percent,  semi- 
annually, it  would  mean  that  the  in- 
terest is  5  per  cent,  of  the  principal 
for  every  six  months  or  the  same  as 
10  per  cent,  per  year  if  the  interest  is 
payable  annually. 
analyses  of  interest  problems. 

Interest  should  be  taught  as  one  of 
the   sub-divisions  of   the  grand   sub- 
ject of  percentage.     In  it  we  have  the 
following  comparison  of  terms: 
percentage  interest  TERMS. 

terms. 

Base         equals        Principal  or  sum  loaned. 

Rate  "  (Rate  x  time  in  periods.) 

Percentage  "  Interest. 

Amount         "  Amount,    which     is    the 

principal  plus  the  in- 
terest. 

You  will,  therefore,  note  from  the 
above  comparison  that  we  may  apply 
the  same  principles  for  the  solution 
of  problems  in  interest  that  we  use 
in  percentage.  If  any  two  full  terms 
are  given,  the  third  maybe  found. 
If,  however,  the  rate  per  cent,  is  given 
and  not  the  time  in  periods;  or  the 
time  in  periods  and  not  the  rate  per 
cent,  is  given,  we  must  have  the  other 
two  terms  given,  also,  in  order  to  find 
the  missing  term. 

That  is,  suppose  we  are  to  find  the 
time ;  then  we  must  have  given  the 
rate  per  cent,  and  two  of  the  other 
terms  (principal,  interest,  and  amount) 
and  if  two  of  these  are  given,  we 
may,  by  applying  the  general  prin- 
ciples governing  the' relationship  of 
the  percentage  terms,  solve  the  prob- 
lem in  interest. 

Suppose  that  we  have  given  the 
principal,  $600,  time  two  years  or  two 
periods,    and    the    interest,    $108,    to 


find  the  rate  per  cent.  Applying  the 
principles  of  percentage,  you  will 
note  that  we  have  two  full  percentage 
terms  given,  viz.:  "principal,"  which 
corresponds  to  the  base,  and  it  in  turn 
corresponds  to  the  multiplicand  in 
multiplication— and  the  "interest," 
which  corresponds  to  the  percentage 
or  to  the  product  in  multiplication  ; 
to  find  the  full  rate,  which  is  the  prod- 
uct of  the  rate  multiplied  by  the  time 
in  periods.  Applying  the  principles 
governing  the  relationship  of  multi- 
plicand, multiplier,  and  product,  we 
divide  the  product,  $108,  by  the  mul- 
tiplicand, $600,  which  gives'the  multi- 
plier, or  18  per  cent.,  and  this  equals 
the  product  of  the  time  in  periods  by 
the  rate  per  cent. 

Here,  again,  we  have  given  the  mul- 
tiplier, two  years,  or  two  considered 
abstractly,  and  the  product,  .18  or  18 
per  cent.,  to  find  the  multiplicand. 
The  product,  .18  divided  by  the  mul- 
tiplier, two,  equals  multiplicand,  or 
.09,  the  rate  per  cent.,  or  required 
answer  in  this  problem. 

I  have  given  the  above  analysis 
simply  to  show  the  analogy  between 
interest  and  percentage,  or,  if  you 
please,  between  the  subject  of  inter- 
est and  that  of  multiplication. 

However,  in  practice  it  would  be 
more  speedy  to  solve  the  problem  as 
follows : 

First,  assume  that  the  rate  percent, 
is  one  (1).  We  then  find  the  interest 
on  the  principal,  $600,  at  1  per  cent, 
for  two  years.  This  gives  us  $12.  If 
$600  at  1  per  cent,  for  two  years  will 
produce  $12  interest,  it  will  require 
as  many  times  1  per  cent,  for  a  prin- 
cipal of  $600  in  two  years  to  produce 
$108  interest,  as  $12  is  contained 
times  in  $108,  or  nine  times.  Hence 
9  per  cent. 

to    find    time. 

Principal  $600,  interest  $108;  rate 
9  per  cent.,  to  find  the  time. 

In  this  problem  you  will  notice  that 
we  have  two  full  interest  terms  given, 
viz.:  principal,  which  corresponds  to 
the  base  in  percentage,  and  the  in- 
terest, which  corresponds  to  the  per- 
centage in  percentage,  to  find  part  of 
the  rate,  which  is  the  time  in  periods, 
the  full  rate  being  equivalent  to  the 
rate  multiplied  by  the  time  in  periods. 
Applying  the  principles  of  percentage, 
or  of  simple  multiplication,  the  pro- 
duct, or  interest,  $108,  divided  by  the 
multiplicand,  or  the  principal,  $600, 
equals  our  rate  per  cent,  or  multiplier, 
18  per  cent.,  and  this  equals  the  pro- 
duct of  the  rate,  9  per  cent,  multiplied 
bythe  time  in  periods.    The  question 


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now  is  :  How  many  periods  or  years 
must  you  have  at  9  per  cent,  to'  give 
us  the  full  rate,  18  per  cent.?  In  "this 
proposition  we  have  for  our  product 
18  per  cent.,  our  multiplicand  9  per 
cent.,  to  find  the  multiplier.  The  pro- 
duct, IS  per  cent.,  divided  by  the  mul- 
tiplicand, 9  per  cent.,  equals  the  mul- 
tiplier, two  1 2  i .  Hence  two  i  2 1  periods, 
or  two  years,  is  the  time  required 
for  a  principal  of  $600  at  9  per  cent., 
to  produce  $108  interest.  But  here 
again,  as  in  the  preceding  problem, 
we  may  solve  it  in  another  way,  by 
first  finding  the  interest  on  the  prin- 
cipal for  one  unit  of  the  required  time, 
that  is,  one  year.  The  interest  on 
$ii()ii  at  9  per  cent,  for  one  unit  of  the 
required  time  is  $54.  If  $600  at  9  per 
cent,  will  produce  $54  interest  in  one 
year,  it  will  take  as  many  years  for 
It  to  produce  $108  interest,  as  $54 
is  contained  times  in  $108,  or  two 
years. 

TO    FIXD    PRINCIPAL. 

To  find  the  principal  when  the  in- 
terest is  $108,  rate  9  per  cent.,  time- 
two  years. 

Here  again  we  have  two  full  per- 
centage terms  given,  viz.  :  The  in- 
terest, $108,  which  corresponds  to 
the  percentage  in  percentage,  and 
the  rate  and  the  time  in  periods, 
which  corresponds  to  the  rate  per 
cent.,  in  percentage.  Applying  the 
simple  principles  of  multiplication, 
the  product,  $108,  divided  by  18  per 
cent.,  which  is  the  rate  multiplied  by 
the  time  in  periods,  equals  the  multi- 
plicand, or  principal,  $600;  or,  as  in 
the  preceding  problem,  we  may  solve 
it  as  follows  : 

Assume  for  our  principal  a  unit  of 
money,  that  is,  one  dollar,  and  the 
interest  on  one  dollar  at  9  per  cent, 
for  a  period  of  two  years  is  18  cents. 
If  one  dollar  principal  will  produce 
18  cents  interest  in  two  years  at  9  per 
cent . ,  it  will  take  as  many  dollars  prin- 
cipal to  produce  $108  interest  in  two 
years  at  9  per  cent,  as  18  cents  is  con- 
tained times  in  $108,  or  $600.  Hence, 
principal  of  $600,  if  placed  at  interest 
for  two  years  at  9  per  cent.,  will 
produce  $108  interest. 

PROBLEMS    FOR    CLASS    DRILL. 

To  find  the  time  : 


PRINCIPAL 


INTEREST 


To  find  the 

rate  : 

PRINCIPAL 

TIME 

INTEREST 

$200 

$500 
$480 

3  years 

4J  years 

3  yrs.,  3  mos., 

(3J  periods  i 

$  42 
$225 

$  93.60 

To  find  the  principal: 

RATE 

TIME 

INTEREST 

3% 

-i'A, 
8% 
9% 

4  years 

6  years 

2 1    years 

3  yrs.,  4  mos. 

$366 
$81 
$72 

$135 

In  the  majority  of  business  estab- 
lishments, especially  banking  insti- 
tutions, comparatively  few  interest 
problems  arise  in  which  you  are  re- 
quired to  find  the  rate  per  cent.,  the 
time,  or  the  principal ;  but  I  believe 
that  it  is  safe  to  say  that  fully  ninety- 
nine  percent,  of  all  interest  problems 
are  those  in  which  the  principal,  or 
amount,  rate,  and  time  are  given  and 
the  interest  is  to  be  found  ;  and  that 
in  commercial  banks,  in  at  least 
eighty  per  cent,  of  all  interest  prob- 
lems, on  which  interest  is  to  be 
computed,  the  time  is  for  short 
periods,  and  usually  expressed  either 
in  days  or  months;  if  in  months,  the 
months  can  easily  be  reduced  to  days 
by  counting  thirty  days  to  the  month. 
For  all  such  problems,  the  following 
interest  table,  which  is  merely  an  ex- 
pansion of  the  sixty-day  method,  will 
be  found  extremely  practical  for  any 
one  who  has  much  interest  to  figure  : 

INTEREST   TABLES. 

Moving  the  decimal  point  two  places 
to  the  left  in  any  principal  gives  the 
interest : 
At 


9           " 

"    180 

2i 

"     144 

"     120 

3} 

"     108 

4 

"      90 

4'.       " 

"      80 

"      72 

6 

11 

..    "      60 

"      48 

8 

"      45 

9 
10 
12 

"      4(1 

"  36 
"      30 

15 

"       24 

days 


Moving  the  decimal  point  three 
places  to  the  left  in  any  principal 
gives  the  interest : 

At    1  per  cent for  36 

"     2        "         "     18 

"     3        "         "     12 

"     4        "         "      9 

"     to       "  "      8 

■'     fi"        "  "       6 

"     9        "         "4 

"12        "         "      3 


Moving  the  decimal  point  one  place 
to  the  left  in  any  principal  gives  the 
interest : 

At    1  per  cent for  3600  days 

"     2        "         "     1800     " 

"    2A       "  "     1440     " 

"    3"       "         "     1200     " 

"    31       "         "     1080     " 

"    4        "         "      900     " 

"    4*      "        "      800    " 


' '    5  per  cent "  720|davs 

"    6  "         "  600  " 

"    7i  "         "  480  " 

"8"  "         "  450  " 

"    9  "         "  400  " 

"  10  "        "  360  " 

"  12  "         "  300  " 

"  12',  "         "  288  " 

"  15"  " "  240  " 

AN    ILLUSTRATIVE    PROBLEM. 

Principal  $500,  rate  5%,  time  72  days. 

By  referring  to  the  table,  we  find 
that  moving  the  decimal  point  two 
places  to  the  left  gives  the  interest  on 
any  principal  at  5  percent,  for  72  days, 
and  since  this  is  the  required  time  in 
the  problem,  the  interest  for  72  davs 
on  $500  is  $5.00. 

But  suppose  the  time  in  this  prob- 
lem were  90  days  instead  of  72  days  ; 
then,  by  pointing  off  two  places,  we 
have  $5.00  as  the  interest  at  5  per  cent, 
for  72  days.  To  this  we  must  add  18 
days  interest  to  produce  90  days  in- 
terest, then  if  the  interest  for  72'  days 
is  $5.00,  the  interest  for  18  days  will 
be  }  of  $5.00,  because  18  davs  'is  ]  of 
72  days,  and  |  of  $5.00  is  $1.25,  or  the 
interest  for  18  days.  The  interest  for 
18  days  added  to'  the  interest  for  72 
days  gives  $6.25,  or  the  interest  for 
90  days,  stated   time. 

But  suppose  the  time  were  60  days 
instead  of  72  days  or  90  days;  then, 
again,  by  pointing  off  two  places  we 
have  the  interest  $5.00,  for  72  days. 
To  find  the  interest,  then,  for  60  days, 
we  mav  subtract  12  days  interest 
from  the  interest  for  72  days.  If  $5.00 
is  the  interest  for  72  days,  the  interest 
for  12  days  will  be  ?,  of  $5.00,  or  83 
cents,  which  subtracted  from  $5.00, 
leaves  $4.17  as  the  interest  for  (72 
days  minus  12  days  l  60  days. 

Suppose,  however,  that  the  time 
were  63  days,  instead  of  (iO  days. 
Pointing  off  two  places  we  have  $5.00 
as  the  interest  for  72  days,  and  from 
this  we  may  subtract  the  interest  for 
9  days,  which  will  leave  the  interest 
for  63  days.  If  $5.00  is  the  interest 
for  72  days,  then  the  interest  for  9 
days  is  1  of  $5.00,  or  62 J4  cents,  which, 
subtracted  from  $5.00  leaves  $4,375,  or 
$4.38,  for  63  days. 

Suppose,  however,  that  we  are  to 
find  the  interest  for  45  days,  we  may 
move  the  decimal  point  two  places 
to  the  left  in  the  principal  of  $500, 
which  gives  $5.00  as  the  interest  for 
72  days,  then  separate  the  time,  45 
days  into  aliquant  parts,  which  may 
be  used  as  aliquot  parts  of  72  days. 
For  instance,  take  36  days  and  9  davs; 
36  days  equals  J  of  72  days,  and  9  days 
equals  i  of  36  "days.  Then  if  $5.(N>"is 
the  interest  for  72  days,  the  interest 
for  36  days  is  1  of  $5.00  or  $2.50,  and 
the  interest  for  9  days  is  }  of  the  in- 
terest for  36  days,  or  ]  of  $2.50,  which 
is  63  cents,  then  the  interest  for  36 
days  plus  the  interest  for  9  days, 
equals  our  total  interest  for  45  davs, 
$3.13. 


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T 


£ 


^^, 

DEPARTMENT  OF 

m 

£ommerctal  £anx 

\j&m 

J.    C.    BARBER, 

T^r 

Bryant  a  Stratton  Business  College, 
Providence,  R.  I. 

7 


Contracts  Chat  must  Be  Written 

With  the  exception  of  sealed  con- 
tracts and  negotiable  instruments, 
contracts  may  be  made  orally  unless 
the  statute  requires  that  they  shall  be 
reduced  to  writing;.  An  oral  contract 
must  be  proved  by  oral  evidence  if  at 
all,  and  such  evidence  has  its  disad- 
vantages. Often  two  honest  persons 
will  witness  the  same  transaction  and 
carry  away  decidedly  different  impres- 
sions concerning  it;  again,  the  per- 
son who  could  have  given  the  testi- 
mony most  needed,  may  be  dead. 
Some  might  possibly  be  bribed  to 
give  false  testimony.  So  in  contracts 
of  special  importance,  or  those  to  run 
for  any  great  length  of  time,  it  might 
be  impossible  to  get  at  the  facts  by 
oral  evidence.  Under  such  condi- 
tions there  would  be  ample  opportu- 
nity for  the  perpetration  of  fraud.  To 
prevent  this  there  was  enacted  in 
England  the  "  statute  of  frauds  "  pro- 
providing  that  no  action  should  be 
brought  on  certain  contracts  unless 
they  were  in  writing  and  signed  by 
the  party  to  be  charged.  The  differ- 
ent state's  of  the  Union  have  enacted 
statutes  somewhat  like  the  English 
statute,  but  there  is  difference  enough 
between  the  statutes  of  the  different 
states  so  that  in  order  to  make  sure 
of  the  law  of  any  given  state,  the 
statutes  of  that  state  must  be  con- 
sulted. In  these  columns  we  can 
only  mention  in  a  general  way  some 
of  the  provisions  which  are  more  or 
less  common  to  the  different  states. 
The  statutes  of  most  states  require 
the  following  contracts  to  be  in  writ- 
ing- and  signed  by  the  party  to  be 
I ,  or  by  his  agent :  Contracts 
for  the  conveyance  of  real  property 
or  any  substantial  interest  therein, 
including-  leases  for  more  than  one 
\ear  (in  some  states  for  more  than 
■  ears);  contracts  not  to  be  per- 
formed within  one  year  from  date  of 
making;  contracts  in  consideration 
Of  marriage,  except  mutual  promises 
to  marry ;  contracts  to  answer  for 
the  debt,  default,  or  miscarriage  of 
another;  contracts  for  the  sale  of 
ind  chattels  to  the  value  of 
$50.00  or  over,  unless  the  buyer  accepts 
and  receives  a  part  of  the  goods,  or 
pays  part  of  the  price. 
nil;  CONVEYANCE  of  real  PROPERTY 
OR  ANY  SUBSTANTIAL  INTEREST 
THEREIN. 

Land,  the  basis  of  real  property,  is 
permanent,    and    land    which    is    of 
little  imarket  value  at  one  time  may 
i  be  exceedingly  valuable  with- 
in a  short    time   afterward.     Statutes 


generally  require  such  important  con- 
tracts as  those  for  the  conveyance  of 
real  property  or  any  substantial  in- 
terest therein  to  be  in  writing;  also 
leases  of  land  for  more  than  one  year. 
Under  the  head  of  "substantial  in- 
terest "  would  come  easements  ;  such 
as  right  of  way,  right  to  lay  pipes 
through  another's  land,  and  the  like; 
also  the  natural  products  of  the  land, 
such  as  standing  timber.  The  sale 
of  cultivated  products  would  not  re- 
quire writing. 

CONTRACTS      NOT      TO     BE     PERFORMED 

WITHIN    ONE    YEAR    FROM   THE 

DATE    OF   MAKING. 

It  amounts  to  little  to  be  able  to  re- 
peat the  list  of  contracts  that  must 
be  written  unless  one  has  at  least 
some  idea  what  contracts  come  within 
the  statute. 

Contracts  that  are  no/  required  to 
be  in  writing. 

It  is  held  that  contracts  "  not  to  be 
performed,"  etc.,  means  those  that 
"cannot  be  performed"  within  the 
time  specified  in  the  statute.  Con- 
tracts for  personal  services,  which 
end  with  death,  and  contracts  con- 
ditioned upon  the  happening  of  a  cer- 
tain event  which  might  possibly  take 
place  within  the  time  set  by  statute, 
even  though  as  a  matter  of  fact  it 
does  not  actually  take  place  until 
later,  need  not  be  in  writing.  For 
example  :  A  contracts  to  care  for  B 
the  remainder  of  B's  natural  life. 
When  B  shall  have  died,  the  contract 
will  be  fully  performed.  But  B  may 
die  within  the  year.  Such  a  contract 
need  not  be  written  because  it  is 
possible  that  it  may  be  performed 
within    a   year. 

So  a  promise  not  to  do  a  certain 
act,  (as  a  promise  not  to  engage  in  a 
certain  kind  of  business)  will  end 
with  death.  Should  the  promisor  die 
within  a  year,  the  contract  would  be 
at  an  end.  Such  contracts  need  not 
be  in  writing. 

When  one  party  may  fully  perform 
within  the  year,  while  the  other  may 
not,  authorities  are  not  agreed  as  to 
whether  such  a  contract  must  be 
written. 

Contracts  to  Hnswerfor  the  Debt,  Default 
or  miscarriage  of  Another 

A  says  to  B  :  "  Let  C  have  certain 
goods  and  I  will  pay  for  them."  This 
promise  need  not  be  written  ;  it  is  not 
a  promise  to  answer  for  a  debt  that 
C  has  made,  but  a  promise  by  A  to 
pay  his  own  debt.  It  makes  no  dif- 
ference that  he  has  ordered  the  goods 
delivered  to  C.      If  A  says:  "Let  C 


have  certain  goods  and  I  will  pay,  if 
C  does  not,"  this  is  a  promise  to  an- 
swer for  the  debt  of  C  and  should  be 
in  writing,  and  signed  by  A. 

Such  cases  may  best  be  tested  by 
ascertaining,  by  the  terms  of  the 
agreement,  to  whom  Bought  to  charge 
the  goods  at  the  time  of  the  sale  If 
to  A,  then  A  is  but  promising  to  pay 
his  own  debt  and  his  promise  need 
not  be  written  ;  if  to  C,  then  A  is 
promising  to  answer  for  C's  debt  and 
his  promise  must  be  in  writing. 

X  has  a  claim  against  Y,  and  Z 
agrees  to  pay  X  $200  if  X  will  not  sue 
on  his  claim  for  a  certain  time.  This 
contract  need  not  be  in  writing.  It 
is  not  a  promise  to  answer  for  Y  but 
a  promise  to  pay  X  for  exercising  for- 
bearance. If  X  does  forbear  to  sue 
Y,  Z's  debt  of  $200  is  independent 
of  the  debt  owed  by  Y  and  the  pay- 
ment of  the  $200  .does  not  pay  Y's 
debt. 

AGREEMENTS      IN      CONSIDERATION     OF 
MARRIAGE. 

This  means,  not  mutual  promises 
to  marry,  but  a  promise  by  a  third 
party  to  make  payment  of  money  or 
transfer  of  property  upon  condition 
that  parties  marry. 

FOR  THE  SALE  OF  GOODS  OR  CHATTELS 
TO  THE  AMOUNT  OF  $50  OR  MORE. 

The  statutes  in  many  States  pro- 
vide that  all  contracts  for  the  sale  of 
goods  or  chattels  to  a  certain  amount 
(usually  $50  or  more),  must  be  in 
writing  to  be  good,  unless  part  of  the 
goods  are  delivered  or  a  part  of  the 
price  is  paid,  or  unless  the  sale  is  by 
auction  and  a  memorandum  is  signed 
by  the  party  to  be  charged.  If  even 
a  small  part  of  the  goods  is  delivered 
and  accepted,  this  will  satisfy  the 
statute  so  long  as  it  is  understood 
that  the  part  delivered  is  part  and 
parcel  of  the  goods  contracted  for, 
and  is  delivered  as  such.  To  satisfy 
the  statute  it  is  not  necessary  that 
there  should  be  a  formal  written 
agreement.  It  is  enough  if  you  have 
a  memorandum  which  shows  the 
terms  of  the  contract,  and  which  is 
signed  by  the  party  sought  to  be 
charged  ;  that  is,  the  party  you  wish 
to  sue.  Apart  from  the  provisions 
derived  from  the  statute  of  frauds, 
negotiable  contracts  must  from 
necessity  be  in  writing ;  also  by  sta- 
tute, in  some  states,  the  acceptance 
of  Bills  of  Exchange  must  be  written. 
So,  in  some  States,  a  new  promise  by 
a  minor,  after  attaining  his  majority, 
must  be  in  writing  in  order  to  be 
binding.  The  laws  of  Congress  pro- 
vide that  the  assignment  of  copy- 
rights and  patents  must  be  written. 

Note.  The  foregoing  is  by  no 
means  a  full  treatment  of  the  provis- 
ions of  the  statute  of  frauds.  Only 
those  features  have  been  noted  which 
would  be  most  likely  to  be  discussed 
in  the  study  of  business  law  in  a  com- 
mercial school. 

THE  INTERPRETATION  OF  CONTRACTS. 

With  certain  exceptions,  some  of 
which  have  been  noted  above,  a  con- 
tract may  be  made  by  oral  agreement, 
and  when  so  made  it  is,  of  course, 
admissible  to  prove  by  oral  testi- 
mony, what  the  parties' said.     If  the 


#h?e>  ^u^lrtcj*>£clu,ccLU/r   & 


testimony  is  conflicting,  it  is  the  work 
of  the  jury  to  determine  what,  as  a 
matter  of  fact,  the  parties  did  say, 
and  it  remains  for  the  court  to  decide 
as  to  the  legal  effect  of  what  they 
said.  When  a  contract  has  been  re- 
duced to  writing  and  is  complete  in 
itself,  it  is  a  general  rule  that  no  oral 
testimony  can  be  introduced  to  con- 
tradict or  change  the  terms  expressed 
in  the  writing.  But  where  it  is  obvi- 
ous that  the  writing  is  incomplete 
and  expresses  only  a  part  of  the 
agreement,  oral  evidence  may  be  in- 
troduced to  supply  what  is  missing 
or  lacking.  For  example,  in  a  writ- 
ten agreement  to  sell  fort}-  mill  logs, 
it  would  be  admissible  to  show  by 
oral  testimony  the  agreed  length  of 
the  logs,  the  kind  of  wood,  etc.,  the 
written  agreement  being  silent  on 
these  points.  The  written  contract  is 
supposed  to  wipe  out  all  talk  con- 
cerning the  terms  of  the  contract  up 
to  the  time  of  the  execution  thereof, 
in  so  far  as  those  terms  are  expressed 
in  writing,  but,  excepting  where  it 
conflicts  with  the  provisions  of  the 
statute  of  frauds,  oral  testimony  is 
admissible  to  show  a  subsequent  oral 
agreement  to  alter,  add  to,  or  change 
the  terms  of  the  original  written 
agreement,  or  even  absolutely  to  do 
away  with  the  original  written  agree- 
ment. Oral  evidence  is  admissible  to 
show  that  the  writing  is  not  a  valid 
contract.  Where,  in  a  contract  which 
need  not  have  been  written,  the  offer 
was  written  while  the  acceptance  was 
oral,  the  acceptance  could  be  shown 
by  oral  testimony.  Oral  testimony 
may  be  introduced  to  prove  the  con- 
tents of  a  lost  instrument.  Oral  evi- 
dence is  also  admissible  to  identify 
the  parties  to  written  contract,  or  to 
identify  the  subject  matter  ;  also  to 
explain  the  meaning  of  terms  as  un- 
derstood according  to  the  usage  of 
trade.  In  a  certain  written  contract 
for  "four  thousand  shingles,"  oral 
testimony  was  admitted  to  show  that 
by  a  thousand  shingles  was  meant 
two  packs  of  shingles  of  a  certain 
size  instead  of  a  thousand  separate 
shingles.  Where  a  party  contracted 
in  writing  to  remove  a  quantity  of 
earth  for  another  and  nothing  was 
said  as  to  who  should  have  the  earth 
which  was  to  be  removed,  oral  evi- 
dence was  admitted  to  show  a  usage 
in  such  cases  to  the  effect  that  earth 
so  removed  belonged  to  the  person 
removing. 

Usage,  in  order  to  have  any  effect 
upon  the  interpretation  of  a  contract, 
must  have  certain  qualifications  ; 
viz.  : 

1.  It  must  be  well  settled  and 
established,  so  that  it  is  generally 
known  ;  2.  It  must  be  certain,  and 
in  order  to  be  certain  it  must  have 
been  practiced  uniformly ;  3.  It 
must  be  continuous.  It  is  not  enough 
to  show  that  a  usage  once  existed  or 
that  it  is  sometimes  followed  ;  it  must 
have  been  practiced  without  interrup- 
tion up  to  the  time  of  the  contract ; 
4.  It  must  be  universal ;  that  is,  it 
must  have  been  followed  by  the  peo- 
ple of  a  certain  locality  as  a  whole,  or 
by  a  certain  class  as  a  whole  ;  5.  It 
must  be  reasonable,  and  must  have 
been  acquiesced  in  peaceably  ;  6.  It 
must  be  consistent  with  laws  in  force  ; 
(  Continued  on  page  41.) 


DEPARTMENT    OF 


(Office  (Training 

W.  I.  STALEY 
Capital  Commercial  College,  Salem.  Oregon 


[  Mr.  Hook-land  is  not  using  intercommun- 
ication practice  at  this  time.  and.  at  liis  re- 
quest, we  obtained  Mr.  Staley  to  prepare 
this  article.  Pacific  Coast  commercial 
touchers  regard  Mr.  Staley  as  a  leader  in 
this  phase  of  commercial  teaching.  — ASSO- 
CIATE ElUTOR.] 

Intcr-communication  Business  Practice. 

Inter-communication  business  prac- 
tice is  a  plan  by  which  the  pupils  of 
one  school  are  placed  in  communica- 
tion with  the  students  and  offices  of 
other  schools,  through  the  medium  of 
the  TJ.  S.  mails,  for  the  carrying  out 
of  a  routine  of  transactions,  the  pur- 
pose of  whiGh  is  the  development  in 
the  pupil  of  accuracy,  dispatch,  self- 
reliance,  and,  as  generally  supposed 
bv  those  who  adhere  to  and  advocate 
this  plan  of  work,  a  more  extended 
and  intimate  acquaintance  with  or- 
dinary business  customs  and  usages, 
considered  essential  to  the  pupil's 
success  when  he  leaves  the  school- 
room and  takes  up  the  active  work  of 
the  business  office,  than  is  practica- 
ble by  the  local  business  practice 
plans. 

TWO   PLANS. 

There  are,  I  believe,  two  general 
plans  in  use,  one  where  the  pupils  of 
one  school  are  placed  in  communica- 
tion with  the  offices  of  the  other 
schools  of  the  Association  ;  the  other, 
where  the  pupils  of  the  schools  com- 
prising the  Association  are  arranged 
in  groups  or  circles,  each  pupil  being 
furnished  a  directory  containing  the 
names  of  all  the  pupils  of  the  various 
schools,  who  may  be  ready  to  begin 
the  work  at  this  particular  time. 
These  pupils  then  do  business  with 
one  another  as  well  as  with  the 
offices.  When  this  plan  is  used,  it  is 
necessary  for  each  school  to  have 
several  pupils  ready  to  begin  the 
work  at  the  same  time,  and  herein 
lies  the  objection  to  it.  Much  annoy- 
ance is  caused  by  requiring  some 
pupils  to  wait,  and  having  to  hurry 
others  who  possibly  ought  not  to  be 
hurried.  I  have  conducted  inter-com- 
munication work  in  connection  with 
my  business  practice  department  for 
the  part  eight  or  nine  years,  and  have 
used  both  of  the  plans  mentioned. 
For  various  reasons,  I  prefer  the  for- 
mer. In  this  plan,  the  office  with 
which  the  pupil  does  business  is  a 
fixture,  remaining  in  evidence  month 
after  month  and  year  after  year,  so 
that  there  is  no  delay  when  the  stu- 
dent is  readv  to  enter  the  business 
practice  department.  He  may  enter 
one  day  as  well  as  another,  month  in 
and  month  out.  This  being  the  case, 
a  uniform  volume  of  work  is  furnished 


the  offices.  There  is  no  crowding  and 
congestion  of  work  at  any  particular 
time,  as  often  occurs  when  the  latter 
plan  is  used.  Then,  too,  the  office  is 
always  in  charge  of  an  advanced  stu- 
dent who  has  completed  the  work  of 
the  business  practice  department, 
which  is  of  material  advantage  in 
securing  uniform  and  accurate  work. 
Pupils  are  continually  coming  and 
going,  and  when  a  transient  is  at 
each  end  of  the  line  the  work  is  often 
confused,  broken  and  unsatisfactory. 
Where  one  end  of  the  transaction  is 
always  with  the  office,  rules  for  the 
proper  handling  of  the  work  may  be 
much  more  easily  watched  and  en- 
forced by  the  manager. 

No  system  of  business  practice  will 
run  itself.  It  may  be  made  to  serve 
its  intended  purpose,  or  it  may  deter- 
iorate into  boy's  play.  The  first 
requisite  of  a  successful  plan  of  busi- 
ness practice  is  thorough  organiza- 
tion on  every  hand  and  in  every  de- 
tail. Then,  much  depends  on  the 
foresight  and  ability  of  the  manager 
to  keep  matters  well  in  hand.  One 
manager  will  make  a  successful,  bus- 
iness-like practice,  where  another, 
with  the  same  plan,  will  make  a  play- 
house of  the  department.  The  work 
must  be  so  planned  that  the  essential 
parts  of  it  will  come  under  his  daily 
supervision,  or  that  of  his  assistant. 
It  needs  constant  supervision  and 
watching  that  all  of  its  parts  may  be 
kept  running  smoothly.  I  firmly  be- 
lieve it  possible,  however,  to  secure 
far  better  work  from  students  where 
at  least  a  part  of  the  transactions  are 
carried  out  by  the  intercommunica- 
tion plan,  than  by  any  other.  A  new 
interest  is  at  once  manifested  in  the 
pupil  that  is  not  found  where  'the 
dealing  is  all  at  close  range,  or  from 
hand  to  hand.  He  can  imagine  that 
his  order  for  goods  goes  to  Mobile  or 
Boston,  for  instance,  but  when  he 
knows  that  his  letter  really  goes 
through  the  mails,  and  he  must  wail 
the  regular  course  of  business  for  an 
answer,  new  life  is  given  the  trans- 
action. This  is  simply  because  it  is 
more  real,  more  life-like,  more  in 
accord  with  actual  business  ;  and  the 
nearer  we  can  approach  actual  busi- 
ness conditions  in  our  school  work, 
the  larger  will  be  our  measure  of  suc- 
cess, and  the  better  equipped  will  be 
our  product  on  leaving  us  to  engage 
in  the  active  affairs  of  a  business  life. 


Note— In  the  January  number,  the  word 
"  Your  city,"  and  "  Your  state,"  that  appea 
ed  under  "J.  H.  Smith  &  Co.,"  Figure 
should  have  read  "  Chicago,  111." 


£n^@u^in»e^£d^&<fetoF  & 


REGULATIONS. 

When  several  schools  contemplate 
the  exchange  of  an  outline  of  trans- 
actions  by  the  intercommunication 
plan,  they  should  have  a  complete 
and  uniform  understanding  of  the 
general  conduct  of  the  business  as 
relating  to  what  shall  be  sold  by  each 
wholesale  house ;  the  manner  and 
frequency  of  quoting  prices  ;  the  dis- 
counts to  be  used  ;  the  limit  of  value 
for  orders  and  shipments  ;  the  limit 
of  credit  to  be  allowed  on  bills  sold, 
and  the  time  for  notes  and  drafts  to 
run;  the  frequency  of  rendering 
statements  from  the  various  offices  to 
the  pupils,  and  from  one  office  to  an- 
other, as  in  case  of  the  banks  and 
freight  offices  ;  the  rate  to  be  charged 
for  freight  and  express  shipments  ; 
the  collection  of  papers  through 
banks ;  and  the  limit  of  time  in  which 
orders  should  be  filled  and  consign- 
ments sold. 

MIND-AWAKENING. 

Promptness  in  all  of  these  matters 
is  the  corner  stone  of  successful 
inter -communication       work.  Of 

course,  each  manager  is  simply 
placed  upon  his  honor  in  the  matter 
of  carrving  out  the  spirit  of  the  com- 
pact. There  is  no  way  of  enforcing 
it,  that  I  know  of,  although  I  often 
wish  there  were  a  way.  It  should  be 
well  understood  that  tardiness  in 
filling  orders ;  in  selling  consign- 
ments and  rendering  account  sales  ; 
in  making  and  reporting  of  collec- 
tions ;  in  forwarding  freight,  and  in 
sending  out  mail  after  the  student  or 
office  has  it  ready,  will  at  once  dem- 
oralize the  work  of  a  business  prac- 
tice course  and  dampen  the  interest 
and  enthusiasm  of  the  pupils  of  the 
department.  When  the  work  is  all 
running  smoothly  and  promptly,  a 
student  will  watch  for  his  business 
practice  mail  with  as  much  interest 
as  he  does  his  weekly  letter  from 
home.  You  will  find  him  hunting  for 
the  daily  papers  containing  the  cur- 
rent market  quotations,  and  frequent- 
ly he  will  be  found  calling  at  the 
newspaper  offices  for  exchanges  that 
he  may  watch  the  market  from  the 
other  end  of  the  line.  He  is  not  long 
in  learning  that  he  cannot  buv  lumber 
in  Chicago  and  ship  it  to  Oregon  to 
sell  at  a  profit,  or  that  he  must  not 
buv  oranges  in  Oregon  with  the  ex- 
pectation of  selling  them  in  Califor- 
nia at  an  advance  in  price.  If  he 
fails  to  learn  from  an  inspection  of 
the  market  quotations,  as  he  should, 
he  learns  when  he  first  receives  a  re- 
port of  a  business-like  shipment  of 
this  kind.  He  is  not  only  learning  to 
keep  an  intelligent  record  of  his  bus- 
iness transactions,  the  correct  filing 
oi  his  correspondence  and  business 
papers,  but  he  is  learning  about  the 
il  movement  and  conditions  of 
trade.  There  is  opened  to  him  a 
broader  view  of  business  conditions 
than  he  ever  had  before,  and  he  is 
filled  witli  new  ambitions  that  help 
to  enlarge  his  vision  and  hold  his  in- 
terest in  the  work  at  hand.  Any  plan 
or  system  that  will  arouse  a  pupil's 
interest  until  he  will  be  found  at  his 
desk  from  eight  o'clock  in  the  morn- 
ing until  six  o'clock  in  the  evening  is 
successful,  and  will  insure  results 
thai  are  satisfactory  to  both  pupil 
and  school,  it   intelligently  managed. 


DETAILS    SUGGESTED. 

I  submit  below  a  sample  directory, 
such  as  I  use  to  illustrate  the  work- 
ing of  the  intercommnication  idea. 
This  is  intended  for  a  member  of  the 
Salem  school,  business  to  be  done 
with  the  offices  of  the  other  schools 
represented. 

A.  f  Wholesale.    I.N.  Inskeep 

&  Co. 
San  |  Commission.    J.M.Davis 

Francisco  {  &  Bros. 

B.  f  Wholesale.    I.  N.  Inskeep 

&  Co. 
Los  ]  Commission. 

Angeles      I  E.  R.  Shrader  &  Co. 

C.  |  Wholesale.      T.   W.    Miles 

&  Co. 
Bakers-      1  Commission. 

field     I.  Miles,  Moyse  &  Co. 

[Wholesale. 
|  Western  Trading  Co. 

I  Commission.        Doan     & 
Co. 


D. 

Stockton 


To  fill— repeat. 


E.  f 

F. 

G. 

H.  i 

The  directory  may  be  enlarged  _to 
any  number  desired,  and  to  fill  it, 
simply  repeat  the  schools,  or  such 
ones  as  may  be  desired.  If  more 
work  is  desired  with  some  than  with 
others, rthey  may  be  repeated  several 
times  and  others  omitted.  It  will  be 
seen  also  that  any  number  of  schools 
may  be  joined  in  this  manner.  The 
offices  of  the  home  school  may  be 
placed  on  the  directory,  or  not,  as 
may  be  desired  by  the  manager,  de- 
pending upon  the  plan  of  his  routine 
of  transactions,  the  amount  of  for- 
eign work  as  compared  with  local 
work,  etc.  In  my  school,  I  have  this 
directory  lettered  on  a  black-board, 
with  the  places  for  the  names  left 
blank,  to  be  chalked  in,  as  occasion 
requires. 

Personally,  I  prefer  a  plan  where 
the  local  and  foreign  work  is  about 
equally  divided,  part  of  the  day  being 
devoted  to  one  and  part  to  the  other. 
The  following  will  illustrate  my  plan 
and  may  be  considered  the  transac- 
tions for  one  day. 

FOREIGN    TRANSACTIONS. 

No.  50.  Ship  goods  to  A  for  sale 
on  commission.  Advise  them  that 
you  will  draw  on  them  at  15  davs 
sight  for  $200.00  in  favor  of  the  whole- 
sale house  at  A.  Ask  them  to  remit 
the  balance  of  the  net  proceeds,  with 
account  sales. 

No.  51.  Ship  goods  to  B.  Instruct 
them  to  sell  as  soon  as  the  market 
will  justify,  and  to  deposit  the  net 
proceeds  in  the  bank  at  B,  to  the 
credit  of  the  wholesale  house  at  B, 
for  your  account.  Ask  for  an  account 
sales,  and  a  certified,  duplicate  de- 
posit slip. 

No.  52.  Order  a  bill  of  goods  from 
A.  Draw  the  draft  mentioned  in  No. 
50,  and  enclose  it,  less  discount,  to 
apply  in  part  payment  of  the  order. 
Ask  them  to  allow  their  usual  cash 
discount  and  draw  on  you  at  sight 
through  the  bank,  with  bill  of  lading 
attached,  for  the  balance. 
•No.  53.  Order  goods  from  B  on  ac- 
count  15  days.     Advise  them  of  the 


deposit  you  have  asked  the  commis- 
sion house  of  their  city  to  make  to 
their  credit,  for  your  account. 

LOCAL   TRANSACTIONS. 

No.  54.  Buy  a  bill  on  account  15 
days. 

No.  55.  Buy  a  small  bill,  terms 
cash. 

No.  56.     Buy  a  bill  for  note  10  days. 

No.  57.  Sell  goods  on  account  10 
days,  subject  to  draft. 

No.  58.  Sell  a  bill  of  goods  for  spot 
cash. 

No.  59.  Sell  a  bill,  i  cash  less  dis- 
count, balance  on  account  15  days. 

Each  wholesale  house  should  sell 
the  goods  that  are  produced  or  whole- 
saled in  its  locality,  and  no  others. 
The  goods  should  be  sold  at  regular 
market  quotations  taken  from  the 
daily  market  reports,  less  such  list  or 
trade  discounts  as  may  be  agreed 
upon.  The  closer  to  the  daily  market 
reports  one  keeps,  the  keener  will  be 
the  interest  of  the  pupils.  The  com- 
mission house  also  should  keep  as 
closely  as  possible  to  the  daily  mar- 
ket reports  in  selling  consignments. 
Statements  should  be  rendered  from 
these  offices  as  often  as  once  each 
two  weeks.  Wholesale  and  commis- 
sion houses  should  be  careful  to  fill 
orders,  and  sell  and  report  consign- 
ments precisely  as  instructed.  The 
manager  may  readily  see  that  this 
is  done  by  having  the  order  or  ship- 
ping invoice  submitted  to  him  with 
the  bill  or  account  sales  for  his 
approval. 

Each  pupil  should  be  required  to 
submit  to  the  manager  proof  of  cash, 
daily,  and  a  proof  ofbills  received  and 
bills  payable  accounts  at  the  end  of 
each  period  for  which  a  trial  balance 
is  taken.  A  convenient  form  for  this 
will  be  found  in  Mr.  Hookland's  most 
excellent  article  in  the  December 
issue.  Care  should  be  exercised  to 
see  that  pupils  check  up,  verify,  and 
report  to  the  manager  on  all  state- 
ments as  soon  as  received.  This  is 
one  of  the  most  important  phases  of 
the  work.  A  pupil  may  think  all  is 
clear  sailing  until  he  receives  a  state- 
ment of  the  other  end  of  his  dealings, 
when  he  is  woefully  disappointed. 
He  also  learns  that  others  do  not  all 
keep  the  records  just  as  he  does,  and 
he  must  be  able  to  discern  these 
differences  and  to  justify  them.  He 
will  find  he  must  make  allowances  for 
remittances  on  the  way,  bills  returned 
for  correction,  etc. 

A  pupil  will  soon  learn  to  take  a 
pride  in  doing  his  best  work.  He  dis- 
likes to  be  corrected  by  a  stranger. 
It  is  humiliating  to  him.  Suppose 
he  sends  a  bank  draft  without  en- 
dorsement. It  comes  back  to  him 
with  the  statement  "  no  endorse- 
ment," and  his  order  is  held  up  for 
several  days,  as  a  consequence.  He 
learns  the  value  of  promptness  and 
accuracy,  simply  because  tardiness 
and  inaccuracies  cause  him  trouble 
and  delay.  The  manager  should  see 
that  each  pupil  meets  all  maturing 
obligations  promptly.  His  accounts 
with  the  wholesale  houses  should  be 
a  good  recommendation  of  his  busi- 
ness standing.  All  business  papers 
of  whatever  nature  should  be  submit- 
ted to  the  manager,  together  with 
(  Continued  on  page  7/ . ) 


PICTORIAI  POINTERS— A  glimpse  at  the  entrance  and  into  the  reception  room  and  parlor  of  the  Long  Island  Business  College, 
Brooklyn.  X.  Y.,  eriualled  in  richness,  we  belieye,  by  no  other  commercial  school  home.  To  be  properly  appreciated  they  must  be  seen, 
and  no  commercial  teacher  who  passes  through  New  York  should  deny  hi 


self  the  privilege  of  a 


node!  school  1. 


UJhat  a  Bov  Should  Know  and  Be 
Co  Olin  Business  Success 

HENRY  C.   WRIGHT,   LONG  ISLAND    BUSI- 
NESS   COLLEGE,    BROOKLYN,    N.    Y. 

Mr.  Editor:  You  have  asked  me 
to  say  through  the  columns  of  The 
Business  Educator  what  I  think  a 
boy  should  know  and  be  to  meet  with 
success  in  the  business  world.  This 
request,  I  take  it,  applies  to  young 
men  as  well,  and  to  girls,  too,  if  they 
are  going  into  business.  Basing  my 
knowledge  on  forty  years'  experience 
with  young  people,  especially  boys,  I 
shall  state  what  I  think  leads  to  suc- 
cess. In  the  first  place,  successful 
people  find  no  difficulty  in  achieving 
success.  It  is  the  unsuccessful  who 
think  it  is  hard  work.  This  solution 
of  the  problem  is  simple.  The  suc- 
cessful are  working  along  lines  of 
least  resistance,  while  the  unsuccess- 
ful are  constantly  plodding  along  dif- 
ficult ways.  But  this  process  of 
reasoning  will  force  me  to  speak  of 
older  people — men  who  are  in  busi- 
ness, and  not  fjovs,  and  this  is  not 
what  I  have  been' asked  to  do.  Boys 
from  fourteen  to  eighteen  years  old, 
what  shall  I  say  to  you? 

FIRST    ESSENTIAL — HEALTH. 

There  are  three  features  that  con- 
tribute to  success  :  First,  health  ; 
second,  personality,  and  third,  educa- 
tion. I  am  naming  these  in  their 
logical  order  and  as  I  think  they  have 
the  most  bearing  upon  vour  welfare. 
First,  Health.  No  one  can  expect 
commercial  success  if  he  is  in  poor 
health,  no  matter  what  his  other  qual- 
ifications are.  In  good  health  are  to 
be  found  the  foundations  of  success, 


Poor  health  takes  all  the  courage, 
force,  ambition,  life  out  of  you  and 
leaves  you  a  wreck  — a  weakling. 
Now,  if  you  have  not  good  health, 
vour  first  steps  should  be  to  obtain 
it.  Nature  is  constantly  fighting  to 
keep  you  well,  and  you  have  only  to 
assist'  her.  In  the  animal  and  vegeta- 
ble kingdoms,  if  a  wound  is  made, 
how  quickly  nature  heals  it  over,  if 
only  the  wound  is  kept  clean.  If  you 
would  have  good  health  you  must  be 

HENRY  C.   WRIGHT. 


clean,  breathe  fresh  air,  and  have 
good  things  to  eat.  To  talk  of  good 
things  to  eat  to  a  sick  patient,  things 
that  are  well  and  properly  cooked, 
things  that  will  go  right  to  the  spot, 
will  revive  him  at  once.  But  the 
secret  of  good  health  is  to  prevent 
oneself  from  being  sick,  and  this, 
good  food  and  good  cooking  will  do. 
What  is  true  in  the  vegetable  king- 
dom is  true  in  the  animal  kingdom. 
If  I  go  into  my  garden  and  see  pale 
and  sickly  plants  and  vegetables,  1 
know  at  once  there  is  a  lack  of  nour- 
ishment—a lack  of  fertilizers,  and  I 
apply  the  remedy  and  revive  the 
plants.  So  in  the  animal  kingdom, 
if  the  boy  is  weak,  pale,  and  sickly 
looking,  there  is  want  of  nourish- 
ment—fertilizers, so  to  speak.  Apply 
the  remedy— nourishment,  and  the 
boy  revives,  the  same  as  the  plant. 
Here  is  an  undeniable  fact,  that  all 
well  people  are  well-fed  people,  and 
that  a  healthy,  robust  boy  has  a 
mother  who  understands  the  proper 
preparation  of  food. 

SECOND   ESSENTIAL— PERSONALITY. 

Second,  Personality.  A  boy  in  good 
health  has  good  personality.  If, 
therefore,  I  have  suggested  to  you 
how  to  have  good  health,  I  have 
gained  a  point  on  your  personality. 
To  succeed  in  business  you  must 
have  good  personal  appearance,  that 
is,  you  must  be  healthy,  clean,  and 
appropriately  clad.  In  almost  every 
instance  where  office  help  is  sought 
nowadays,  it  is  an  absolute  requi- 
site. I  presume  this  is  due  to  the 
change  in  business  requirements. 
TheniLto  vour  physical  appearance 
you'mustadd  politeness,  dignity,  and 
"pleasantness.     These  are  habits  you 


^/luc  fJu^u^^Cclu^wAor   & 


can  learn  from  others  ;  cultivate  them. 
They  will  impress  others  of  your 
value,  ability,  social  standing,  and 
importance.  They  will  be  capital  to 
you  ;  that  is,  dollars  and  cents.  You 
will  be  likelv  to  gain  your  point  in 
an  argument,  request,  or  business 
transaction  if  you  exercise  them. 
They  will  place  you  far  in  the  lead 
of  your  competitors,  if  they  are  neg- 
ligent in  their  personal  appearance 
and  do  not  possess  these  qualifica- 
tions. See  that  your  hands  are  clean, 
finger  nails  well  manicured,  hair 
brushed,  shoes  blackened,  and  clothes 
dusted.  To  please  older  readers,  I 
should  sav  vou  must  not  smoke  ciga- 
rettes nor  use  vulgar  language,  but  I 
was  not  going  to  speak  of  these,  for 
two  reasons:  First,  the  boy  who 
possesses  the  qualifications  named 
above  does  not  and  will  not  practice 
these  bad  habits:  Second,  I  have 
found  that  it  does  no  good  to  lecture 
boys  of  this  class  against  these  two 
evi'ls,  when  once  the  habit  is  formed. 
It  takes  a  strong  character  to  reform 
from  any  bad  habit,  and  cigarette 
smokers 'are  not  strong  characters— 
they  are  weaklings. 

THIRD    I  SSE  NTIAL— EDUCATION. 

The  third    feature  I  wish  to  speak 
about  is  Education.     Education  is   a 
polishing  of  the  other  two  features  I 
have   mentioned,   and    that  is  why  I 
have  named  it  last.     It  is  possible  to 
be   successful  in   the  business  world 
without  much  of  it.    But  the  more  you 
have,  the  greater  will  be  your  pleas- 
ure   and    possibly    your    success    in 
later  life.     After  'you  leave  school  is 
the  time  to  make  a  student  of  your- 
self.    Read,  read,  read,   READ— his- 
tory, travel,  science;  commerce,  geog- 
raphy. But,  to  return  to  school.    Don't 
leave  school,  nor  think  of  going  into 
business  or  engaging  in  anything  else 
until   you  are  at    least   sixteen  years 
old.     Vou  must  be  well  grounded  in 
the  common  studies,  especially  Eng- 
lish   and    mathematics  — English   will 
teach   you    how   to   express    yourself 
orally  or  in  writing,  and  mathematics 
will    teach    you  how  to  think.     To  be 
able  to  talk,  write,  and    think  are  es- 
sentials to-day.     There  are  numerous 
other   studies   pursued   in  our  public 
schools  and  academies  of  more  or  less 
value   to    a    youth,  but    English    and 
mathematics  are  the  foundation  sub- 
jects.     Without    them,    your    super- 
struction     will     be    of    no    practical 
value.     You  will  be  a  failure  in  busi- 
ness.     There    are    no   other   studies 
along  the  road  of  education  that  will 
take  the  place  of  them.     Learn  them, 
or  your  life  will  be  one  of  two  things  : 
either  you  will  lead  a  mediocre  life  or 
you   will    be    a    failure.     To-day,  and 
especially    to-morrow,    will     require 
thinkers.     Let  your  last  vearof  school 
life,  two  years,  if  possible,  be  spent 
in  a  reliable   business  college,  in  ob- 
taining a  proficiency  in  a  bookkeeping 
course    and    a    shorthand    course    of 
studies    such    as    the    best    business 
schools  of    to-day  furnish    their    stu- 
dents.    This  will   lit  vou  to  be  useful 
at    once    on    entering   an    office,    and 
place  you  on  the  road  to  commercial 
success.     Hut  remember 

it"   I  angl  ilv  uttlde 

I    ll'-'    IIMtl    V.   Il<>    -tllllll-      A    lll|    :,l    In-    j.kl>l,l,<>   SPt 
I     lltll   i..i:i-l..|,   I.'ll,    lull,   Wlml    !■      ill.    , 

Anil  be  who  waits  tn  ha*  v  Ins  In    I.  hi  1 1  kill  nut 

Shall  ,li,  ami  leave  hi-  errand  undone." 


Cbe  Stenographer  Tn  Demand 

In  accordance  with  their  annual  custom, 
the  Remington  Typewriter  Company  have 
just  published  the  figures  concerning  the 
stenographers  placed  in  positions  through 
the  assistance  of  the  Remington  Employ- 
ment Departments  at  a  number  of  the  lead- 
ing cities  during  the  year  1903.  The  totals 
at  eight  of  the  leading  American  cities, 
together  \*  itli  the  aggregate  earnings  of  the 
operators  are  as  follows: 


Positions 

Aggregate 

Filled 

Karmngs 
per  Annum 

New    York 

7.7U5 

$5,889,312 

Chicago 

6,124 

3,871.868 

St.  Louis 

2,033 

1,152,480 

Philadelphia 

1,586 

824,772 

1,450 

781,092 

Kansas  City 

1,270 

707,448 

Pittsburg 

1,128 

621,540 

San  Francisco 

1,136 

755,508 

These  figures, 

which  greatly 

surpass  the 

aggregate  of  any 

previous  year 

show  clear- 

ly  the  present  magnitude  of  the  work  of  the 
Remington  Typewriter  Company  in  aid  of 
operators  and  users  of  the  writing  machine. 
The  Remington  Employment  Departments, 
it  should  be  noted,  are  conducted  in  connec- 
tion with  every  office  of  the  Remington 
Typewriter  Company.  These  offices  are 
located  in  upwards  of  eighty  cities  in  the 
United  States  and  Canada,  and  in  nearly  as 
many  cities  in  other  countries  throughout 
the  world.  In  London,  for  example,  the 
Remington  Employment  Department  in 
1903  aided  3,821  operators  to  secure  positions. 
In  every  country  these  services  are  render- 
ed without  charge  either  tn  the  operator  or 
the  employer. 

The  Remington  Employment  figures  for 
1903  afford  gratifying  evidence  that  the  de- 
maud  for  stenographic  help  is  still  on  the 
increase.  Especially  is  this  true  of  the 
thoroughly  competent  operators,  who  are 
not  only  experts  at  shorthand  and  type- 
writing, but  also  have  a  good  head  for  gen 
eral  busines.  For  stenographers  of  this  kind 
the  demand  will  never  outstrip  the  supply. 


PICTORIAL  POINTERS-Private  office  and  parlor  of  the  Long  Island  business  College, 
Brooklyn,  N.  Y„  Henry  C.  Wright,  President.  The  interior  finish  and  furnishings  are  of 
the  quiet  elegance  tlrat  is  everywhere  the  hall  mark  of  good  taste. 


**j  i  vc  fcj  vu  li  to  **  £  cUvcctW  r   ^ 


Cbc    fiiijb     School    (Commercial 
Course 

ARTHUR    II.    HOLMES,    DIRECTOR    COM'L 

DEPARTMENT,     SHORTRIDGE    HIGH 

SCHOOL.    INDIANAPOLIS,    IND. 

I  have  read  with  much  interest,  in 
the  December  number  of  The  Busi- 
ni-ss  Educator,  the  report  of  the 
Committee  of  Nine  in  regard  to  a 
high  school  commercial  course,  and 
the  accompanying  editorial  comment, 
together  with  the  criticism  by  Mr. 
C.  C.  Ramsay.  Perhaps  more  may  be 
gained  from  the  criticism  than  from 
the  report.  It  is  indeed  a  difficult 
thing  for  nine  men  to  agree  on  any 
extended  course  of  study ;  and  it 
is  hardly  probable  that  any  one  of 
the  nine  would  heartily  support  the 
suggested  course  in  its  entirety.  The 
committee,  however,  has  served  to 
give  prominence  to  the  question  as 
to  what  should  constitute  a  high 
school  commercial  course,  and  to 
give  direction  toward  a  much  needed 
solution. 

In  no  spirit  of  controversy,  but  in 
the  belief  that  more  individual  opin- 
ions may  be  of  value,  and  that  such 
opinions  are  strengthened  by  concrete 
illustration,  I  submit  some  ideas  on 
commercial  work  in  the  high  school, 
and  a  high  school  commercial  course. 

THE    EVIL     OF    "  SCATTERATION. " 

Most  instructors  will  admit  that  the 
complaint  of  lack  of  thoroughness  in 
school  work  is  not  without  cause. 
There  is  an  abnormal  number  of  high 
school  pupils  who  do  not  read  well, 
write  well,  spell  accurately;  and  who 
are  wholly  at  a  loss  when  confronted 
by  common  matters  of  business.  A 
main  purpose  of  the  commercial 
course  should  be  to  do  away  with 
such  defects.  Thus  far,  the  remedy 
most  frequently  applied  in  grade  and 
high  school  courses  has  been  an  in- 
crease of  subjects  with  a  resultant 
aggravation  of  the  disease.  Are  not 
Banking  and  Finance,  Auditing,  and 
an  excessive  amount  of  descriptive 
Commercial  Geography,  remedies  of 
this   nature  ? 

OBJECTS    OF    A    HIGH    SCHOOL   COMMER- 
CIAL   COURSE. 

We  should  question  ourselves  close- 
ly as  to  t'he  objects  of  a  commercial 
course,  and  then  do  what  we  can  to 
adapt  means  to  ends.  We  must  ex- 
pect a  wide  variance  of  opinions,  but 
opinions  are  needed. 

The  commercial  course  ought  to 
have  five  objects  in  view : 

1.  General  culture.  2.  Preparation 
for  citizenship.  3.  Preparation  for 
office  work.  4.  Preparation  for  busi- 
ness. 5.  Preparation  for  higher  com- 
mercial education.  Of  these,  the 
last  three  are  distinctive,  and  for  the 
greatest  good  of  the  greatest  number, 
the  third  and  fourth  require  special 
attention. 

The  question  resolves  itself  largely 
into  what  should  be  the  features  of  a 
commercial  course  to  make  it  a  fit 
preparation  for  office  work,  and  for  a 
successful  business  life.  I  should 
answer  in  part  that  decided  emphasis 
should  be  put  on  English,  Commer- 
cial   Arithmetic,    Commercial     Law, 


Penmanship,    Bookkeeping,     Short- 
hand, and  Typewriting. 

There  is  a  prejudice  against  com- 
mercial education  among  business 
men,  and  it  should  be  overcome. 
The  way  to  do  that  is  to  do  thorough 
work  along  essential  lines.  A  busi- 
ness man  does  not  expect  a  seventeen 
or  eighteen-year-old  boy  or  girl  to 
manage  his  business,  but  he  has  a 
right  to  expect  that  such  a  one  fresh 
from  a  high  school  commercial  course 
will  be  able  to  do  a  certain  amount 
and    kind  of  work  thoroughly. 

THE    PLACE    OK     BOOKKEEPING. 

The  question  that  now  arises  is : 
What  should  we,  who  have  had  ex- 
perience in  teaching  high  school 
pupils,  expect  as  the  result  of  a  four- 
year  commercial  course  ?  Surely  not 
professional  auditors,  bank  examin- 
ers, or  expert  accountants.  It  would 
be  as  reasonable  to  expect  competent 
lawyers  at  eighteen  years  of  age  as 
the  result  of  four  years'  general  and 
legal  training.  What  we  should  ex- 
pect is  that  our  few  best  pupils  will 
be  able  to    take    charge    of   ordinary 


ARTHUR    H.  HOLMHS. 


bookkeeping  work,  and  be  fairly  ex- 
pert typewriters  and  stenographers, 
and  that  our  many  second-best  will 
be  competent  assistant  bookkeepers, 
and  good  office  help  in  other  lines. 
To  accomplish  even  this  will  lequire 
more  Bookkeeping  than  is  provided 
for  in  the  report  of  the  Committe  of 
Nine.  There  should  be  at  least  four 
semesters  of  Bookkeeping,  and  that 
on  the  laboratory  plan,  with  double 
periods.  In  general,  Bookkeeping  is 
one  of  the  most  poorly-taught  sub- 
jects in  high  school  work.  Among 
other  reasons  for  this,  a  very  im- 
portant one  is  the  fact  that  the  com- 
mercial teacher  frequently  does  not 
have  time  to  correct  the  work  of  his 
pupils.  Commercial  work  needs  care- 
ful correction  as  much  as  does  work 
in  English  Composition.  There  is 
another  reason  for  thorough  super- 
vision. Bookkeeping  offers  peculiar 
temptations  and  opportunities  for 
dishonest  work.  It  is  but  little  short 
of  criminal  to  teach  Bookkeeping  in 
so  lax  a 'way  that  even  a  few  pupils 
can  copy  work,  or  stuff  trial  balances, 


and  receive  credit  for  their  dishon- 
esty. The  tendency  to  such  things 
should  be  noted  early,  and  checked 
if  possible.  If  persisted  in  by  any 
pupil,  he  should  be  dropped  from  the 
course  before  his  knowledge  is  great 
enough  to  be  especially  dangerous  to 
himself  or  to  others. 

ARRANGEMENT  OF    SUBJECTS. 

After  deciding  upon  the  essentials 
of  a  course,  our  next  duty  is  to  ar- 
range them  to  best  advantage.  In 
doing  this,  we  must  take  cognizance 
of  conditions  as  they  are,  and  are 
likely  to  remain,  although  we  may 
not  consider  them  ideal.  It  goes 
without  saying  that  we  should  be 
pleased  to  have  all  our  good  pupils 
complete  a  four-year  course,  but  it  is 
equally  true  that  we  cannot  expect 
all  of  them  to  do  so.  We  should, 
then,  adapt  ourselves  to  the  conditions 
by  offering  a  good  three-year  course 
with  a  certificate  at  the  end,  and,  at 
the  same  time,  should  reserve  attract- 
ive subjects  for  the  fourth  year.  A 
little  typewriting  in  the  third  year 
will  be'  good  for  all  who  take  it,  and 
will  furnish  an  incentive  for  many  to 
finish  the  course. 

The  work  in  Shorthand  and  Type- 
writing should  be  concentrated  as 
much  as  possible,  and  done  chiefly 
in  the  fourth  year.  Thorough  prepa- 
ration in  English  is  essential  to  these 
subjects,  and  in  addition  to  that, 
pupils  should  be  at  their  highest  effi- 
ciency in  those  lines  at  the  time  when 
they  leave  school. 

The  commercial  course  is  making 
a  place  for  itself  in  high  schools,  and 
should  proceed  discreetly.  If  a 
course  similar  to  the  one  given  below 
is  not  sufficiently  extensive,  other 
subjects  may  readily  be  added  when 
it  becomes  evident  that  they  are  nec- 
essary. First,  however,  let  those  of 
us  who  are  commercial  teachers  do 
our  work  in  such  a  manner  that  our 
fellow  teachers  may  profit  by  our  ex- 
ample, that  our  pupils  may  be  pre- 
pared for  what  is  ahead  of  them,  and 
that  business  men  may  have  confi- 
dence that  those  whom  we  recom- 
mend to  assist  them  will  not  have  to 
learn  everything  there  is  in  con- 
nection with  their  duties  after  having 
entered  upon  them. 

As  a  whole,  our  educational  system 
is  strained.  It  may  be  that  an  uudue 
influence  of  German  Universities  has 
caused  too  great  a  tension  on  our 
higher  institutions  of  _  learning;  in 
any  event,  our  Universities  and  Col- 
leges have  put  a  severe  strain  on  our 
high  schools,  and  they,  in  turn,  have 
put  some  of  the  stress  of  it  on  the 
grades.  The  result,  in  many  in- 
stances, is  an  attenuated,  unusable 
education.  While  the  opportunity  is 
ours,  shall  we  not  prevent  similar 
conditions  in  commercial  work? 

A      SUGGESTED     COMMERCIAL     COURSE. 
FIRST   YEAR. 

First   Half. 

English   5 

Bookkeeping  * 5 

Modern  Language  or  Algebra  I 5 

Penmanship  l  To  count   2  periods)     5 

Total    17 


^Jke&M*>irW^£d^&U>toF    & 


Second   Half. 

English        4 

Bookkeeping 5 

Modern  Language  or  Algebra  II...  5 
Commercial  Arithmetic 4 


Total 


18 


SECOND    YEAR. 


First   Half. 
Business  Spelling  and  Commercial 
English  '>r  Literature 5 

Corporation  and  Voucher  Account- 
ing  •■■■  5 

Modern  Language  or  Geometry  I...  5 
Commercial  Arithmetic 3 

Total IS 

Second    Half. 

English  Composition  and  Rhetoric.  5 

Business   Practice 5 

Modern  Language  orGeometry  II..  5 
( General  History  I  Selections) 3 


Total 


18 


THIRD    YEAR. 

First   Half. 
Correspondence  and  Advertising..  3 
Modern    Language    or    Physics    or 

Chemistry 5 

English  History 5 

Civics 5 

Total 18 

S,ni  nd    Half. 

Modern    Language    or    Physics    or 

Chemistry 5 

American  History 5 

Commercial  Law 5 

Typewriting  *   3 


Total 


IS 


Certificate  at  end  of  third  year;  di- 
ploma at  end  of  fourth. 

FOURTH   YEAR. 

First   Half. 

Commercial  Geography 5 

Typewriting 5 

Shorthand 5 

Industrial    History 3 

Total 18 

Second    Half. 

Shorthand  and  Typewriting 10 

Economics 5 

Review  ; 3 

Total 18 

'Bookkeeping  and  Typewriting  two    per- 
iods a  day  whenever  they  occur. 


Bylaws  of  the  American  Institution  of 
Commercial   Schools 

A  cop;  of  tin-  by-laws  of  the  American  In- 
stitution lias  been  sent  to  eacli  member  of 
the  National  Federation  of  Commercial 
Teachers,  and  also  to  each  member  of  the 
Eastern  Commercial  Teachers  Association, 
I  >-<l  :i1  t  he  Cincinnati  meeting  of  the 
|1  inn. 

Any  commercral  teacher  or  principal,  who 
is  not  a  member  of  either  of  these  organ- 
izations, can  secure  a  copy,  until  the  supply 
is  exhausted,  by  addressing  me  at  9  West 
(.eruian,  St.,  Baltimore,  Md. 

II.  M.    ROWS. 
Chairman  of  Committee. 


Mr.  W.  A.  Arnold,  Union  City,  Ind.,  the 
bearer  of  the  above  refined  physiognomy, 
is  a  Centennial  product,  having  been  born  in 
Union  City,  Ind.,  and  brought  up  on  a  farm 
in  Ohio.  He  began  his  professional  work  as 
a  country  school  teacher,  and  later  taking  a 
commercial  course  in  the  Greenville,  Ohio, 
Business  College.  In '96  he  graduated  from 
the  Zanerian,  and  taught  penmanship, 
bookkeeping,  and  arithmetic  in  the  Rich- 
mond, Ind.,  Business  College.  In  the  fall 
of  '97  he  entered  and  pursued  a  course  of 
study  in  the  higher  branches  in  the  Ohio 
Normal  University,  and  then  accepted  a 
position  in  the  business  department  of  the 
Falls  City,  Nebr  ,  High  School.  The  next 
year  lie  took  charge  of  the  business  depart- 
ment of  the  LeMars,  la.,  High  School,  re- 
maining three  years,  teaching  algebra  and 
political  economy,  and  at  times  supervising 
penmanship  in  the  grades. 

Mr.  Arnold  is  now  engaged  with  Supt.  A. 
H.  Bigelow,  of  LeMars,  in  getting  out  an 
"Arithmetic  of  Business,"  incorporating 
therein  the  best  methods  used  by  business 
men. 

Mr.  Arnold  is  a  quiet,  thorough,  unassum- 
ing Christian  gentleman.  Our  profession 
contains  no  more  conscientious,  progressive, 
faithful,  upright,  moral  teacher,  friend  of 
progress,  and  man. 

Mr.  Arnold  is  now  located  at  Philadelphia 
with  Temple  College. 


Chat    Hmcricati     Institution     of 
Commercial  Schools  Project. 

The  matter  of  organization  seems  to  be  in 
the  air.  It  permeates  almost  every  en- 
deavor; almost  every  calling,  trade  and 
profession.  Ours  is  no  exception  to  the 
rule.  In  Canada  they  know  what  it  is, 
and  in  Illinois.  The  fact  that  The  Ameri- 
can Institution  of  Commercial  Schools,  as 
created  on  paper  by  Mr.  H.  M.  Rowe,  Balti- 
more, Md.,is  being  suggested  and  discussed 
indicates  that  we  are  about  to  adopt  or 
accomplish  something  along  that  line  our 
selves.  Mr.  Rowe  believes  in  organization 
so  thoroughly  that  he  has  evolved  a  plan 
which  he  believed  should  be  discussed, 
rejected,  adopted,  modified,  amended  and 
done  with  whatever  an  enlightened,  pro- 
gressive, dignified  profession  deems  neces- 
sary. 

He  is  therefore  ready  and  willing  to  ex- 
plain, discuss  and  modify  that  which  he 
has  already  prepared.  It  is  no  one  man's 
work  and  no  two  men's  work,  as  he  believes, 
but  it  is  the  work  of  the  best  men  in  our 
profession  ;  it  is  a  matter  of  co-operation  or 


nothing.  Which  shall  it  be?  Gentlemen 
and  ladies  of  the  profession,  in  the  language 
of  the  latest  slang,  "  it  is  up  to  you  !  " 

The  question  is,  shall  we  have  an  institu- 
tion national  in  scope  and  character,  on  a 
par  with  other  universities,  devoted  to  the 
two  distinct  but  closely  related  objects  ; 
that  of  preparing,  examining,  and  certifi- 
cating of  teachers  for  the  profession  of  com- 
mercial teaching  ;  and  that  of  affiliation 
and  co-operation  of  commercial  schools  and 
standardizing  and  uniforming  the  courses 
of  study,  conductingthe  examinations,  and 
the  granting  of  diplomas  therein  ?  Shall  or 
shall  we  not  have  such  an  institution?  Is 
it  a  good  or  bad  thing?  Is  it  all  air,  or  has 
it  the  germs  of  endurance  and  the  better- 
ment of  commercial  education  and  thereby 
the  schools,  teachers,  and  pupils  engaged 
therin  ? 

We  are  free  to  confess  that  we  have  not  as 
yet  settled  its  merits  in  our  own  minds. 
We  are  free  to  say,  however,  that  it  appears 
to  us  to  be  a  good  thing.  What  do  you  say? 
This  much  for  the  present  ;  some  sort  of 
an  organization  or  institution  is  needed  to 
raise  the  standard  of  many  private  and  pub- 
lic institutions  of  commercial  education, 
and  courses  of  study  therein.  Something 
is  needed  to  unify,  uniform  and  dignify 
their  work.  Commercial  education  is  better 
than  is  generally  supposed  ;  collegiate  edu- 
cation is  poorer  than  is  generally  supposed. 
The  difference  in  true  worth  between  them 
is  less  than  is  generally  supposed.  The 
one  is  just  as  good,  if  rightly  graded, 
taught,  and  practiced,  as  the  other.  Liter- 
ary courses  need  to  be  abridged  ;  commer- 
cial courses  need  not  to  be  extended. 

Commercial  education  needs  to  be  digni- 
fied, popularized  and  extended.  Nothing 
will  do  so  much  for  this,  aside  from  honest 
teaching  and  dealing,  as  co-operation.  Are 
you  ready  for  it?  Do  you  want  it?  Or  do 
you  prefer  to  go  on  in  the  old  way?  Is  it 
good  enough  for  you  ?    Is  it  up-to-date  ? 

The  Eastern  Commercial  Teachers'  Asso- 
ciation Meeting,  Easter  time,  N.  Y.  City, 
will  be  a  good  place  to  air  your  views. 
Come  loaded  and  we  guarantee  there  will 
be  a  Rowe.  C.  P.  Z. 

eastern  Commercial  Ceacbers'    associ- 
ation announcement 

Plans  for  the  Easter  meeting  of  the 
Eastern  Commercial  Teachers  Association 
are  well  in  hand.  The  Executive  Board 
held  its  final  meeting  for  the  arrangement 
of  the  program  in  New  York,  January  23. 

Dr.  Charles  Davidson,  Inspector  of 
English  under  the  board  of  regent's,  Albany, 
N.  Y.,will  discuss  "English:  A  Factor  in 
the  Training  of  the  Business  Man"  in  one 
of  the  general  meetings,  and  other  gentle- 
men of  national  reputation  in  business  and 
educational  affairs  will  address  the  meet- 
ings. 

The  excellence  of  the  program  of  the 
various  sections  is  assured  in  the  fact  that 
Messrs.  Ranisdell  and  King  have  prepared 
the  program  for  the  business  section. 
Messrs.  Piatt  and  Kennedy  for  the  short- 
hand section,  and  Messrs.  Knight  and 
Laird  for  the  high  school  department. 

Owing  to  the  great  interest  aroused  in 
the  organization  of  the  American  Institu- 
tion of  Commercial  Schools  that  project 
will  doubtless  be  fully  explained  and  dis- 
cussed. The  keen  professional  interest 
that  has  lately  been  manifested  in  the 
interests  of  commercial  education  promises 
the  beginning  of  a  new  era  in  the  history  of 
commercial  education. 

Let  every  one  plan  to  be  present  and  take 
an  active  part  in  the  proceedings. 

Two  features  have  been  made  prominent: 
The  beginning  of  the  various  meetings  on 
time,  and  an  ample  allowance  of  time  for 
a  full  discussion  by  the  members  of  the 
various  papers  presented. 

H.  M.  Rowe,  Pres.  E.  C.  T.  A. 


THESE    CAPITALS    RECEIVED   THE    MOST    VOTES    AT   THE    RECENT    PENMANSHIP   ELECTION. 

Cbc  election  of  Capitals  is  Over  and  the  Successful  Candidates  Appear  Above. 

Election     The  election  passed  off  enthusiastically  and  quietly.    The  polls  were  at  times  crowded,  but  no  disorder  or  ballot  box  stuffing 
notes.        ensued.    Judges  were  allowed  to  go  out  to  their  meals  during  the  election.     The  cigars  have    been  conspicuous  by  their 
absence.    Tickets  were  scratched  from  start  to  finish ;  only  one  having  voted  the  Straight,  unscratched,  undemocratic  tickets 
Cbe  H.  B.  Lehman,  Chicago,  111.,  Kusiness  College,  guessed  the  greatest  number,  naming  IB  out  of  the  26.     W.  L.  Weaver,  McKin. 

Winners  ney,  Tex.,  Business  College;  J.  W.  Jones,  Augusta,  Me.,  Shaw  Business  College;  Pius  W.  Meinz,  College ville,  Minn.,  St. 
John's  Uninersity;  and  John  W.  Hough,  Wooster,  Ohio,  each  guessed  20  out  of  26.  Mr.  Lehman  has  therefore  been  awarded  a 
copy  of  the  book,  Zanerian  Script  Alphabets;  Mr.  Weaver,  a  cut  of  the  capitals;  and  Messrs.  Jones  and  Meinz  each  a  copy  of  Progress  of 
Peniyanship.  As  the  two  latter  gentlemen  had  posted  their  letters  on  the  same  day  we  concluded  to  award  each'the  third  prize.  Mr. 
Hough  posted  his  too  late  to  win.     Many  guessed  from  15  to  19;  a  goodly  number  mi9sed  more  than  they  guessed. 

Analysis  The  first/  received  all  of  the  votes  but  two.    The  second  /  must  therefore  be  a  jay.     Many  of  the  capitals  received  small 

OftbeUote        majorities,  the  1st,  2nd  and  :trd /, 's  being  nearly  a  tie.    Of  the  many  votes  cast,  but  few  voted  the  same.    Opinion  differed 
wonderfully.    The  capitals  selected  are  not  just  such  as  any  one  individual  would  like,  but  by  the  law  of  common  average 
they  received  the  greatest  number  of  votes,  some  by  very  small  majorities;  few  received  a  majority  of  all  the  votes  cast. 

next  So  many  asked  for  the  privilege  of  voting  on  the  small  letters,  that  we  are  now  preparing  a  plate  of  the  same  to  be  presented 

month       next  month  for  election.    The  interest  manifested  is  such  that  we  take  pleasure  in  attending  to  the  tabulating,  which  is  no 
small  task  for  busy  editors,  but  we  want  to  know  these  things  as  well  as  you  do. 


THESE    CAPITALS    RECEIVED    THE    SECOND    LARGEST   VOTE    AT   THE    RECENT    PENMANSHIP    ELECTION. 


PROFESSIONAL  PENMANSHIP  PRACTICE  FOR  PROSPECTIVE  PENMEN,  BY  MR.  E.   M.  BARLER,  CHEROKEE,  TEXAS. 

To  acquire  and  execute  this  class  of  work,  use  an  oblique  holder  and  medium  pen.  Write  freely  but  not  rapidly— deliberately. 
Sureness,  grace  and  accuracy  is  the  thing  desired.  Watch  down  strokes  carefully  to  keep  them  straight  and  uniform  in  slant.  The  up 
strokes  need  to  be  curved  but  very  little,  the  turns  should  be  short,  and  the  angles  open  and  unretraced.  Let  the  elbows  serve  as  the 
center  of  motion,  and  the  littie  finger  as  the  center  of  control.  See  clearly,  think  definitely,  and  act  carefully.  Patience,  criticism,  and 
perseverance  will  win. 


Wessons  in 

VLpto&ak  Business  £ 

>enmansfyip 

BY 

L/.  C3</c^o^-^z>^^2^?/' 

TROY,  N.  Y. 

Ulbat  Style  ? 

The  greater  portion  of  the  writing  of  the  world  is  today  done  in  books,  the  type-writer  having  relieved  us  of  much  of  this  labor  along 
the  line  of  correspondence.  This,  however,  does  not  mean  that  less  writing  is  being  done,  for,  on  the  contrary,  there  is  probably  more 
lone  now  than  ever  before.  Skillful,  up-to-date  accounting  demands  a  style  that  is  small,  compact  and  intensely  plain.  Ledgers  and  riles 
ire  ruled  narrower  than  ever  before,  thus  requiring  smaller  capitals  and  loop  letters.  Plainness  is  dependent  upon  contrast  in  form  (n's 
inlike  a's  and  o'b  unlike  a's),  while  this  difference  in  letters  requires  a  distinction  between  turn  and  angle,  loop  and  retrace,  oval  and 
iemi-oval.  Small  writing,  wherein  these  distinctions  are  pronounced,  is  quite  as  legible  as  a  larger  hand  and  far  less  laborious  in  execu. 
ion.  The  'ild  style,  shaded  capitals  with  their  difficult  stems  and  flourished  endings,  are,  as  is  the  bicycle,  a  thing  of  the  past,  and  he 
.vho  would  guide  his  pen  in  auto  fashion  must  seek  the  road  that  is  free  from  obstructions,— the  road  of  simplicity.  Adopt  then,  a  style 
hat  is  applicable  to  present  demands,  and  one  that  you  can  utilize  under  favorable  or  unfavorableconditions.  You  are  today  developing 
j  hand  writing  that  will  probably  remain  with  you  through  life,  at  least  as  concerns  style.  Mould  it  carefully,  then,  and  mould  it  in 
lp-to-date,  twentieth-century  fashion. 


Plate  So. 

Be  sure  that  you  see  clearly  and  detinitely  the  form  of  the  letters  before  attempting  to  make  them.  You  should  not  only  learn  the 
form  in  general,  but  you  ought  to  investigate  it  in  detail.  Notice  where  the  strokes  commence  and  how  they  terminate.  This  style  of  the 
A  Ls  used  by  a  great  majority  of  our  practical  writers,  and  is,  in  truth,  about  as  simple  as  the  form  can  be  made.  The  ending  stroke  is  a 
■-li^lii  compound  curve  and  can  be  brought  a  little  below  the  base  line.  Keep  the  loop  in  the  center  small.  Watch  closely  all  the  time  for 
errors,  fin  self  criticism  is  the  most  valuable  kind.  Do  your  best  on  the  sentence  and  words,  striving  all  the  time  for  uniformity  and 
smoothness  as  concerns  size,  slant  and  spacing. 


Plate    51. 


Th 


ercise  at  the  beginning  of  line  1  will  serve  to  develop  a  swing  that  can  be  employed  to  advantage  in  making  the  S. 

ig  the  letter  curve  the  first  stroke  well,  and  twist  the  down  stroke,  carrying  the  final  dot  well  to  the  left.    Make  the  letter  quickly 

in  order  to  give  the  top  loop  considerable  body.     Be  careful  as  to  how  and  where  you  end  it,  and  then  it  will  not  resemble  any  other  letter. 

-il  scan  l»-  worked  on  here  to  advantage,  as  the  ending  resembles  in  form  that  of  the  capital.     The  style  given  in  line  B  is  also  a 

good  one.  yel  there  is  more  to  it  and  consequently  harder  to  master.     However,  if  you  have  always  used  it  and  can  make  it  successfully, 

there  i-  no  reason  why  yon  should  \u\  ii  aside. 


Mhc&Wthtw^&dAAOtAbvr   #» 


Plate  52. 

The  G  demands  muchthe  same  movement  as  the  .V,  only  more  of  it.  Keep  the  crossing  low  and  make  a  good  sharp  point  on  the  right 
The  letter  is  ended  the  same  as  the  S.  Write  the  word  Gaining  in  line  2  with  a  free,  light,  rolling,  movment.  That  means  that  you 
should  write  it  gracefully  and  with  as  little  effort  as  possible.  Grace  in  writing  is  the  result  of  artistic  ideas  and  nimble,  skillful  move- 
ments. Reserve  skill  is  valuable  in  this  work  as  in  any  other,  for  he  who  can  do  his  work  better  than  is  required  is  seldom  out  of  employ- 
ment. 


Plate  53. 

He  who  can  write  freely  and  without  much  labor  seldom  has  trouble  in  writing  rapidly  when  occasion  demands  it.  Freedom  is  on  a 
ar  with  legibility,  at  least  as  concerns  usefulness.  Write  and  practice  them  at  all  times  with  as  little  labor  as  possible.  The  easier  you 
do  your  writing  the  less  muscular  energy  employed,  and  consequently  the  better  you  will  feel  when  it  is  completed.  Yes,  now- isthe  time 
to  gain  freedom  as  well  as  form,  for  bye  and  bye  may  be  too  late. 


The  style  of  L  given  in  line  1  starts  much  the  same  as  the  ,S'  and  G  only  a  little  above  the  base  line.  It  does,  however,  demand  the 
same  graceful  movement.  Keep  the  loop  on  the  base  line  small  and  flat,  and  do  not  make  the  ending  stroke  too  long.  The  style  in  line  2 
is  simple  and  plain  and  makes  a  good  form  to  master.    Select  the  one  you  like  and  develop  it  carefully. 


Plate  55. 

Here  are  two  extremes  as  concerns  size,  yet  both  are  useful  at  times.     Large  writing  is  demanded  often  in  various  lines  of  work, 
serves,  too,  as  a  good  movement  exercise,  and  reveals  errors  in  form  that  are  seldom  noticed  in  smaller  work.     The  small  hand,  too, 
valuable  when  much  has  to  be  written  in  limited  space.    Try  both,  then,  heeding  the  usual  rules  regarding  uniformity. 


<=^^^z^ 


Plate  56. 
To  make  a  good  alphabet  one  must  be  able  to- make  each  capital  well.  Sureness  is  demanded  as  well  as  skill,  for  here  is  where  we 
ha\  e  onlj  one  i  rial  on  each  form.  The  styles  presented  are  those  given  throughout  the  past,  and  are  good  ones  to  adopt.  It  would  be  a 
difficult  matter  to  simplify  them  without  seriously  interfering  with  legibility.  Page  practice  on  alphabet  work  is  good  to  develop  confl- 
dence,  foi  the  Changing  from  one  form  to  another  demands  it.  Complete  each  alphabet  you  start  even  though  you  occasionally  make  a 
poor  letter.    Keep  the  spacing  uniform  between  the  letters. 


tf  j&  <2>  z^  &  f 


2.  J  zsjr  6 '  y  s>  f  & 
2.  J  4s  ^r  6  7  <r  ft? 


*  z 


To  know  form  thoroughly  one  must  divide  each  letter  into  sections  and  then  examine  the  parts  closely  to  see  what  lines  are  neces- 
ry  for  their  formation.  This  is  what  is  meant  by  studying  details  closely.  The  wording  in  this  plate  will  serve  well  as  material  for  body 
iting.    Write  small  rather  than  large,  and  see  how  easily  and  lightly  you  can  get  from  left  to  right. 


Criticisms. 

I  .  I  ,  <  Specimen  tiled.  You  can  do  well.  While  practice  work  was  neat  and  good  throughout,  some  of  your  capitals  would  stand 
more  arm  movement.     Don't  shade  down  strokes.    Practice  more  on  extremely  wide  spacing  in  small  letter  work.    Send  again. 

( ..  \\  R.  Specimens  received.  Your  writing  reveals  many  good  points.  It  is  Btrong  and  free,  and  for  commercial  purposes  it  ought 
to  ser\  e  you  well.     I  like  it.    Student's  exercise  was  good. 

I.'K.  S.,  Baltimore.     Work  is  improving.    Small  r  and  s  need  attention.     Don't  shade  your  business  writing. 

Blank,  Wis.  Watch  form  of  each  small  letter  closely.  You  need  now  to  study  more  and  practice  less,  as  all  your  work  reveals  plenty 
of  freedom.     Aim  for  uniformity  in  slant. 

S,    \.  M-  r.     Your  writing  is  too  large  throughout.    Make  small  n  and  a  entirely  different.    Study  and  criticise  more. 

W.  J.  F.     You  arc  on  the  right  road.     Wound  the  turns  in  all  small  letter  work  and  you  will  do  still  better. 

E.  V.  You  can  improve  your  work  by  paying  more  attention  to  the  separate  forms.  I  think  you  write  too  fast.  No,  work  does  not 
slant  too  much.    Send  aj  ain 

Taylor,    G I,  clean,  accurate  work.    The  type  of  practice  that  pays.    No  suggestions. 

W.  M.  F.     Looks  need  attention  and  study,     Final  strokes  appear  careless  in  many  words.    ?aud  R  too  broad  for  height.     Keep  at  it 

II  B,  B.     Youi  work,  as  ;i  whole,  is  good.     I  would  suggest  better  paper  and  coarser  pen.     Write  smaller. 

L.  ( ;.  B.     Small,  plain,  tin  flourished  writing  would  serve  you  far  better  than  the  style  you  write.    Shading  and  flourishing  have  their 
and  place. but  it  is  uot  m  the  realm  oi  serviceable  writing. 


&HQfo\AJ*it\>vbb&d**ti*tur   #> 


A.  B.  C. — December  work  best  yet.    No  general  criticism.    Hope  you  are  well  again. 

T.  C.  B.  — You  can  improve  your  writing  by  proper  training  and  practice.  You  should,  however,  develop  a  certain  degree  of 
freedom  before  attempting  the  more  difficult  forms.     Look  up  September  lesson. 

S.  C.  K.  — Yes,  loops  are  too  large,  especially  too  high.  Your  work  in  general  is  quite  good,  and  no  doubt  you  have  ability. 
Send  me  more. 

B.  J.  D.— Do  not  allow  side  of  hand  to  rest  on  paper.  This  is,  no  doubt,  the  reason  why  you  cannot  succeed  on  wide  spacing  exercises. 
The  batch  of  cards  for  best  work  on  Plate  15  goes  to  Mr.  J.  Austin  Brooks,  of  St.  Joseph,  Mo. 


Wessons  in  Practical  Business  EDriting 


<fi 


'_^z£-#L^O-  _^yV^<^elLl^>~r-zy- 


Students'  practi, 


CAVANAUUH  COMMERCIAL  COLLEGE,  NEW  BRITAIN,  CONN. 

in  these  columns  free  of  charge.    Specimens  should  be  sent  to  Miss  Hudson,  New  Brita 


bltn.,  by  the  fifth  of  each  month. 


Cessen  10. 

"To  give  ourselves  a  reasonable  prospect  of  success  we  must  realize  what  we  hope  to  achieve,  and  then  make  the  most  of  our  oppor- 
tunities, of  these  the  use  of  time  is  one  of  the  most  important.  '  What  have  we  to  do  with  time,'  asks  Oliver  Wendell  Holmes, '  but  to 
till  it  up  with  labor."  '    "  Pleasures  of  Life,"  by  Sir  John  Lubbock. 


Plate  3? 


cCzL^^L^LS 


<^£^z^z^~z?~^y  i 


Plate  37. 


"^-Zjt^e?-~^c^2-<7, 


1.  Common  salutations.  Notice  the  punctuation.  There  is  a  wide  difference  of  opinion  in  regard  to  what  marks  should  be  used 
emi  colon,  colon,  colon  and  dash,  comma  or  comma  and  dash.  Many  of  the  recent  authorities  of  business  correspondence  prefer  the  one 
used  in  the  plate. 

4.  No  period  after  th  but  one  after  inst.  Why?  Because  14  stands  for  fourteen  ;  if  we  were  to  write  fourteenth,  we  would  add  but 
the  th  with  no  period  ;  hence,  14th  is  not  an  abbreviation  and  does  not  require  a  period.    luat.  is,  (for  instant),  therefore,  it  does. 

5.  Commas  are  always  used  after  formal  closings. 


P/a-te  jf 


\\*\^ 


<^&*J>\£ZX 


/f<?z. 


&/~-ZZ^/-£S 


s^^b-cx^Y  ^/-&  -^^L^  c^-^^-e^y  a-f 


1.     11  is  well  to  become  familiar  with  forms  of  buaii 
sharp  angle  at  the  bottom  of  the  et  cetera  abbreviation. 


Plate  38. 

paper.    3.    Noti 


■  ftheC's.    5.    Also,  of  if,  H  : 


3K&  4&ubiri?e&>  £fclu,wcvWr  & 


^X6^\ 


^ 


/,  /^^^ 


S^/y^^^U^^fi 


'^L^OOfrt 


Plate  39. 

Watch  the  strength  of  line  your  pen  is  giving.    Do  not  write  with  a  much-worn  pen  as  it  will  tend  to  put  you  back  in  your  writing. 
5.    Cultivate  a  free  movement  so  that  you  can  swing  easily  from  /  toy. 


^u&v^. 


//y^<Z^ 


'2~  ^/<#J<h4 


^W^^^^^  /f*2~.  ^^^tJLy 


-  ^t^T-T^t^i^d^-     6lsi-  &  % 


This  is  as  important  as  any  of  the  Business  FY 


^Z^C^d^tJ 


Plate  40. 

istom  does  not  der 


pr 


ited  outline  so  much  as  for  drafts  and  notes 


Briticisms. 

W.  K.  D.  Vmir  work  is  generally  good  and  the  final  curves  are  excellent.  The  double  curve  between  i  and 
noticed.  Keep  the  base  line  even.  Make  the  down  strokes  of  initial  loop  of  the  N,  with  a  curve  rather  than  a  straight  1 
upon  the  A  and  0,  alternately,  the  R  and  K,  the    H  and  A',  noticing  the  points  in  which  they  are  alike  and  unlike. 

C.  C.  K.  C.  —  The  work  sent  is  excellent  and  formation  of  letters  is  tpuite  exact.  It  is  better,  however,  to  do  a^ 
shading  in  business  writing.  Some  of  the  words  seem  to  be  written  with  finger  movement,  hence,  lacking  a  certain  ami 
In  using  the  A  without  the  crossing,  be  careful  to  bring  the  second  up-stroke  on  the  same  line  as  first  down-stroke,  eh 
will  be  an  angular  b. 

E.  A.  — Am  glad  the  diagram  was  satisfactory.  To  judge  from  your 
Make  more  of  the  "stops"  at  all  angles  and  at  base  line.  Notice  the 
straight  downstrokes,  keeping  the  r  and  vS  a  trifle  higher  than  minimu 
will  improve, 

E.  B.  C  —  The  figures  should  be  small,  as  the  ledger  rulings  are  generally  narrow  spaced.    Keep  unifo 

T.  C.  O.  — I  consider  three-quarters  of  a  space  the  proper  height   for  business  writing.     However,  spacii 
cash  book  might  be  narrow,  and  then  the  height  would  decrease  to  one-half  space. 


ork,  you  write  too  rapidly  for  your  own  progress  at  present. 
linor  details  of  writing  such  as  curves  in  upstrokes  and 
letters.       Learn   to  be  a  harsh    critic  of    your  work  and  you 


slant  as  for  letters. 
:>f  lines  in  journal  ar 


..rfrfS^ft 


^^^, 


Specimens 

Received 


From  The  Pittsburg  Times,  we  learn 
that  Mr.  II.  G.  Burtner.  of  the  High  School 
of  that  city,  recently  engrossed  a  very 
elaborate  mexnoriam  album,  which  is  to  be 

E  resented    to    the    family    of    Mr.    John    S. 
ambie.     The  same  was  bound  in  seal,  12  by 


14  inches  in  size,  with  black  watered  silk 
inside  covers  and  pages. 

-  Mr.  H.  B.  Slater,  Albany,  N.  Y.,  favored  us 
with  a  few  well  written  cards,  indicating 
that  he  swings  something  more  than  a 
mere  business  pen. 

Mr.  K.  F.  Kennedy,  principal  commercial 
department,  Wed  River  Vallev  University, 
Wahpeton,  N.  D.,  favored  this  office  with  "a 
bunch  of  specimens  of  writing  by  the 
students  under  his  charge  and  we  must 
say  that  they  are  among  the  best  we  have 
had  the  pleasure  of  examining  for  some 
time.  Some  of  the  specimens  showing 
unusual  excellence  are  the  following:  Mil- 
dred Parizek,  William  Anderson,  Willie 
Heley,  Jessie  Forkert  and  W.  Parizek. 


Mr.W.  McBee,  the  card  writer  of  Pittsburg, 
Pa.,  favored  us  with  some  of  his  artistic 
penmanship  on  colored  cards,  indicating 
skill,  grace,  and  beauty  in  abundance. 

G.  M.  FVozzard,  pupil  of  W.  L.  Brown,  pen- 
man in  the  Shaw  Business  College,  Port- 
land, Me.,  writes  a  good  business  hand,  as 
evidenced  by  a  speciman  recently  received. 

Mr.  G.  E.  Miller,  Penman  in  Watter's 
Business  College,  Cincinnati,  Ohio,  favored 
us  with  some  specimens  of  student's  work, 
which  show  unusual  ability  and  improve- 
ment. He  also  enclosed  some  cards  of  his 
own,  which  indicate  that  he  swings  a  grace- 
ful pen.  The  business  letter  before  us, 
enclosing  subscriptions,  is  a  model  of  neat- 
ness am!  practicability. 


This  is  unusually  fine  penmanship.  Miss  Edwards  could  become  a  per 
to  be  congratulated  upon  the  evcellence  therein.  Miss  E.  is  a  pupil,  and  Mr. 
Cincinnati,  Ohio. 


of  exceptional    skill.    She,  as  well   as  Mr.  Tate,  are 
Tate  is  a  teacher,  in  Bartlett  Commercial  College, 


We  recently  enjoyed  the  pleasure  of  ex- 
amining some  of  the  writing  done  by  the 
students  of  Sadler's  Business  College,  Bal- 
timore, Md.,  during  their  contest  for  the 
medals,  a  notice  of  which  appeared  in  the 
February  number  of  The  Business  Eur 
CATOR.  We  now  wish  to  say  that  these 
specimens  reflect  great  credit,  not  only 
upon  the  students,  but  upon  the  teacher, 
Mr.  C.  C.  Lister,  as  well.  We  do  not  know 
whom  to  compliment  the  most  and  there- 
fore extend  congratulations  to  all  con- 
cerned, including  jolly  Mr.  Sadler,  who  has 
the  Price  (C.  G.)  and  who  does  not  spare  it 
in  the  selection  and  retention  of  high-grade, 
;  of  penmanship,  as  well  as 
nercial  branches. 


be  mentioned  the  following:  Virginia 
Keed.Chas.  J.  Schaefer,  lacob  Kiess,  Gus- 
tave  Prinz.  Arthur  Schmid,  Lena  Brosch, 
Bessie  Colligan,  E.  T.  Lense.May  Dieterlen, 


skillful  teacher., 
of  the  other  conn 


Mr.  C.  K.  Tate,  penman  at  Bartlett's  C 
nercial  College,  Cincinnati,  Ohio,  recer 
ayored  us  with  quite  a  large  bundle 
tudents  writing,  indicating,  without  dot 
hat  he  is  gettingpractical  results.  Am 
hose  whose  work  is  particularly  good    i 


TT^ls, 


Vm.   A.   Biddle.  Ev 

i  Wells,  Nellie  Keele 

ilmer    A.    Schard. 

\\  e   congratulate    M 

ate  as   well  as  tin 

•  pupils   under    his    i 

truction. 

Rapid,  practical  business  penmanship  by  A.  J.  Karlen,  Vilas,  S.  D. 


{-Of-o^ZcO 


Edna   Bow 

lege,  Fergus,  Fail 


the  form  of  movement  e 
pupil  of  O.  T.  Johnston,  Darling 


^Hvc  f^u^uvc^£clw£uXcr   & 


Supplementary  practice  for  Stubents  of  practical  IDriting. 


195  Grand  Avenue. 


/A^^C^C£>^7~\  Rochester,  N.  Y. 


^z/^L£^/VWs4ri/-€s1^V£s? 


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Proaram     Eastern     Commercial 
Ceacbcrs'  Association 

Hnnual  meeting  march   31,   Hpril  I  and 

2,  at  new  York  University  School  of 

Commerce,  Recounts  and  Finance, 

32  Ulaverly  Place,  new  York 

eity 

"  Come  let  us  reason  together," 

THURSDAY,  10:30  A.  M. 

General  Meeting. 

1.  Assembly  and  Registration  of  Mem- 
bers, 10:30  to  11:00  A.  M. 

2.  Address  of  Welcome,  Dr.  Joseph 
French  Johnson,  Dean  of  School  of  Com- 
merce, Accounts  and  Finance.    11:00  A.M. 

3.  President's  Address. 

4.  Announcements  and  Appointment  of 
Committees. 

Luncheon.  12:00  M. 
BUSINESS  SECTION,  2:00  P.  M. 

1.  "School  Discipline,"  E.  H.  Norman, 
President  Baltimore  Business  College, 
Baltimore,  Md. 

2.  'Business  Ethics:  Their  Place  in  a 
Course  of  Commercial  Training,"  O.  C. 
Dorney,  President  American  Business  Col- 
lege, Allentown,  Pa. 

Discussion. 

3.  "Business  Writing":  A  Round  Table 
discussion  of  practical  methods  —  T.  J. 
Risinger,  School  of  Commerce,  Utica.N.  Y. ; 
E.  E.  Childs.  Childs'  Business  College, 
Pawtucket,  R.  I.  To  be  followed  by  general 
discussion. 

Members  participating  will  be  gov- 
erned  bv  Sections  3,  4,  5  and  (1,  Article 
II,  of  the  By-Laws. 

SHORTHAND  SECTION,  2:00  P.  M. 

1.  "  How  to  Change  From  One  Typewriter 
Keyboard  to  Another,"  J.  Clifford  Kennedy, 
Underwood  Typewriter  Co.,  Chicago,  111. 

2.  "  I'seof  the  Phonograph  for  Dictation," 
J.  M.  Kimball,  New  York  City. 

3.  "The  Best  Method  for'Taking  Care  of 
Shorthand  Students  Who  Enter  at  Fre- 
quent Intervals:  Class  vs.  Individual  In- 
struction."   (Not  yet  assigned.) 

Round  Table  Discussion. 

Members  participating  will  be  gov- 
erned bj-  Sections  3,  4,  5  and  (i,  Article 
II,  of  the  By-Laws. 

HKiH   SCHOOL  SECTION,  2:00  P.N. 

1.  "Compare  Advantages  of  Class  and 
Individual  Instruction  in  a  High  School 
Commercial  Course,"  L.  M.  Thornburg, 
Commercial  Teacher  High  School,  Passaic, 
N.J. 

2.  "  The  Card  System  as  Applied  to  Class 
Instruction,"  F.  A.  Tibbets,  Commercial 
Teacher  Hope  St.  High  School,  Providence, 
R.  I. 

3.  "How  Can  Better  Writing  Be  Secured 
in  Grammar  Grades  ?"  —  H.  W.  Patten, 
Commercial  Teacher  High  School,  Philadel- 
phia, Pa. 

Round  Table  Discussion.   (Question  Box.) 
?Iembers    Participating    will    be   gov- 
erned by  Sections  3,  4,  5  and  6,  Article 
II,  of  the  By-Laws. 

FRIDAY,  10:30  A.  M. 

General   Meeting. 

1.  -'English:  A  Factor  in  the  Training  of 
a  Business  Man."  Dr.  Charles  Davidson, 
Inspector  of  English  of  the  1'niversity  of 
the  State  of  New  York.  Albany. 

2.  "  Economics  as  a  Study  in  Commercial 
Schools,"  Dr.  Cheesman  A.  Herrick,  Direc- 
tor School  of  Commerce,  Central  High 
School,  Philadelphia,  Pa. 

3.  "Wherein  the  Commercial  Teacher 
Fails  to  Prepare  the  Student  for  Actual 
Office  Work."  A.  R.  Haskin,  Auditor  Amer- 
ican Cigar  Co.,  New  York  City. 

Luncheon,  12:00  M. 

BUSINESS  SECTION,  2  P.  K. 

1.  "  How  Customs  Duties  are  Determined: 
Methods  of  Calculation,"  E.  M.  Barber, 
Office  of  Appraiser  of  Merchandise,  LT.  S. 
Customs  Service,  New  York  City. 

2.  "What  is  the  Truth  as  to  the  Time 
Actually  Required  to  Thoroughly  Prepare 
an  Average  Shorthand  Student  a  Commer- 
cial Student?  Are  the  Facts  Truthfully 
Set  Forth  in  our  Announcements  ?  "  —  John 
J.  Eagan,  President  Eagan  School  of  Busi- 
ness, Hoboken,  N.  J. 

Discussion, 


3.  "  How  May  Commercial  Teachers  Be 
Better  Qualified  ?"  — S.  McVeigh,  Bliss 
Business  College,  North  Adams.  Mass. 

4.  Round  Table  Discussion:  Query, "The 
Theory  of  Debit  and  Credit -I'pon  What  is 
it  Based?"  Query.  "  How  to  Conduct  Busi- 
ness Practice  Between  Students."  Query, 
"Commercial  Arithmetic  -What  Topics 
Should  Be  Included  in  an  Average  Busi- 
ness Course?  What  Topics  May  be 
Dropped?"  Query,  "How  May  Accuracy 
and  Rapidity  in  Handling  Figures  be  Se- 
cured to  Students?" 

SHORTHAND  SECTION,  2  P.  M. 

1.  "  Exhibition  of  Class  Instruction  in 
Shorthand  with  Class  Drill,"  Miss  E.  G. 
Simpson,  Wood's  Business  College,  New- 
ark, N.  J. 

2.  "How  and  to  What  Extent  Can  En- 
glish  be  Correlated  with  the  Teaching  of 
Shorthand  During  the  Daily  Period  De- 
voted to  Shorthand  Instruction?"  :  Not 
yet  assigned.) 

3.  "Cultivation  of  the  Observing  and 
Discriminating  Faculties  Effected  by  the 
Studv  of  Shorthand."  Parke  Schock,  Phil 
adelphia,  Pa. 

4.  Round  Table  Discussion.    Query. 

HIGH  SCHOOL  SECTION,  2:00  P.  M. 

1.  "  Home  Work  for  Advanced  Students 
in  Shorthand  in  High  Schools,"  E.  M.  Wil- 
liams, Commercial  Teacher  Morris  High 
School,  New  York. 

2.  "A  Practical  Course  of  English  in 
Commercial  Courses  in  High  Schools." 
(Not  yet  assigned.) 

Discussion. 

3.  Round  Table  Discussion:  Query, 
"Can  Business  Practice  be  Successfully 
Conducted  in  High  School  Commercial 
Courses?"  Query,  "To  What  Extent  Can 
English  be  Taught  in  Connection  with 
Business  Correspondence?"  Query,  "To 
What  Extent,  if  Any.  Have  Government 
Reports  Been  Used  in  Teaching  Commer- 
cial Geography  in  High  Schools?"  Query, 
"What  are  the  <  >bstacles  in  the  Way  of 
Conducting  Commercial  Courses  on  a  Par 
with  Other  Courses  in  High  Schools?"      • 


Mr.  H.  G.  Yocum,  Massillon,  ()..  whose 
features  are  shadowed  above,  was  born  and 
raised  on  a  farm  near  St.  Louis,  Mo.  At  the 
age  of  eighteen,  he  attended  Central  Wes- 
leyan  College,  Warrentown,  Mo.,  and  Hter 
took  post-graduate  commercial  courses  in 
Bixler  College,  Wooster,  Ohio,  Southwest- 
ern Business  College,  St.  Louis,  Mir.,  and 
Gem  City  Business  College,  Quincy,  111.  He 
received  instruction  in  penmanship  from 
Frehardt,  Bixler,  Tamblyn,  and  Behrens- 
meyer.  He  has  been  engaged  in  business 
college  work  but  ten  years,  and  at  the  pres- 
ent time  is  president  of  five  prosperous 
schools  located  at  Coshocton,  Findlay, 
Wooster,  Massillon,  and  New  Philadelphia, 
Ohio. 

Mr.  Yocum  is  a  hustler  and  a  success,  if  we 
may  judge  from  what  we  see  and  hear,  and 
from  our  dealings  with  him. 


SATURDAY,  10:30  A.  M. 
General  Meeting. 

1.  "The  Pedagogical  Value  of  the  Com- 
mercial Branches,"  W.N.  Ferris, President 
Ferris  Institute,  Big  Rapids,  Mich.  (Not 
certain.) 

Discussion. 

2.  "Commercial  Geography  as  a  Prac- 
tical A  id  to  the  Business  Man:  The  Use  nf 
Government  Reports  in  Teaching,"  J.  J 
MacFarlane,  A.  M.,  Librarian  Philadelphia 
Commercial  Museum. 

3.  "The  Personality  of  the  Teacher  as  a 
Factor  in  Education,"  Robert  C.  Spencer, 
President  Spencerian  Business  College, 
Milwaukee,  Wis.    (Not  certain.) 

Discussion. 

4.  Round  Table  Discussion:  Query, 
"  How  Can  Standards  of  Commercial 
Schools  be  Raised  ?"  Query, "What  Have 
Been  the  Results  from  State  Supervision 
of  Private  Commercial  Schools  in  New  York 
State?"  Query,  "  Should  Such  Subjects  as 
the  History  of  Commerce,  Business  Cus- 
toms, Business  Ethics,  Commercial  Geog- 
raphy, English,  etc.,  be  Included  in  School 
Catalogues  When  No  Regular  Courses  of 
Study  in  them  are  Conducted  ?" 

2:00  P.  M. 

General  Meeting. 

1.  Reports  of  Committees. 

2.  Election  of  Officers. 

3.  Selection  of  Place  of  Meeting. 

Adjournment. 

[The  above  program  is  certainly  a  very 
meaty  one  and  deserves  a  large  attendance. 
President  Rowe  did  not  let  the  fire  interfere 
with  his  labors  in  behalf  of  the  Association. 
and  you  should  show  vour  appreciation  by 
attending  and  taking  part.— EDITOR.] 


Sympathy  and  Ulell  Wishes 

The  recent  great  fire  which  visited  the 
city  of  Baltimore  included  in  its  destruc- 
tion all  of  the  business  schools  of  that  city. 
However,  all  were  located  again  within  a 
week  notwithstanding  so  many  large  build- 
ings were  burned  and  there  was  almost 
a  panic  for  all  available  space.  Our 
thoughts  have  been  with  our  co-workers 
many  times,  and  we  know  that  the  entire 
profession  sympathizes  with  them  in  their 
great  loss.  The  same  courage  that  has 
caused  these  people  to  build  their  schools 
and  maintain  them  when  business  educa- 
tion was  less  popular,  will,  we  are  sure, 
help  them  to  rebuild  their  institutions  in 
the  wake  of  this  disastrous  fire. 

The  Sadler-Rowe  Publishing  Co.,  with 
true  courage  and  enterprise,  are  publishing 
their  books  in  other  cities,  and  endeavoring 
by  so  doing  to  discommode  their  patrons 
as  little  as  possible.  And  who  is  there  who 
would  not  be  willing  to  discommode  them- 
selves to  favor  those  who  need  it  in  the 
days  of  reconstruction. 

Our  sincerest  sympathy  and  well  wishes 
to  our  professional  brethren   of  Baltimore. 


M  Card 

We  desire  to  express  our  keen  apprecia- 
tion of  the  kind  words  and  sympathy 
which  have  come  to  us  by  wire  and  letter 
from  our  business  and  personal  friends 
everywhere.  Under  the  circumstances,  it 
is  impossible  for  us  to  reply  to  these  com- 
munications by  letter  as  our  minds  and 
hearts  would  dictate;  therefore,  we  take 
this  means  of  acknowledging  our  indebted- 
ness and  appreciation. 

We  can  only  state  that  our  temporary 
difficulties  are  almost  wiped  out  in  our 
grateful  realization  of  the  solicitude  of  our 
friends.  W.  H.  SADLER, 

II.    M.    k'oUK 


^heJ£vUlrv4^d£eU*&a?tor   <$> 


Scrmoncts  or  Supplementary  Copies  by  Francis  8.  Courtney.    Comment  by  C.  P.  Zaner. 


TZ^c^t?^  ^^^^^^<^^^ 


These  same  voting  men  wonder  "why"  others  uet  the  plums  they  have  been  desirous  of  picking  without  seriously!  ques- 
tioning their  own  abilities,  either  mental  or  physical,  and  endeavoring  thereby  to  find  the  real  reason.  Poor  penmanshipjitself 
is  not  alone  in  the  way,  but  it  stands  sponsor  for  other  weaknesses  as  well,  such  as  carelessness,  inattention  to  details,  lack  or 
loss  of  nerve  (not  sand),  inability  to  concentrate  mind  and  muscle  to  the  task  at  hand,  and  other  evils  or  neutralizing  forces 
which  defeat  progress  and  plum  getting.    Get  a  good  hand  writing  and  advancement  will  follow.    Try  it  and  see. 


Think  less  of  labor  as  such,  and  more  of  it  as  a  means  of  expression  and  accomplishment,  and  labor  will  then  become  "  dig- 
nified "  and  pleasant.  Think  of  it  as  being  a  mental,  moral,  and  physical  necessity  for  true  living  and  manhood,  and  it  will  then 
be  a  delight  and  benediction.  Courtney  never  considered  "practice"  drudgery,  else  the  above  graceful,  skillful,  serviceable 
lines  would  never  have  been  possible.  Become  enthusiastic  over  your  practice,  or  be  content  to  be  a  poor  penman,  a  poor  excuse, 
and  perhaps  a  pauper.    The  skill  displayed,  the  point  made,  and  the  moral  penned  should  spur  you  on  and  forbid  the  fatal  end. 


i ; : — ■—*■> — — ,  J 


Interesting 

News  Items 


Chat,  the  sprightly  little  journal,  has 
been  purchased  bv  the  Whv  Publishing 
Co.,  253  Broadway.  X.  V.,  arid  its  name 
changed  to  Why.  Its  scope  will  be  broad- 
ened and  it  will  become  a  magazine  of  so- 
cial  culture.     Price  $1  per  year. 


The 


trie 


of  Mr.  D.  W.  Hoff,  the 
genial  supervisor  of  Lawrence,  Mass.,  will 
lie  pained  to  learn  of  the  death  of  his  father, 
<>n  January  17th.  at  the  age  of  eighty  years. 

Mr.  A.  E.  Colegrove.  recently  principal  of 
Bradford.  Pa..  High  School,  has  just  been 
elected  to  take  charge  of  the  commercial 
department  of  the  Boys'  High  School, 
Reading,  Pa.  A  first-class  man  has  been 
placed  in  a  very  desirable  position. 

Jas.  Rea  is  now  Vice-principal,  Director, 
and  Secretary  Treasurer  of  the  Packard 
Commercial  School  Company,  and  an  exec- 
utor and  trustee  of  the  Packard  estate. 
The  many  friends  of  this  whole  souled  gen- 
tleman and  high-minded  teacher  will  re- 
lOlce  with  him  in  this  well-merited  expres- 
sion  of  confidence  in  his  integrity  and 
business  ability,  and  in  all  the  concom- 
itants. 

E.  G.  Greenleaf  is  the  present  commercial 
teacher  at  the  Bath.  Me.,  Business  College. 
He  is  an  excellent  penman,  trained  under 
J.  F.  Mooar.  of  the  Boston  B.  &  S.  School. 


Cincinnati  climate  was  hard  on  commer- 
cial teachers,  Harry  Kiest,  formerly  of  Wat- 
erville,  Me.,  contracted  a  cold  there  which 
developed  into  pneumonia,  causing  his 
death  January  11th.  D.  S.  Hill,  of  Evans- 
ville,  Ind.,  was  taken  with  a  fever  from 
which  he  has  not  vet  fully  recovered.  W.  F. 
Baird  of  Bartlett  College,  went  through  two 
weeks  of  pneumonia. 

W.  A.  Arnold,  of  Union  City,  Ind.,  a  for- 
mer Zanerian,  began  work  in  Temple  Col- 
lege, Philadelphia,  February  1,  as  an  assist- 
ant commecial  teacher.  He  is  a  good  man 
for  the  place. 

The  Monograph  or  Commercial  Educa- 
tion, including  procedure  and  curriculum, 
which  has  occupied  the  attention  of  the 
Committee  of  Nine  from  the  Department  of 
Business  Education,  X.  E.  A.,  for  the  better 

Fart  of  three  years  is  now  nearly  completed, 
t  is  printed  by  the  University  of  the  State 
of  Xew  York. 

On  January  17, 1904,  Louise  M.,  wife  of  O.  P. 
DeLand,  passed  from  this  life.  On  account 
of  her  illness,  he  was  unable  to  attend  the 
Cincinnati  convention,  for  which  we  are 
sorry,  and  herewith  extend  professional 
sympathy. 

Through  our  esteemed  friend,  Mr.  Flick- 
inger,  we  learn  the  sad  news  of  the  death  of 
Mrs.  Patton,  mother  of  Prof.  H.  W.  Patton, 
of  the  Commercial  Department  of  the  Cen- 
tral High  School  of  Philadelphia,  Pa.,  which 
occurred  on  the  morning  of  the  17th  of  Jan- 
uary after  a  very  short  illness. 

President  Cyrus  Xorthrop,  of  the  U.  of  M., 
at  the  recent  State  Teachers'  Convention  in 
St.  Paul,  asked  the  high  school  teachers  to 
appoint  a  committee  to  meet  a  committee 
from  the  university  faculty  to  consider  the 
criticism  that  high  schools  prepare  for 
college  but  not  for  life.  Minnesota  is  in 
the  van  of  progress. 


DO  YOU  NEED  A  TEACHER? 


DO  YOU  WANT  A  POSITION? 


GLICK'S    TEACHERS'    AGENCY 

E.  L.  CLICK,  Mgr..  Concord,  N.  H. 


PARTNER  WANTED 


$1000  will  purchase  a  half  interest  in  a  hand* 
somely  equipped  business  college  in  Iowa. 
Party  purchasing  would  be  expected  to  take 
charge  of  commercial  department  and  manage- 
ment. Present  owner  is  one  of  the  best  known 
business  college  men  in  the  country.  Reason  for 
selling;  cannot  secure  teachers  who  have  manag- 
erial ability. 

Address,  J .,  Care  of  Business  Educator,  Columbus,  0. 


6  colors  75c.  per  1000,  best  quality. 
_  White,  90c.  per  1000. 

COLORED     Samples   10c,    and    your   name 

written  in  a  variety  of  styles,  or 
CARDS!  !  !     100   and   l  dozen   cards  written, 

26c.  postpaid. 


A.  J.  STEVENSON 

City.  Ohio  18  Lafayette  St, 


|  Cfe>i.c 


-ok/  2o^^(4^^^«^  £6*asns£,  su^ru. 


/-)^Jyol^'  *ww  JJu-o  >^A^V*m^-^W  -^a-wC  **S-ww<L  JLct-£u- -Jb^J^' 


PEN  ART  BY  THE   PEERLESS  PENMAN,  C.  C.  CANAN,  BRAlrFORI),  PA. 


epared  especially 
for  each  student. 

Studies  are  all   hand  work,   and   worth   more 
than  the  cost  of  course 

12  'essons  in  Engrossing,  including  Script,  Old 
Knglish  Text  lettering,  etc.,  $5.00. 

12  lessons  in  "Wash  Drawing"  tells  all  about 
the  material  lo  use  for  results,  etc.,  $5  00. 

12  lessons  in  Commercial  Designing,   such   as 
letter  heads,  cover  designs,  initials,  etc.,  $10.00. 

Postal  cards  not  answered.  I  have  no  printed 
matter.  If  interested  in  something  good,  send 
*1  00  for  the  first  three  lessons  with  instructions 
in  either  course.  If  not  satisfied,  atop  the  les- 
sons. That's  fair  isn't  it?  Only  a  limited  num- 
ber of  students  taken,  so  write  at  once. 
Address,  C  D.  SCRIBNER.  Zanerian  Graduate, 
22  W.  Park  Ave.,  Columbus,  Ohio. 


The  Card  Writer 

Writes  cards  at 
15c.  per  dozen. 
Any  Style,  any 
name.  Fine  and 
sure     to     please.      Order    today. 


Mi.  Morris,  III. 


Will  You  Pay  $10.00? 

For  a  thorough,  scientific  course  in  the  Following  branches  ■ 


WRITING  (12  styles) 
FLOURISHING 

LETTERING  (8  styles) 

PERSPECTIVE  DRAWING 
FREE  HAND  DRAWING 
WASH  DRAWING 
DESIGNING 
ENGROSSING 

AUTOMATIC  PORTRAITURE 
METHODS   OF  TEACHING 


It  is  my  Famous  Diploma  Course  in 
the  new  education  in  Penmanship  by 
Correspondence. 

It  is  based  upon  Laws  of  Mental  De- 
velopment- the  True  Science  Method. 

All  copies  fresh  from  my  pen,  and 
equal  to  the  finest  producible. 

All  instructions  written  for  tiie  stu 
dent  to  whom  they  are  sent. 

It  is  my  regular  $.T>  00  Course,  but 
$10.(10  sent"  before  March  15th  pays  for  it 
complete. 

It  is  cheap  at  $100.00.  Requires  from 
10  to  20  months  to  complete. 


ADDRESS 

L.  H.  HA  US  AM,  author,  riverside,  cal. 


TEACHERS     OF     COMMERCIAL      BRANCHES     WANTED 

Advance  Fee  Nol  Required 

Positions  in  High  Schools  and  Colleges.      Penmanship,  Commercial   Branches,   also  teachers  of 
Stenography.    Salaries,  $600  to  $1,500.     Register  early.     Send   for  circulars. 

Anna  M.  Thurston.  Mgr..  378  Wabash  Ave  ,  Chicago  THURSTON  TEACHERS'  AGENCY 


THERE'S   A    REASON    why  my  mail  courses  iu  ornamental  and  business  penr 

are  interesting  so  many  professional  penmen,  as  well  as  amateurs,  throughout  the  country 

THERE'S  A  REASON  why  the  m, 

courses,  "  If  they  are  worth  anything,  they  are  i 

THERE'S  A  REASON  why  you  should  write  at  once  for  circulars  regarding  these 
courses,  if  your  handwriting  is  below  the  standard  you  wish  it  to  occupy.  All  copies  from  my 
courses  are  actual  pen  and  ink.  copies.  Circulars  free.  A  few  sample  copy  slips  from  courses,  25c. 
Artistic  letter,  75c.    Cards,  35c  per  dozen.    A  group  of  fancy  signatures,  50c     Business  capitals.  30c. 

Address,   E.    M.    BARLER,    Cherokee,   Texas. 


1    Cfe&l*6sr£<^L4^J   <Zs7Z*7'    y^CC^-^tds^LtsTd  ^i^t^S  £6*€ZsTL<>fi>  ^2^Z^    /^^  St^^sri^trfrristsri^    C*%A  73lcCd4^L*e*4*3 '  &c£t€sC-£?r£<r7'     I 


SHq>  fcivUli  voj  £cUt£uXc  P    ^ 


CI  history  of  penmen,  (Early 

Business  (Eoucation,  anb 

(Educators  in  Ctmerica. 

By  A.   H.   HIXMAX,  Worcester,   Mass. 


7 


IIIKN    AND   NOW. 

Fifty  years  ago  a  person  was  regarded  by 
tlu- public:  as  having  a  good  practica'  edu- 
cation who  was  a  master  of  what  was  then 
termed  the  three  R's— Reading,  Writing, 
and  Arithmetic.  At  that  time  most  of  the 
present  cities  of  the  country  were  small 
villages,  and  many  post-offices  were  located 
at  rr.>»-  roads  where  there  was  a  general 
Store,  school  house  and  meeting  house,  as 
public  gathering  places. 

In  Northern  Ohio  where  I  was  then  living, 
public  schools  were  usually  conducted  by 
men  who  were  successful,  if  they  were 
phyically  masters  of  the  muscular  young 
farmers  who  were  their  pupils.  Their  pay 
«  as  small  and  they  boarded  around  among 
the  families  whose  children  they  taught. 
If,  upon  undertaking  a  school  they  could 
prevent  being  carried  out  of  the  school- 
house  by  their  pupils  or  could  whip  the 
farming  bullies,  who  thought  it  manly  to 
defy  their  teacher,  they  were  permitted  to 
teach.  After  this  question  of  physical 
superiority  was  settled,  the  teacher  trained 
his  pupils  in  reading,  spelling,  grammar, 
arithmetic,  geography,  and  writing. 

It  was  considered  quite  a  distinction  in 
those  days  to  be  good  in  spelling,  and  the 
experts  in  a  school  would  sometimes  chal- 
lenge the  pupils  of  other  district  schools 
for  miles  around,  and  evening  spelling 
matches  would  bring  a  large  number  of 
farming  people  from  all  directions.  Debat- 
ing societies  and  singing  schools  would 
also  furnish  occasion  for  evening  gather- 
ings. 

A   MARKED   ACCOMPLISHMENT. 

The  schoolmaster  in  training  his  pupils 
to  write  was  obliged  to  write  the  head  lines 
or  copies,  also  prepare  the  quill  pens  with 
which  they  wrote.  His  pen  knife  and  skill 
in  sharpening  goo-e  quill  pen  points  had 
much  to  do  with  his  students  ability  to 
Imitate  hi-  imperfect  hand-writing.  En- 
graved  copies  were  then  rarely  found,  yet  a 
indwritingwas  considered  a  marked 
accomplishment.  Even  good  writing  paper 
was  hard  to  obtain,  and  the  ink  used  was 
generally  kept  in  a  cow's  horn  instead  of 
bottles,  then  rare  to  get.  As  good  penman- 
ship was  considered  a  superior  accom plish- 
plishnient.  the  travelling  writing  master 
p  issessing  superior  skill  was  welcomed 
wherever  be  stopped  to  forma  writingclass, 
which  usually  continued  twelve  evenings, 
the  pupils  furnishing  their  writing  ma- 
terials and  a  candle.  At  these  schools  the 
young  bullies  would  disregard  discipline, 
and  upon  remonatance  would  try  to  put  the 
teacher  outside  the  building  and  break  up 
school.  Sometimes  when  the  teachers  back 
was  turned  they  would  throw  pieces  of 
ill,  at    or    sprinkle    the     UOOr    with    snuff,  put 

pepper  on  the  stove  and  scatter  around  the 
room  handfulls  Of  beans,  anything  to  dis 
play  their  ambition  for  notoriety. 


I\    SCHOOL  AND  CHCRCH. 


In  some  towns  evening  writing  school 
could  not  be  conducte  1  until  such  bullies 
were  arrested  by  the  constable  and  confin- 
ed during  the  continuance  of  the  school. 
Upon  the  arrival  of  the  writing  master  no- 
tices would  be  given  in  the  school  and  in 
church,  and  specimens  of  the  teacher's 
writing  would  be  exhibited  in  the  post-office 
store.  In  teaching,  the  ringer  and  combin- 
ed muscular  movement  was  practiced,  and 
often  very  marked  changes  and  improve- 
ments would  be  made  in  this  course  of 
twelve  lessons. 

FROM  TOWN   TO  TOWN    ON    FOOT. 

Between  1850  and  1*70  it  was  quite  a  dis- 
tinction, as  well  as  very  profitable,  to  be  a 
skillfull  penman  and  a  successful  writing 
teacher,  and  many  young  men  went  to  the 
famous  log  cabin  of  P.  R.  Spencer,  at 
Geneva,  Ohio,  to  study  the  arts  of  writing 
and  teaching,  as  a  means  of  gaining  money 
with  which  to  master  the  professions  of 
law,  medicine  or  theology.  Among  such 
students  was  Victor  M.  Rice,  an  ambi- 
tious young  man,  who  went  on  a  teaching 
tour  with  Mr.  Spencer  to  be  under  his  tui- 
tion. They  journeyed  from  town  to  town  on 
foot,  and  at  the  close  of  one  evening  school. 
the3' walked  through  the  dark  dense  woods, 
almost  feeling  their  way,  and  listening  to 
.the  hooting  owls,  for  fifteen  miles  to  the 
old  Spencerian  log  cabin. 
COPY    BOOKS    REPLACED    MANY     PENMAN. 

In  1848  Mr.  Spencer  and  Victor  M.  Rice 
published  a  series  of  copy  slips  engraved  on 
steel,  which  were  the  first  Spencerian  pub- 
lications. Later  Mr.  Rice  continued  his 
studies  and  rose  to  the  position  of  Superin- 
tendent of  Public  Instruction  for  the  State 
of  New  York.  The  demand  for  superior  pen- 
manship instruction  was  then  so  great, 
that  with  the  opening  of  business  schools 
between  1855  and  '65,  nearly  all  the  success- 
ful traveling  writing  niastersof  the  country 
were  drawn  to  the  business  schools.  These 
schools  were  largely  patronized.  Many 
young  men  came  to  them  for  instruction 
in  penmanship,  that  they  might  go  into 
the  country  and  organize  writing  classes, 
which  was  a  successful  business  until  1880, 
by  which  time  copy  books  had  been  so  fairly 
spread  over  the  country  that  they  supplant- 
ed many  teachers  of  writing. 

THE  BEGINNING  OF  COPY  BOOKS. 
Both  my  grandfather  and  father  had  been 
pupils  of  P.  R.  Spencer  during  his  teaching 
tours,  and  it  was  my  good  fortune  to  take  a 
teacher's  course  under  him  at  Oberlin.Ohio, 
in  1860.  While  attending  this  Spencerian 
writing  academy  for  several  months.  Mr. 
Spencer  and  his  son  Henry  were  then  plan- 
ning the  systematic  forms  of  accurate  lines 
for  their  use  in  copy  books.  Father  Spencer 
had  never  written  an  exact  hand  subject  to 


strict  measurement  of  height,  slant,  spac- 
ing, and  length  of  loops.  Here  they  planned 
to  change  the  principles  of  pot  hooks  which 
were  fixed  forms,  to  the  straight  line  right 
and  left  curve  principles,  with  exact  rules 
for  the  measurement  of  all  letters. 

PENMEN    BECA?IE   COPY    BOOK    AGENTS. 

At  this  time  in  Boston,  Payson  and  Dun- 
ton  were  preparing  their  systems  of  copy 
books  and  introducing  them  into  eastern 
cities  and  towns.  Soon  after  the  Spencer- 
ian books  published  by  I  vison  and  Phinney. 
of  New  York,  were  being  pushed  into  north 
em  and  western  cities.  Frequent  improve 
merits  and  changes  were  being  made  in  the 
books  of  both  systems,  and  great  rivalry 
existed  between  the  authors  to  improve 
them,  while  the  publishers  were  pushing  to 
get  the  books  into  public  schools.  In  18117  a 
strong  effort  was  made  by  competing  pub- 
lishers-to  place  their  books  in  alt  the  public 
schools  of  the  country  and  supplant  the 
method  of  writing  copies,  by  the  hands  of 
the  schoolmasters.  By  the  offers  of  good 
salaries  about  sixty  penman  were  drawn 
out  of  the  business  colleges  to  act  as  agents 
for  the  introduction  of  the  copy  books  into 
public  schools,  and  any  methods  that  would 
yeild  success  were  recognized  by  the  pub- 
lishers. After  a  year  of  great  expense  to 
the  publishers  a  compromise  was  effected, 
and  the  travelling  agents  were  withdrawn 
from  the  field,  excepting  one  for  the  east 
and  myself  for  the  west. 

MANY   SYSTEMS    SPRING    INTO    EXISTENCE. 

Then  for  rive  years  I  was  training  teachers 
at  institutes,  normal  and  public  schools 
how  to  teach  writing  by  the  use  of  copy 
books.  Nearly  every  public  school  teacher 
throughout  the  county  between  1805  and  '85 
was  obliged  by  their  school  boards  to  pass 
an  examination  in  penmanship  and  prove 
their  ability  to  analyze  and  teach  writing 
through  the  use  of  elements  and  principles. 
During  this  rush  to  introduce  copy  books 
in  public  schools  various  systems  were  pub- 
lished. E.  D.  Babbitt  published  his  Babbit  - 
tonian  System.  Sherwood  of  Chicago  pub- 
lished a  system.  The  Electric  system  pub- 
lished by  Wilson  and  Hinkle  of  Cincinnati. 
Rolfe  of  Chicago  published  his  copy  book. 
Potter  and  Hammond's  penmanship  was 
published  by  Cowperthwait  of  Philadel- 
phia. 

Among  the  first  and  always  persistent 
publishers  of  copy  books  has  been  H.  W. 
Ellsworth  of  New  York.  ( Iriginal  in  a  mark- 
ed degree  he  invented  many  of  the  methods 
which  were  appropriated  by  other  publish- 
ers who  were  too  strong  financially  for  him 
to  defeat. 


FREE 

One  Flourish,  One  Set  of  Ornamental  Capitals, 
One  Specimen  of  my  Ornamental  Writing  One 
Set  of  Business  Cap'itals.  One  Pack  of  Sample 
Cards,  Your  name  on  one  dozen  cards  in  orna- 
mental or  plain  writing,  cannot  be  beat.  Circu- 
lars explaining  my  method  of  instruction  by 
mail,  Price  List  of 'all  Penman's  Supplies,  and  a 
letter  in  my  finest  ornamental  hand  .  All  for  25c. 
W.  A.  BODE,  No.  48  27th  St.,  South  Side 
Pittsburg,  Pa. 


E.    C.   MILLS 

Script  Specialist  and  Engraver 
195  Grand  Ave.,  Rochester,  N.Y. 
Script  illustrations  are 
educational  for  works  on 
Bookkeeping,  Business-Prac- 
tice, Correspondence,  Copy 
Slips,  etc.  I  make  a  specialty 
of  furnishing  THE  BEST 
script  plates  for  these 
purposes 


|    Cft&l-^/rild-esTj  gsri*?'  *2tt^-ge^6^Trt  ^t*>l*££  £SnzsnJi>  sy-0*<s 


<Z%*e.  T^ttA^L^^U) '  £*£*4st>c&&r7~   1 


y 


fS0OG 


ROUND  OR  ENGROSSING   SCRIPT  BY  J.  G.  BATEV,  SMYRNA,  TENN. 


"  Dictation  Studies"  by  W.  I.  Tinus,  pub- 
lished by  Powers  &  Lyons,  Chicago,  240 
pages,  well  printed,  substantially  bound 
in  cloth,  price  $1.  The  first  twenty-two 
pages  are  devoted  to  phrasing  and  familiar 
terms  and  phrases  used  in  letter  writing. 
The  following  190  pages  are  devoted  to 
model  letters  in  correspondence  with  about 
two  dozen  distinctive  lines  of  business, 
properly  classified.  The  next  twenty  pages 
are  devoted  to  legal  forms.  The  following 
ten  pages  are  devoted  to  a  dictionary  de- 
signed to  enable  the  pupil  to  refer  to  any  of 
the  shorthand  characters  in  the  book.  The 
upper  left-hand  pages  devoted  to  correspon- 
dence, contain  the  difficult  and  technical 
words  with  their  shorthand  characters 
found  in  the  letters  thereon  and  on  the  op- 
posite page.  This  is  a  feature  that  is  dis- 
tinctly new  and  is  certainly  a  good  one. 
The  book  from  beginning  to  end  appears  to 
us  as  being  thoroughly  practical  and  peda- 
gogical. Everythingis  thoroughly  system- 
atized and  catalogued  so  that  one"  can  rind 
anything  almost  at  a  glance.  This  is  a 
much  desired  need  and,  we  believe,  will 
prove  to  be  a  much  used  scheme.  Teachers 
who  have  found  it  difficult  to  keep  pupils 
profitably  employed  during  odd  hours,  and 
who  have  had  difficulty  in  keeping  the 
pupils  moving  forward  after  having  mas- 
tered the  shorthand  principles,  will  do  well 
to  secure  this  book.  Those  who  do  not  have 
this  difficulty  but  are  on  the  lookout  for 
something  better,  will  do  well  to  secure  a 
copy  of  the  book,  at  least  for  examination. 

"The  News  Tribune  Cartoon  Book."  con- 
taining a  collection  of  cartoons  by  R.  D. 
Handy,  Duluth.  Minn.,  contains  a  great 
variety  of  work,  demonstrating  that  Mr. 
Handy,  though  yet  young,  is  all  that  his 
name  might  imply.  There  is  little  wonder 
why  the  cartoon  is  growing  bigger,  and  the 
editorial  growing  smaller,  in  the  daily 
newspapers,  when  one  sees  how  much  may 
be  expressed  by  this  modern  method.  Han- 
dy's  little  bear  is  a  cute  one  and  will  some 
day  squeeze  the  "  stuffin'  "  out  of  the  wrong 
doers  and  doings  of  politics.  Watch  out  for 
him  ! 

"A  Practical  Course  in  Touch  Typewrit- 
ing," by  Chas.  Emory  Smith,  published  by 
Isaac  Pitman  &  Sons,  No.  31  Union  Square 
West,  New  York  City,  N.  Y.,  Single  or 
Keyboard  Edition,  is  the  title  of  a  36  page, 
paper  covered  book  on  the  subject  named. 
The  same  impresses  us  as  something  thor- 
oughly practical  and  timely.  It  contains 
an  invariable  system  of  fingering.  Charts 
in  five  colors.    Clear  type.    Price  50c. 


YOU  OUGHT  TO  HAVE  IT. 

swork,  only  10c.    I.ir.n 
I'ept.  11.  Everett 


of   rapid     \ 
btraction.     I 


I  TEACH  BY   MAIL 


Business  Writing,  Artistic  Writing,  Card  Writ- 
ing, Engrossing,  Flourishing.  Work  fascinating 
and  satisfaction  guaranteed.  Circulars  for  the 
asking.  Tamblyn's  Glossy  Black  Ink  Powder 
enough  for  a  pint  (unexcelled  for  Card  Writing, 
35c.     Package  White  Ink  Powder,  20c. 


Mr.  ( >.  T.  Johnston,  the  wearer  of  the  above 
physiognomy,  is  a  Hawkeye  product  whose 
early  years  were  spent  on  a  farm  and  in  a 
creamerv  near  bv. 

He  is  also  a  pupii  of  the  Capital  City  Com- 
mercial College,  Des  Moines,  Iowa,  and  of 
the  Zanerian.  He  has  charge  of  the  pen- 
manship and  commercial  branches  in 
Darling's  Business  College,  Fergus  Falls, 
Minn.,  and  is  known  as  a  hustler. 

Mr.  Johnston  makes  things  boil  well-nigh 
over  in  the  school  room— in  mathematics 
and  penmanship  alike.  Morever,  he  is  a 
true  gentleman  from   top  to  toe. 

He  is  a  skillful  penman  but  is  not  satisfi- 
ed with  skill  alone.  He  intends  to  complete 
a  university  course  ere  long,  and  on  his 
own  money,  too.  And  this  quality  of  inde- 
pendence is  what  has  made  so  many  friends, 
none  of  whom  are  more  loyal  than  O.  T., 
for,  once  you  gain  his  good  will,  you  are 
sure  of  it  ever  after. 

Mr.  Johnston  is  a  benefit  to  any  communi- 
ty and  a  credit  to  any  school  and  profession. 


We  wanl  yon  \<~  t  ry  oar  pens,  and  in  order  to  make 
it  an  inducement  will  send  Assortment  No  i  consist- 
ing oi   IS  populai  styles,  postpaid    upon  recti  pi  ot  10 

FREE  a  Handsome  Penholder 
C.HOWARD  HUNTPEN  CO.,  Camden,  N.  J 


It  Will 
Cost  You 


It  is  time  for  somebody  to  get  busj 
L.  MADARASZ.  1281  Third  Ave-.  Ne 


"WEAVER'S  Correspondence  School  of  Pen 

manship  and  Drawing,  Mt.  Morris,  Ills  , 

Offers  the  best  instructions  in  the  varion 

branches  of  Penmanship  and  Drawing. 

Write  today  for  full  particulars. 


CARD  CASE 

Beautiful  Burnt  Leather,  name  burnt  on  free, 
and  1  dozen  Cards,  25c.  If  tbe  case  alone  is  not 
worth  more  than  25c,  your  money  refunded. 

A.  J.  STEVENSON,  Home  City,  Ohio 

18  Lafayette   Street 


Colored    Cards 

The  Kind  That  Bring  (he  Dimes. 


ix  Cole 
Large 


Best  Quality.  SOc  per  I.OOO 

uantities  -better  prices.     Write. 


H.  0.  KEESLING,  LAW&|gCE- 


Francis  B.  Courtney     - 

Handwriting  Specialist 

Expert       Microscopic       Examiner 

Of  Forged  and  Questioned  Writing 

222  WEST  I23d  ST. 

NEW  YORK  CITY 


Copyrighted  1;«I3 
THE  WONDER  OF  THE 
TWENTIETH  CENTURY 
J.  H.  GILLISS  method 
of  making  cuts  like 
this  Worth  five  hun 
dred  dollars  to  any 
one  who  can  use  a 
steel  pen  Use  un- 
ruled writing  paper, 
no  camera  needed  or 
any  sketching  device, 
but  you  securp  a  cor- 
rect likeness.  Encli  se 
stamp  for  circular, 
orS2.00formy  method 
nd  four  photographs 


to  work  < 


3f  others  endc 


nd  hundreds 


.1.  H   Gillis,  Sycamoi 

i.,  Jan.  21,  1903. 


Minneapolis,  Mi 
To  Whom  it  .May  Concern  : 

I  have  used  Mr.  Gillis's  method  and  I  feel  safe 
in  saying  that  it  is  the  best  on  earth.     Every  pen- 
man should  have  it.     Very  truly,   G.  E.  Crane. 
Columbiana,    Ohio. 

Your  system    is  simply    immense   and    gives 
entire    satisfaction;    the    finest    thing    for     the 
money  that  has  ever  been  offered.      J.  B.  (  Tlp. 
Gainesville,  Fla. 

I  am  convinced  that  your  book  is  the  finest 
thing  of  the  kind  on  the  market,  a  veritable  boon 
to  the  artist  and  penman.  I  shall  do  what  I  can 
to  help  you  in  the  generous  patronage  which  you 
deserve.  W.  P.  Garrett. 

Address,  J.   H.  GILLIS,  Sycamore.  Ohio 


\Cfc£<v^r£ceLesr~J  asn*/  ~£Uc&£tds6^rj  -<ots-t&-  £/i*Zsrzsfc>  yT^wc>  firr  /rri^rL&'Tm.o^i^  C^i£.73^uL*sri^6d£<£at4>cz£<rr-  I 


rwj  l-ve  (J  tuli  vcj  j  ^cUvcctWr   ^ 


School  and 

Professional 


K.  F.  Slichter,  a  recent  Zanerian  student, 
is  now  engaged  in  teaching  in  the  City 
Commercial  College.  Hagerstown,  Md.  Mr. 
Slichter  is  a  capable,  energetic  gentleman, 
and  will  undoubtedly  make  a  success  of 
business  college  work. 

Through  the  munificence  of  Andrew  Car- 
ittsburg  is  to  have  a  technological 

-rl I.    costing    sji.iiim.iKKi.      In    connection 

witli  Hi,-   building  of  this   scl .theorists 

are  airing  their  views  on  "  higher  commer- 
ial  ''in,  ii ,,  ■n."  Such  mi  education  should 
include,  they  insist,  a  knowledge  of  climate, 
soil,  and  productions  of  nil  foreign  conn 
trie-,  together  with  a  knowledge  of  the 
customs  and  prejudices  of  these  countries; 
to  le;iru  nil  modern  languages  from  Sans- 
krit to  Spanish,  and  while  the  higher  edu- 
cation is  to  include  all  this,  it  must,  in  addi- 
tion. I, rintr  about  a  better  class  of  manufac- 

tured  g Is.  purer  foods  for  home  consump- 

ti and    raise    the  standard   of    business 

ethics,  etc..  etc.  Why  call  this  "higher 
commercial  education?"  It  seems  to  me 
that  it  scoops  in  about  everything  in  a  very 
"  high  general  education."  "  Win.  H.  Duff. 


Mankato,  Minn.,  Feb.  3,  1904. 
M  wkato  Commercial  College, 

School  is  so  full  we  don't  know  what  to  do 
with  students.  Have  built  a  balcony  iu 
large  room  that  seats  eighty  and  now  it 'a 
full.  May  have  to  build  another  gallery  in 
other  end  of  room;  130  now  in  daily  attend- 
ance. Best  school  in  its  history  of  thirteen 
years.  Brandrup  and  Xettleton  of  course 
are  happy.  C.  E.  BALL. 

C.  B.  Potter,  for  five  vears  with  G.  W. 
Brown,  Peoria  and  Jacksonville,  111.,  later 
associate  Proprietor  Green  Bay.  Wis.,  Busi- 
ness College,  is  now  with  the  college  of  St. 
Thomas,  Merriam  Park,  Minn. 

The  Minnesota  School  of  Business.  Minne- 
apolis, has  the  largest  enrollment  in  its 
history. 

North  Star  Business  College,  Minneapolis, 
Minn.,  will  soon  move  into  its  new  building 
on  2nd  Avenue,  South  of  6th  Street. 

From  President  H.  S.  Goldy.we  learn  that 
the  Wilmington,  Del.,  Commercial  College 
is  now  doing  the  best  work  in  its  history, 
and  is  having  the  best  year  in  attendance 
during  its  existence  of  nearly  eighteen 
years.  With  its  two  Principals,  Manager, 
ninl  Assistant  Manager,  and  President,  the 
organization  is  unusually  effective.  It  has 
a  business  atmosphere  and  enthusiasm  of 
its  own  ;  its  ambition  is  for  better  things  in 
a  business  education.  It  stands  on  the 
same    dignified    plain    as    the    City    High 


School.  Why  should  not  all  commercial 
schools  aim  to  command  the  respect  of 
their  Co-Universities? 

Mr. Archibald  Cobb, of  Banks  Business  Col- 
lege, Philadelphia,  Pa.,  asks:  "  Would  it  be 
a  betrayal  of  business  secrets  or  encroach- 
ment upon  private  interests  if  some  of  our 
most  successful  educators  were  to  tell  for 
the  benefit  of  struggling  schools,  what  per- 
centage of  profit  there  should  be  in  a  day 
student  and  a  night  student?  How  many 
have  figured  it  out?    Is  it  a  good   point  to 

I  We  think  the  idea  is  a  practical  one,  and 
hope  it  may  result  in  something  tangible 
and  profitable.— Editor]. 

From  G.  W.  Brown,  Jacksonville,  111.,  we 
learn  that  nearly  one  thousand  students 
have  enrolled  during  Januarvin  his  various 
schools,  making  over  four  thousand  since 
last  July.  He  also  states  that  great  enthu- 
siasm is  shown  by  their  students  in  a  $20,000 
exhibit  which  he  is  planning  to  conduct  at 
the  St.  Louis  Exposition. 

Another  Glimpse 

As  some  of  the  proofs  which  are  to  appear 
in  "  Inspiration,"  in  course  of  publication 
by  Mr.  M.  A.  Albin,  Minneapolis,  Minn., 
convinces  us  that  the  book  is  going  to  be  a 
beauty,  and   in   every   way  a  credit   to  its 


cm    Fanuary    9th,    > 

f ,  !sse,  Wis.,  reported 
lupils   in   hi-   Business  I 


F.    J 


Toland,    La 

Intent  of  381 

ersity  of  that 


Messrs  I..  W.  Damon  and  E.  Ray  Jones, 
who  have  been  conducting  the  Modern 
School  of  Commerce,  Pendleton.  Ore.,  and 
the  Modern  School  of  Commerce,  La  Grande, 
tire.,  have  dissolved  partnership,  and  the 
two  schools  will  hereafter  be  conducted  by 
Mr.J,.n.s 

The  Spencerian  Business  College,  Milwau- 
kee, Wis.,  Robert  C.  Spencer,  President, 
Edward  W.  Spencer.  Secretary,  recently  is- 
sued  no  attractive,  illustrated,  16-page 
souvenir  catalog,  devoted  exclusively  to 
halftone  views  „f  the  Proprietors'  offices 
and  school  rooms,  and  to  those  who  attend- 
ed the  National  Commercial  Teachers'  Fed- 
eration, which  was  held  there  a  year  ago, 
nes  look  quite  natural  and  familiar. 
May  the  institution  long  be  the  pride  of 
Milwaukee,  and  continue  to  make  it  famous 
for  that  «  hich  is  Letter  than  beer-practical 


Ra 


rsay,  after  being  out  of  busi- 
illege  work  for  six  vears,  is  back- 
agam  in  i  he  harness,  having  purchased  the 
Ubuquerque  <N.  M.)  Business  College.  Mr. 
Ramsaj  formerly  conducted  the  Fresno, 
Business  College,  and  is  therefore  in 
every  »;n  capable  of  making  a  splendid 
iu  his  new  Held.  The  BUSINESS 
Educator  extends  its  very  best  wishes. 

Mr.   John    1..    Howard,  Supervisor  of   Pen- 
manship    at     the     Maiden,     Mass.,     Public 

Scl Is,  recently  visited  Mr.  Doner  and  the 

Public   School-  ,,f  Beverly,  Mass.    Thevis- 
it,  like  measles,  seems  to  be  catch- 
ing, but  is  certainly  far  more   pleasant  and 
less  dangerous,  particularly  with  adults. 

The   Massachusetts    Educational   exhibit 

■"    ~!     I. ■■in-     -    -o    planned    that  some  one 

!     to    show    one    subject    com- 
plete in.,,,  beginning  to  end.    For  instance. 
>Iass.,  has  been  -elected  to  present 
iphv  ;  and  Lawrence, 
Mass.,  to  present  the  subject  of  Penmanship. 


Thisi 

worth 


ok  I 


1 1  .e  r 


l-ol 


He 


■asalso  been  recently  elected  president  of 
he  ••  Masters'  Club  "  of  thai  city,  which  i> 
made  up  of  all  the  male  teachers  and  prin- 
cipals of  Lawrence.  Still  another  feather 
sticks  in  his  cap.  labeled  President  of  the 
"I  ourists    Club/' 

M  I-;.  Bennett,  Supervisoi  of  writing  and 
drawing,  Braddock,  Pa.,  favored  ns  with 
some  well  executed,  artistic  and  timely 
Christmas  designs  with  the  pen  and  type 
writer,  and  duplicated  for  distribution. 
1  he  work  i-  more  practical  and  artistic  than 
is  usually  found  in  I  he  same  supervisor. 


\J"V  c?~ 


■^z^i^- 


(jU^rL^y  M/-  —  &3. 


BUSINESS    WRITING    BY    A.    R.    BURNETTE    BOWLING    OKEEIi,    KV. 


Mail  Course 

in  Rapid  Writing 


ADDRESS 


C.  W.  RANSOM,  box  112,  sedalia,  mo 


No,  Never-  Before 

have  I  been  able  to  give  my  patrons  such  fault- 
less SCRIPT.  In  the  past  the  public  has  been 
satisfied,  but  I  have  not.  My  copy  did  not  reach 
niy  ideal,  the  work  of  the  man  who  engraved  it 
did  not  suit,  and  the  printer  could  not  print  it 
perfectly. 

At  Last,  after  much  experimenting,  I  have 
found  an  engraver  who  I  think  a  wonder;  an 
etcher  who  can  produce  from  my  copy  a  cut 
which  will  print  with  the  delicacy  of  a  copper 
plate. 

But  My  Troubles  Did  Not  End  There.  I  needed 
a  printer  who  understood  the  fine  points  about 
script.  Without  the  right  kind  of  printing  it 
was  impossible  to  get  superior  results.  I  solved 
that  problem  by  putting  in  a  printing  plant,  get- 
ting the  best  machinery  money  could  buy.  I 
educated  a  pressman  on  the  fine  points  in  script, 
and  now 

I     Can     Furnish     Cards 

which  look  like  it  for  a  small  part  of  the  cost  of 
copper  plate  work.  The  following  prices  include 
writing  of  name,  cut,  the  card  stock,  printing 
and  mailing.     Address,  50  cents  extra. 

100  Best  quality  cards -$1  50 

200     "  "  "      2  10 

300     "  "  "      2  50 

500     "  "  "      -- 3  25 

1000     "  "  " 4  00 

Samples  for  two  2c  stamps. 


ytm&te&jrs'/ 


Artist  and  Penman,        Holmes  Busir 

Portland,     Oregoi 


Bl    AMI/    PAPnO     16  colors.    Sample  10" 
LMHI\    IsMnUO     postpaid,  15  cents,  1000 
by  express,  75  cents.    Samples  for  stamp. 
W.  A.  BODE,    27th  St.,  S.  S.,  Pittsburg,  Penna. 


MILLS'S 

CORRESP0N"ENCE    SCHOOL 

OF  PENMANSHIP 
Is  helping  scores  of  ambi- 
tious people  to  acquire  a 
fine  style  of  penmanship  at 
home.  We  are  ready  to  help 
YOTJ  also.  Send  stamp  for 
information. 


desire  the 
tues  of  those 
te rested  in 


ENGROSSING 

My  mail  course  consists  of  ten  lessons 
in  each  of  the  following: 

Round    Hand 

Lettering 
Wash  Drawing 
Designing 

Work  criticised  and  returned.  Keal 
models  from  pen  and  brush.  Speci- 
mens for  2c.  stamp. 


HT.  C.WALKER 


5585  Vernon  Av 
St.  Louis.  Mo. 


PS  GOOD  AS  PEN  EVER  TOUCHED 

Is  the  verdict  of  those  who  have  used  the 

"English  Bristol" 

In  14  colors,  90  cents  per  1,000. 

"Norway  Wedding;  Bristol" 

In  white,  $1.15  per  1.000,  or  any  of  the  cards 
handled  by  the  Berkshire  Card  Co.,  whose 
business  I  have  purchased.  Samples  for  the 
asking.  Better  vet.  100  assorted  cards  by 
mail  25  cents.  Also  written  cards  and  speci- 
men work. 

F.  S.  HEATH 

Concord,  N.  H.      -       -      50  Dunklee  St. 


I  will  write  14  of  the  finest  cards  you  ever  gazed 
upon  for  only  20  cents. 

Colored  cards  written  in  white  ink  at  20  cents 
per  dozen. 

24  ink  recipes,  gold,  silver,  white,  black  and  20 
others,  10  cents  ;  worth  $5  to  any  penman. 

Each  letter  of  the  alphabet  written  in  from 
four  to  nineteen  ways,  40  cents. 

Send  for  circulars.    Address,  M   A.ADAMS, 
Care  Marietta  Commercial  College. 
Marietta.  Ohio. 


SPENCERIAN 

The  Standard  of    rTCCI      DFMC 
Excellence  for      .3  1  L.CL    Y  ON  J 


over  forty  years 


Select  a«pen  for  pur  writing  from 

a  sample  card  of  special  numbers  for  cor- 
respondence.   12  pens  for  10c,  postpaid. 

SPENCERIAN  PEN  CO. 

349  Broadway,  NEW  YORK  Cm 


1^ j£U-c££iJ-Si^rd  -^v^££  6&<zsn>/e,  .-j^so  t 


<^l^73^cd^yL^<i^CaUc^>etZtrT'  | 


&H&  @i*bilrve&>  £eU&&Gbter   ^ 


News  Notes 

and  Notices. 


Mr.  F.J.  Klock,  th'e  well  known  commer- 
cial teacher,  was  recently  appointed  teacher 
"n  the  Girls'  Technical  High  School,  New 
York  C  ity. 

Ihr  Kingsley  Commeocial  Teachers',  Bu- 
rean  ami  s,  li.iol  I •; m  haime,  W.  J.  Kingsley, 
Manager,  220  Broadway,  N.  Y.,  is  a  new  in- 
stitution, ami  ready  to  serve  the  interests 
of  Commercial  and  Shorthand  Teachers. 
From  our  many  years'  acquaintance  with 
the  manager,  we  have  every  reason  to 
believe  that  the  same  will  he  conducted  in 
accordance  with  the  needs  and  the  demands 
of  the  commercial  teachers'  profession. 

Mr.  and  Mrs.  E.  M.  Huntsinger,  Hartford. 
Conn.,  recently  celebrated  their  twenty-fifth 
a  edding  anniversary,  one  hundred  or  more 
intimate  friends  heing  present,  and  many 
handsome  and  valuable  presents  being  re- 
ceived by  them. 

The  Kinsley  Studio.  220  Broadway,  N.  Y., 
\Y.  1.  Kinsley.  President,  was  recently  in- 
corporated under  the  laws  of  that  state 
with  a  capital  stock  of  $5,000. 

The    Bliss    Business    College,    of    North 

Adams,  Mass  ,  held  its  hfth  annual  recep- 
tion to  students  and  graduates  Friday  eve- 
ning, fan.,  8th.  Mayor  Stafford  gave  a  very 
practical  address  to  the  large  audience 
present.  Principal  S.  McVeigh  is  to  be 
congratulated  on  his  success  in  developing 
in  North  Adams  :m  up  to  date  commercial 
training  school. 

President  D.  I..  Mussel  man  writes  that 
the  famous  Gem  City  Business  College, 
Quincy,  111.  has  enrolled  more  than  1,000 
students  tins  year,  and  that  the  grand  total 
for  the  school  year  will  probably  reach 
1,400,  a  splendid  record  for  a  school  already 
great  in  more  than  numbers. 

H.  Kiest.  formerly  of  Waterville,  Me.,  en- 
gaged with  Warren  Douglass,  of  McKees- 
port.  Pa.,  to  take  charge  of  his  Connelsville 
school,  January  1,  but  almost  as  soon  as  he 
reached  Connelsville,  he  was  taken  with 
pneumonia,  and  died  January  11.  Mr.  Kiest 
was  a  fine  young  man,  an  honored  gradu- 
ate of  the  Valparaiso,  Indiana,  Normal 
School,  a  teacher  of  meat  promise.  His 
sudden  death  has  brought  a  sad  shock  to 
his  many  friends. 

The  William-port,  Pa.,  Business  College 
is  growing  steadily  and  surely  with  F.  F. 
Healey  at  the  helm.  Mr.  llealev,  like  his 
well  known  brother,  is  an  expert  shorthand 
teacher,  and  consequently  his  shorthand 
department  is  a  large  one.  Although  train- 
ed iii  Graham  shorthand,  Mr.  Healey  is 
using  Gregg  chiefly  now  and  likes  it. 

Eld  on  M.  Van  Onsen  is  the  commercial 
teacher  this  year  in  the  Far  Rockawav, 
N.  Y.,  High  School 

Dartmouth  College,  Hanover,  N.  H„  has  a 

course      in      higher     commercial     training 

known  as  tin-  A  mos  Tuck  School  of  Finance. 

nineteen  students  enrolled  in  it 

tin-  year,  oul  of  a  total  of  865. 

nmercial  schools  exhibit  at  St. 
bom-.,  foi  the  cit  \  oi  New  York, is  being  pre- 
i  i  ision  of  special  com- 
mittees, of  «  hah  Dr.  Shepard,  of  the  High 
School  of  Commerce,  Manhattan,  and  Prin- 
cipal Moore,  <  t  the  Brooklyn  Commercial 
High  Sc 1  are  Chairmen. 

Geo.  D.  Hornei  has  charge  of  the  new 
commercial    course    in    the    Danville,  X.  Y., 

High   Scl The   result   of   opening   this 

new  department  ha-  been  to  bring  the  en- 
rollment for  the  high  school  to  the  highest 
point  ever  reai 

A  new  four-year  commercial  course    two 

years    oi    high    scl I    work    to    enter    the 

course,  and  two  years  more  to  complete  it) 
goes  into  effect  in  the  Heaver  Falls,  Pa., 
Hie.h  Sohool   ii. i 


G.  A.  Golder  has  sold  his  interest  in  the 
Metropolitan  Business  College,  of  Minne- 
apolis, and  is  now  teaching  in  the  college  of 
St. Thomas,  Merriam  Park,  Minn.,  a  suburb 
of  St.  Paul. 

H.  T,  Loomis,   Manager   of   the  Practical 

I  .'Xt  Book  Company,  Cleveland,  ().,  started 
on  a  vacation  tour  of  Mexico  and  the  Pacific 
Coast,  February  10  Mr.  Loomis  is  so  busy 
during  the  conventional  vacation  season, 
that  he  takes  his  playtime  in  the  winter. 


The  forbearance  of  my  patrons  is  asked 
yet  a  little  longer,  on  account  of  the  illness 
of  Messrs.  Glick  and  Leamy,  and  a  fire 
which  destroyed  specimens  prepared  bv 
the  latter.  Respectfully, 

M.  A.  AI.BIN, 
Publisher  "  Inspiration." 


CENTRAL    TEACHERS'     AGENCY  ruggery  building 


rge  direct  patrdnage  ti 
invaluable  to  nvery  p 
'ii      <  mi  new  Kbpbrbn*< 


Ldine  Commercial  Colleges  renders  our  ser- 
-  commercial  teacher.  Now  is  the  time  to 
ill  interest  you.      Sent  tree  on  application. 


Columbus,  [Ohio 
ADAMS     &.     ROGERS 


AUTO  PEN  and  INK 

MANUFACTURING      COMPANY,      73      RUSH      STREET,     CHICAGO 


WE     MANUFACTURE 


FAUST'S  AUTOMATIC  SHADING  PENS  AND  INKS,  thev  are  the  best  that  skill  and  i 
i.-r  ,,u,  produce,  and  are  used  by  thousands  of  artists  and  students  all  over  the 
my  schools  are  using  our  special  outfits  in  their  classes  with  the  best  of  results. 


SPECIAL     $5.00     OUTFIT 


i  Automatic  Pen  Let 
ik  -.1  th-    kind  ever 


l  in 

VI 

One  bottle  Gold  Ink 
One  bottle  Adhesive  Ink,  I  oz. 
One  bottle  White  Ink,  1  oz.         - 
One  Screw-head  File  - 

One  Pencil  Compass         - 
One  Stick  Lecturer's  Crayon 
Fifty  sheets  Cross-ruled  Pracl  ice  Paper,: 
douoie  guide  lines         - 

charges  prepaid,  for  85.00. 


SPECIAL     $2.50     OUTFIT 


Kaust's  Compendium  of  Auu tie  IVn   I..-t 

tering  and  Designs  rsaine  as  abnvr  millit) 
.'iSi/f-  i»l  Automatic  Pens,  making  .">  different 

3  Colors  of  Automatic  Shading  Pen  Ink 


charges  prepaid,  for  J-J..r>0. 


SPECIAL     $1.00     OUTFIT 


i    Stiff 


sh.. 


alp) 


:orreet  form  oi  letters,  pen  hold- 
utoniatic  Pens,  making  3  differ- 
Automatic  Shading  Pen  Ink 

This  outfit  sent 


I  Buttle  of  Adhesive  Ink.  small 
1  Package  of  each,  Mctallies.  Fhn-k  and  Dia- 
mond Dust,   with  Instructions  for  using 

Ki   Sheets    of    Cross-Ruled   Practice    Paper, 
charges  prepaid,  for  $1.00. 


All   those  who  desire  to  buy  only  single  articles,  and  would,  therefore,  not  be  interested  in  the  above 
outfits,  will  find  the  following  list  of  interest: 


O.h.ied  '  aid-  i.  .  ..]..i-v,  the  finest  for  win 
ink,  UH)  -  -       - 

Blank  i  I  Paper.  8x11,  for  white  org.) 

ink,  Kw>  sheetfl 

Cross  Ruled  Practice  Ptfper,  50  sheets,  Six 


sCray. 


made,  loe  ,  3  fo 


Asiibv    Combina 

Holder,    Pmle^ium.l      tim-t     made 
Korka  Holder.  best  business  bolder 
Writing  Pens,   "line    Writer,  K"  for 

penmanship,  gross 
Writing  Pens.    "Student's    Choice,  T," 

business  writing,  gross 

Suennerken    Pen.    Single    Pointed,  any   n 

ber,  doz.       -      -      -  -  . '  -      _ 

Soennecken  Pens,  Double  Pointed,  any  r, 

ber,  doz.        -       - 

India  Ink,  for  drawing,  water  proof 


holder 
Oblique 


II  you  do  not  see  on  this  list  the  article  you  want,  write  to  us  at  once.  We  can  get  you 
anything  that  is  in  the  market  and  will  serve  you  promptly  and  faithfully. 

We  make  a  specialty  of  executing  orders  in  all  linesof  pen  work  ;  card  writing,  engros- 
sing  diploma  work,  etc,  and  shall  he  pleased  to  furnish  estimates. 

We  want  to  hear  from  you  with  orders.  Remember  when  you  buy  of  us  you  know  just 
what  th<-  goods  will  cost  you.     We  pav  the  express  charges:  many  competitors  do  nut  * 

Do  not  order  on  a  postal  card.  No  accounts  opened  for  small  amounts  or  for  individuals 
Stamps  taken.     Prices  for  large  quantities  sent  upon  application. 

AUTO  PEN  AND  INK  MFG.  CO. 

72     RUSH     STREET,    CHICAGO 


■=/  a^z*?  ~*24t^god4i^Tj  ^tvi&  £4^3s>-u/&  ,2^0*4, 


C^fae.  73^uUsrL£*U> '  &e£i**>c*Zs£€rr:  I 


Plam.llcund  Letters 

ab  cdef  gtvy  Ulmaopqr 
sIvlvvox\)Z-122>4561S9C 


Lessons  in  Simple, 
Practical  Pen  Lettering 


Plain,   Hound  Cetters. 

Use  any  width  pen  desired,  depending 
upon  size  of  letter  and  width  of  stroke. 

Keep  top  and  bottom  rounding,  and  hold 
pen  at  forty  five  degrees  except  in  crossings 
of  /and  f  and  hair  line  in  5. 

Endeavor  to  make  all  strokes  equally 
distant,  and  as  near  vertical  as  possible. 
The    letters  may,  however,  slant    slightly 


forward  or  backward,  but  not   both   ways  in 
the  same  alphabet. 

He  careful  about  dipping  ink,  aiming  to 
keep  a  given  amount  upon  the  pen  most  oi 
the  time.    Dip  ink  often. 

Penholder  needs  to  lie  held  more  nearly 
vertical  than  in  ordinary  writing,  and  the 
point  should  be  kept  at  some  one  angle, 
preferably  forty-five  degrees. 


M  I  LLS'S  Correspondence 
School  ol  Penmanship 
Is  conceded  by  the  leading 
penmen  of  this  country  to  be 
the  most  thorough  school  of 
its  kind  You  cannot  do  a 
better  thing  than  to  send 
stamp  today  for  full  particu- 
lars concerning  our  courses. 

E.   C.   MILLS 
196  Grand  Ave.,  Rochester, N.Y. 


■Why  co  to  "Coixege  "  — « 

TO  LEARN   BOOK  KEEPING 
WHEN  I  WILL  MAKE  A 

first-Class  Book-keeper 

OF      TOO     AT     VIIIK    OW\ 

Minn;  in  «l\  necks  for  88  or 

KETl'ltN  JIllSKY.  Kaireiinintli'.' 
1   (in'l  I'OSSTIOW    ton.  IVI-1V- 

I'ltEE!    IImvh  ].i:, ItllnlMMiv    ]v. 

i  place  VOl'.  ton'  (i,;i3  ipstuniiTunis 
iv.,,1  from  pupils' 


CARDS 


let  the  bestalwa: 


CARDS 


w.  McBEE,  19  Snyder  St.,  Allegheny,  Pa. 


Hamilton's  Business  Law 


It  is  simply  charming  and  incomparably 

The  Best  Text-Book  on 
Commercial  Law  ever  published. 

We  have  recently  published  a  large  new  edition  to 
supply  our  marvelously  increasing  patronage  and 
have  filled  orders  from  Business  Colleges  and  High 
School  Commercial  Courses  from  ocean  to  ocean. 


Don't  Be  Satisfied  ZL*Z°£T^ 

published  can  be  had  for  the  same  money. 

Wc  LiUlin  IOr  11  #  Logical  arrangement  of  mat- 
ter;  clear  concise  statement  of  principles  ;  clear  type, 
with  the  subject  of  each  section  announced  in  prom- 
inent lettering. 

It  is  a  triumph   of  legal  learning  and   is  based  on 
sound  pedagogic  principles. 


We  have  a  large  line  of  Commercial  Publications,  including 

The  Card  System  of  Bookkeeping  and  Business  Practice 

now   used   in   thirty   states  of  the   Union. 


THE  HAMMOND  PUBLISHING  CO.,  ^  Lansing,  Michigan 


ADDRESS    DEPARTMENT  D. 


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Mints  and   Helps  in  Lettering 

Designing,  Etc. 

Claude  Dexter  scribner. 


LI 


Instruction  for  Ecsson  no.  I. 

1  would  suggest  for  tli.i<e  not  already  prci- 
\  icU-.l.  tlinl  it  is  well  to  have  *nnie  good 
bristol  drawing  board,  writer  proof  India 
ink-  (Zanerian  India  Ink  is  best), an  assort- 
ment of  pens  (Gillott's  :«W,  Zanerian  Ideal 
and  Business,  alsoa  set  of  Sonnecken  pens), 
and  a  T  square  and  triangle. 

These  supplies  can  be  bad  direct  at  re- 
duced rates  from  Messrs.  Zaner  &  Bloser, 
publishers  of  this  journal.  Their  materials 
give  the  best  satisfaction.  Having  provided 
yourself  with  an  outfit,  proceed  to  lay  out 
the  design  with  the  B.  The  original  was 
about  12x7  inches.  Do  not  copy  this  but 
originate  one  on  similar  lines.  Pencil 
everything  very  carefully  before  inking, 
getting  good  smooth  edge  on  all  lines.    The 


fancy  border  is  of  the  latest  pattern,  and 
you  will  see  it  used  in  all  up-to-date  designs. 
Make  one-half  of  the  border.then  trace  it  on 
paper,  reverse,  and  transfer  to  other  side. 
This  keeps  both  sides  nearly  the  same. 
Outline  everything  in  ink  first,  then  fill  in 
carefully  the  dark  or  black  places.  In  real 
large  dark  places  use  a  camel  hair  brush  for 
filling,  as  oens  scratch  the  surface  of  card- 
board. 

Lay  the  little  design,  Yourattention.etc, 
out  on  about  same  principles.  Sketch 
everything  in  pencil  first,  then  ink  care- 
fully.     The    little    dots    around    design    is 


known  as  stipple  work,  done  with  a  pen  or 
sometimes  a  tooth  pick.  Keep  the  dots 
large,  and  all  lines  strong  and  black.  Make 
one  similar  to  this,  using  your  own  style  of 
decoration.  This  design  was  about  12x8 
inches.  The  black  part  was  painted  in  with 
brush.  Lines  and  work  must  be  strong  and 
black  to  reproduce  successfully.  Such  de- 
signs can  be  used  for  almost  any  purpose, 
and  bring  good  prices. 

All  work  will  be  criticised  through  the 
columns  of  this  journal,  if  return  postage  is 
enclosed.  Address  such  work  to  C.  P. 
Zaner,  Columbus,  O. 


There  can  be  but  one  BEST.     You  want  it. 
Who  are  the  Best  Reporters  in  the  United  States  ? 
What  System  of  Shorthand  do  they  write  ? 


If  I  were  starting  to  leara  shorthand  now,  I  would  get  Benn  Pit- 
man's Manual,  and  other  books  and  follow  them.— Dennis  l'\ 
Murphy,  Late  Official  Reporter,  United  States  Senate 

In  my  career  as  an  official  reporter  of  the  senate,  now  covering 
thirty  three  years,  I  have  become  familiar  with  the  capabilities  and 
shortcomings  of  numerous  systems,  and  I  am  more  than  ever  con 
firmed  in  the  belief  that  Pitman's  phonography,  with  its  phonic  basis 
and  its  philosophic  strokes  and  curves,  dots  and  dashes,  is  as  well 
established  in  our  language  as  are  the  script  forms  for  longhand  ; 
and  deservedly  so,  for  it  has  stood  the  test  of  time  and  experience— a 
test  which  seems  to  doom  every  other  invention  of  rapid  writing. — 
TitKO.  F   Shuby,  Official  heporter,  United  States  Senate. 

What  a  tremendous  stride  it  would  be  in  the  advancement  of  our 
art  if  there  could  be  universally  adopted  by  shorthand  writers  (with 
sucli  modifications,  of  course,  as  Ion*;  practical  experience  may  have 
shown  to  be  wise  and  judicious)  the  standard  for  which  you  have  bat- 
tled so  long,  sn  ably,  and  so  consistently  -  a  8'andard  which  has  been 
demonstrated  by  a  h'ng  ii-e  of  eminent  practitioners  to  he  equal  to 
Hi.  greatest  demands  upon  reportorial  skill  —Edward  V  Murphy, 
Official  Reporter,  United  States  Senate,  in  a  letter  to  Benn  Pitman 
and  Jerome  IJ.  Howard. 

The  "system"  written  by  myself  is  substantially  thai  known  as 
the  I'm nn  Pitman",  which,  during  years  ot  professional  practice,  I 
have  found  admirably  adapted  to  reporting  uses. — David  Wolfe 
RltOWN,  Official  Reporter,  U.S.  House  of  Representatives. 

We  use  Benn  Pitman's  system  of  shorthand.     I  found  it  the  easi- 
est system  to  learn,  and  when  learned,  the  most  legible.    The  facility 
w  iih  which  Benn  Pitman's  system  may  be  learned  and   used   renders 
ii    in  my  judgment,  •uperior  to  all  others.— George  C.  Holland, 
liorter  of  the  Canadian  Senate. 


Where  are  the  verbatim  reporters  who  use  the  "  easy, 
'  joined-vowel,"  "  li^ht-line,"  "  single-slant  "  systems  ? 
The  Benn  Pitman  System  is  published  by 

The  Phonographic  Institute  Co., 


BENN  PITMAN,  President 
JEROME  B  HOWARD,  Manager 


(.  incinnati,  Ohio 


I  Will  Make  You 


A  Penman,  or 

A  Better  Penman, 

A  Better  Judge,  and 
Critic  of  Fine  Art 
Penmanship, 

An  Artistic  Penman, 
or  an  Inspired 
Teacher  of  the  Art 


I  have  something  new  in  the 
line  of  inspiration  that  will 
be  the  making  of  a  new  era 
in  penmanship  training.  If  I 
could  only  impress  you  with 
the  idea  of  its  value  you 
would  not  hesitate  one  minute 
to  write  me.  I  am  not  offer- 
ing something  for  nothing, 
but  have  a  thing  of  wondrous 
and  inestimable  value  to  those 
who  love  the  beautiful,  jt  ^t 


"INSPIRATION" 

While  striving  to  become  a  penman  I  craved  the  kind 
of  inspiration  that  was  impossible  to  secure.  I  resolved 
to  prepare  for  others  just  what  I  sought  in  vain  to  find. 
I  have  it  now  and  it  is  for  sale.  You  can't  get  it  else- 
where and  it's  limited.  More  than  you  can  get  else- 
where for  the  money,  and  of  a  quality  above  compari- 
son. It's  five  dollars  this  month— hereafter  'twill  be 
ten.    Booklet  free. 

M«  AT  'OTTO"  Metropolitan  College, 

.A.    ixlsi5J.lN  ,    MINNEAPOLIS,   MINN. 


'■.zLfrJ  <zs?z*/  ~£<*~&£c<44L£srzt  ^cc*t>&  &L&snsfe-  sustrit'  firr  sm4sns&4m*{s?Ts&  c%~t,  TUcc&tsn^dJ '  c^c£otsO&*Ctrr-- 


^Jrte&vUll*&ii£«ls*&6i&«T*    tt> 


* 


To  Our  Friends  and  Patrons    * 


We.  desire,  to  call   your  attention  to 

"MODERN    COMMERCIAL    PENMANSHIP" 

A  book  that   has  had   a   phenomenal  sale  since  it  was  offered    to  the  fraternity  a  few  weeks  ago.      The 
plan  is  unique  in  many  respects.    Among  the  many  advantages  of  the  book  are  the  following: 

1.  The  copies  represent  the  very  highest  degree  of  skill  in  business  writing.  They  were  prepared  by 
Mr.  E.  C.  Mills,  whose  superiority  as  a  business  penman  is  recognized  throughout  the  United  States. 
The  lines  are  strong,  life-like,  and  are  so  engraved  as  to  represent  as  nearly  as  possible  copies  fresh 
from  the  pen. 

2.  The  instruction  for  each  lesson  appears  on  the  page  opposite  the  copy  and  is  always  directly 
before  the  student. 

3.  The  book  is  bound  to  open  at  the  end  and  is  thus  very  convenient  for  handling;  it  always  lies 
flat  when  open. 

1.    The  copies  are  divided  into  sixty  lessons  -  one  for  each  school  day  in  twelve  weeks. 

5.  The  gradation  of  copies  is  such  that  the  student's  progress  is  assured.  Appropriate  movement 
exercises  accompany  the  different  lessons  and  are  not,  as  is  true  of  many  similar  publications, 
grouped  at  the  beginning  of  the  course. 

R.  The  instruction  is  terse  and  pertinent.  The  many  helpful  hints  to  the  student  will  enable  him 
to  overcome  manv  of  the  awkward  movements  of  the  novice. 

The  price  is  w'itliin  the  reach  of  all  students.    The  retail  price  of  the  book  is  50c. 


Remember  these  for   next  year: 

Williams's  English  Grammar, 
The.  Model  Dictation  Course, 
The.  New   Business  Speller, 

And   remember  to    write   to  us 

For  information  concerning  all  kinds  of  books  and  supplies  for  Co 


Clarke's  Shorthand, 

The.  Complete  Guide  to  Touch  Typewriting 

Modern  Commercial  Banking. 


THE  COMMERCIAL  TEXT  BOOK  CO., 


DES  MOINES,  IOWA. 


A>g*=^~«- 


Catalo§s 

and  Circulars 


Tli 


Ms 


rth 


d   C 


igb 


School,  Pittsburg,  Pa.,  issues 
grade     catalog     of     10    pages,    printed 
beautiful  cream  paper,  the  whole  bespeak 
ing  a  high-grade  institution. 

The  Waynesburg,  Pa.,  Business  College, 
Van  Orden  &  Barnes,  proprietors,  favored 
us  with  a  verv  nicelv  printed  and  illus- 
trated catalogof  20  pages  and  cover.entitled 
Christmas  Booklet,  and  dated  December, 
1903. 

The  Central  Business  College,  Denver, 
Colo.,  favored  us  with  some  of  the  best 
advertising  booklets  and  novelties  recently 
received  at  this  office,  one  of  which  com- 
prises three  colors:  brown,  yellow  and 
green,  which  proved  to  be  a  pleasing  com- 
bination. 

Cannon's  Commercial  College,  Lawrence. 
Mass.,  distributes  a  verv  effective  calendar 
with  a  beautiful  oval  5x8  half-tone  plate  of 
an  intelligent  shorthand  class,  numbering 
about  fifty. 

"The  New  Rapid  Shorthand"  is  the  title 
of  a  very  neat,  well  written  and  printed 
booklet  in  the  interest  of  that  system  by  the 
Sadler-Rowe  Co.,  Baltimore,  >Id. 

"Year  Book,"  published  by  the  Cedar 
Rapids,  la..  Business  College,  is  the  grace- 
ful title  of  a  IK  page  booklet,  giving  portraits 
and  testimonials  of  one  hundred  and  fifty 
young  men  and  women  who  attended  that 
institution  last  year.  The  same  is  a  very 
effective  piece  of  advertising. 

The  Lebanon,  Pa.,  Business  College  is 
issuing  a  fine,  large  calendar  for  1904,  size  20 
by  27  inches.  It  occupies  a  prominent  place 
in  our  office. 


( >nt  of  the  best,  little  advertising  novel- 
ties recently  received,  came  from  the  Macon 
&  Andrews  College,  Memphis,  Tennessee, 
it  being  in  the  form  of  a  Savings  Bank  pass 
book  with  clever  imitation  check  and 
greenbacks  therein,  ready  to  be  deposited. 

Advertising  literature  has  been  received 
from  the  following:  San  Francisco,  Cal„ 
Business  College;  Heald's  Business  Col- 
lege, San  Francisco,  Cal.;  the  University 
Press,  Ann  Arbor,  Mich.;  Iowa  Business 
College,  Des  Moines,  la.;  Camden,  N.  J., 
Commercial  College;  Shaw  Business  Col- 
lege, Portland,  Me.;  W.  A.  Thompson,  Pon- 
tiac,  Mich.;  Dubois,  Pa.,  College  of  Busi- 
ness; Wisconsin  Business  University,  La 
Crosse.  Wis.;  Brown's  Business  and  Short- 
hand College,  Bridgeport,  Conn.;  and  The 
Bliss  Business  College,  North  Adams,  Mass. 

Well  written  and  printed  school  journals 
have  been  received  from  the  following: 
Mount  Morris  College,  Mount  Morris.  111.; 
J.  P.  Wilson.  Seattle,  Wash.;  Peterson  Bus- 
iness College.  Scottdale,  Pa.;  The  Columbia 
Commercial  University,  Lancaster,  O.,  and 
Parsons,  Kans..  Business  College 

The  Western  School  of  Commerce,  Stock- 
ton, Cal.,  is  issuing  a  very  neatly  gotten  up 
green-backed  catalogue,  in  the  interests  of 
that  institution.  The  faculty  is  a  strong 
one.  Mr.  E.  H.  McGowen,  with  whom  we 
are  personally  acquainted,  is  one  of  the  best, 
all-around,  commercial  teachers  and  pen- 
men of  whom  we  have  knowledge 

"Wild  Flowers  from  the  Home  of  Evan- 
geline," with  pressed  flowers  therein,  is  the 
title  of  a  verv  neat  booklet  from  the  Capital 
City  Business  College,  Helena,  Montana. 

The  Rowland  Business  College,  Colum- 
bus, Ohio,  is  issuing  a  very  attractively 
illustrated  six. page  folder,  in  the  interest  of 
that  high-grade  institution. 

"  P.  B.  C."  is  the  monogram  title  of  a 
maroon  covered  catalogue  issued  by  the 
Parsons,  Kans.,  Business  College.  The 
paper  is  cream,  the  ink  is  double-tone  sepia, 
the  illustrations  verv  attractive  and  to  the 
point.  The  whole  gives  one  the  impression 
of  a  prosperous  and  practical  school. 


"Culver  is  the  title  of  a  gold-embossed, 
white-backed,  sumptuous,  101!  -page  cata- 
logue, issued  by  the  Culver  Military  Acad- 
emy, Culver,  Ind.  The  catalogue  convinces 
one  that  the  school  issuing  it,  is  one  of  the 
best  of  its  kind.  Everything  therein  seems 
to  be  first-class,  as  concerns  equipment  and 
courses  of  instruction.  Captain  J.  F.  Grant 
has  charge  of  book-keeping,  shorthand, 
typewriting  and  penmanship,  which  i<  a 
guarantee  that  these  branches  are  looked 
after  as  they  should  be. 

"  Annual  Announcement  of  the  Commer- 
cial Department  of  the  Dunkirk  High 
School,  Dunkirk,  Mew  York.  1903-'(rt,"  is  the 
title  of  an  elegantly  bound,  well  written 
and  illustrated,  forty  eight  page  booklet, 
devoted  to  the  management,  equipment, 
course  of  studies,  etc.,  of  the  Commercial 
High  School  of  that  progressive  city.  More 
high  schools  of  this  character  will  do  more 
to  drive  out  of  the  market  the  inferior  com- 
mercial schools  than  anv  other  agency  of 
which  we  have  knowledge.  Those  inter- 
ested in  high  school  commercial  education 
will  do  well  to  write  to  the  principal,  W.  B. 
Curtis,  for  the  booklet.  It  impresses  us 
well,  as  does  the  work  done  in  the  school. 

Mr.  Willard  McBee,  Allegheny,  Pa.,  is 
issuing  a  profusely  illustrated  circular  of 
his  flourished  cards  from  the  pen  of  the 
famous  M.  B.  Moore. 

Howard  &  Brown,  Rockland  Me.,  are 
sending  out  a  very  attractive  catalog  ad- 
vertising their  diplomas.  The  same,  like 
their  work,  is  high-grade  and  artistic. 


SHORT  CUTS,  s 


half  the 


W.  A.  BODE,    27th  St.,  S    S.,  Pittsburg,  Penna. 

ittle  book,  pocket 
showing  how  to  do 
ith  half  the  figures  and 
little  calculations 
which  we  must  figure  out  everyday.  Everything 
from  Addition  to  Interest  and  Discount.  Its 
worth  is  attested  by  the  fact  that  its  author  is 
now  and  has  been  for  years  the  specialist  in  this 
branch  at  the  Eastman  Business  College.  Price, 
cloth,  50c.    Address, 

GEO.  A    DEEL,  Poughkeepsie,  N.  Y 


C^LC  T^CC^^TZU^^ '  &c£tAsG<z£<r7'    I 


I   Cfa^esr£c<i4srJ  <2srz<ef  *Ut^-£c<24i4srj  ^c**t&  t^d^^S-  sy*n*s  fv-r  - 


9h&  livulrw*>*>  &Ub6ahrp  ££► 


Z^^— V. 


Lessons  in  Wash   Drawing 
and  Engrossing. 

.   L.   BROWN.        ROCKLAND.    MAIM 


number  One. 

Hmsli  and  color  work  i*  very  fascinating, 
and  ability  to  make  good  wash  drawings 
,,,-in  be  acquired  by  any  one  who  is  not 
afraid  of  bard  work,  and  is  willing  to  sur 
in. unit  all  difficulties  which  may  arise  in 
the  course  of  the  work. 

To  handle  color  with  pleasing,  transparent 
effects  is  a  knack  that  requires  practice  and 
experience  to  acquire.and  if  we  can  shorten 
the  student's  road  to  skill  in  this  line,  we 
shall  be  satisfied  with  our  effoits. 

urn  it.  The  outfit  need  not  be  elaborate 
,,r  expensive.  This  matter  should  be  gov- 
erned by  the  pocket  book  of  the  student, 
and  the  class  of  work  he  intends  to  do. 
However,  for  the  present  purposes  a  simple 
outfit  will  rill  the  requirement,  comprising 
a  pan  of  lamp  black,  a  pan  of  Payne's  gray, 
■m,l  two  sable  brushes,  numbers  5  and  7, 
and  two  or  three  saucers  for  mixing  color. 
Select  your  brushes  with  the  greatest  care, 
.,-  it  i-  impossible  to  do  creditable  work 
with  poor  brushes.  A  poor  brush  will  be  a 
continued  annoyance.  A  good  brush  will 
come  to  a  line  pencil  point  when  moistened, 
and  retain  its  form,  while  a  poor  brush  will 
become  irregula    and  spread. 

INSTRUCTIONS.  This  is  a  most  important 
lesson  and  it  must  be  mastered  before  any. 
thing  in  the  way  of  a 'design  is  attempted. 
We  desire  to  impress  upon  the  student  the 
importance  of  handling  the  washes  with 
smoothness  and  uniformity.  Washes  are 
much  used  in  modern  engrossing  and  the 
effi  '  ■')  the  work  depends  upon  the  delicacy 
.  .1  the  shading.  Bristol  board  with  dull  fin- 
ish will  do  for  piactice  purposes.  Lay  off 
with  pencil,  spaces  on  a  larger  scale  than 
those  in  the  copy.  Now  mix  some  lamp 
black  in  the  saucer  for  the  purpose,  adding 
a  little  of  the  gray  to  relieve  the  somber 
tone.  Kill  your  brush  with  pure  water  and 
go  over  the  entire  surface,  taking  up  the 
superfluous  moisture  on  a  blotter.  Let  the 
surface  dry  for  a  few  seconds,  then  add  the 
color,  proceeding  as  follows:  Fill  the  brush 
with  color,  and  begin  at  the  upper  part  of 
the  space,  and  work  the  color  downward. 
Do  not  let  the  edges  dry,  and  avoid  brush- 
ing over  the  surface  until  it  becomes  mud- 
dy anil  spotted.  This  is  a  very  common 
fault  with  beginners.  Keep  the  color  mov- 
ing, and  see  that  the  brush  is  well  filled 
with  color,  as  the  use  of  small  quantities 
of  wash  increases  the  chances  of  the  edges 
drying  before  the  color  is  carried  to  the 
proper  place.  Aim  tocoverthe  surface  with 
an  even  tone,  free  from  spots. 

The  washes  on  Xumber  2  were  applied  in 
r  numbered.  Draw  sufficient  lines 
rem  width  of  shade,  with  pencil,  of 
sufficient  distinctness  to  show  through 
each  succeeding  wash.  The  first  wash 
should  cover  the  entire  space,  and  the  sec- 
ond, spaces  2  and  3;  let  one  wash  thoroughly 
dry  before  adding  another. 

If  li\  oversight  we  have  left  out  of  these 
instructions  any  matter  that  you  desire 
fully  explained,  we  will  consider  it  a  favor 
if  you  will  advise  us  of  the  fact,  as  we  desire 
thai  the  student  begin  these  lessons  with  a 
thorough  understanding  of  the  work  in 
hand. 


:iGr\0^ERS 

Designers 

?R!N 


ILLUMINATORS 
ENG^ERS 
TERS 


PAPER        ^ 


Embossed  Stationery—  (Name  of  school,  etc.) 
put  up  in  handsome  special  boxes.  (24  sheets  and 
24  envelopes),  in  various  grades  and  shades,  sold 
as  low  as  25  cents  a  box  and  upward. 

Practice  Paper— $130  a  ream  (960  sheets);  $1.20 
a  ream  in  5  ream  lots. 

4rf#sf  Penman's  Paper— $2  a  ream  i960  sheets); 
§1.90  a  ream  in  5  ream  lots  and  upward.  various 
qualities  and  shades.  Unruled,  ruled  and  wide 
ruled. 

Typewriter  Papers— Tut  up  in  boxes,  500  sheets 
to  ream  ;  8x10%  34c  ream  and  upward  ;  8x13,  43c 
ream  and  upward.  Send  for  free  sample  of  papers. 

Stenographer's  Note  Books— No.  1,  for  pencil, 
2  cenlseach  in  1000  lots;  $3.50  n  100.    No.  3,  for  pen, 
Zx/l  cents  each  in    1,000  lots;    |4  a   100.    Size,  160 
pages,  4%  x9  in.     Larger  sizes  in  proportion. 
Send  6c  each  (for  postage)  on  sample  books. 

Headquarters  for  Schoof  Papers. 
Diplomas     In  all   styles.     Stock   and  made   to 
order. 

THE  KINSLEY  STVDIO 
220  Broadway.  New  York 


The    Kinsley     Commercial     Teachers ' 
Bureau  and  School  Exchange. 

Commercial  and  Shorthand  -Registration 

teachers  a  Specialty.  Fee  $2. 

More    calls  for   teachers   than  we    can   supply. 

A   wide  acquaintance  and  a  knowledge  of  the 

needs  of  schools  in  various  localities  are  placed 

at  the  disposal  of  school  principals  free. 

Wt  Also  Negotiate  the  Sale  of  School  Property. 

WM.     J.     KINSLEY,     Manager 

220  Broadway.  New  York 


lestions  Answered  and 

If-itielsms  Offered  by 

C.  P.  Zaner. 


Under  this  heading  Mr.  Zaner  criticises  specimens 
of  penmanship,  drawing,  etc.,  submitted  to  him. 
Postage  should  be  enclosed  if  specimens  are  to  be 
returned.  He  will  also  endeavor  to  answer  any  and 
all  questions  pertaining  to  penmanship  matters,  or  if 
thought  best,  questions  may  be  submitted  through 
this  department  to  the  readers  of  our  journal  for  vol- 
unteer answers.  This  gives  the  readers  of  The 
Business  Educator  the  benefit  of  the  experience 
of  one  who  has  made  thl  work  a  life-time  study,  as 
well  as  of  those  who  contribute  thereto. 

Capitals  or  Small  Letters? 


Monroe,  Wis.,  Feb.  5.  1904. 
In  teaching  business  writing,  which 
should  come  first,  capitals  or  small  letters? 
Does  it  not  seem  that  the  capitals  should 
be  taught  first,  considering  that  the  stud- 
ent's movement  is  wild  when  he  begins, 
and  cannot  be  controlled  on  the  small 
letters  at  once,  or  do  you  think  it  would  be 
advisable  to  teach  small  letters  together 
with  the  capitals  ? 

Yours  very  truly, 

A.  B.  Zu  Tavern. 

It  is  easier  to  teach  at  least  some  of  the 
capitals  first,  and  if  we  were  to  consider 
writing  only  from  the  writing  lesson  stand- 
point, we  would  say  give  capitals  first,  but 
it  does  not  always  seem  best  because 
pupils  need  the  small  letters  in  their  every 
day  lesson  work,  and  need  help  as  soon  as 
it  can  be  given.  It  depends  whether  you 
approach  or  instruct  writing  from  the 
standpoint  of  ovals,  or  from  the  standpoint 
of  gliding  exercises.  If  from  the  former, 
capitals  should  be  given  first;  if  from  the 
latter,  small  letters  first.  Unless  it  is  clear 
to  you  that  one  or  the  other  of  these  courses 
can  be  given  to  advantage,  then  it  would 
be  better  to  give  alternately  a  capital  and  a 
small  letter,  beginning  with  O,  i.  A,  u,  C,  n, 
etc.,  etc,  down  through  the  alphabet.  This 
method  is  sure  to  be  half  right,  and,  every- 
thing taken  into  consideration,  we  presume 
it  is  more  nearly  right  than  any  other. 


C^v^rCcd^c^j  ezspz*?'  72tc&£c*£s£L&>rs  .**,**&.  <i^^z^^z^^- :^t<^*t^  /^-^- ^^>^_,«^?^^!S^^7->^e-^E^    C^l^7^C^4^^^^€<^^C^l^^ 


£TRe  fti  tUti  vt^>  *>  Ctlucctlo  r   ^ 


Commercial  Caw— Continued  from 
Paga  14. 

7.  It  must  not  be  repugnant  to  the 
express  terms  of  the  contract.  An 
express  agreement  is  stronger  than 
any  usage,  however  well  established. 

Intention  of  Parties.  The  pri- 
mary object  in  the  construction  of  a 
contract  is  to  get  at  the  intention  of 
the  parties.  This  does  not  mean  that 
when  a  party  has  made  a  plain  state- 
ment, he  shall  be  allowed  to  show  that 
he  did  not  intend  what  his  statements 
clearly  indicate  and  what  the  other 
party  would  have  the  best  of  reasons 
to  believe  he  intended.  It  means 
simply  that  the  court  will  consider 
his  statements  as  a  means  of  finding 
out  what  hemeant. 

Whole  to  have  Meaning.  A  court 
will  seek  to  put  such  construction 
upon  the  parts  of  a  contract  as  shall 
be  consistent  with  the  evident  mean- 
ing of  the  contract  viewed  as  a  whole. 
Repugnant  clauses  or  terms,  which 
cannot  be  reconciled  'with  the  con- 
tract taken  as  a  whole,  will  be  rejected. 

Terms  employed  given  their 
commonly  accepted  meaning.  In 
the  absence  of  established  and  gen- 
erally known  usage  to  the  contrary, 
words  are  taken  at  their  common 
meaning  and  not  in  their  technical 
sense.  In  a  contract  where  a  party 
was  to  have  an  additional  price  for 
removing  "hardpan,"  it  was  held  to 
mean  what  the  people  of  that  section 
knew  as  "hardpan,"  although  it  was 
not  what  geologists  know  by  that 
name.  Technical  terms  peculiar  to  a 
certain    trade     or    profession    would 


probably  be  construed  technically,  if 
the  parties  were  both  men  of  that 
trade  or  profession,  because  such 
would  be  the  obvious  intention  of  the 
parties.  Ambiguous  Terms.  Where 
the  wording  of  a  contract  is  ambigu- 
ous, it  will  be  interpreted  so  as  to  be 
favorable  to  the  parties  rather  than 
against  them,  if  it  can  be  done  with- 
out violating  the  foregoing  rules.  If 
the  interpretation  must  be  unfavora- 
ble to  one  party,  ambiguous  terms, 
will  be  construed  against  the  party 
making  use  of  t/iem.  Punctuation. 
Punctuation  may  be  taken  into  con- 
sideration where  it  will  aid  in  ascer- 
taining the  meaning  of  the  writing, 
but  where  the  punctuation  of  one 
part  of  the  contract  is  such  as  to  give 
a  meaning  contrary  to  the  contract  as 
a  whole,  such  punctuation  will  be 
thrown  out.  Presumptions.  In  inter- 
preting a  contract,  the  court  will  pre- 
sume a  lawful  intention  on  the  part 
of  the  parties,  also  that  they  were 
competent  and  that  they  were  not 
mistaken.  Of  course  these  presump- 
tions are  not  conclusive. 


Office  Craininq    Continued  from  Page  16. 

the    routine   of   instructions,   for  his 
stamp  of  approval. 

A  strict  adherence  to  the  spirit  of 
the  plans  and  suggestions  here  given 
will  enable  a  manager  to  carry  out  a 
routine  of  transactions  by  the  inter- 
communication plan  with  success. 
It  is  all  quite  possible  and  practica- 
ble, as  the  writer  has  ample  verifica- 
sion   of  it   from   his   own  experience. 


In  the  writer's  school,  the  business 
practice  and  office  department  are 
considered  by  the  students  to  be  the 
most  interesting  and  important  part 
of  the  course.  This  condition  is  at- 
tributed in  a  large  measure,  to  the 
inter-communication  feature  of  the 
work. 


FOR  SALE 

The  first  of  April,  or  sooner,  if  necessary,  the 
only  Commercial  and  Normal  School  in  a  county 
seat  of  35,000,  and  in  the  best  agricultural  state  in 
the  Union.  A  city  having  thirteen  railroads  and 
one  tnterurban  electric  line  and  prospects  for 
another.     Proprietor  giving  up  school  work. 

Address  Z,  Care  of   BUSINESS  EDUCATOR, 
Columbus.  Ohio. 

The  Pratt  Teachers*  Agency,  [ 

70  Fifth  Avenue,  New  York,  t 

Recommends  college  and  normal  gradu  ► 
ate •,  specialists,  and  other  teachers  to  col-  £ 
leges,  schools,  and  families. 


The  Agency  receires  many  calls  for  com 
mercial  teachers  from  public  and  private 
schools,  and  business  colleges. 

WM.  O.   PRATT,  Manage 


gerj 


M  I  LLS'S  Correspondence 
School  of  Penmanship 
Is  an  exclusive  school  of  pen- 
manship. If  you  feel  the 
need  of  improving  your 
writing  you  should  send 
stamp  at  once  for  full  infor- 
mation concerning  our 
school.    Address. 

E.   C     MILLS 

195  Grand  Ave..  Rochester.  N.  Y 


The   Czar  and  the   Mikado   agree   with   us 

In  that  they  do  not  question  the  correctness  of  the  proposition  that  theory  should  precede  practice. 
Study  the  principles  of  war  before  war  is  declared.  Learn  how  to  shoot  before  you  begin  to  fire. 
Preparation  first,  application  afterward.  A  text-book  foundation  on  which  to  erect  a  business 
practice  superstructure.  A  training  that  teaches  students  to  think,  to  ask  and  know  the  reason 
why;  not  merely  to  play  with  business  papers,  only  to  find,  after  weeks  of  such  exercise,  that  they 
cannot,  on  a  test,  write  out  a  sight  draft  or  a  bank  check  or  a  bank  draft  without  a  model.  Such  a 
use  of  time  is  dissipation,  not  education.     If  you  will  make  a  fair  classroom  test,  you  will  find  that 

Our  Practical  Bookkeeping  and  Twentieth  Century  Business  Practice 

solve  the  problem  of  imparting  both  knowledge  and  skill,  in  the  briefest  possible  time,  with  but  a 
reasonable  draft  on  the  teacher's  time.  One  of  the  ways  in  which  we  save  the  teacher's  energy  is 
by  supplying  the  most  complete  and  convenient  keys  published.  We  should  like  to  have  you 
know  all  about  our  publications  on  Bookkeeping  and  Practice,  and  we  make  the  most  liberal 
arrangements  for  this  purpose.     Write  to  us.     Do  it  now. 


6Ae  PRACTICAL  TEXT  BOOK  COMPANY 


479  EUCLID  AVENUE 


a 


j 


CLEVELAND,  OHIO 


£7%-*  73-U^U^Z^d^f '  <£^c£4tsC-Cl£0~T-    I 


I     Cfc&-Z>~esr£t*&£s?-J    6£s9?s€f   &6<^-£c<d<fa£s?zf  *~>C4*l^£  £6sCZs7Zs/3' SJf&tCs 


BY  F.  W.  MARTIN,  ROCKLAND,  ME.,  COMMERCIAL  COLLEGE. 


Summer  School  for  Teachers 


I 


training 
ers  who 
teaching 


T  is  well  known  that  for  several  years  the  demand  tor 
competent  teachers  of  Gregg  Shorthand  has  exceeded  the 
supply.  The  extraordinary  progress  the  system  has  made 
with  commercial  schools  and  high  schools  has  exhausted  the 
available  supply  of  teachers.  Six  years  ago  there  were  not 
more  than  thirty  schools  in  the  United  States  and  Canada 
using  Gregg  Shorthand  ;  today  it  is  taught  in  more  than  one- 
half  the  schools  in  the  United  States  and  Canada.  In  the 
month  of  September  last  over  160  schools  adopted  Gregg  Short- 
hand, and  next  season  even  this  splendid  record  will  be 
greatly  surpassed. 

At  the  urgent  request  of  many  school  proprietors  and 
teachers  we  have  decided  to  conduct  a  Summer  School  for 
teachers  of  Gregg  Shorthand  under  the  , direction  of  the  author  of  the  system.  Teach- 
desire  to  perfect  their  knowledge  of  Gregg  Shorthand,  and  to  learn  the  best  methods  of 
:  it,  would  do  well  to  avail  themselves  of  this  opportunity. 

Particulars  and  rates  will  be  furnished  on  application. 

GREGG    SCHOOL 


John  R  Gregg 


57  Washington  St.,  CHICAGO 


(Incorporated) 


Linn  H.  Young,  Secretary 


I  £fc£%*^r£*id-e^d  ezsn*/  ~/2otd-&<l4L&*rj  -*cv*i^&  £ft4&nsfe  su^nt'  /Tfy  sryi^r2*>Ct*m*<srz^  cT^ij.  73^u:U^iu*u '<£^2^*^z^£^-?-  1 


^ilvc  l^vu/uvc^CcUvcuXor   & 


TEACHERS  WANTED 


<  Our   bureau  makes  a    specialty 

1  of  placing  Commercial  Teachers. 

j  We  have  calls  from  every  state  in 

1  the  Union  and  we  are  filling  many 

,  of  the  best  positions  in  the  Lead- 

]  ino  Business  Colleges. 

j  Free  Registeration  if  you  mention 

j  this  paper. 


1. 


Continental  Teachers  Agency 

Bowling  Green,  Kentucky 


ESTERBROOK'S  NEW  PENS  US 


No.  702 
707 


MODIFIED    SLANT   OR 
"MEDIAL"    WRITERS. 


702     Slightly  Elastic 


JRESTERBROOK&CO'S 

707     Elastic 


AMONG  PEXMEX  there  is  a  demand  for  a  pen  that  is  adopted  to  the  Modified 
Slant  or  "Medial"  Writing,  to  combine  increased  speed  with  the  legibility  of 
the  Vertical.    To  meet  this  we  present  our  Modified  Slant  Pens.    These  Pens 
are  made  from  the  highest  grade   steel  and  are  finished  with  the  same  care  that 
has  made  Esterbrook  Pens  the  Standard  for  nearly  half  a  century. 

THE     ESTERBROOK     STEEL     PEN     MANUFACTURING     COMPANY, 
26  John  Street,  New  York.  Works,  Camden,  N.  J. 


For  all  kinds  of  public  and  private  insti- 
tutions, including  Business  Colleges  and 
Shorthand  Schools.  Designs  art'stic,  digni- 
fied and  tasteful.  New  catalogue  of  stock 
designs,  showing  the  finest  line  of  high 
gr:ide  diplomas  on  the  market.  Lowest 
prices    quoted  Resolutions     Engrossed. 

Commercial     Designing.      Correspondence 
solicited.     Address, 

HOWARD    &    BROWN, 
ROCKLAND,    MAINE 


FINEST    PENMANSHIP    SVPPLIES    OBTAINABLE. 


On  goods  listed  below  ■< 


•  pay  postage  on  those   that  go  by  tnail  and  purchaser  pays  carriage  charges  on  thosethat  go  by  express  or  freight. 
course  the  cheapest  way  is  to  order  in  fair  sized  quantities  and  have  them  go  by  freight. 


PENS  AND    HOLDERS.       BY  MAIL,  PREPAID. 


Zanerian  Fine  Writer  Pen— The  best 
and  finest  fine  writing  pen  made — best 
for  engrossing,  card  writing  and  all  fine 
Gross  $1  00,  %  gross  25c. 


1  do 


12c 


Zanerian  Ideal  Pen— One  of  the  best 
pens  made  for  general  penwork— busi- 
ness or  ornamental.  One  of  the  best 
pens  for  beginners  in  penmanship. 
Gross    75c,    ]4  gross  25c.    1    dozen    10c 

Zanerian  Medial  Pen— A  high-grade 
medium,  extra  smooth  pen  for  business 
writing.  None  better.  Just  right  for 
students  and  accountants.  Gross  75c, 
V\  gross ---     -  - 25c 

Zanerian  Business  Pen— A  smooth, 
durable,  common  sense  business  pen. 
For  unshaded  business  writing,  it  has 
never  been  excelled,  if  equaled.  Gross 
75c,    !-v    gross    25c.     1    dozen 10c 

Gilhtt's  Principality  No.  1  Pen— A 
fine  writing  pen.     Gross  $1.00,  %  gross 


Gillott's  Double  Elastic  E.  F.  No. 
604  Pen— A  medium  fine  writing  pen. 
Gross  75c,   %  gross  25c,  1  dozen      -   10c 

Gillott's  Magnum  Quill  E.  F.  No. 
601  Pen—  A  business  pen.  Gross  $1.00, 
%    gross   25c,    1    dozen I2c 

Gillott's  No.  303  E.  F.  Pen— Used 
largely  for  drawing  purposes.  Gross 
$1.00,    V\    gross  25c,   1   dozen 12c 


Gillott's  Lithographic  Pen  No.  290 
—One  of  the  finest  pointed  drawing 
pens  made.     6  pens  25c,  3  pens 15c 


Soennecken  Lettering  Pen  —  For 
making  German  Text,  Old  English,  and 
all  broad  pen  letters.  Set  of  12— num- 
bers 1,  1'-,  2,  2H,  3,  3M,  4,  5  and  6 
single  pointed  and  10,  20  and  30  doubl 


-25c 


pointed   

Double  Holder  for  Soennecken  Pens 
—  Holds  two  pens  at  one  time 10c 

Zanerian  Oblique  Penholder— Hand- 
made, rosewood,  12  inches  long,  a 
beautiful  and  perfect  holder.  1  holder 
- - 50c 

Fine  Art  Oblique  Holder  —  Inlaid 
and  fancy,  hand-made,  rosewood,  and 
by  far  the  most  beautiful  holder  made. 
1  holder  sent  in  a  small  wooden  box, 
- $1.00 


Exce/s;'or  Oblique  Holder— The  best 
low-priced  oblique  holder  made.    Many 
hundreds  of  gross  have  been  sold. 
1  holder  $.10 


%    gross-    -- 1.10 

%   gross 2.15 

1   gross 4.25 

Straight  Penholder  —  Cork  tipped 
and  best  for  business  writing,  flourish- 
ing, etc.     1  holder  10c,  6  holders  40c,  12 


CARDS,  INK,  PAPER,  ETC. 


stol 


Blank  Cards— White 
finest  surface  for  fine  penmanship. 

100  by  mail  postpaid ---28c 

500  by  express  --- 75c 

1000  by  express. $1.35 

Black  Cards— Best  made  for  white 
ink. 

100  by  mail  postpaid 28c 

500  by  express — 75c 

1000  by  express $1.35 

White  Cardboard—Wedd'ms  Bristol 
for  fine  pen  work.     Sheets  are  22x2<s. 

6  sheets  by  express $  .60 

12  sheets  by  express 1.00 

2  sheets  by  mail  postpaid 50 

White  Cardboard—  With  hard  finish, 
much  like  ledger  paper.  Sheets  are 
20Mx23, 

6  sheets  by  express $  .40 

12  sheets  by  express 70 

3  sheets  by  mail,  postpaid .50 

Black  Cardboard— Finest  for  white 
ink.     Sheets  are  22x28 

6  sheets  by  express  $  .50 

12  sheets  by  express     .75 

2  sheets  by  mail,  postpaid.  -- 50 

Wedding  Paper— Finest  for  penman- 
ship or  drawing.     Sheets  are  21x33. 

6  sheets  by  express      $  .50 

12  sheets  by  express - 70 

3  sheets  by  mail,  postpaid    .50 


Zanerian  Pen,  Pencil,  and  Paintin& 
Pad.  and  Portfolio,  for  sketching, 
drawing,    and    water     color    painting. 

Contains  40  sheets  for ---$  .40 

By  mail  20  cents  extra .60 

Zanerian  India  Ink — A  fine  drawing 
ink  and  best  for  preparing  script  and 
drawings  for  photo-engraving. 

1  bottle  by  mail,  postpaid $  .30 

1  dozen  bottles  by  express 2.00 

Arnold  s  Japan  Ink—  Nearly  \<2   pint 

bottle  by  mail  postpaid - $  .40 

I  pint  by  express - 45 

1  quart  by  express 75 

White  Ink— Very  fine. 

1  bottle  by  mail,  postpaid $  .25 

12  bottles  by  express  1.85 

Writing  Paper— Finest  12  lb.  paper 
made.  960  sheets  per  ream,  ruling  wide 
and  faint.     1  ream  by  express $2.25 

Writing  Paper  —  Same  quality  as 
above  mentioned  but  10  lb.  per  ream. 
1  ream  by  express $2.00 

Practice  Paper—  Best  for  the  money 

to  be  had.     1  ream  by  express $1.50 

Send  stamp  for  samples  of  paper. 

Envelopes — 
100  fine  blue  by  mail,  postpaid---. $  .40 
100  fine  white  by  mail,  postpaid---     .40 
1000  either  kind,  by  express 1.50 


We  handle  the  best  and  can  save  you  money 


Cash  must  accompany  all  orders. 
Remit  by  money  order,  or  stamps  for  small  amounts. 


Prices  are  too  low  to  keep  accounts. 


Address,    ZANER    <a    BLOSER,    COLVMBVS,    OHIO. 


I   Cfc£-v^r£cAfrrl  o^n^  *Zood-&*i4i^r?)  ^oo&  £6*cwtsfe-  sy*nc-  /v~r-  sm^n^tsq-f-iscsn^  c7?l*.  T^c^U^e^d  G^c^o^-r  \ 


iD'o  iDi 


To  Our  Customers  and  Friends :  rf. 

Our  entire  reserve  stock  was  destroyed  rjA* 

by  the  fire.    New  editions  of  all  our  publi-  © 

cations  will  be  on  press  in  different  cities  W. 

W 

r:A;                         as   soon   as   plates  can  be  removed  from  ^Kj 

©                         vaults.    We  hope  to  have  full  line  of  our  W 

W.                         publications  ready  in  30  days.    In  the  mean  ri. 

^K'fl                         time  our  customers  will  confer  a  favor  by  K/j* 

liO/J                          ordering  only  what  is  necessary  for  immedi-  W 

r$                         ate  wants  from  depositories,  so  that  stock  -J. 

kJ)'{j                         will  reach  as  far  as  possible.  ^ 

We  earnestly  request  the  patience  of  W 

our  customers  under  the  circumstances.  W. 

W 

SADLER-ROWE  CO.  ^jjj 


* 


^ 


BALTIMORE,  MD. 


B 


£H^e  @u^Jli^e^  £€U*&<fetor   <$> 


J5  THEr  GREAT 
OFFICE  PRACTICE  SYSTEM 


PUBLISHED  Kf  F.tgUSS,      SAtfftiAW,  JflCIL 


£7R©  @u&irfeefe&  &&vl&&X&f  & 


Nelson's  Commercial  Arithmetic  is  an  ideal 
text-book  for  commercial  schools.  Each  mer- 
cantile subjecT:  is  treated  according  to  the  very 
best  modern  business  practice.  Thorough  ex- 
ercises in  billing  and  in  drafting  invoices  are 
given7  thus  insuring  practice  as  well  as  theory 
for  the  student. 

A  successful  book  for  successful  schools. 
The  right  size,  the  right  price. 


THE  BOBBS-MERRILL  COMPANY 


INDIANAPOLIS 


Is  a  handsome  book  of  eighty  pages,  plate  paper,  opening 
flat,  comprising  sixty  complete  lessons  in  MODERN  BUSINESS 
WRITING    profuse  in  text  and  illustrations. 

The  first  letter  on  each  plate  is  large  for  study  of  form, 
then  comes  the  letter,  next  the  work,  and  after  that  the 
sentence  and  page. 

FORM,  MOVEMENT  end  SPEED  are  all  emphasized,  pre- 
sented and  developed  in  the  order  given.    None  are  omitted. 

THE  LABORATORY  METHOD,  a  given  amount  prescribed 
for  each  copy,  is  employed  for  the  first  time  in  a  book  on  this 
subject. 

THE  COPIES  were  written  by  America's  foremost  script 
specialist,  the  instructions  by  one  who  stands  in  the  front 
ranks  as  an  author  and  teacher,  and  the  whole  planned  by 
one  who  has  had  extensive  experience  as  proprietor,  teacher 
and  penman. 

THE  PRICE  IS  Sl.00  POSTPAID.  Your  money  back  if  the 
book  is  not  as  represented,  or  does  not  please. 

Address.        E.     e.     ADMIRE, 

Miles  College.  Detroit,  Mich. 

"The  book  is  all  and  even  more  than  implied  above.  I 
take  pleasure  in  recommending  it."— C.  P.  Zaner. 


i  \ 

Commercial  Teachers 

=  In     Demand  ^ 


There  will  be  no  better  way  for  you  to  spend 
part  of  the  coming  summer  than  to  take  the 
Summer  Normal  Course  for  Commercial 
Teachers  conducted 


This  ocurse  ap- 
peals to  progres- 
sive teachers  who 
wish  to  become 
familiar  with  the 
methods  of  the 
most  up-to-date, 
best  equipped  and 
largest  business 
school  in  the 
country. 


JVLY  11 

TO 

AVGVST  20 


Metropolitan 

Business 

College 

Chicago 

0.  M.   POWERS 

Principal 

156  WABASH  AVE. 

Send  for  Special  Circular 


1/ 


1     Cfe&i*&r£l*£4s?-j    CZs?7s£/   ^U*£-£<*dsAzsrd  ^C^L^£-   £-/z*%s?Zs/&  s^&V€s  t 


<3%u.  73^KUsr?^dd '  &s£tc*>cz£<?-r-   I 


^Ke@tUlrv4^^£i»Ui»&6bWr   A 


IN  TIME  OF  PEACE 
PREPARE  FOR  WAR 


-PUBLIUS  SYRUS. 


This  may  not  lie  exactly  a  time  of  peace 
with  managers  of  business  schools;  the  hosts 
of  ignorance  are  always  active  and  the  fight 
against  them  must  he  kept  up  all  the  year 
'round. 

But  we  are  Hearing  the  end  of  the  annual 
campaign  of  1903-04  and  the  wise  generals  are  be- 
ginning to  think  of  the  campaign  of  next  year. 

What  of  Your  Shorthand  Department  ? 


of 


hopes 


Has  it   fulfilled   the  measi 
during  this  last  year?    If  not, 

Perhaps  you  are  not  teaching  the  right  sys- 
tem and  are  using  the  wrong  text-books.  If  so, 
write  us  for  sample  copies  and  for  full  informa- 
tion concerning 


The  Benn  Pitman  System. 


Certificated  Teachers 

now  open  to  engagements  for  next  year's  work. 


The  Phonographic  Institute  Co., 

BEHH  PITMAN,  President.  rinrintviti     Hhin 

JEROME  B    HOWARD,  Manager.  UlllCllllldU,    VJ111U. 


A  Business 
Speller      & 


A  comprehensive  little  book  on  Spelling, 
120  pages  of  words  most  frequently  seen  in 
business  correspondence.  Divided  into  les- 
sons of  fifty  words  each.  Several  lessons 
of  words  pronounced  alike,  but  spelled  dif- 
ferently. Just  the  thing  for  the  school 
room.  Sample  copy  sent  postpaid  for  25 
cents        ::::::::: 


business 
Letter   Writing 


One  of  the  neatest  and  brightest  little 
works  on  Commercial  Correspondence. 
Unlike  anything  else  published.  Write  for 
sample  pages.  Single  copy  sent  postpaid 
for  fifty  cents        ::::::: 


Other  books  published  are  "  Musselman's 
Practical  Bookkeeping,"  "High  School 
Bookkeeping,"  "Commercial  Law,"  "Com- 
mercial Arithmetic." 


Try  a.  Box  of  Musselman's  Perfection  Vens,  25  cents 

CD.  L.  cMusselman  Publishing  Co. 

QUINCY.  ILLINOIS 


The  Williams  &  Rogers  Commercial  Text-Books 


More  widely  used  than  any  other  series 


Descriptive  Catalogue  sent  to  teachers  and  school  officers  on  application 


\i(      MODERN    ILLUSTRATIVE    BOOKKEEPING       \i, 

THE    LEADING    BOOKKEEPING    SYSTEM 


Prominent    Features    of    tH« 

1.  The  pupil  at  the  outset  is  thor- 
oughly grounded  in  the  elements  of 
bookkeeping  by  the  easy  step-by-step 
illustrative  method. 

2.  The  instructions  to  the  pupil  are 
so  full  and  explicit  that  he  cannot  fail 
to  perform  the  work  understandingly 
and  with  little  or  no  assistance  from 
the  teacher. 

3.  Special  emphasis  is  placed  from 
the  very  start  on  good  penmanship, 
and  on  accuracy,  neatness  and  order. 

4.  Varied  price  lists  are  introduced 
early  in  the  work  and  are  continued 
throughout  the  larger  part  of  the 
Course.  These  assist  greatly  in  cul- 
tivating accuracy  and  self-reliance  in 
the  pupil. 

5.  Frequent  tests  are  given  through- 
out the  course,  both  by  Test  Ledgers 
and   by   the  Civil   Service    Method    of 


Wor-lc; 

6.  The  incoming  vouchers  are  fac- 
similes of  model  business  papers,  and 
are  the  handsomest  that  have  ever 
been  published  for  school  purposes. 

7-  The  vouchers  come  to  the  pupil 
in  instalments,  so  that  he  cannot  go 
over  the  work  faster  than  he  should, 
nor  fail  to  do  any  part  of  it  without 
the  teacher  being  aware  of  the  fact. 

8.  The  style  of  penmanship  i.i  the 
vouchers  is  uniform  with  that  in  the 
text-book. 

9.  The  special  branches  of  business 
treated  in  the  advanced  part  of  the 
Complete  Course  are  of  the  most  rep- 
resentative character,  and  illustrate 
modern  and  approved  methods  of  ac- 
count keeping. 

10.  The  work  is  published  in  three 
forms,  viz.:  Introductory  Course,  Ad- 
vanced Course,  and  Complete  Course. 


OTHER    POPVLAR    COMMERCIAL 
TEXT-BOOKS 


Holies'  Money,  Hanking  and  Finance 
Piatt's  Pitmanic  Shorthand  Instructor 
Modern  Illustrative  Banking 
Mills's  Modern  Business  Penmanship 
Office  Routine  and  Bookkeeping 
New  Introductive  Bookkeeping 
Commercial  Arithmetic 
New  Commercial  Law 
New     Practical     Grammar     and     Cor- 
respondence 
Seventy  Lessons  in  Spelling 
Mental  Commercial  Arithmetic 
Civil  Government  of  the  United  States 
Pen-Written  Copies  ( Reproduced) 
Robinson's  New  Higher  Arithmetic 
Milne's  Standard  Arithmetic 
McClearv's  Studies  in  Civics 
Overton's  Advanced  Physiology 
Southwick's  Steps  to  Oratory 
Hill's  Foundations  of  RhetoV 


Mj 


i-ell 


ad     Smith': 


Writi 


English 

Mu/.zarelli's  Brief  French  Course 
Kdgren  &  Fossler's  German  Gram 
Kutoer's  Commercial  German 
Garner's  Spanish  Grammar 


AMERICAN  BOOK  COMPANY,  Publishers, 

New  York,  Cincinnati,  Chicago,  Boston,  Atlanta,  Dallas,  San  Francisco. 


I    C^^^t€^L&^^    OsTZ*/  ^C4~£-£cdstL£s7J  ^C<**&-  £&<Zs?7sfe  /UstrtC*    /vV  s 


Cffl*.  73^t*i4^Z^d<$ '  £*2U€sC>€2s£l7~r-    I 


°/kc  ^vtulivcjjCcUvccLtcr    <**> 


SOME  WORDS  ABOUT  "WORDS" 


A  few  months  ago  we  published  a  new  commercial  Speller  entitled  "  Words, 
Their  Spelling-,  Pronunciation,  Definition  and  Application."  Although  we  have 
made  but  one  or  two  announcements  in  regard  to  this  book  it  has  met  with  phenome 
nal  success.  To  tell  the  truth,  we  did  not  advertise  it  very  much  at  first  for  the 
reason  that  soon  after  its  appearance  we  were  bombarded  with  inquiries  for  exchange 
prices  on  almost  every  known  commercial  Speller,  and  as  our  stock  room  is  filled  with 
books  taken  in  exchange  we  prefer  to  wait  until  the  schools  have  disposed  of  most  of 
their  Spellers. 

Now  that  the  season  is  nearly  over  and  school  men  are  beginning  to  look  ahead 
to  next  season,  we  desire  to  call  attention  once  more  to  this  remarkable  little  book. 
As  an  introduction  we  print  some  pithy  paragraphs  from  letters  received  regarding  it : 


WILL  U>E  ABOUT  ONE  THOUSAND  FACH  YEAR. 

"The  four  hundred  copies  of  your  new  commercial 
Speller  have  been  received  and  placed  in  the  hands  of  our 
students.  We  have  been  using  this  Speller  now  a  suffi- 
cient length  of  time  to  offer  you  our  hearty  endorsement 
of  the  hook.  The  teachers  and  students  agree  that  it  is  a 
first-class  text  book.  You  may  re'y  upon  it  that  we  will  be 
regular  customers  hereafter  to  the  extent  of  about  one 
thousand  each  year."  H.  B.  BOYLES, 

Boyles'  College.  Omaha.  Xeb. 


BRIEF  AND  TO  THE  POINT. 

"  Please  express  to  us  two  hundred  copies  of  '  Words.'  " 

UEOKGE  SOII.E  AND  SjoNS, 

Soule  Commercial  College,  New  Orleans,  La. 


THE  PLAN  FOR  WEEKLY  REVIEWS  APPEALS  TO  HIM. 

"  Your  work  on  spelling  is  the  best  book  of  its  kind  we 
have  ever  examined.  The  arrangement  for  weekly 
reviews  appeals  to  us  especially  as  that  is  in  accordance 
with  the  method  we  have  followed  for  a  long  time.  There 
are  many  other  advantages  which  a  careful  review  will 
immediately  discover."  Freeman  P.  Taylor, 

The  Taylor  School,  Philadelphia,  Pa. 


"A  RATIONAL  AND  SCIENTIFIC  SPELLER." 

"It  comes  the  nearest  to  being  what  you  might  call  a 
rational  speller  or  scientific  speller,  of  any  I  have  yet 
seen.  English  spelling  is  certainly  an  inconsistent  thing, 
even  at  best,  but  there  are  some  underlying  rules  and  it 
seems  to  me  that  the  proper  way  to  do  is  to  classify  words 
in  the  beginning  according  to  those  rules  as  you  have 
done."  MISS  HORTENSE  L.  ALLEN, 

Brown's  Business  College,  Decatur,  111. 


ADOPTED  FOR  THE  WHOLE  SCHOOL. 

"  We  are  so  well  pleased  with  the  examination  copy  of 
'Words'  that  we  have  decided  to  adopt  it,  not  merely  for 
the  commercial  department,  but  for  the  whole  school." 

J.  E.  Boyd, 
LaBette  County  High  School,  Altamont.  Kas. 


HAS  THE  RIGHT  KEY  NOTE. 

"  I  have  been  looking  over  your  spelling  book  since  re- 
ceiving it  and  it  strikes  me  as  one  of  the  best  books  I  have 
ever  examined.  It  is  especially  valuable  for  shorthand 
students.  I  have  always  felt  that  there  should  be  more 
dictation  exercises  in  spelling  books. 

"In  my  own  case,  1  remember  that  we  had  a  great 
many  dictation  exercises.  I  also  like  the  list  of  words,  as 
they  are  words  that  are  in  everyday  use.  I  think  you  have 
struck  the  right  key  note  in  this  work." 

M.  H.  DAVIS. 
Davis  Business  College.  Toledo,  1 1. 


"SIMPLY  SPLENDID." 
"  I   think  the  arrangement  of  words  in  the  columns 
giving  a  correct    first   impression,   the  diacritical   marks, 
divisions  of  the  syllables  and   the  use  of  the  words  in  the 
sentences  is  simply  splendid."  G.  M.  LYONS, 

Kirksville  Business  College,  Kirksville,  Mo- 

WILL  BROADEN    THE    ST"DEf>T'S    MENTAL    HORIZON. 

"The  plan  of  the  work  and  the  scholarship  shown  in 
the  selection  of  the  words,  in  the  careful  marking  and  in 
the  apt  definition  of  the  words  appeals  to  me  very 
strongly.  Also  the  sentences,  in  which  the  words  are 
used  correctly,  are  of  a  high  order  and  will  undoubtedly 
prove  very  helpful  in  broadening  the  student's  mental 
horizon."  G.  M.  MARTIN. 

Brown's  Business  College.  Peoria,  111. 


It  will  be  seen  from  these  letters  that  "  WORDS"  differs  widely  from  the  old- 
style  commercial  Spellers  and  that  there  are  many  different  features  in  it  that  appeal 
to  practical  teachers  W^y  not  send  for  a  sample  copy  —  which  will  be  sent  on  re- 
ceipt of  fifteen  cents  —  even  if  you  do  not  use  it  in  your  class-room,  you  will  get  a 
great  deal  of  valuable  information  which  will  assist  you  in  your  work. 


$! 


ML 


THE:  GREGG  PVBLISHING  CO., 

57    WASHINGTON    ST.,    CHICAGO. 


m 
M 


I  £fe£v-&sr£t*£4s?^  as?z<tf  ^te^t^ai^-*^^ --«>i-^^  ^^<«-^z^  ^^t^^>  7^5-?- ^ 


<^^i^^ccd^^^^i^£^€^€>ez^<rr:   I 


rwiH©<«itUlrvei>i>C^lu?€»ctWr   &> 


SE10ND  EDITION  NOW  READY 
A    PRACTICAL  COURSE  IN 

ToUci? 
Typewriting 

By  CHARLES  E.  SMITH 


SPECIAL  FEATPRES: 
An  invariable  system  of  fingering  arranged  along 
the  line  of  least  resistance. 

Gives  absolute  command  of  every  key. 
Charts  and  diagrams  in  five  colors. 
Printed  from  bold,  clear  type,  newly  cast. 


"'A  Pi  actical  Course  in  Touch  Typewriting  '  was 
introduced  the  first  of  the  year,  and  we  are  pleased  to 
inform  you  that  it  has  come  to  stay  It  has  made 
touch  typewriting  in  our  school  one  of  the  attractive 
features,  and  we  have  found  it  to  be  the  most  system 
atic  and  complete  course  that  has  yet  been  published 
It  is  a  step  in  advance,  and  we  predict  a  large  sale  for 
the  work.  It  is  thoroughly  appreciated  by  our  instruct 
ors,  our  students,  and  the  management  of  our  instilu 
tion."— S.  I.  Wood,  President  Wood's  College,  Newark,  X.J. 


Price,  50  cents;  Cloth,  75  cents. 

Sample  copy  to  Teachers,  postpaid,  on  recei 
37  cents  and  54  cents,  respectively. 


READY  APRIL  4th 


Isaac  Pitman's  snoriHaWi  manual 

LESSON  CARD  EDITION   FOR 


Ma'i  Instruction 


choolfi 


At  the  request  of  a  large  number  of  teachers  and 
special  edition  of  the  "  Manpal  "  has  been  prepared  in  the  form 
of  Lesson  Cards  lor  leaching  by  Mail.  Each  page  is  printed  on 
a  separate  leaflet  (one  side  of  the  paper  only)  and  arranged  in  a 
suitable  box,  from  which  any  desired  page  can  be  removed  with- 
out disturbing  the  others.  The  lessons  are  logically  and  practi- 
cally arranged,  and  for  this  purpose  will  befoi.nd  unequalled. 
Each  lesson  is  followed  by  a  General  Review. 


Price,  In  Cardboard  Case,  75  Cents. 

Sample  copy  to  Teachers,  postpaid,  on  receipt  of  54  cents. 

NOW  READY— NEW  ED.1ION 

Selections  iron  Mean  Humors 

In  ISAAC  PITMAN  SHORTHAND 


Engraved  in  the  Easy  Reporting  Style,  with  Key.  Partial  con 
tents:  The  Buccaneer's  Treasure  (Washington  Itvingl,  My  Edit- 
ing (Mark  Twainl,  A  Venerable  Impostor  (Bret  Hartei,  The  Auto- 
crat of  the  Breakfast  Table  (O.  W.  Holmes),  The  Tell-Tale  Heart 
IE.  A.  Poei,  The  Story  of  a  Drum  (Bret  Hartei,  The  Procession  of 
Life  (N.  Hawthorne),  A  Melting  Story  i  Mark  Twain  i,  The  Profess- 
or at  the  Breakfast  Table  lO.  W.  Holmes). 

This  new  edition  will  form  an  excellent  work  for  additional  read- 
ing practice  in  the  schoolroom. 


Price,  40  Cents  ;  Cloth,  50  Cents. 

Sample  copy  to  Teachers,  postpaid,  on  receipt  of 
30  cents  and  37  cents,  respectively. 


Supremacy  by  Superiority 

Isaac  Pittr)2Lt)'s  S^ottfya^d 

EXCLrVSIVELrY    ADOPTED 

For  the  Elementary  and  High  Schools  of  Greater  New  York 

Displacing  all  "Pitmanic"  and  Light-line  Systems. 


ISAAC  PITMAN'S 
SJfOKfflXN® 
JfllSfcVCTOR 


ISAAC  PITMAN'S  SHORTHAND 
INSTRUCTOR.  Kevised  Twentie- 
th Century  edition.  Used  in  the 
New  York  High  School  of  Com- 
merce. Brooklyn  Commercial 
High  School,  and  Girls'  Technic- 
al High  School,  etc.  This  work 
is  a  new  presentation  of  the  sys- 
tem based  on  the  accumulated 
experience  of  the  past  sixty 
years,  and  includes  many  valu- 
able improvements  which  ap- 
pear for  the  first  time.  Cloth, 
gilt,  276  pages,       .        .        .        $1.50 


TWENTIETH  CENTURY  DICTATION  BOOK  AND  LEGAL  FORMS 
—Third  Edition.  A  collection  of  genuine  business  letters, 
in  ordinary  type,  covering  fifty  lines  of  business  ;  Legal 
Forms,  and  a  judicious  selection  of  practice-matter.  Chap- 
ters on  Spelling,  Punctuation,  Capitalization,  etc.  Pro- 
gressive schools  everywhere  are  adopting  this  work.  272 
pages,  boards  and  cloth  back,  75c;   cloth,         .         .         $1.00 


ISAAC  PITMAN'S  SHORTHAND  DICTIONARY.  Shorthand 
Outlines  of  over  61,000  words  with  Type  Key.  Also  a 
complete  list  of  Grammalogues  and  Contracted  Words. 
20th  Century  (Eighth!  Edition.    312  pages,  cloth,  gilt     $1.50 


SEND  FOR  SAMPLE  COPY  OF  "PITMAN'S  SHORTHAND  WEEKLY"  AND  "REASONS  WHY.' 


ISAAC    PITMAN   (®L  SONS,   Publishers, 

31    Union    Square   West,  »  3f  NEW     YORK. 


I    U~a2^>OW?^pT?77l<^??Q'7?2^    ^Z^7^CJ>^^l4^rZC€^  *C&^  *?%<r&  ^U^t?^^  Tp^-rtV  P^rTfT^p-^^/   /?*UsZ?    p-JS7jr??&?-rts?7£?     I 


DUSINESStDlMTOR 


DEVOTED     TO    THE    INTEREST*    OF    BUSINESS    EDUCATION    AND    PENMANSHIP. 


Vol.   IX.     No.   8. 


COLUMBUS,  0..  APRIL,    1904. 


THE  BUSINESS  EDUCATOR. 

Entered  at  Columbus.  Ohio,  Post  Office  as  Second 
Class  Matter. 

Published  Monthly  (Except  July  and  August),  by 
Zaner  &  Bloser,  118  North  High  St..  Columbus.  O., 
at  $1.00  a  Year      Foreign  Subscriptions.  30c.  extra. 


C.  P.  Zaner.  Columbus.  O. 
E.  E.  Gaylord.  Beverlv,  Ms 
E.  W.  Bloser.  Columbus,  C 

Address  all  communicati< 
Columbus,  O.,  except  those 
ments,  which  should  be  senl 


Editor 
-  Associate  Editor 
Business  Manager 
o  Zaner  &  Bloser, 
:ing  to  the  depart- 
[r.  Gaylord. 


Chan&e  of  Address.  If  you  change  yout 
dress,  be  sure  to  notify  us  promptly  ( in  advan 
possible),  and  be  careful  to  give  the  old  as  we 
the  new  address.  We  lose  many  papers  each 
through  negligence  on  the  part  of  subscribers. 

Back  Numbers  cannot,  as  a  rule,  be  supplied. 

Postmasters  are  not  allowed  to  forward   jou 
unless  postage  is  sent  to  them  for  that  purpose. 


The  Business  Educator  is  devoted  to  the  pro- 
gressive, and  practical  interests  of  Business  Educa- 
tion and  Penmanship.  A  journal  whose  mission  is 
to  dignify,  popularize,  and  improve  the  world's  new- 
est and  neediest  education  It  purposes  to  inspire 
and  instruct,  both  pupil  and  teacher,  and  to  further 
the  interests  of  those  engaged  in  the  work,  in  pri- 
vate, as  well  as  in  public,  institutions  of  business 
education.  Your  co-operation  will  strengthen  us  in 
our  endeavor  and  thus  help  you  and  the  cause  we 
love  and  believe  in.  Good  penmanship,  aside  from 
a  good  character,  being  the  best  passport  to  a  good 
position,  is  given  the  space  and  attention  it  deserves. 


Rate,*,  to  Agents  and  Club  Kaisers  sent  ut 
m  application.     Be  sure  to  write  for  them,  whethe 


ipti 


a  position  to  send  few  „. 

Sample    copies    furnished 


10  incomplete 
high-grade  in 


^idering  the  fact  that  we 

or  cheap  editions ;  that  our  jou 
every  particular ;  that  progressive,  practical 
in  penmanship  are  a  distinctive  feature  of  th_  . 
azine:  that  departments  of  interest  and  helpful 
to  students  and  teachers  in  subjects  relatin 
Business  Education  are  found  only  in  the  Bust: 
Educator,  you  will,  readily  see  that  the  Bust] 
Educator  is  not  only  the  best  but  the  cheapest,  v 
quality,  character,  and  quantity  are  considered. 


Advertising  Rates  furnished  upon  application. 
The  Business  Educator  being  the  highestgrade 
journal  of  its  class,  is  purchased  and  read  by  the 
most  intelligent  and  well-to-do  among  those  inter- 
ested in  business  education  and  penmanship,  in  the 
United  States,  Canada.  England,  and  nearly  every 
country  on  the  globe.  It  circulates,  not  alone  among 
business  college  proprietors,  teachers,  and  pupils, 
but  also  among  principals  of  commercial  depart- 
ments of  High  Schools,  Colleges  and  Religious 
Schools,  as  well  as  among  office  workers,"  home 
students,  etc.  It  is  preserved  as  is  no  other  journal, 
because  of  its  beauty,  practicality,  timeliness  and 
progressiveness.  Our  subscription  list  is  rapidly 
increasing,  though  our  advertising  rates,  for 
present,  : 


jour 


early  so  high  as  those  of  other 

rly  so   widely   read   among   school 

want  to  get  in  on  the  ground  floor, 

^arly.     No  similar  journal   ever  m- 

:ial    advertising    patronage    SO 


officials. 

apply  for 

creased    i 

rapidly  as  The  Business  Educator. 


Our   Policy  Cborougbly  Profes= 
sional  and  Progressive 

Those  of  our  readers  who  have 
been  with  us  for  some  years  are  well 
aware  that  our  policy  from  the  begin- 
ning has  been  one  of  high  and  broad- 
minded  liberality,  as  well  as  of  prae- 
trical  progress,' in  penmanship  and 
business  education.  It  has  never 
been  our  aim  or  object  to  advocate 
and  ride  hobbies  for  selfish  or  other 
purposes,  nor  to  prescribe  limita- 
tions to  contributions  from  men  and 
women  prominent  in  our  profession. 
A  free  rein  is  given,  "an  open  door" 
swung  wide,  and  an  untrammeled 
judgment  and  conscience  encouraged 
at  all  times. 

This,  we  believe,  is  the  true  policy 
for  professional,  practical,  and  pro- 
gressive journalism. 

We  have  no  set  inflexible  style  of 
writing  to  prescribe  for  all,  neither 
have  we  quarter  century  old  theories 
to  rehash  from  month  to  month. 
Progress  is  our  watchword,  and  that 
means  a  forward,  and  constantly  for- 
ward, march. 

In  business  education,  the  latest, 
the  best,  and  the  most  progressive 
is  our  constant  endeavor.  The  de- 
partment feature  is  the  vehicle  for 
this  expression,  and  through  its  able 
management  and  timely  contribu- 
tions more  real,  live,  valuable,  orig- 
inal, timely  material  concerning  com- 
mercial education  is  given  to  the  pro- 
fession month  after  month  than  by 
all  other  publications  combined. 

To  be  unhampered,  independent, 
progressive,  practical,  and  educa- 
tional, is  our  aim.  If  that  is  yours, 
we  invite  your  cooperation  and  sup- 
port. Our  ideal  has  not  yet  been 
reached,  and  it  never  will  be.  It 
moves-  forward  as  rapidly  as  we ; 
therefore  you  may  expect  better  prog- 
ress in  The  Business  Educator  from 
time  to  time  as  talents  expand  and 
receipts  warrant. 

We  desire  hereby  to  thank  our  many 
professional  friends  for  their  gener- 
ous, cordial,  and  unselfish  support, 
and  to  pledge  to  them  a  continuance 
of  our  unrelenting  efforts  for  a  truly' 
professional  and  progressive  period- 
ical.   

federation  Finances. 

Two  years  ago  the  membership  fee 
for  admission  to  the  Natonal  Com- 
mercial Teachers'  Federation  was  in- 
creased  from   one  to   two   dollars    a 


year,  for  the  purpose,  it  was  stated, 
of  publishing  an  official  report  of 
its  proceedings,  a  copy  of  the  same 
to  be  given  to  each  member,  as  is  the 
custom  in  other  similar  organiza- 
tions. The  N.  E.  A.,  for  two  dollars, 
furnishes  free  to  its  members  a  mag- 
nificent report.  At  the  same  fee,  why 
cannot  the  N.  C.  T.  F.  furnish  a  re- 
port at  least  one-fifth  as  large  ? 

The  question  arises,  what  becomes 
of  the  ($2.00)  two  dollars  each  mem- 
ber pays  ?  Is  it  spent  in  a  business 
like  manner  ?  Is  it  invested  in  such 
a  way  as  to  bring  the  largest  returns  ? 
Would  an  itemized  statement  of  re- 
ceipts and  disbursements  look  well 
in  print  ?  Would  it  reflect  credit  upon 
the  judgment,  business  sagacity,  and 
unselfishness  of  those  whom  we  en- 
trust with  the  responsibility  of  in- 
structing others  how  to  do  business 
successfully  ? 

We  were  promised  such  a  report  of 
the  Milwaukee  meeting,  and  again  of 
the  Cincinnati  meeting,  but  the  gen- 
eral secretary  recently  reported  in- 
sufficient funds  for  that  purpose. 
Something  over  four  hundred  dollars 
was  collected  from  the  membership 
fees  of  the  Penmanship,  Business,  and 
Shorthand  Sections,  and  nearly  as 
much  from  the  Business  Manager's 
Section,  at  Cincinnati,  if  we  may 
judge  from  the  published  list  of  mem- 
bers. 

As  nothing  was  spent  for  assembly 
rooms,  banquets,  or  bouquets  (Brother 
Bartlett  furnished  these,  free  of 
charge),  the  question  arises:  What 
became  of  the  money  ? 

We  learn  that  one  hundred  and 
seventy-five  dollars  was  spent  for 
badges.  Another  item  of  expense 
which  has  been  figuring  each  year, 
sometimes  in  astonishing  propor- 
tions, is  the  railway  and  sometimes 
other  expenses  of  those  of  the  various 
executive  committees  who  meet  with 
the  President  and  General  Executive 
Committee  in  midsummer  to  devise 
plans  for  the  success  of  the  following 
meeting.  It  doesn't  take  many  mem- 
bers to  make  the  item  of  expense  an 
important  one,  whether  plans  of  any 
consequence  are  hatched  or  not. 

For  some  time  the  writer  has  been 
of  the  opinion  that  this  work  could 
be  carried  on  by  mail  at  a  greatly  re- 
duced expense.'  It  is  a  fact,  perhaps 
not  very  generally  known,  that  some 
of  the  most  successful  meetings  ever 
held  have  been  planned  and  executed 
on  paper  and  through  the  U.  S.  mails 
bv  letters,  circulars,  and  the  profes- 
sional journals  alone.    The  latter  do 


£JEe@u^in?^£<&i*&<fetoF  & 


more  than  all  other  factors  to  stimu- 
late attendance,  and  at  no  expense 
whatever  to  the  Federation. 

As  our  present  President  is  heartily 
in  favor  of  an  official  report  it  is 
hoped  that  he  may  curtail  expendi- 
tures sufficient  to  provide  enough  sur- 
plus to  produce  the  promised  report 
that  the  members  have  paid  for. 

We  have  no  idea  that  any  money 
has  been  misappropriated  by  any  in- 
dividual. But  what  we  do  think  is 
that  expenditures  are  made  for  things 
which  do  not  bring  adequate  returns. 
Who,  for  instance,  would  not  much 
rather  possess  an  official  report,  even 
though  small  and  cheap,  than  a 
badge  ? 

Would  it  not  be  a  good  matter  to 
give  this  some  thought  ?  Particular- 
ly bv  those  entrusted  with  this  year's 
responsibilities  ?  Why  not  set  a  new 
pace  for  doing  business  as  well  as 
teaching  it  ? 

It     has     been    very     gen- 
Hrm  erally   thought    that    it    is 

movement  natural  for  children  to 
natural  write  with  the  fingers  in- 
stead of  the  arm.'  This, 
however,  has  been  shown  in  the  pre- 
ceding article,  to  be  erroneous  and 
unnatural.  Give  a  child  a  pencil  and 
say  nothing  about  size  or  limitations, 
and  it  will  endeavor  to  write  with  the 
whole  arm  instead  of  with  the  fingers. 
It  is  only  when  we  instruct  it  to  write 
small,  and  perhaps  threaten  to  take 
the  pencil  from  it,  that  it  succumbs 
and  begins  to  screw  its  countenance 
out  of  shape  to  draw  the  forms  which 
it  had  previously  attempted  to  write. 
Finger  movement  is  unnatural  in 
childhood  and  therefore  doubly  dam- 
aging. It  is  detrimental  to  both  the 
child  and  the  writing,  for  it  dwarfs 
the  former  and  cripples  the  latter. 

Large  writing  done  with  the  arm  is 
a  delight  to  children,  and  practically 
harmless.  The  only  objection  to  such 
large  writing  is  that  it  cannot  well 
be  used  in  lesson  work.  But  we  are 
about  to  learn  and  conclude  that  writ- 
ten work  is  not  necessary  in  elemen- 
tarv  training,  and  therefore  this  ob- 
jection does  not  amount  to  much. 

Bv  "large"  writing  we  do  not  mean 
thekind  found  in  primary  copy-books, 
about  a  quarter  of  an  inch  in  height. 
This  is  too  small  for  any  arm  move- 
ment.    It  is  a  misfit  all  around. 

Now,  then,  if  arm  movement  is  more 
natural  in  childhood  than  finger 
movement,  and  if  finger  movement 
writing  is  a  detriment  to  correct 
movement  writing,  then  arm  move- 
ment should  be  taught  in  and  from 
the  beginning,  and,  in  order  that  it 
may  be  successfully  taught,  the  pu- 
pils must  be  allowed  to  wait  until 
they  are  old  enough  or  the  writing  ex- 
ecuted large  enough  to  use  arm  in- 
stead of  finger  movement. 

It  vi m  are  in  favor  of  more  arm  and 
less  finger  movement  than  has  been 
the  product  of  the  public  schools, 
past  and  present,  we  do  not  see  how 
you  can  fail  to  endorse  the  plan  we 
are  attempting  to  present, ana  popu- 
larize. What  are  your  convictions  ? 
Are  not  our  premises  and  deductions 
in  the  main  sound  ?  Come,  then,  push 
a  good  thing  along. 


This  requiring  children  to 
Jin  €du=  do  something  which  they 
cational  are  unable  to  do  rightly; 
Crime  this    idea    that  writing    is 

necessary  to  the  educa- 
tion of  children ;  this  teaching  of 
children  to  draw  forms  which  are  in- 
tended only  to  be  written,  and  there- 
bv  contracting  excessive  gripping  and 
finger  movement ;  this  forcing  upon 
childhood  an  art  the  most  skillful 
and  artificial  of  any  in  universal  use, 
has  been,  is,  and  will  continue  to  be, 
as  long  as  it  is  continued,  an  educa- 
tional crime  more  grave  and  far 
reaching  than  can  well  be  determined. 
A  decade  and  more  ago  the  educa- 
tional cry  was  "more  written  work 
in  the  primary  grades."  Fortunately 
the  leading  educators  of  the  land  be- 
gan to  perceive  that  the  thing  was 
being  entirely  overdone,  and  of  late 
they  have  been  advocating  "less 
written  work  in  the  primary  grades." 
Some  few  leaders  have  gone  so  far 
as  to  advocate  no  writing  during  the 
first  years  in  school.  If  you  will  sup- 
port these  leaders  in  this  new  and 
true  platform,  the  day  when  no  writ- 
ing will  be  required  upon  the  part  of 
children  will  soon  be  at  hand. 

It  is  not  slant ;  it  is  not  vertical ;  it 
is  not  copy  books  that  is  wrong,  but 
the  teaching  of  any  kind  of  writing 
to  pupils  too  immature  to  properly 
learn  the  art.  That  is  the  root  of  the 
evil.  These  things  have  been  at  fault 
mainly  only  in  that  they  have  been 
willing  tools  for  unscientific  deeds. 
Nor  must  we  condemn  educators  for 
advocating  the  teaching  of  writing  to 
children.  They  thought  they  were 
doing  the  best  thing  for  all  concern- 
ed, but  "they  knew  not  what  they 
did." 

Now,  however,  is  the  time  for  re- 
form when  we  are  conscious  of  the 
need  of  it,  and  see  what  needs  reform- 
ing and  how  to  bring  it  about. 

Of  all  discouraging  exper- 
Cearnins  iences,  that  of  learning  to 
Jill  Ower  do  something  one  way  and 
Hgain  later  learning  to  do  it  some 

other  way,  is  about  the 
worst.  The  unlearning  is  always 
more  trying  than  the  learning;  the 
tearing  down  is  disheartening?  Is  it 
any  wonder  that  pupils  in  the  upper 
grades  and  high  school  become  dis- 
couraged, disinterested,  and  indiffer- 
ent concerning  writing,  after  they 
have  been  told  or  have  discovered 
that  what  they  have  is  wrong,  and 
that  to  learn  the  correct  way  they  will 
have  to  watch,  not  only  their  p's  and 
'q's,  but  their  movements,  as  never 
before  ?  They  have  reason  to  be  dis- 
couraged and  to  conclude  that  "  writ- 
ing is  not  natural"  for  them,  or  that 
it  is  "not  worth  the  bother  of  get- 
ting"  anyhow. 

Is  it  any  wonder  that  teachers  be- 
come discouraged,  not  discerning  the 
cause  of  their  many  failures  ?  If  it 
were  not  for  its  seriousness,  the 
teacher's  positions  would  appear  lu- 


dicrous. Frst  came  the  form  advo- 
cates, promising  good  writing  on  the 
part  of  all,  if  their  system  were  adopt- 
ed. Then  came  the  speed  advocates, 
denouncing  the  former  plan  and  guar- 
anteeing wonderful  writing,  if  speed 
were  taught.  Next  comes  the  move- 
ment enthusiast  denouncing  those 
who  and  that  which  had  gone  before, 
and  promising  all  that  and  more  than 
had  been  assured  by  his  predecess- 
ors. Following  this  come  the  vertical 
with  its  good  tidings  of  easy  learning 
and  "  plain  as  print  "  writing.  And 
now  the  medial,  with  its  glittering 
"golden  mean"  has  the  boards — to 
hold  or  to  lose,  depending  whether  or 
not  it  awakens  to  the  real  needs  of 
the  hour  and  the  wherefore  of  the 
downfall  of  its  predecessors. 

We  do  not  wish  to  be  understood  to 
say  that  the  abandonment  of  the  plan 
of  teaching  children  will  result  in 
itself  in  good  writing,  but  we  do  mean 
to  say  that  it  will  pave  the  way  to, 
and  make  possible,  correct  teaching 
and  learning.  There  will  still  be 
much  to  be  done,  but  there  will  then 
be  nothing  seriously  in  the  way  of 
proper  acquisition.  Then  the  pen- 
man's efforts  will  not  be  spent  chiefly 
in  tearing  down,  but  in  building  up. 
Then  we  shall  learn  but  once,  and, 
we   have  reason  to  believe,  correctly. 


Spenccrian  Day 

April  8th,  1904,  has  been  named 
Spencerian  Memorial  Day  for  the 
purpose  of  raising  a  fund  for  the 
Spencer  Memorial  Library  building 
to  be  erected  at  Geneva,  Ohio,  in 
honor  of  Piatt  R.  Spencer,  author  of 
Spencerian  Penmanship.  It  is  hoped 
that  the  various  schools  throughout 
the  country  will  hold  some  exercises, 
give  an  entertainment,  etc.,  the  pro- 
ceeds of  which  shall  be  contributed 
to  the  above  fund,  and  may  be  sent 
to  Mr.  C.  C.  Lister,  Baltimore,  Md., 
who  has  been  appointed  to  receive 
the  subscriptions  from  commercial 
schools.  Now  is  the  time  to  accom- 
plish the  that  which  should  have  been 
completed  years  ago.  Prepare  today 
to  make  the  event  a  success  and  one 
long  to  be  remembered  by  all  who 
participated  in  the  exercises,  which 
must  be  suited  to  local  conditions  by 
those  having  them  in  charge. 


Cbc  Central  Association 


•>f  Bl 


Ed  i 


it  ion : 


To  the  Fri 

Your  attention  is  directed  to  fhe  meeting 
of  the  Central  Commercial  Teachers'  Asso- 
ciation which  will  be  held  at  Waterloo,  la., 
May  12, 13, 14.  This  organization  is  for  the 
benefit  of  teachers  in  Iowa,  Kansas,  Neb- 
raska, South  Dakota,  North  Dakota,  Minne- 
sota, Wisconsin,  Illinois,  Missouri, and  other 
Central  States. 

An  excellent  program  is  being  prepared 
and  will  be  announced  in  these  columns 
next  month.  Among  the  speakers  will  be 
President  Seerlevof  the  Iowa  State  Normal 
School;  A.  N.  Palmer,  Cedar  Kapids,  Iowa: 
A.  C.  VanSant,  Omaha.  Nebraska;  W.  H. 
Gilbert,  Marshalltown,  Iowa;  Dr.  Scott  of 
the  University  of  Wisconsin;  J.  A.  Lyons, 
Chicago;  \V.  F.  Giesseman  and  other  promi- 
nent business  educators.  If  you  are  inter- 
ested in  any  phase  of  commercial  educa- 
tion, and  would  like  to  present  it  before 
the  Association,  or  would  like  to  have  it 
discussed,  kindly  communicate  witli  the 
President. 

Let  us  make  this  meeting  a  grand  success 
bv  giving  it  our  best  support. 

Sincerelv  and  fraternally, 

B.  F.  WILLIAMS,  Pres.  C.  C.  T.  A. 


9R©  faubinebb  £cUfc&t*tar  ^ 


Preparation  Tor  Commercial 
teaching 

The  demand  for  commer- 
matcrial  cial  teachers  is  unprece- 
dented. The  supply  of 
even  indifferently-trained  teachers  is 
greatly  limited.  There  are,  therefore, 
a  large  number  of  mere  commercial 
and  high  school  students,  without 
even  the  rudiments  of  knowledge  or 
training  in  methods  of  teaching,  seek- 
ing immediate  employment  at  sala- 
ries higher  than  are  expected  by  ma- 
ture men  and  women  of  college  edu- 
tion  when  they  enter  the  teaching 
field. 

Some  of  these  ambitious  youth  can- 
not even  write,  spell,  or  use  passable 
English.  They  have  never  taught 
anything,  or,  at  best,  have  done  mere- 
ly a  little  work  in  some  evening 
school  as  an  assistant  or  in  some 
one-room  commercial  school.  The 
conditions  suggest  some  thoughts  on 
what  preparation  ought  to  be  made 
for  this  important  calling. 

We  have  just  finished  dictating  a 
letter  to  an  ambitious  young  man  who 
completed  a  high  school  commercial 
course  with  honor,  and  who  desires 
to  fit  himself  for  commercial  teach- 
ing. He  is  good  "raw  material,"  so 
far  as  his  school  training  is  concern- 
ed. But  to  succeed  truly,  he  needs 
to  be  active,  ambitious,  healthy,  stud- 
ious, patient,  practical,  optimistic, 
enthusiastic,  absolutely  honest,  per- 
fectly clean  in  his  moral  life,  and 
greedy  for  work.  Given  a  young  man, 
or  a  young  woman,— but  the  call  is 
chiefly  for  men,— who  possesses,  oris 
willing  to  acquire,  most  of  these 
qualifications,  and  having  a  high 
school  training  to  start  with.it  ought 
to  be  fairly  clear  sailing  for  the  rest 
of  the  preparation. 

It    is    much    better   if   the 
School  high    school     course    has 

training  been  the  Scientific,  Class- 
ical or  Normal,  rather  than 
the  Commercial,  for  the  training  will 
have  been  broader,  the  foundation 
more  stable.  This  should  be  followed 
by  complete  penmanship,  business, 
and  shorthand  courses  in  a  private 
commercial  school  of  unquestioned 
standing,  where  the  prospective 
teacher  will  be  sure  to  come  into  con- 
tact with  real  teachers,  men  with  the 
true  teaching  spirit. 
A    school    should    be  selected    that 


^^K  ^s^Bfe^  *^~.,. 


Associate=Editor's 
-=^  Pa&e,  *sss 


will  give  a  thorough  training  in 
the  theory  of  bookkeeping,  as  well 
as  in  business  and  office  practice, 
so  that  the  would-be  teacher  may 
not  feel  compelled  to  depend  on  any- 
body's "system"  when  he  first  es- 
says to  teach  bookkeeping.  The 
same  should  be  said  of  shorthand. 
It  is  far  better  and  wiser  for  the 
young  man  who  aims  only  at  the 
highest  rank  of  teaching  positions,  to 
study  some  system  of  shorthand  that 
is  either  itself  widely  used  or  is  the 
foundation  of  some  other  system  that 
is  standard.  There  are  many  systems 
that  possess  sundryinherent  improve- 
ments over  others  but  that  are  not 
widely  enough  used  to  insure  admit- 
tance to  positions  really  the  most  de- 
sirable, considering  the  country  as  a 
whole.  The  unfledged  teacher  of 
long  vision  will  not  decide  to  study  a 
system  of  shorthand  merely  because 
it  is  easy,  nor  because  it  can  be  com- 
pleted in  less  time  than  some  other, 
nor  because  his  home  commercial 
school  happens  to  be  using  it.  He 
will  obtain  information  from  disin- 
terested persons  capable  of  judging, 
and  will  prepare  for  the  widest  range 
of  technical  service. 

Penmanship  should  not  be  slighted. 
There  is  a  revival  of  interest  in  this 
important  subject,  and  ability  to  write 
well  and  to  teach  writing  with  suc- 
cess is  required  by  most  school  offi- 
cials. In  selecting  a  school,  this  fact 
should  be  kept  in  mind,  and  a  school 
chosen  that  has  a  reputation  for  es- 
pecially high-grade  work  in  this  de- 
partment. 

If  the  candidate  for  future  pedagog- 
ical honors  has  never  taught  in  a 
country  or  graded  school,  he  ought  to 
have  at  least  one  year  in  a  first-class 
Normal  school ;  such  an  institution  as 
those  at  Normal  and  DeKalb,  Illinois  ; 
or  the  Iowa  State  Normal  School  at 
Cedar  Falls,  or  the  Valparaiso,  Indi- 
ana, Normal  School.  For  some  rea- 
sons it  would  be  better  if  this  year 
could  be  spent  before  the  courses  are 
taken  in  the  commercial  school,  but 
for  others  it  would  be  well  to  have  it 
just  before  beginning  the  actual 
work  of  teaching.  We  do  not  mean 
to  imply  that  one  who  has  taught  in 
ungraded  schools  could  get  no  bene- 


fit from  work  done  in  a  good  Normal 
school,  but  we  do  believe  that  such 
teaching  experience  is  a  very  good 
substitute  for  a  short  Normal 
course. 

This  course  of  preparation  is  rec- 
ommended for  those  who  are  not  con- 
tent to  toil  and  moil  along  at  from 
fifty  to  eighty  dollars  a  month,  teach- 
ing eleven  and  one-half  months  of 
the  year  in  the  daytime,  and  from 
two  to  five  evenings  each  week  from 
October  to  May,  oftentimes  with  as 
much  added  labor  to  obtain  their 
wages  as  it  took  in  the  first  place  to 
earn  their  small  stipend.  It  is  offier- 
ed  to  those  who  would  like  to  get  out 
on  the  heights,  in  a  truly  educational 
atmosphere,  whether  of  private  or 
public  teaching,  where  conditions  of 
labor  are  not  very  much  worse  than 
in  the  factories  or  the  mines  and 
where  the  salary,  promptly  paid,  is 
sufficient  for  reasonable  requirements. 
Only  a  word  is  neces- 
Experience  sary  about  experience, 
for  those  who  are  pre- 
paring for  commercial  teaching  will 
generally  be  persons  without  teaching 
experience.  During  the  first  two  or 
three  years  of  service  they  ought  to 
think  more  of  gaining  experience  than 
of  getting  dollars.  They  should  seek 
for  a  reliable  private  school,  not  too 
large;  or  for  a  small  high  school, 
where  the  problems  of  organization 
and  discipline  will  not  overshadow 
what  to  the  beginner  is  a  more  im- 
portant problem;  viz.,  the  successful 
imparting  of  instruction  and  the  tact- 
ful handling  of  classes  on  a  small 
scale.  For  those  who  have  had  teach- 
ing experience,  it  is  safe  to  put  out  a 
little  farther  from  shore,  but  even 
they  would  better  acquire  some  read- 
iness with  the  technicalities  of  their 
subjects  before  courting  possible  hu- 
miliation before  large  classes  where 
not  infrequently  police  duty  requires 
so  much  effort  that  one  must  have 
one's  subject  well  enough  in  hand  to 
carry  on  instruction  as  a  sort  of  sub- 
conscious activity. 

In  getting  teaching  experience,  be 
careful  about  moving  frequently.  It 
looks  as  though  you  had  to  move, 
and  suggests  an  explanation.  Be 
sure,  too,  that  when  you  move,  you 
move  tip  professionally,  even  though 
it  does  not  result  in  an  immediate  or 
marked  increase  in  your  salary.  That 
is  certain  to  come  within  a  reasonable 
time,  if  you  can  demonstrate  that  vou 
have  the  personal  qualifications  requi- 
site for  the  command  of  the  best 
salaries. 


ezCe^ 


O-^-Z^^C^t^t^L^C-^^7^-, 


^S-c^-C-^^-H^t^^-,. 


^^^C-e-^-^s^^t^lo-^  -*y    ^^•^^--^-^y'^'-^c^^t^i^t^^d^l^  C — cx^c^c^fi^Z-^-^-. 


c*/be©iUii\?c4i>^eli?fe&^bto'r   & 


DEPARTMENT  OF  COMMERCIAL  ENGLISH 

By  E.  E.  GAYLOBD,  Beverly,  Mass. 


Another  Crip   Abroad. 


Let  your  students  learn  to  spell,  pronounce,  and  define  the  following  words  and  phrases,  and  then,  with  the  aid 
of  the  suggestive  sentences  given  here,  ask  them  to  invent  illustrative  sentences.  Wherever  possible  see  that  current 
everits  are  made  use  of. 

The  Century  Dictionary  is  our  authority  for  everything  relating  to  the  spelling,  compounding,  pronouncing  (as 
far  as  we  can  indicate  pronunciation  phonetically,  though  we  know  that  in  some  instances  we  cannot  hit  the  maik), 
and  defining  of  these  words  and  phrases.     Unmarked  vowels  are  of  obscure  sound. 

In  law,  a  writ  issuing  from  a  superior  court  to  call  up  the  record 
of  a  proceeding  in  an  inferior  court  or  before  any  body  or  offi- 
cer having  or  exercising  judicial  power,  that  it  may  be  tried  or 
reviewed  in  the  superior  court ;  now  largely  superseded  by  the 
appeal. 

Specifically,  a  head  cook. 

A  guide  ;  especially  used  of  Italian  guides. 

A  colleague  ;  an  associate. 

A  sudden  decisive  measure  in  politics  ;  commonly  an  unlooked-for 
and  forcible  change  in  the  form  and  method  of  government  for 
the  benefit  of  a  person  or  a  cabal. 

In  fact  ;  actually  existing,  whether  with  or  without  legal  or  moral 
right. 

By  right;  according  to  law;  in  a  sense,  opposed  to  de  facto. 

A  commission  merchant's  guaranty  of  the  solvency  of  those  to 
whom  he  sells  for  his  principal. 

Something  desired  or  desirable  ;  that  which  is  lacking  or  required. 

A  positive  or  judicial  assertion ;  an  authoritative  saying. 

Disjointed  portions  or  parts. 

Discharged  with  honor  from  the  performance  of  duty  on  account 
of  infirmity,  age,  or  length  of  service,  but  retained  on  the  rolls; 
as,  a  pastor  emeritus. 

All  together. 

In  a  set  or  connected  series. 

The  friendly  relations  existing  between  one  government  and 
another. 

The  persons  among  whom,  as  followers  or  companions,  one  is 
accustomed  to  move. 

An  error  in  writing  or  printing. 

Plural  form  of  erratum. 

The  common  spirit  developed  among  men  in  association  ;  the  dis- 
position to  co-operate  for  a  common  cause. 

Literally,  out  of  the  bishop's  chair  ;  therefore,  with  authority. 

By  way  of  example;  usually  abbreviated  e.  g. 

By  virtue  of  office  and  without  other  special  authority. 

In  law,  proceeding  from  or  concerned  with  only  one  part  or  side  of 
the  matter. 

A  mistake  ;  especially  a  breach  of  good  manners. 

While  the  crime  is  for  was)  being  committed. 


certiorari 


chef 
cicerone 
confrere 
coup  d'etat 


de  facto 

de  jure 
del  credere 

desideratum 

dictum 

disjecta  membra 

emeritus 


en  masse 
en  suite 
entente  cordiale 

entourage 

erratum 

errata 

esprit  de  corps 

ex  cathedra 
exempli  gratia 
ex  officio 
ex-parte 

faux  pas 
flagrante  delicto 


sur-shi-6-ra'  ri 


shef 

sis-e-ro'ne 
k''m-frair 
koo  da-tah' 


de  fak'  to 

de  joo'  re 
del  cr6d'  e-re 

de-sld-e-ra'  turn 
dlk'  turn 

dls-jek'  tah  mem'-brah 
e-mer'  I-tus 


ong  mas' 
6ng  sweet 
ung-tongt'  kor-di-al' 

ong-too-rahzh' 

e-ra'  turn 
e-ra'  tah 
es-pre'  de  kur 

eks  ka-the'  drah 
i^g-zem'  pli  gr.V  shi-a 
eks  o-fish'  [-6 
eks  pahr'  te 


fo  pah 

fl.'i-grant' 


de-Ilk'  tO 


Illustrative  Sentences. 

1 .  The  case  was  taken  up  on  a  writ  of  certiorari . 

2.  The  clicl  of  the  Waldorf-Astoria  receives  a  large  salary. 

3.  During  our  ascent  of  Mount  Vesuvius  our  cicerone  talked  so  much  that   we  were   reminded   that    the   word 
refers  to  Cicero,  the  Roman  orator. 

4.  Senator  Hanna  was  greatly  admired  by  his  confreres  in  the  Civic  Federation. 

5.  Louis  Napoleon,  by  a  coup  d'etat,  December  2,  1851,  broke  up  the  Assembly  by  force  of  arms   and   declared 
himself  dictator. 

6.  Senator  Hoar  denied  that  the  government  de  facto,  in  Panama,  immediately  after  the  revolution,  was  the 
government  de  jure. 

7.  The  commission  merchant  sold  the  goods  del  credere. 


&H&  Uu,jIi  vcj  j  CcUvcuXur   &> 


DEPARTMENT    OF 

Commercial    (Beograpfyy 

Frank   o.   Carpenter. 


The  Editor  of  this    Department 

English    flnjh    S.h..„l.  flostan.  Mass 


lay  be  addressed  dirertly  at   the 


Cabdratories     and     Cereal 
Gardens 

There  is  a  demand,  in  all  kinds  of 
scientific  study,  for  what  is  called 
the  "laboratory  method"  as.  con- 
trasted with  the  older  "book" 
method.  This  laboratory  method  in 
chemistry,  for  example,  requires  the 
student  to  personally  test  the  actions 
and  properties  of  matter,  as  oxygen, 
hydrogen,  etc.,  instead  of  studying  a 
book  in  which  these  properties  are 
described.  This  has  long  been  rec- 
ognized as  necessary  in  Chemistry 
and  Physics.  It  has  lately  been 
granted  to  the  new  Botany  and  Bi- 
ology and  it  remains  for  the  new 
Science  of  Commerce  to  prove  its 
need  for  the  same  equipment  and 
method. 

As  it  is  the  aim  of  these  papers  to 
suggest  what  is  needed,  as  well  as 
what  is  now  used,  the  following  ideas 
are  presented  for  trial,  but  with  the 
expectation  that  few  schools  will  be 
able  to  obtain  at  once  the  required 
apparatus. 

First :  A  special  room  with  a  desk 
or  section  for  each  pupil  fitted  with 
tools  and  apparatus  should  be  pro- 
vided as  in  a  chemical  laboratory. 
Here,  again,  as  in  so  many  ways,  in 
this  science,  the  Central  High  School 
of  Philadelphia,  under  Dr.  Herrick, 
leads  the  way  and  shows  what  should 
be  done  with  a  laboratory  of  com- 
merce. The  apparatus  necessary  is 
partly  physical  and  partly  chemical, 
with  the  microscope  in  constant  use, 
as  in  botany,  etc. 

The  studv  of  commercial  products 
demands,  first,  last,  and  all  the  time, 
the  frequent  use  of  the  microscope, 
and  a  school  should  be  provided  with 
microscopes  of  considerable  power, 
one  for  each  pupil,  where  the  expense 
can  be  borne,  but  one,  at  least,  for 
each  class  must  be  bought. 

The  thorough  study  of  the  berry 
of  wheat  and  the  other  grains,  the 
crystals  of  sugar,  the  different  struct- 
ures and  shapes  of  the  fibres  of  flax, 
cotton,  wool,  silk,  the  cellular  struct- 
ure of  wood,  etc.,  requires  the  con- 
stant use  of  a  microscope. 

The  weight  and  strength  of  build- 
ing materials,  the  practical  uses  of 
mechanical  energy,  as  steam,  electric- 
ity, the  chemical  'properties  of  fuels 
and  lights,  and  the  constituent  parts 
of  various  goods  are  all  subjects 
within  the  province  of  the  science  of 
commerce. 

It  is  neither  possible  nor  desirable 
in  the  time  allowed  for  "  Commercial 
Products"    to  carry  these  investiga- 


tions into  much  detail,  but  there  are 
many  simple  experiments  which  show 
the  practical  side  of  commercial 
staples,  which  can  be  made  and 
shown  in  any  school.  For  example, 
the  effect  of  fire  upon  different  textile 
fibres,  as  cotton,  silk,  wool,  and  the 
precautions  necessary  in  the  manu- 
facture and  transportation  of  them, 
is  important,  and  can  be  shown. 
The  comparative  strength  of  the 
fibres  of  hemp,  flax,  manila  hemp, 
sisal,  ramie,  can  be  shown  by  simple 
tests. 

A  single  recitation  hour  will  show 
the  action  of  dye  stuffs  and  mordants 
on  different  fibres,  or  the  action  of 
brick,  stone,  wood  and  plaster  under 
the  influence  of  water  and  heat.  So 
the  experiments  could  be  multiplied 
and  yet  nothing  done  but  what  would 
show  facts  that  any  dealer  in  that 
line  of  products  must  know  if  he 
intends  to  succeed. 

A  good  manual  of  experiments  for 
a  laboratory  of  commerce  is  needed 
but  does  not  yet  exist  and  is  not 
likely  to  be  produced  for  a  number 
of  years  to  come  until  the  science  has 
been  more  fully  developed.  In  car- 
rying out  these  tests  and  experiments 
a  few  points  should  be  borne  in  mind, 
viz.:  a.  The  physical  properties  of 
each  product,  the  weight,  feeling, 
appearance,  b.  What  it  is  used  for 
by  mankind,  c.  Why  it  is  adapted  to 
that  use.  d.  What  other  substances 
could  be  used  instead  of  it  for  a  sim- 
ilar purpose,  e.  Effects  of  climatic 
and  other  changes.  For  example: 
The  effect  of  a  severe  and  prolonged 
drought  is  shown  in  an  accurate 
record  in  the  rings  of  growth  of  a 
tree  and  the  diameter  and  appearance 
of  the  wool  staple  from  the  sheep 
that  suffered  from  lack  of  water. 
This  is  shown  clearly  under  the 
microscope,  and  often  to  the  naked 
eye,  and  the  trained  sense  of  touch 
of  the  wool  expert. 

A  great  value  of  laboratory  train- 
ing in  this  science  is  that  the  pupil, 
after  his  year  of  scientific  study  of 
testing  various  commodities— learns 
to  do  so  in  a  scientific  way,  and 
whatever  kind  of  product  he  may 
deal  with  in  his  life,  he  will  in  each 
case  be  prepared  to  test  those  com- 
modities in  an  accurate,  practical 
way  that  will  give  him  the  informa- 
tion he  desires. 

CEREAL    GARDENS 

In  the  laboratory  and  with  the  ap- 
paratus provided  there  as  described, 
a  pupil  can  obtain  a  great  amount  of 
valuable  information.     There  is,  how- 


ever, one  important  side  of  the  study 
of  commercial  products  of  many 
kinds  that  cannot  be  learned  in  the 
laboratory.  This  important  side  can 
be  shown  by  the  use  of  gardens  in 
connection  with  the  school.  As  a 
technical  term  to  denote  the  gardens 
used  to  show  facts  in  connection 
with  commercial  geography  and  to 
distinguish  them  from  the  ordinary 
school  garden  in  country  and  city, 
we  have  chosen  the  name  "Cereal 
Garden,"  and  it  will  hereafter  be 
us'ed  with  the  above  meaning.  As 
the  name  would  imply,  the  garden  is 
to  show  the  cereals  primarily,  though 
it  should  also  include  and  show  other 
common  economic  plants. 

The  conditions  which  obtain  in 
finding  a  place  for  a  cereal  garden 
near  the  school  or  in  the  school  yard 
are  the  same  as  in  establishing 
school  gardens,  but  as  that  has  been 
discussed  in  late  years  by  school 
authorities  and  in  educational  litera- 
ture, we  will  confine  this  discussion 
to  the  use  of  the  land  when  obtained. 

First  of  all  in  this  garden  the 
cereals  should  be  planted.  There 
are  only  a  few — wheat,  corn,  oats, 
barley,  rye,  buckwheat,  rice  and 
millet.  All  these,  with  the  possible 
exception  of  rice,  can  be  grown  in 
the  cereal  garden,  and  it  is  probable 
the  upland  rice  would  grow  suffi- 
ciently well  to  show  the  plant. 

In  the  cereal  garden  narrow  strips 
of  ground  should  be  marked  off 
about  2  feet  by  6  feet  in  size.  Two, 
at  least,  would' be  needed  for  wheat, 
three  for  corn,  one  for  each  of  the 
other  cereals.  One  of  the  wheat 
beds  should  be  planted  in  the  fall 
with  winter  wheat.  The  bed  next  to 
it  should  be  planted  with  spring 
wheat  as  soon  as  possible  in  the 
spring,  and  the  two  varieties  should 
be  compared  constantly.  If  space 
permits  a  third  section  could  be 
planted  with  macaroni  wheat.  The 
other  cereals  should  be  planted  at 
the  proper  times  and  seasons.  If 
the  varieties  of  seed  can  be  obtained 
the  spring  wheat  beds  should  be 
planted  with  different  kinds,  as 
Scotch  Fife,  Blue  Stem,  etc.,  each  in 
a  plat  2  feet  square,  (i.  e.,  three  plats 
in  the  2x6  section. ) 

Three  beds  should  be  given  to 
corn,  one  for  field  corn  of  smooth 
and  dent  varieties,  one  for  sweet 
corn  (varieties),  one  for  popcorn 
(varieties). 

The  rice  seed  must  be  planted  in 
the  unhulled  state  or  "paddy"  just 
as  it  comes  from  the  plant.  It  may 
have  to  be  planted  indoors  in  very 
cold  climates  and  put  in  the  ground 
later  when  the  frosts  are  gone,  but 
experience  will  show  this  point. 

The  cereals  which  ripen  in  the 
early  summer  can  be  planted  a  little 
late[  a  couple  of  weeks  or  so,  so  that 
they  shall  not  ripen  till  the  schools 
open  in  September. 

Next  after  the  cereals,  flax  and 
hemp  should  be  planted  in  similar 
beds.  Ramie  or  china  grass  would 
probably  grow  enough  for  exhibition. 

Cotton  plants  planted  indoors  and 
set  out  after  frosts  are  gone  can  be 
made   to    ripen    their    balls    by   fall. 

Several  mulberry  trees  can  be 
planted  and  after  a  year  or  so  when 
they  have   begun    to  grow  well,  silk 


£n^e@u^in^^£<&u»<OT&OT  #> 


worm  eggs  can  be  procured  and  the 
interesting  processes  of  silk  pro- 
duction can  be  seen. 

In  connection  with  the  grains  in 
liarden,  many  other  ordinary 
food  plants  should  be  grown  in  the 
same  2  x  fi  sections  — as  potatoes, 
sweet  potatoes,  beets,  turnips,  etc., 
or  beans,  peas,  tomatoes,  and  cay- 
.ti  iu-  peppers.  Cucumbers  and 
squashes  can  be  grown  on  wire  net- 
ting beside  a  fence. 

The  number  of  plants  in  the  sec- 
tions will  be  few  of  course,  but  still 
enough  to  show  the  food  plant. 
Whether  these  various  vegetables  are 
grown  or  not,  the  cereals  and  the 
textile  fibres  should  be  grown  in  all 
cases.  They  are  easy  to  grow,  and, 
being  side  by  side,  their  differences 
and  points  of  resemblance  can  be 
seen  at  all  times.  A  book  record 
should  be  kept  of  each  plot  with 
times  of  planting,  flowering,  ripen- 
ing and  harvesting  noted,  and  other 
practical  points. 

It  may  be  objected  that  the  class 
in  Commercial  Products  that  saw  the 
planting  in  the  spring  would  not  have 
that  subject  in  the  fall  when  the 
cereals  are  ripe.  The  answer  to  that 
point  is  this:  The  course  in  Commer- 
cial Products  is  usually  given  the 
second  year  in  the  school,  and  when 
the  pupils  return  to  school  in  the 
fall  for  their  third  year  they  can  see 
the  ripened  grains  and  plants.  Also 
the  first  year  pupils,  to  judge  from 
all  experience,  would  be  interested  in 
the  plants  in  the  gardens  whether 
they  were  to  study  the  course  or  not, 
so  that  the  pupils  would  all  see  the 
various  stages  of  the  plants  from 
planting  to  gathering. 

These  Cereal  Gardens  are  planned 
chiefly  for  high  schools  that  have 
the  course  in  commerce,  but  they 
would  be  of  great  value  to  a  gram- 
mar school. 

If,  in  a  city,  a  Cereal  Garden  can- 
not be  provided  near  the  school 
house,  the  following  can  be  done : 
The  commissioner  or  director  in 
charge  of  the  parks  can  usually  be 
persuaded  to  lay  out  and  maintain  a 
Cereal  Garden  for  the  benefit  of  the 
public  in  the  large  central  park  of 
the  city,  because  the  garden  can  be 
made  picturesque  as  a  bit  of  land- 
scape gardening  while  it  would  be 
visited  by  thousands  for  curiosity  or 
Eoi  study.  It  would  be,  during  the 
summer,  a  botanic  or  economic 
museum.  Something  of  the  kind  is 
attempted  in  the  museum  and  green- 
at  Bronx  Park,  New  York 
City.  In  the  economic  or  commercial 
museum  references  are  made  among 
the  specimens  to  certain  plants  in 
the  green-houses,  and  the  plants  bear 
a  plain  label  stating  their  economic 
use  with  a  reference  to  the  case  in 
the  museum  where  the  commercial 
products  are  shown. 

The  value  and  benefit  from  a  Cer- 
eal  '  iarden  is  two-fold: 

First  — The    pupil    gets  the    actual 

pii  tin.'  in  his  mind  of    the  economic 

plants  and    the  products  made  from 

them  so  that,  to   him.  the  cereals  and 

il.    plants  become  realities. 

Second— The  plants  in  the  Cereal 
i,  carefully  gathered  at  the 
proper  time,  become  permanent 
(Co >i clii (/fit  on  page  41.) 


L 


d 


Practical  XUatfyematics 


GEORGE    E.  KING, 

Cedar   Rapids  Business  College, 

Cedar   Rapids,  Iowa 


Interest. 


RINGING   THE    CHANGES     ON     ANOTHER 
INTEREST    PROBLEM. 

Principal  $800,  rate  6  per  cent.,  time 
90  days.  Moving  the  decimal  point 
two  places  to  the  left,  we  have  $8.00 
as  the  interest  at  6  per  cent,  for  60 
days,  to  which,  if  we  add  the  interest 
for  30  days,  which  is  i  of  60  days, 
giving  $4.00,  we  have  $12.00  as  the 
interest  for  (60  days  plus  30  days)  90 
days,  the  given  time. 

Suppose,  however,  the  time  were 
72  days  ;  find  the  interest  first  for  60 
days,  $8.00,  and  then  for  12  days, 
which  is  !  of  60  days  and  !,  of  $8.00  is 
$1.60,  giving  us  $9.60,  interest  for  72 
days. 

Suppose  the  time  were  75  days, 
$8.00  is  the  interest  for  60  days  to 
which  we  add  15  days'  interest,  or  J 
of  $8.00,  giving  $10.00  as  the  interest 
for  75  days. 

Suppose,  however,  the  time  were 
45  days,  then  we  have  $8.00  as  the 
interest  for  60  days,  from  which  we 
subtract  15  days'  interest  or  \  of  $8.00, 
which  is  $2.00,  leaving  $6.00  as  the 
interest  for  45  days. 

Suppose,  however,  that  the  time  is 
18  days  only,  then  by  pointing  off 
three  places  we  have  $0.80  as  the  in- 
terest at  6  per  cent,  for  6  days 
(according  to  the  table),  and  since 
18  days  is  three  times  6  days,  the 
interest  for  18  days  will  be  three  times 
$0.80  or  $2.40. 

Suppose,  however,  the  time  is  21 
days,  then  pointing  off  three  places 
we  have  $0.80  as  the  interest  at  6  per 
cent,  for  6  days.  We  may  separate 
our  time  into  the  aliquant  parts,  18 
days  (which  is  just  three  times  6  days) 
and  3  days,  which  is  A  of  6  days  ;  the 
interest  for  18  days  is  three  times 
$0.80,  or  $2.40,  and  for  3  davs  it  is  J  of 
$0.80,  or  $0.40,  making  the  interest  for 
21  days  $2.80. 

Suppose,  however,  the  time  is  1 
year  8  months  and  20  days.  The 
1  year  equals  360  days,  the  8  months 


(60  and  20) 
(30  and  6) 

(45  and  15) 
(45-15-3) 
(3  times  45) 
(15-3) 
(60-30) 


equals  240  days,  to  which  we  add  20 
days,  making  the  total  time  620  days  ; 
then,  by  pointingoff  one  place,  we  have 
$80.00  as  the  interest  on  $800  at  6  per 
cent,  for  600  days,  (according  to  the 
table).  Then  for  620  days  we  add 
20  days'  interest,  which  is  one-third 
of  one-tenth  of  600  days  ;  one-tenth  of 
$80.00  is  $8.00,  and  one-third  of  $8.00 
is  $2.67.  This  added  to  the  $80.00, 
which  is  the  interest  for  600  days, 
gives  $82.67,  or  the  interest  for  620 
days. 

PROBLEMS    FOR    CLASS    DRILL. 

Find    the  interest : 

$400,  6%,  80  davs. 
$600,  6%,  36  days. 
$300,  8%,  45  davs. 
$300,  8%,  60  days. 
$900,  8%,  63  days. 
$200,  8%,  135  days. 
$500,  8%,  18  davs. 
$300,  7%,  90  days. 

( When  the  rate  is  7%  you  may  first 
find  the  interest  at  6%  for  the  given 
time,  then  add  h,  of  the  result ;  or  find 
it  at  8%,  and  deduct  i  of  the  result). 

$500,  7£%,  48  days. 

$250,  7i%,  60  days.     (48-12) 

$300,  5"„,  60  days.     (72  minus  12) 

$240,  4*"„,  120  days.     (80-40) 

$150,  9%,  600  days.     (400-200 

$300,  9",,,  16  days. 

$250,  4%,  120  days 

$360,  4"„,  60  days. 

$400,  4%,  33  days. 

$300,  10%,  36  days. 

$240,  10%,  30  days. 

$500,  10",,,  60  davs. 

$600,  11%,  72   days. 

(When  the  rate  is  11%,  first  find 
the  interest  at  10%  for  the  given  time, 
and  to  the  result  add  %  of  itself,  or, 
find  the  interest  at  12",,  for  the  given 
time,  and  from  the  result  deduct  ,'j 
of  itself.) 

$80,  12%,  30  days. 

$120,  12%,  45  davs.  (30-15) 

$220,  12%,  60  days.  (2  times  30) 

$300,  12%,  36  days.  (30-6) 


(4  times  4) 

(90-30) 
(90  minus  30) 
(30-3) 

(36  minus  6) 
(36-18-6)  or  (36-24) 


PROBLEMS    IN     BANK     DISCOUNT     FOR     CLASS     DRILL. 

Find  the  net  proceeds,  term  of  discount,  and  bank  discount  for  each  of 
the   following: 


Interest.    Date  of  Disc-  Discount. 


Feb.     1,  1903- 
Apr.     1,  1903 
May    10,  1903 
July     5,   1903 
Sept.  10,  1903 


8  mo. 
6  mo. 
90  days 
4  mo. 
120  days 


6% 


5% 
6% 


Apr.  20,  1903 
Aug.  15,  1903 
June  18,  1903 
Sept.  1,  1903 
Oct.    20,  1903 


9% 
8% 
10% 

6% 
«"„ 


i*J  I  ve  ^>  u,/u  te*>  ,>  £cUvccilc  r    <**» 


BANK    DISCOUNT. 

Bank  discount,  which  is  an  allow- 
ance made  by  a  bank  for  advancing 
money  on  a  debt  before  it  is  due,  or 
the  interest  paid  in  advance  on  a 
note  due  at  some  future  time,  is  very 
closely  allied  to  the  subject  of  inter- 
est, and,  therefore,  I  think  it  should 
be  introduced  at  this  time.  In  Bank 
Discount  we  have  the  following  com- 
parative table  : 

Base  in  Percentage  equals  amount 
due  at  maturity. 

Rate  in  Percentage  equals  (rate  of 
discount  times  the  term  of  discount 
in  periods). 

Percentage  equals  the  discount. 

Difference  equals  net  proceeds. 

Therefore,  we  have  the  same  princi- 
ples governing  the  relationship  of  the 
terms  in  Bank  Discount  that  we  have 
in  Interest  or  Percentage.  Place 
special  emphasis  upon  the  fact  that 
it  the  debt  is  an  interest-bearing 
debt,  we  must  find  the  amount  due  at 
maturity  and  use  this  as  the  principal 
or  base  upon  which  the  bank  discount 
is  computed ;  then  to  find  the  bank 
discount  we  have  a  problem  in  simple 
interest  in  which  the  amount  due  at 
maturity  is  the  principal.  The  time 
from  the  date  the  debt  is  discounted 
to  the  maturity  of  the  debt  (usually 
counting  exact  time  in  days)  corre- 
sponds to  the  time  in  interest;  and 
the  rate  of  discount,  to  the  rate  of 
interest.  The  bank  discount,  which 
is  the  simple  interest  on  the  amount 
due  for  the  term  of  discount,  sub- 
tracted from  the  amount  due  at  ma- 
turity, equals  the  net  proceeds. 

Find  the  net  proceeds  of  a  note  of 
$600  dated  January  1,  1903,  for  6 
months  without  grace,  at  6  per  cent, 
interest,  if  discounted  April  20,  1903, 
at  10  per  cent. 

ANALYSIS    FOR    BANK    DISCOUNT. 

Since  the  bank  discount  is  comput- 
ed upon  the  amount  due  at  maturity, 
we  must  first  find  the  interest  on  $600 
for  6  months  at  6  per  cent,  and  add 
this  to  the  principal,  $000,  giving  us 
for  the  amount  due  at  maturity  $618. 
This  we  consider  as  the  principal 
upon  which  the  bank  discount  is  com- 
puted. Counting  exact  time  in  days 
from  April  20th  to  July  1st,  we  have 
72  days,  which  is  the  term  of  discount. 
The  'interest  on  $618  at  10  per  cent. 
for  72  days  equals  $12.36,  which  we 
call  the  bank  discount.  To  find  the 
net  proceeds,  subtract  the  bank  dis- 
count, $12.36,  from  the  amount  of  the 
debt  at  maturity,  $618,  leaving  $605.61 
as  the  net  proceeds. 

In  the  first  of  the  above  problems, 
the  time  is  expressed  in  months. 
When  the  time  is  expressed  in  months, 
calendar  months  should  be  used. 
This  note  dated  February  1,  1903, 
without  grace,  will  fall  due  8  months 
later  than  February  1,  or  September 
1,  1903.  The  third  note,  which  is 
dated  May  10,  1903,  for  90  days,  will 
fall  due,  without  grace  August,  8,  1903, 
but  if  this  note  had  been  given  for 
three  months  it  would  fall  due,  with- 
out grace,  on  August  10,  1903.  As  a 
general  rule,  in  counting  forward, 
omit  the  first  day  and  count  the  last. 
Also  when  finding  the  difference  of 
time  between  days,  omit  the  first  and 
count  the  last. 

(Concluded  on  page  14.  i 


A^^^-  , 


L 


DEPARTMENT  OF 


Commercial  £am 

j.  c.  barber, 

Bryant  &  Stratton  Business  College, 
Providence,  r.  i. 


discharge  of  contract 

By  agreement.  An  agreement  to  do 
away  with  a  contract,  like  any  other 
agreement,  must  have  a  considera- 
tion to  support  it;  but,  while  a  simple 
contract  remains  wholly  executory  on 
both  sides,  it  may  be  rescinded  with- 
out any  other  consideration  than  the 
mutual  promises  of  the  parties.  If 
anything  has  been  done  by  either 
party,  he  cannot  then  give  up  ("waive) 
his  rights  so  as  to  bind  himself  un- 
less there  is  some  consideration  for 
his  releasing  the  other  party.  Nego- 
tiable instruments,  it  seems,  furnish 
an  exception  to  the  rule.  If  such 
instrument  is  given  up  or  destroyed 
for  the  purpose  of  releasing  the 
debtor,  the  release  is  complete  with- 
out consideration. 

Substituted  agreement.  Where,  by 
the  mutual  consent  of  the  parties, 
the  provisions  in  the  contract  are 
changed,  the  old  contract  is  dis- 
charged, and  the  contract  in  its 
changed  condition  stands  in  the  place 
of  the  old  one.  Where  the  old  agree- 
ment was  put  in  writing  to  satisfy 
the  statute, -the  new  agreement  would 
have  to  be  in  writing  also. 

Aovatio?i.  This  is  where  a  third 
party  is  substituted  to  take  the  place 
of  one  of  the  original  parties  by  the 
common  consent  of  all  three.  A. 
agrees  to  do  certain  work  for  B.  for 
a  stated  consideration.  After  the 
contract  is  made,  A.,  B.  and  C.  agree 
that  C.  shall  take  the  place  of  A.  in 
the  contract.  This  agreement  re- 
leases A. 

Terms  of  the  contract.  The  parties 
may  insert  in  their  contract  condi- 
tions which,  if  not  fulfilled,  will 
operate  as  a  discharge  of  one  of  the 
parties.  Goods  are  sometimes  sold 
with  the  agreement  that,  if  on  in- 
spection, they  are  not  as  represented, 
the  buyer  may  return  them.  In  such 
a  case,  if  there  is  a  time  set_,  they 
must  be  returned  within  that  time  or 
the  buyer  will  be  bound.  If  no  time 
is  set,  they  must  be  returned  within 
a  reasonable  time  in  order  to  entitle 
the  buyer  to  rescind. 

performance. 

When  the  parties  to  a  contract  have 
fully  performed  all  that  they  agreed 
on,  "of  course  they  are  no  longer 
bound  by  their  agreement.  If  one 
party  has  fully  performed  while  the 
other  has  not,  the  former  is  released 
from  obligation  while  the  latter  is 
still  bound.  Where  A.  agrees  to 
build  a  house  for  B.  according  to 
specifications,  for  a  stated  sum,  at 
law  A.  is  not  discharged  until  he  has 


fully  completed  the  house  and  turned 
it  over  to  B.  Nor  is  he,  in  the  ab- 
sence of  express  stipulations  in  the 
contract,  entitled  to  payment  until 
he  has  fully  performed  the  work 
called  for.  Yet  where  a  piece  of  work 
has  been  substantially  though  not 
completely  performed,  a  court  of 
equity  will  allow  recovery  for  what 
has  been  done,  less  the  damage 
caused  by  failure  to  perform  com- 
pletely. 

Time  of  Performance.  If  the  terms 
of  an  agreement  are  such  that  the 
time  of  performance  is  vital  to  the 
contrast,  failure  to  perform  within 
the  time  agreed  upon  constitutes  a 
breach  of  the  contract.  Goods  bought 
with  the  express  condition  that  they 
shall  be  delivered  on  or  before  a  cer- 
tain named  date  need  not  be  accept- 
ed after  that  date.  However,  if  they 
are  accepted,  the  buyer  must  pay  for 
them,  less  the  amount  of  damage 
caused  by  the  seller's  tardiness  in 
delivering. 

Time  expressed.  A  month  means  a 
calendar  month.  Where  a  contract 
reads,  "sixty  days  from  date,"  Sun- 
days and  legal  holidays  are  counted, 
except  where  the  last  day  falls  on 
Sunday  or  a  legal  holiday,  when  the 
party  has  another  day  in  which  to 
complete  performance.  Usually  in 
such  a  case,  where  days  of  grace  are 
allowed  on  negotiable  paper,  it  is 
due  on  the  business  day  next  pre- 
ceding. 

Xo  time  specified.  If  no  time  is 
named  in  a  contract,  one  has  a  reas- 
onable time  in  which  to  carry  out  its 
provisions.  What  constitutes  a  reas- 
onable time  must  depend  upon  the 
work  to  be  done  and  the  nature  and 
circumstances  of  each  case.  It  is 
easy  to  see  that  what  would  be  a 
reasonable  length  of  time  in  which  to 
complete  a  large  and  costly  edifice 
would  be  a  most  unreasonable  length 
of  time  in  which  to  build  a  chicken 
coop. 

PAYMENT. 

Payment  is  the  transfer  of  some- 
thing which  is  accepted  in  satisfac- 
tion of  a  debt.  Unless  the  parties 
agree  upon  something  else,  a  debt  is 
payable  in  money  and  the  creditor  is 
not  bound  to  accept  anything  which 
is  not  a  legal  tender.  If  the  creditor 
refuses  to  take  current  money  on  the 
ground  that  it  is  not  legal  tender,  he 
should  make  known  to  the  debtor  the 
reason  for  his  refusal.  If  the  credi- 
tor does  accept  something  other  than 
money  in  full  satisfaction  of  a  debt, 
of  course  the  debt  is  extinguished. 
A.  owes   B.  $75.     B.  has  the  right  to 


?i\xc  te\*Atx£Z4&i»tu*ovitvr  #> 


demand  legal  tender.  But  suppose 
B.  agrees  to  take  A. 's  bicycle,  reason- 
ably worth  $40,  in  full  satisfaction 
for  the  debt.  If  A.  delivers  the 
wheel  as  agreed  on,  that  fully  pays 
and  extinguishes  the  debt  as  effectu- 
ally as  though  he  had  paid  the  full 
amount  in  money.  So  long  as  no 
fraud  is  practiced,  A.  has  the  right 
to  set  any  price  on  his  property  and 
B.  is  free  to  accept  or  not  at  that 
price. 

Part  payment.  In  the  above  illus- 
tration, had  A.  paid  B.  $40  with  the 
agreement  that  it  should  fully  dis- 
charge the  debt,  the  case  would  have 
been  different.  In  order  to  operate 
as  a  complete  discharge,  it  must  ap- 
pear that  there  was  some  consider- 
ation for  B.'s  promise  to  release  A. 
from  paying  the  remaining  $35  of  the 
debt.  (The  weight  of  authority  fol- 
lows this  rule.)  If  at-B's  request  A. 
paid  the  debt  before  maturity,  or  at 
some  place  other  than  the  place  of 
payment  agreed  on,  then  A.  has  fur- 
nished a  consideration  for  B.'s  prom- 
ise to  release  him  from  the  remainder 
of  the  debt. 

Negotiable  Paper  as  Payment.  Where 
a  debtor  gives  his  own  note  or  the 
note  of  a  third  person  for  a  debt 
previously  contracted,  in  the  absence 
of  special  agreement,  it  does  not,  by 
the  weight  of  authority,  constitute 
absolute  payment.  The  creditor 
must  wait  until  the  maturity  of  the 
paper,  at  the  end  of  which  time,  if 
the  note  be  not  paid,  he  may  return 
it  and  sue  on  his  original  claim.  But 
where  the  note  of  a  third  person  is 
transferred  without  indorsement,  in 
exchange  for  goods  sold  at  the  time,  it 
will  be  presumed,  unless  the  contrary 
can  be  shown,  that  the  note  is  taken 
in  complete  satisfaction  for  the  price 
of  the  goods.  If  in  the  above  illus- 
tration the  note  was  indorsed  "with- 
out recourse,"  it  would  be  considered 
as  absolute  payment.  Payment  in 
counterfeit  money  or  forged  paper  is 
no  payment  at  all.  Yet  by  neglect- 
ing to  return  to  the  debtor,  at  once, 
worthless  money  or  paper,  the  credi- 
tor may  lose  his  right  to  payment,  if 
the  debtor  acted  in  good  faith  when 
he  made  the  payment.  If  the  debtor 
is  notified  at  once,  he  may  know 
where  he  obtained  the  money  or 
paper  and  be  able  to  get  redress,  but 
if  he  is  not  notified  promptly  he  may 
not  be  able  to  do  so,  then  the  loss 
should  fall  on  the  creditor.  "The 
law  aids  the  vigilant."  In  one  case 
a  creditor  held  counterfeit  money  ten 
days,  and  it  was  held  that  he  could 
not  recover  payment  from  the  debtor. 

Payment  by  mail.  Money  sent  by 
mail  is  at  the  sender's  risk  unless  he 
sends  it  in  compliance  with  a  request 
from  the  creditor,  and  even  then,  if 
he  would  throw  the  risk  on  the  credi- 
tor, he  must  show  that  he  mailed  the 
litter  containing  the  money,  properly 
addressed,  and  in  accordance  with 
directions. 

Right  ni  ,  Xpplying  Payments.  The 
debtor  has  the  right  to  say  which  of 
i  bills  he  is  paying",  and  if  he 
does  not  exercise  this  right  the  credi- 
tor may  apply  the  payment  to  any 
lawful  debt  already  due  unless  such 
debt  is  in  dispute.  When  neither 
party  makes  applicaton,  the  court 
will    apply    such    payment    as   seems 


just,  under  the  circumstances. 

The  Burden  of  Proof.  The  debt 
having  been  shown  to  exist  it  gener- 
ally devolves  upon  the  debtor  to  go 
forward  and  show  that  it  has  been 
paid.  This  he  may  do  by  oral  testi- 
mony or  by  written  evidence. 

The  receipt.  There  is  a  notion, 
more  or  less  prevalent,  that  a  receipt 
in  full,  signed  by  the  creditor,  is 
absolute  proof  of  payment.  Areceipt 
is  simply  evidence  tending  to  show 
that  the  debt  has  been  paid.  Now  if 
the  creditor  can  produce  more  con- 
vincing evidence,  he  may  yet  show 
that  the  debt  has  not  been  paid. 
Suppose  the  creditor  can  show  that, 
although  he  signed  the  receipt,  he 
never  received  the  money  or  that  the 
money  he  did  receive  was  counterfeit 
and  that  he  promptly  returned  it  to 
the  debtor,  with  notice  of  the  fact,  he 
would  certainly  be  entitled  to  pay- 
ment in  spite  of  the  receipt.  It  does 
not  follow  from  the  above  that  a  re- 
ceipt is  useless;  on  the  contrary,  in 
many  cases  it  may  be  the  only  means 
of  establishing  the  fact  of  payment. 


When  a  debtor  actually  produces 
and  offers  to  his  creditor  something 
due  in  satisfaction  of  a  debt  or  obli- 
gation, this  is  known  as  tender.  The 
debtor  must  offer  exactly  what  the 
contract  calls  for  and  he  must  make 
the  offer  in  such  a  way  as  to  be  able 
to  transfer  what  he  offers  without 
further  action  on  his  part.  He  must 
also  observe  the  conditions  of  the 
contract  as  to  time,  place  and  man- 
ner of  payment,  if  the  tender  is  to  be 
effectual. 

Tender  of  Money.  In  tendering 
money,  the  exact  amount  in  legal 
tender  must  be  produced  and  offered 
unconditionally,  so  that  the  creditor 
has  only  to  accept.  If  the  creditor 
refuses  current  money  not  legal 
tender,  he  should  at  the  time  state 
his  grounds  for  refusal.  If  he  refuses 
on  some  other  grounds,  he  cannot 
afterward  set  up  the  defense  that  he 
was  not  offered  legal  tender.  It  has 
been  held  not  to  constitute  a  tender 
for  the  debtor  simply  to  express  him- 
self as  "ready"  to  pay.  In  tender- 
ing money  in  payment  of  negotiable 
paper,  the  tender,  if  otherwise  prop- 
erly made,  would  be  good,  even 
though  accompanied  by  a  demand 
for  the  surrender  of  the  paper. 

Tender  must  be  kept  good.  It  is  not 
enough  to  offer  the  money.  If  re- 
fused, it  must  be  kept  ready  to  pay, 
and  if  action  is  brought  against  himt 
the  debtor  must  pay  the  money  ino, 
court.  Where  chattels  are  tendered, 
the  exact  quality  and  quantity  called 
for  by  the  contract  must  be  offered, 
and  offered  in  such  a  way  as  to  give 
the  creditor  the  opportunity  of  in- 
specting them. 

The  effect  of  tendering  money.  A 
tender  of  money,  though  properly 
made,  does  not  discharge  the  debt, 
but  it  does  stop  the  further  accrual 
of  interest,  and  it  throws  all  the  costs 
on  the  creditor.  All  he  can  collect  is 
the  amount  of  the  bare  debt. 

A   TENDER    OF   CHATTELS    OR    SERVICES 

Where  the  contract  calls  for  the  de- 
livery of  something  other  than  money, 
a  valid  tender  of  the  thing  called  for 


discharges  the  party  making  the 
tender.  After  the  tender  has  been 
properly  made,  the  title  to  goods  is 
in  the  other  party  and  the  party 
making  the  tender  is  bailee  of  the 
goods.  Tender  need  not  be  made 
where  the  creditor  purposely  avoids 
the  debtor  so  that  there  shall  be  no 
tender  made,  or  where  he  absolutely 
refuses  to  accept  anything. 


Practical  mathematics  -  Continued  Irom 
Page  13. 

PRESENT    WORTH,    OR   TRUE    DISCOUNT. 

The  present  worth  of  a  debt  due  at 
some  future  time  is  a  sum  of  money 
which  if  placed  at  interest,  on  the 
date  of  discount,  at  the  given  rate, 
would  amount  to  the  debt  when  the 
debt  becomes  due.  It  therefore  cor- 
responds jto  the  principal  ,in  simple 
interest.  True  discount  is  the  differ- 
ence between  the  present  worth  and 
the  amount  of  the  debt  at  maturity, 
or  it  is  the  simple  interest  on  the 
present  worth  for  the  term  of  dis- 
count, at  the  given  rate.  The  term  of 
discount  is  the  same  as  in  bank  dis- 
count, and  is,  therefore,  the  differ- 
ence between  the  date  of  discount  and 
the  maturity  of  the  debt.  Compar- 
ing the  terms  in  Present  Worth,  or 
True  Discount  with  the  Percentage 
terms,  we  have : 

Base  equals  present  worth. 

Rate  equals  (rate  times  term  of 
discount  in  periods). 

Percentage  equals  true  discount. 

Amount  equals  amount  of  debt  at 
maturity. 

Since  in  Bank  Discount  the  dis- 
count is  computed  upon  the  amount 
of  the  debt  at  maturity,  and  in  True 
Discount,  the  discount  is  computed 
upon  the  present  worth  of  the  debt 
(or  the  amount  of  debt  minus  the 
true  discount),  the  difference  between 
the  bank  discount  and  the  true  dis- 
count is  equivalent  to  the  simple  in- 
terest on  the  true  discount  for  the 
term  of  discount. 

ILLUSTRATIVE     PROBLEM    IN   TRUE    DIS- 
COUNT. 

What  is  the  present  worth  of  a  debt 
amounting  to  $312  due  in  8  months  if 
money  is  worth  6  per  cent.? 

In  this  problem  we  have  given  the 
amount  $312,  the  rate,  6  per  cent.,  and 
the  time,  8  months,  to  find  the  pres- 
ent worth,  which  corresponds  to  the 
principal.  Therefore,  applying  the 
principles  laid  down  in  interest,  we 
may  find  what  one  dollar  principal 
for  8  months  at  6  per  cent,  will 
amount  to.  This  is  $1.04.  If  a  prin- 
cipal of  one  dollar  will  amount  to  $1.04 
in  8  months,  at  fi  per  cent.,  it  will 
take  as  manv  dollars  to  amount  to 
$312  as  $1.04  is  contained  times  in 
$312,  or  $300. 


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Its  attractive  pages,  both  interesting  and 
instructive,  make  it  a  magazine  invaluable 
to  teacher  and  pupil.  It  merits  the  unquali- 
fied indorsement  of  every  one  interested  in 
business  education. 

Fraternally  yours, 

J.  K.  RENSHAW, 
Banks  Bus.  College,  Philadelphia,  Pa. 


#ke  f^u4ln^b  £da*o<*tor   & 


Books  and  Hppliances. 

There  is  an  idea  prevailing  with 
school  boards,  school  proprietors, 
and  business  educators  generally, 
that  it  matters  little  what  kind  of 
books  and  appliances  are  provided 
for  students'  use  in  the  offices.  That 
this  idea  is  fallacious  and  prejudicial 
to  the  true  interests  of  business  edu- 
cation is  apparent  when  we  consider 
the  object  of  an  office  course.  The 
primary  consideration  which  should 
govern  in  the  development  of  such  a 
course  is  not  to  provide  a  means  for 
the  carrying  out  of  transactions  by 
students  at  the  desk,  but  rather  to 
furnish  an  opportunity  for  students 
to  acquaint  themselves  with  books 
and  appliances  actually  met  in  busi- 
ness, and  to  afford  them  a  training 
in  their  proper  use. 

It  is  quite  important,  therefore, 
that  the  things  used  in  the  school- 
room offices  be  identical,  as  far  as 
possible,  with  those  used  in  business 
houses  outside.  This  statement  ap- 
plies to  the  size  of  the  books,  styles 
of  binding,  quality  of  paper,  forms  of 
documents  and  commercial  paper,  as 
well  as  to  the  rulings  in  the  books 
and  variety  in  means  used  for  record- 
ing and  classifying  business  trans- 
actions. It  also  applies  to  letter  copy- 
books, letter-presses,  files,  filing  cab- 
inets, and  loose-leaf  and  card-index 
devices. 

Not  only  is  it  important  that  there 
should  be  an  identity  in  the  material, 
but  also  that  there  should  be  a  suffi- 
cient variety  to  include  most  of  the 
elements  entering  into  the  structure 
of  bookkeeping  systems  in  business 
houses.  By  elements,  we  here  mean 
forms  of  books,  sheets,  blanks,  hold- 
ers, binders,  files,  cards,  etc.,  used  in 
the  recording  of  transactions  and  the 
tabulating  of  data  for  reference  or 
for  showing  results  of  the  business. 

To  admit  of  this  variety,  there  must 
necessarily  be  several  "firms  repre- 
sented by  the  offices.  There  should 
be  at  least  one  bank,  a  real  estate 
office,  and  two  freight  and  express 
offices  (unless  all  business  done  in 
the  offices  is  with  other '  schools). 
There  should  also  be  a  commission 
firm,  a  shipping  firm,  and  from  two  to 
five  wholesale  or  jobbing  firms. 

As  space  forbids  entering  into  the 
details  of  forms  and  books  used  in 
banking  institutions  and  in  real  es- 
tate, freight  and  commission  offices, 
we  shall  limit  our  attention  to  the 
material  used  for  wholesale  or  job- 
bing houses,  arranging  our  discus- 
sion under  the  following  heads  : 

1.    Sales  Records, 


2.  Purchase  Records. 

3.  Journal  and  Cash  Books. 

4.  Check  Records  and  Bank  Ac- 
counts. 

5.  Ledgers. 

6.  Stock  Records. 

1.  Sales  Records.  There  are  three 
principal  methods  of  handling  records 
of  sales:  (1)  By  means  of  bound 
books  with  either  ordinary  journal  or 
special  column  ruling;  (2)  By  means 
of  carbon  impressions  of  bills,  filed 
and  recapitulated  in  binders;  l3)  by 
means  of  loose  leaf  order  blanks  filled 
in  by  salesmen,  and  filed  and  recap- 
itulated, same  as  carbon  sheets,  in 
binders.  The  special  advantage  of 
the  second  of  these  is  that  it  saves 
time  and  insures  accuracy,  as  carbon 
copy,  constituting  the  sales  record, 
is  made  simultaneously  with,  and 
therefore  is  an  exact  copy  of,  the  bill 
sent  to  the  customer.  While  the 
third  method  [order  blank  scheme) 
does  not  prevent  discrepancy  between 
bill  and  office  record,  it  insures  iden- 
tity between  order  given  to  salesman 
and  office  record,  as  the  order  origi- 
nally made  out  becomes,  when  exten- 
sions have  been  made,  the  sales 
record  from  which  posting  is  made  to 
the  Ledger.  Many  houses  have  the 
order  made  out  in  triplicate,  one  car- 
bon impression  of  the  original  sent 
to  the  house  being  left  with  the  cus- 
tomer for  verification  of  bill  when  re- 
ceived, and  another  kept  by  the  sales- 
man himself  for  reference  and  as  a 
guide  in  future  dealings. 

As  the  ordinary  Sales  book  is,  as  a 
rule,  used  in  the  introductory  work 
outside  the  offices,  it  would  seem  best 
to  use  in  the  offices  only  the  more  up- 
to-date  methods  of  making  sales 
record,  that  is,  either  loose  leaf  order 
or  the  bill  and  charge  plan.  It  might 
be  stated  that  there  are  several  firms 
making  a  specialty  of  this  line  of  sup- 
plies, amongwhom  maybementioned, 
as  a  matter  of  information  for  those 
who  are  unfamiliar  with  the  forms  in 
question  and  desire  further  knowledge 
of  the  subject,  the  Baker-Vawter  Co., 
who  have  their  factory  at  Holyoke, 
Mass.,  and  business-offices  in  most  of 
the  large  cities  in  this  country. 

2.  Purchase  Records.  There  are 
two  principal  methods  of  making 
purchase  records  and  handling  in- 
voices :  (1)  By  means  of  invoice 
books,  in  which  the  invoices  are  past- 
ed, and  from  which  posting  is  made 
directly  to  the  Ledger  ;  (2)  By  means 
of  purchase  registers  used  in  connec- 
tion with  (a)  Invoice  files,  or  (b)  loose 
leaf  Invoice  books,  in  which  case 
posting   is   done   from  the  Register. 


It  is  the  practice  in  a  number  of  bus- 
iness houses  to  keep  invoices  until 
the  end  of  the  month,  regardless  of 
which  of  the  above  methods  is  used, 
and  then  to  assort  them  and  enter  in- 
voices from  the  same  firm  together. 
When  pasted  in  the  Invoice  book  in 
that  case  the  lower  part  of  the  bill  is 
exposed  instead  of  the  upper,  thus 
showing  items  and  figures  at  a  glance. 
In  school  work,  this  is  not  always 
practicable,  as  the  business  must  be 
entered  on  the  books  each  day  to  give 
students  sufficient  practice  in  each 
position  as  they  are  advanced  in  the 
office. 

3.  Journals  and  Cash  Books.  If  the 
introductory  work  is  sufficiently  exten- 
sive to  give  a  thorough  understanding 
and  mastery  of  the  Journal  and  Cash 
book  in  their  simple  and  ordinary 
form,  it  is  unnecessary  to  have  stu- 
dents go  over  this  ground  in  the  offices. 
Instead  the  two  books  with  special-col- 
umn features  might  be  used  in  one 
office  ;  a  special-column  Journal  with 
"Cash"  columns,  or  Cash  Journal 
in  another;  and  possibly  a  loose-leaf 
cash  book  in  connection  with  an  or- 
dinary or  special-column  Journal  in  a 
third. 

In  reference  to  the  latter,  it  might 
be  said  that  the  loose-leaf  schemes, 
wherever  convenient,  are  rapidly  dis- 
placing bound  books.  This  is,  in 
part,  a  natural  result  of  conditions 
arising  from  business  expansion,  re- 
quiring several  clerks  to  record  trans- 
actions of  the  same  kind.  On  this 
loose-leaf  plan,  if  the  business  re- 
quires it,  a  receiving  cashier  or  teller 
would  keep  the  defiitpageot  the  Cash 
book,  and  the  payingcashier  or  teller 
the  ci  edit  page,  the  debit  and  credit 
pages  being  generally  different  in 
color  so  as  readily  to  distinguish 
them  from  each  other.  At  the  close 
of  each  day,  these  are  footed  and 
filed  either  in  separate  binders  or  in 
the  same  binder,  and  the  totals  post- 
ed to  a  cash  account.  Sometimes  it 
is  necessary  to  employ  two  or  more 
receiving  cashiers  and  two  or  more 
paying  cashiers,  either  for  the  same 
or  separate  offices,  floors,  depart- 
ments, or  divisions,  in  which  case  a 
separate  sheet  is  used  by  each  cashier 
and  the  totals  from  the  various  sheets 
transferred  to  a  recapitulation  (sum- 
mary) sheet  before  posting,  or  posted 
directly  from  each  sheet  to  the  Ledger 
at  the  close  of  each  day. 

4.  Check  Records  and  Bank  Ac- 
counts. Small  depositors  are  provid- 
ed, when  desired,  by  banks  with 
check  books  having  only  one  or  two 
checks  to  the  page.  As  the  number 
of  checks  drawn  from  time  to  time 
are  few,  these  answer  all  require- 
ments, in  which  case  the  best  plan  is 
to  keep  a  record  of  each  check  on 
check-stub  and  add  deposits  and  de- 
duct withdrawals  at  the  time  when 
each  is  made.  This  method  of  keep- 
ing a  bank  account  is  best  used  in 
introductory  work  in  the  school  room. 
W7hen  the  student  enters  the  offices, 
however,  he  should  be  made  familiar 
with  at  least  three  other  methods  in 
general  use.  CI)  Check  books  with 
stubs  and  column  ruled  on  back  of 
stubs  for  details  of  deposits,  deposits 
and  withdrawals  respectively  being 
added  on  each  page,  totals  brought 
forward,  and  balance  struck  on  return 


FIG 

1 

ARTIQLE 

8IZE 

STYLE                                                              GRADE 

ORDERED 

RECEIVED 

DELIVERED 

□ATE 

ORDER  NO. 

QUAN. 

DATE 

QUAN 

COST 

AMOUNT 

DATE 

QUAN.      [|          OOST 

AMOUNT 

SALE 

AMOUNT 

PROFIT 

FIG.   2 

ARTICLE 

SIZE 

8TYLE                         GRADE 

MAXIMUM 
MINIMUM 

ORDERED 

RECEIVED 

DELIVERED 

ON 

HAND 

ORDERED 

RECEIVED 

DELIVERED 

ON 

HAND 

DATE 

O-DERNO. 

QUAN. 

DATE 

QUAN. 

DATE 

QUAN 

DATE 

ORDER  NO 

QUAN. 

DATE 

QUAN. 

DATE 

QUAN. 

of  pass  book  from  the  bank;  (2) 
Check  book  with  tissue  sheets  for 
carbon  impressions  with  "bank 
account"  columns  in  Cash  book;  (3) 
Check  pads,  without  stubs  or  carbon 
sheets, used  in  connection  with  check 
register  (preferably  loose  leaf),  and 
Banking  Ledger  or  "Bank"  col- 
umns in  Cash  book. 

5.  Ledgers.  One  of  the  most 
important  features  to  be  developed 
and  emphasized  in  the  offices  is  the 
classification  of  accounts  and  sec- 
tionalization  of  the  Ledger.  First, 
there  should  be  a  division  between 
personal  and  other  accounts.  If  the 
personal  accounts  are  kept  in  a  sep- 
arate ledger,  there  should  be  a  gen- 
eral account  for  these  in  the  private 
or  general  ledger,  so  as  to  prove 
ledgers  separately-.  A  further  divis- 
ion might  be  made  between  accounts 
receivable  and  accounts  payable,  or 
sales  and  purchase  accounts,  each 
class  being  kept  in  a  separate  ledger 
with  a  corresponding  general  account 
in  the  general  ledger  against  which 
each  must  prove  up.  These  again, 
may  be  sectionalized— accounts  run- 
ning, say  from  A  to  K,  being  kept  in 
one  ledger,  and  L  to  Z  in  the  other, 
and  the  business  so  entered  in  the 
books  of  original  entry  as  to  prove 
each  section  by  itself.  Distinction 
should  be  made  in  the  general  ledger 
between  speculative  and  non-specu- 
lative accounts,  the  latter  being 
placed  first,  being  less  fluctuating 
and  more  limited  in  number.  As  to 
forms  of  ledgers,  there  might  be: 
(I)  the  ordinary;  (2)  the  Boston  skel- 
eton ;  (3)  the  loose-leaf;  (4)  the  card. 

ti.    Stock  Records.      There   are  two 


purposes  in  view  in  keeping  stock 
records.  The  first  is  to  show  the 
quantity  of  each  article  on  hand  from 
day  to  day  for  the  convenience  of  the 
purchasing  department  ;  the  second, 
to  give  a  basis  for  computing  the 
profits  of  a  day,  week,  or  month  with- 
out taking  stock.  As  the  card  sys- 
tem is  the  most  serviceable  for  the 
keeping  of  stock  record,  we  illustrate 
a  form  of  card  (Figure  1),  which 
shows  how  these  two  features  may  be 
combined  and  the  profit  on  each  arti- 
cle, as  well  as  total  profit  for  a  par- 
ticular period  on  articles  sold  may  be 
seen  at  a  glance  or  readily  computed. 
In  businesses  where  profits  cannot 
easily  be  entered  for  articles  or  quan- 
tities sold,  record  is  generally  kept 
only  of  the  stock  itself,  in  which  case 
the  cost  and  profit  columns  would  be 
eliminated  (Figure  2). 


Sborlls.mi1  State  Secretaries. 

ERIE,  PA.,  February  23,  1904. 

Editor  business  Educator: 

I  send  you  for  publication  the  names  of 
the  state  secretaries  of  the  National  Short- 
hand Teachers'  Association  appointed  for 
the  year  1904.  Yours  very  truly. 

W.  o.  DAVIS,  Pres't. 
STATE  SECRETARIES,  N.  S.  T.  A. 

Alabama-Laura  C.  Spaulding,  Birming- 
ham High  School. 

California-Geo.  D.  White,  San  Jose  Busi- 
ness College. 

Colorado— L.  A.  Arnold,  Denver,  Central 
Business  College. 

District  of  Columbia,  Fayette  P.  Temple, 
Washington,  D.  C, Temple  School,  1386  N.  Y. 
Ave.,N.  W. 


Idaho— Bertha  J.  Apdison.Lewiston,  High 
School. 

Illinois  — W.  D.  MacAllister,  Lincoln, 
Lincoln  Business  College. 

Indiana  — F.  E.  Haymond,  Evansville, 
Lockyear's  Business  College. 

Iowa— W.  N.  Phillips,  Cedar  Rapids,  Cedar 
Rapids  Business  College. 

Kansas— Miss  Loretta  Strickler,  Topeka, 
Topeka  Business  College. 

Kentucky— Miss  Julia  B.  Stark,  Louisville, 
Spencerian  Business  College. 

Maryland  —  Chas.  S:  Catherman,  Balti- 
more, Struyer's  Business  College. 

Massachusetts  —  Geo.  P.  Lord,  Salem, 
Salem  Business  College. 

Michigan— S.  A.  Moran,  Ann  Arbor. 

Minnesota— Julius  Rasmussen,  Stillwater, 
Rasmussen  Business  College. 

Missouri— P.  B.  S.  Peters,  Kansas  City, 
Manual  Training  High  School. 

Mississippi  — Emmie  S.  Power,  Columbus, 
Industrial  Institution  and  College. 

Nebraska  —  Miss  Elizabeth  Van  Sant, 
Omaha,  Van  Sant  School. 

New  Jersey— Mary  E.  L.  Griffin,  Newark, 
Newark  Business  College. 

New  York— C.  M.  Miller,  1133  Broadway, 
New  York. 

Ohio— Everett  St.  John,  Warren,  Business 
Schoi  '1. 

Pennsylvania  —  John  P.  McConahey, 
Pittsburg,  The  Martin  Shorthand  and  Com- 
mercial School. 

Texas-C.  A.  Reed,  Denison,  Gate  City 
Commercial  City. 

Virginia— Thos.  P.  Scully,  Norfolk,  South- 
ern shorthand  and  Business  School. 

West  Virginia— Miss  Vie  T.  Kobel,  Park- 
ersburg,  Mountain   State  Business  College. 

Wisconsin -Miss  Francis  H.  North,  La 
Crosse,  Wisconsin,  Business  University. 

Canada— E.  J.  O'Sullivan,  Winnipeg,  The 
National  Business  College. 


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— - , ■- 


G.  history  of  penmen,  (Early 

Business  €6ucation,  ano 

(Eoucators  in  Ctmerica. 

By  A.  H.  hinman,  Worcester,  Mass. 


From  statements  published  by  the 
Educational  Department  of  the  Gov- 
ernment in  1888,  it  is  shown  that  the 
following  business  colleges  of  the 
country  were  established  previous  to 
1866.  These  were  the  Pioneer  busi- 
ness colleges  of  the  country  which, 
having  fought  their  way  into  public 
confidence,  opened  the  way  for  the 
rapid  growth  of  later  business 
schools.  The  educational  report  of 
1888  shows  up  to  that  time  an  increase 
of  colleges  to  a  total  of  233,  and  also 
shows  the  average  day  course  tuition 
to  have  been$60.00. 

Pacific  Business  College,  San  Francisco. 
1863. 

Spencerian  Business  College,  Washing- 
ton, D.C.,1864. 

Rockford  Business  College,  Rockford,  111., 
1865. 

Evansville  Commercial  College,  Evans- 
ville.Ind.,1850. 

Indianapolis  Business  University,  Indian- 
apolis, 1850. 

Terre  Haute  Commercial  College,  Terre 
Haute,  Ind.,  1862. 

Davenport  Business  College,  Davenport, 
Iowa,  1864. 

Iowa  Business  College.  Des  Moines,  Iowa, 
1865. 

Iowa  City  Commercial  College,  Iowa  City, 
Iowa,  1865. 

Gate  City  Business  College,  Keokuk,  Iowa, 
1857. 

Ottumwa  Business  College,  Ottumwa, 
Iowa,  1865. 

Brvant  &  Stratton  College,  Louisville,  Ky., 
1864." 

J.  W.  Blackmail's  Commercial  College, 
New  Orleans,  1862. 

Soule  Commercial  College  and  Literary 
Institute,  New  Orleans,  1S56. 

Dirigo  Business  College,  Augusta,  Maine, 
1863. 

Portland  Business  College,  Portland,  Me., 
1S63. 

Brvant  <fc  Stratton  Commercial  School, 
Boston,  i860. 

French's  Business    College,  Boston,   IMS. 

Lowell  Commercial  College.  Lowell,  1859. 

Chickering's  Commercial  College,  Pitts- 
field,  1861. 

Detroit  Business  College,  Detroit,  1850. 

St.  Stanislaus  Commercial  College,  Bav 
St.  Louis,  Miss.,  1853. 

Bryant  A-  Stratton  College,  St.  Louis,  1859. 

Jones  Commercial  College,  St.  Louis,  Mo., 
1841. 

Mound  City  Commercial  College,  St.  Louis, 
Mo.,  1859. 

Trenton  Business  College,  Trenton,  N.  J., 
lc6-.. 

Lowell  Business  College,  Binghampton, 
X.  Y.,  1850 

Claghorn's  Brvant  &  Stratton  IBusiness 
College.  Brooklyn,  X.  Y.,  1850. 

St.  James  Commercial  Academy,  Brook- 
lyn, N.  Y.,  1&50.     ' 

Manhattan  Business  College,  New  York, 
N.  Y.,  1864. 

Packard's  Business  College,  and  School 
of  Stenography,  New  Y"ork,  N.  Y\,  1858. 

Eastman  National  Business  College, 
Poughkeepsie,  1859. 

Rochester  Business  University,  Roches- 
ter, 1863. 

Troy  Business  College,  Troy,  1860. 

Utica  Business  College.  Utica,  N.  Y.,  1862. 

Nelson's    Business     College,    Cincinnati, 


Spencerian  Business  College,  Cleveland, 
1848. 

Columbus  Business  College  Columbus, 
1863. 

Miami  Commercial  College,  Dayton,  Ohio, 
1860. 

Zanesville  Business  College,  Zanesville. 
Ohio.  1865. 

Brvant,  Stratton  &  Smith,  Meadville,  Pa., 
1»  5. ' 

Pierce  College  of  Business,  Philadelphia, 
1865. 

Currv  University,  Pittsburg,  1860. 

Duff's   Mercantile  College,  Pittsburg,  1840. 

Providence  Brvant  &  Stratton, Providence, 
1863. 

Scholrield's  Commercial  College,  Provi- 
dence, 1816. 

Leddin  Business  College,  Memphis,  Tenn., 
1864. 

Goodman's  Business  College,  Nashville, 
1865. 

Wheeling  Business  College,  Wheeling, 
W.  Va..  1860. 

North  Western  Business  College,  Madi- 
son, Wis.,  1865. 

Spencerian  Business  College,  Milwaukee, 
IV,:  i. 

Among  the  most  successful  busi- 
ness colleges  of  the  country  through 
the  past  many  years  is  the  Gem  City 
Business  College,  of  Quincy,  Illinois, 
which  has  been  conducted  for  over  a 
third  of  a  century  by  its  founder, 
Prof.  D.  L.  Musselman. 

D.  L.  Musselman  was  born  in  a  log 
cabin  in  Fulton  County,  111.,  in  1842. 
When  old  enough  he  attended  the  dis- 
trict school  in  the  winter,  and  the  rest 
of  the  year  worked  at  farming,  clearing 
the  ground,  making  rails,  and  build- 
ing fences.  He  attended  the  Fulton 
County  Seminary  for  three  winters  in 

D.  S.  MUSSELMAN. 


the  fifties.  Young  Musselman  was  a 
great  lover  of  books  and  not  with- 
standing his  opportunities  of  obtain- 
ing knowledge  were  limited,  by  per- 
severance, diligence,  and  industry,  he 
succeeded  in  getting  a  liberal  educa- 
tion. His  first  efforts  were  at  home 
where  he  often  studied  late  at  night 
by  the  aid  of  an  old  lard  lamp,  but 
more  frequently  by  the  aid  of  the 
light  which  flamed  from  the  burning 
log  fire.  His  father,  a  good  penman, 
in  those  days,  gave  him  his  first  writ- 
ing lessons.  He  afterwards  secured 
lithograph  specimens  of  writing  by 
P.  R.  Spencer,  in  1858,  sent  out  for 
advertisements  by  the  Bryant  &  Strat- 
ton Schools.  From  these  specimens 
he  practiced  and  studied  until  he  was 
able  to  teach  a  country  writing  school, 
for  which  he  charged  $1.00  for  fifteen 
lessons,  which  he  gave  at  the  old 
Hickory  Log  School  House. 

In  the  Spring  of  1861,  he  taught  a 
three  months  district  school  in  the 
same  school  house.  In  August,  '62, 
he  enlisted  in  the  army  of  the  civil 
war,  and  on  account  of  his  superior 
penmanship,  he  was  elected  orderly 
sergeant,  which  required  him  to  keep 
the  books,  make  up  the  pay  roll,  and 
do  other  clerical  work  belonging  to 
the  company.  He  was  later  promoted 
to  lieutenancy.  He  served  under  Rose- 
crans,  Thomas,  and  Sherman.  In  one 
engagement  he  had  a  gun  shot  out  of 
his  hand,  also  received  a  slight  flesh 
wound  when  attacking  the  works  of 
the  enemy.  In  one  battle  he  was 
caught  between  the  lines  of  the  enemy 
and  played  dead  until  dark,  after 
which  he  joined  his  command.  He 
saved  $2,000.00  in  the  army  which  en- 
abled him  to  secure  a  much  coveted 
business  education  at  Eastman  Busi- 
ness College,  in  Chicago.  He  com- 
pleted the  business  and  penmanship 
course  in  about  six  months  time,  and 
was  then  enabled  to  teach  penman- 
ship in  that  school,  first  in  the  busi- 
ness department,  then  in  the  orna- 
mental penmanship  department,  also 
assisting  in  correspondence  and  ad- 
vertising outside  of  school  hours  and 
Saturdays,  which  gave  him  a  good 
insight  into  Mr.  Eastman's  methods. 
He  was  Mr.  Eastman's  private  secre- 
tary and  took  dictation  from  him  in 
long  hand  by  the  hour  in  his  office 
sitting  at  a  desk  while  Mr.  Eastman 
would  walk  the  floor  from  one  end  of 
the  room  to  the  other,  thinking  and 
dictating  advertisements,  letters,  edi- 
torials, etc. 

On  one  of  Mr.  Eastman  visits  to 
the  school,  he  entered  Mr.  Mussel- 
man's  room  and  asked,  "  How  many 
students  have  you  ?  "  Mr.  Musselman 
replied,  "sixty."  "Is  that  writing 
yours  on  the  blackboard?"  he  was 
answered  in  the  affirmative.  "  Well," 
said  Mr.  Eastman,  "this  is  all  done 
pretty  well,  but  it  is  not  good  enough. 
I  want  this  room  fitted  up  to  look  so 
attractive  and  beautiful  that  when  a 
young  man  visits  it  he  will  feel  like 
sitting  down  here  and  getting  to 
work."  This  last  sentence  uttered  by 
Mr.  Eastman,  Mr.  Musselman  claims 
has  been  worth  more  to  him  in  a 
business  way  than  the  entire  cost  of 
his  education.  After  one  year  with 
Mr.  Eastman  he  engaged  with  Mr. 
H.  B.  Bryant  who  paid  him  $1,000.00 
a   year   to    teach  penmanship  in   the 


r/ 1  vc  /^  tu jli  ccj  *>  £cUtoctlu  r   ^ 


Springfield,  Peoria,  and  Quincy  Bry- 
ant *.v  Stratton  schools.  Judge  D.  V. 
Bell  owned  an  interest  in  this  school, 
and  was  local  manager.  To  introduce 
Mr.  Musselman  to  the  people  of 
Springfield,  Judge  Bell  announced  a 
lecture  on  penmanship  to  be  given 
before  the  teachers  of  the  public 
schools.  Mr.  Musselman  has  stated 
that  he  felt  as  green  as  a  squash  in 
the  presence  of  those  teachers.  His 
knees  shook  worse  than  when  he 
made  a  charge  in  the  battle  of  Kena- 
saw  Mountain,  at  the  head  of  the 
military  company.  Judge  Bell  real- 
ized his  condition,  and  as  Mr.  Mussel- 
man  proceeded  to  analyze  the  alpha- 
bet and  simple  words  and  sentences, 
the  good  judge  would  ask  easy  ques- 
nid  kept  him  going  until  the 
hour  was  up  and  the  lecture  of  the 
advertised  "distinguished  professor 
from  Chicago"  was  ended.  After 
one  month  in  Springfield,  Mr.  Mussel- 
man  went  to  Quincy.  At  that  time 
the  partnership  of  Bryant  &  Stratton 
&  Bell  was  dissolved  owing  to  the 
death  of  Mr.  Stratton. 

In  1879,  the  Gem  City  Business  Col- 
lege was  organized  by  Mr.  Musselman, 
and  what  remained  of  the  old  Bryant 
&  Stratton  College  was  merged  into 
it.  It  reached  a  daily  attendance  of 
thirty  students  the  first  year.  At 
that  time  and  for  several  years  Mr. 
Musselman  ranked  among  the  most 
celebrated  penman  of  the  country, 
being  skillful  to  a  high  degree  both 
in  plain  and  ornamental  penmanship. 
The  attendance  at  the  college  began 
to  increase,,  and   the  institution  con- 


tinued to  gain  prestige  till  for  many 
vears  past  its  attendance  has  been 
from  600  to  1300  students  annually, 
and  the  present  year  will  show  an 
attendance  of  1400'students. 

In  everything  pertaining  to  busi- 
ness education  Mr.  Musselmanranks 
among  tbe  strongest  men  of  his  pro- 
fession. For  his  superior  penman- 
ship exhibits  he  was  awarded  the 
silver  medal  by  the  Cincinnati  In- 
dustrial Exposition,  and  a  medal 
and  diploma  from  the  Omaha  Expo- 
sition in  1898,  and  from  the  Illinois 
and  Iowa  State  fairs,  the  St  Louis 
fair,  and  the  world's  exposition  at 
New  Orleans  in  1885. 

Mr.  Musselman  is  nearly  six  feet  in 
height,  weighs  about  195  pounds,  is 
in  excellent  health,  erect  in  form, 
light  in  complexion  and  quite  bald. 
He  is  unassuming  in  manner,  and  has 
an  open  and  pleasing  countenance. 
With  all  classes  he  is  a  favorite  and 
especially  so  with  his  pupils  whom  he 
governs  in  a  modest  quiet  way,  hold- 
ing sway  over  the  wills  through  the 
hearts.  The  correctness  of  his  habits, 
the  excellence  of  his.  teachings,  and 
elegance  of  his  manner  all  combine 
to  shed  a  fragrance  over  his  school 
which  remains  with  his  scholars 
through  life.  His  present  patronage 
represents  students  from  thirty-three 
states  of  the  Union,  and  the  people 
of  Quincy  are  justly  proud  of  a  col- 
lege that  is  not  surpassed  in  the 
country.  A  few  years  ago  Mr.  Mussel- 
man erected  what  is  recognized  as  one 
of  the  finest  business  college  building 
in  America,   at   a  cost   of  $100,000.00. 


His  teachers,  students,  and  all  visit- 
ors are  alike  delighted  with  this  bean- 
tiful  edifice.  The  building  is  furnish- 
ed with  steam  heating,  water,  gas,  and 
electricity,  and  a  passenger  elevator. 
It  is  also  supplied  with  telephone, 
speaking  tubes,  and  an  electrical 
clock  which  automatically  rings  the 
opening  and  closing  of  school  in  all 
the  rooms  and  the  entire  program  of 
recitations  for  the  day  and  week. 
There  are  three  separate  departments 
conducted  by  this  school,  the  Busi- 
ness Department,  the  Shorthand  and 
Typewriting  Department,  and  the 
Normal  Penmanship  Department. 
The  college  ranks  high  in  the  esteem 
of  the  public  throughout  the  western 
states,  and  is  endorsed  by  bankers, 
professional  and  business  men. 
Thousands  of  its  graduates  are  fil- 
ling honorable  and  lucrative  posi- 
tions in  the  various  departments 
of  trade  in  all  parts  of  the  country. 


Obituary 

On  Sunday,  February  28th,  1904,  Professor 
M.  H.  Davis,  Proprietor  of  the  Davis  Busi- 
ness College,  Toledo,  Ohio,  after  a  week's 
illness  departed  this  life,  immediate  cause 
of  his  death  being  Bright's  disease  and 
valvular  disease  of  the  heart.  The  sad 
news  of  his  death  will  come  as  a  surprise  to 
the  profession  and  to  his  many  friends. 
Mr.  Davis  conducted  a  very  successful 
business  school  since  18S2  in  Toledo,  and 
■was  generally  recognized  as  one  of  our  most 
modest  and  efficient  business  college  men. 
In  Toledo  he  was  known  not  only  as  a  busi- 
ness educator,  but  also  as  a  prominent 
Sunday  School  official  and  worker. 


£JR©  Oct/uic^CcUvctitcr   ^ 


Graduating  Into  the  Ulorld. 

The  educational  institutions  annually 
turn  out  a  magnificent  re-enforcement  to 
the  active  forces  of  American  society.  It  is 
a  picture  of  inspiration  and  good  cheer  to 
know  of  the  thousands  of  young  men  and 
women  trooping  out  of  these  schools  of  cul- 
ture and  discipline,  and  going  with  their 
trained  intellects  and  their  hopeful  courage 
into  the  busy  work  of  this  country.  They 
are  fresh  and  eager  troops  for  the  great 
army  of  work,  new  participants  in  the 
liberty  and  independence  and  responsibili- 
ty of  the  freeman,  with  the  broad  world  be- 
fore each  one,  and  having  an  open  field  for 
his  powers.  They  are  equipped  with  fresh, 
unwearied,  open  minds  to  the  many  prob- 
lems which  humanity  has  worried  and 
hurried  over  until,  with  the  lazy  effect  of 
familiarity,  and  the  belittling  influence  of 
self-interest,  it  has  lost  its  desire  to  sharply 
discrimininate  the  beautifully  true  from 
the  tinsel  false.  They  are  imbued  with  am- 
bition and  confidence,  positive  that  what- 
ever is  wrong  can  be  made  right.  They  are 
free  from  grievances,  and  have  few,  if  any, 
regrets  for  any  institutions  or  customs  or 
policies  of  by-gone  days.  They  take  the 
world  as  they  find  it,  cheerfully,  they 
haven't  arrived  to  the  point  where  they 
believethe  present  might  have  been  a  great 
deal  better  if  their  advice  had  been  follow- 
ed. There  are  no  kickers  in  this  company— 
they  have  no  old  scores  to  balance,  no  rela- 
tions to  fights  of    the  past.    The  world  is 


L.   MADARASZ. 


just  beginning  for  them,  and  if  it  isn't  as 
good  and  kind  as  it  might  be  it  is  at  least 
just  the  best  place  they  ever  saw.  To  be 
sure  they  have  their  limitations  and  short- 
comings, but  they  are  free  to  set  up  house- 
keeping with  a  clean  slate,  a  slate  not  dis- 
figured with  the  variety  of  trumpery  that 
accumulates  with  age  until  it  is  a  load. 

It  is  a  singularly  narrow  view  of  life  which 
counts  this  young  army  of  eager  workers  as 
so    many    new    competitors    to    crowd    the 


occupations  they  enter,  so  many  doctors, 
lawyers  and  artisans  to  divide  up  the  work 
now  being  done.  Every  one  of  these  ambi- 
tious young  people,  with  faculties  all  awake 
and  hungry,  has  many  wants.  They  are 
buyers  as  well  as  sellers  of  service,  ready 
to  exchange  work  with  all  comers.  If  the 
statement  is  true  that  the  world  has  ton 
much  of  everything  today,  it  surely  can 
spare  a  good  living  to  them,  provided  they 
will  do  a  portion  of  its  work ;  if  it  is  not  true 
that  the  world  has  too  much  of  everything, 
then  they  have  the  right  to  supply  the 
world  what  it  lacks. 

The  conditions  confronting  this  glorious 
young  army  and  which  must  be  met  by 
each  and  every  one  of  them,  is  how  thev 
can  make  themselves  so  useful  to  their 
fellows  that  they  will  give  for  their  ser- 
vices all  that  their  tastes  and  ambitions 
crave.  The  notion  of  service  instead  of 
the  notion  of  competition  is  the  idea  that 
should  be  instilled  into  the  minds  of  the 
young,  and  perhaps  the  act  is  the  same 
whether  inspired  by  one  motive  or  another. 
Still  the  boy  who  has  labored  to  make  him- 
self superior  as  a  physician  may  achieve 
the  same  professional  result  whether  his 
motive  is  to  surpass  all  rivals,  or  whether 
it  is  to  render  the  greatest  good  within  his 
power  to  humanity,  but  the  one  motive  is 
debasing  and  unworthy,  while  the  other  is 
the  sublimest  conception  of  life.  Every 
calling,  however  humble,  is  dignified  bj' 
the  desire  and  purpose  of  being  useful. 
L.  MADARASZ. 


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Sample 
Ballot 

Explanation 

the  th 
prefer  i 


Prizes 


lcludi 


of 


Sec 


size,  stvle,  slant,  etc. 
vote  on  postal  if  desired. 


All  are  invited  to  express  an  opinion  as  to  preference  of  small  letters  and  figures, 

same.    By  complying  you  will  thereby  aid  in  determining  what  letters  shall  be  used. 

Be  careful  to  follow  instructions  and  express  unmistakably  your  preference. 

1,  a;  b;   1,  c;  1,  2,  5  d;   e;   1,4  f;   1,2,5  g:   2,  h;  i;  1,  2  j ;  3  k;    m;   n;   1  o;   1  p;   1  q;   1,2,  3  r;  2  s;   1,4  t;    u;  v;  w;  1  x;   1,  4  y;  3   z; 

1  two;    3  three;    2  four;  2  five;    1  six;   2  seven;   3  eight;    2  nine;   s  loops;   a  turns;   m  forms;  50  slant;   s  hand;   1  lines. 

If  the  first  a  is  used  initially  and  the  second  medially.,  there  is  no  need  of  designating  both,  as  the  first  cannot  be  used 

other  than  as  the  second  in  the  middle  of  words;  1,  2,  5  d  means  that  the  first  is  used  initially,  the  second  medially,  and 
•d  finally;  s  loops,  means  that  you  favor  short  loops;  a  turns,  means  that  you  favor  angular  turns,  etc.,  etc.  If  the  style  you 
i  not  given,  make  the  style  instead  of  naming  the  number. 

The  person  first  guessing  the  greatest  number  of  forms  selected  by  majority  vote  will  be  presented  with   a  copy  of 

Zanerian  Theory  of  Penmanship,  price  $1.00.  The  second  best  in  time  or  number,  a  Zanerian  oblique  pen  holder,  price 
50  cents.    To  the  third  will  be  given  a  dozen  of  Mr.  Zaner's  best  cards,  any  name. 

All  persons  over  twenty-one  years  of  age,  or  under,  male  or  female,  may  vote,  providing  the  vote  is  cast  in  intelligible 
Eligibility  English.    No  one  will  be  awarded  a  prize  who  is  not  a  subscriber  to  THE  BUSINESS  EDUCATOR.    All  votes  to  be  counted 

must  be  in  Columbus  by  April  25,  1904.  The  successful  alphabet  will  appear  in  the  June  number,  made  to  suit  the  slant,  style,  etc., 
determined  by  majority.  Who  wins  ?  Which  wins  ?  Be  careful  how  you  vote  so  the  judges  may  know  exactly  your  meaning.  Let  the 
ballots  be  cast  without  taint  of  tobacco  or  whiskey. 


Cessons  in  Uptobak  Business  Penmanship 


Cessoit   8. 

Habits  formed  early  in  life  are  usually  difficult  to  discard,  especially  bad  habits.  Although  often  acquired  and  developed  through 
carelessness,  they  gradually  but  surely  increase  in  proportions  till  we  find  ourselves  at  the  very  bottom  of  the  rut.  These  ruts  are  easy 
to  get  into,  but  difficult  to  get  out  of;  in  other  words  it  is  a  far  greater  task  to  throw  off  the  old  habit  than  it  is  to  acquire  the  new 
Writing,  too,  is  habit,  good  in  some  cases  and  bad  in  others.  To  discard  a  poor  hand-writing  is  usually  a  more  difficult  task  than  to 
acquire  a  new  hand.  How  much  easier  and  lighter  would  be  the  task  of  the  writing  instructor  if  he  did  not  have  to  break  the  student  of 
the  old  habit  before  starting  him  on  the  road  to  good  writing.  Start  NOW,  then  to  acquire  the  habit  of  writing  carefully  and  well  The 
longer  you  delay  the  task,  the  deeper  into  the  old  rut  you  fall  and  the  more  dangerous  your  position  becomes  as  concerns  your  writing 
With  a  good,  legible  hand  established  early  in  life,  you  have  a  companion  who  will  serve  you  well  while  you  live  and  place  you  at  an 
rite  poorly. 


advantage  over  those  ' 


/$&* 


Pl.-ite   58. 

mLhitsSofP™ur  eve'rvn-V  VnC^\} ^^  W""°g  ls  «"  actual  service  "ot  «»  P»ctice.    Rightful  judgment  should  be  awarded  upon  the 
value  of  vonr  h«„^ \      i\  T  I  \T  "P"?        ^  °f  y°Ur  PraCtlCe  PageS'    The  reCeipt  ""ewith  presented  will  test  well  the  practical 

tatiu*     Thin  J  i  y    !         1?  Se?eral  arra»sement,  punctuation,  etc.,  and  then  proceed  to  write  it  once  without  stopping  or  heat 

error     Pracuce  then  fnr  ? -f       ""^J^  ,thinkin*    When  wHtten  °n"  s"n  your  results  closely  and  select  the  most  conspicuous 

mannerTnti  W  u  Tu         ?.P°"         S  defectlve  word  or  Portion,  and  again  proceed  to  write  the  entire  receipt.    Practice  in  this 

manner  until  you  can  write  the  entire  receipt  quite  well. 


'&^Z^y_^    &L~?£t<L^- <&ti&Z^ 


f~ 


t^z^t^^  y^  /kC-. 


z%^/^tjy 


LAz^z^z^e^ 


Plate  so. 


/V^t-T-Z^^/^^^ 


td^y^ 


Jklt^^^t£^^££&s. 


Sentence  writing  is  good  practice  and  reveals  to  a  considerable  degree  your  ability  on  page  work.  Practice  on  each  sentence  seper- 
atel\,  selecting  your  poorest  or  most  difficult  word.  Work  on  this  word  until  you  are  able  to  write  it  quite  as  well  as  the  remainder  of 
the  sentence,  and  again  take  up  the  whole  sentence  for  practice.    Keep  repeating  this  method  until  the  entire  sentence  is  written  well. 


',    /f^^r 


Platcs   61   and   62. 


Perfection  in  letter  ^ 
less  without  at  least  a  c< 
(writing)  would  be  quite 


•riting  demands  knowledge  and  ability  in  English  as  well  as  skill  with  the  pen.  The  latter  is  well  nigh  value- 
rtain  degree  of  the  former,  because  without  thoughts  and  ability  to  express  them,  the  means  of  expression 
iseless.  On  the  other  hand,  knowledge  without  a  means  of  conveying  it  to  the  world,  would  be  like  unto  a 
locomotive  without  its  propelling  force,  steam.  Learn  to  have  order  to  your  letters,  and  above  all,  neatness.  Study  general  arrangement 
carefully, especially  the  beginning  and  ending.  Blots  and  erasures  are  out  of  place  here,  as  are  also  poor  punctuation  and  spelling.  These 
are  matters  that  demand  perfection  and  when  coupled  with  good,  plain,  legible  writing,  the  complete  result  will  surely  be  presentable 
to  the  world  in  general. 


The  work  in  this  plate  will  serve  as  miscellaneous  copies.  Make  the  capitals  without  shade  or  flourish  and  uniform  in  size. 
Execute  the  small  letters  with  a  free,  light,  unrestrained  movement.  The  little  linger  slides  lightly  but  surely  to  the  right  when  writ- 
ing across  the  page. 

Plate  64. 

Business  signatures  demand  the  highest  degree  of  legibility,  consequently  the  greatest  amount  of  simplicity.  The  capitals  may- 
be coanected  if  desired,  vet  these  connecting  strokes  must  not  interfere  with  the  formation  of  the  capitals  nor  with  the  legibility  of  the 
signature  as  a  whole.  To  hesitate  when  joining  capitals  in  this  manner  would  prove  fatal,  therefore  know  definitely  the  results  you 
desire  before  you  try. 


. 

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l-Lsl- 

V- 


,  i 


Business  Department  and  emporium  of  Bliss  Business  eollege,  Columbus,  Ohio,  Ulbere  the  Bliss  System  of  Actual  Business  trod)) 


M^M/^^rt^ 


(~-^\/<^J<^v^?^^ 


'^cJz/. 


7^r' 


>c  Start  is  Caught  and  Practiced.    Che  furniture  and  Offices  are  of  Oak,  the  eeiling  is  Bl<jb,  and  Eight  Eotnes  from  tuie  Sides. 


Report  of  the  Connecticut  Busi= 
ness  Educators'  Association 

Ulhich  was  Held  Saturday.  Teb.  13,  1904, 
at  Brown's  Business  eollege. 

Program  was  as  follows: 

Prof.  R.  N.  Marrs,  "Traveling  Penman." 
Mr.  Marrs  talked  on  "Methods  of  Teaching 
Penmanship,"  with  illustrations  on  black- 
board. 

Second  number:  "Character  Building  of 
Young  Men  in  the  Business  College,"  by 
Miss  Nina  P.  Hudson,  New  Britain,  Conn. 
Miss  Hudson's  paper  recently  appeared  in 
one  of  the  town  papers. 

Third:  Francis  B.  Courtney.  Mr.  Court- 
ney was  the  particular  star  of  the  conven- 
tion. His  wonderful  cleverness  clearly 
proves  his  title  to  expert.  One  of  his  most 
interesting  feats  is  to  write  upsidedown. 
He  took  names  from  the  audience  and  be- 
gan at  the  end  letter  and  wrote  backwards, 
at  well  as  upside  down. 

Fourth:  "Suggestions,"  W.  J.  Stillman, 
Danbury.  Conn. 

Fifth:  "Correspondence."  N.  H.Roberts, 
Winsted,  Conn. 

Sixth:  "  Bookkeeping,"  E.  J.  Wilcox.  Mid- 
dletown.  Conn. 

Seventh:  "  Words,"  H.  I.  Pratt,  Meriden, 
Conn. 

The  following  officers  were  elected:  I.  S. 
Brown,  this  city.  President;  W.  E,  Canfield, 
Norwich  Vice  President  and  Treasurer; 
H.  I.  Pratt,  Meriden,  Secretary ;  Miss  Nina 
P.  Hudson,  New  Britain,  Corresponding 
Secretary  and  Assistant;  Executive  Board, 
N.  H.  Roberts,  3  years;  L.  B.  Matthews, 2 
years,  (Bridgeport);  H.  G.  Post,  1  year, 
^Waterbury). 

Fifteen  of  the  twenty-one  colleges  in  the 
state  were  represented. 

Report  of  the  convention  by  E.  S.  Watson, 
with  Brown's  Business  College. 


V 


)SOUVi.HJrt  5F  U-kiL.U.ri.h.O 


HFJIRYD  ALU  4611 


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ftj^'dye&ysn-tyf^awt/  .^zf/ipJ* 


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7tc#'i/S^r%uw/iA0'e<'yrtfy. 


>»/lve©i.i^ii'\?i^i)Selu?c»efcWr   <S> 


lessons  in  Practical  Business  IDriting 

BY 

CAVANAUGH  COMMERCIAL  COLLEGE,  NEW  BRITAIN,  CONN. 
Students'  practice  criticized  in  these  column*  free  of  charge.    Specimens  should  be  sent  to  Miss  Hudson,  .\ew  Britain,  rami.,  by  the  fifth  of  each  mouth. 


Eesson  Eleven. 

"  Ulie  das  Gestirti 
Ohne  Hast 
Ohne  Rast 
Drehe  sich  Jeder 
Urn  die  eigne  Last." 

TRANSLATED. 

Like  a  star,  without  haste,  without  rest,  let  every  one  fulfill  his  own  hest.— Goethe. 


These  are  movement  exercises  of  the  capitals  to  be  made  without  lifting  the  pen  with  the  exception  of  the  F,  K,  and  X.    Have 
force  and  strength  of  line  yet  keep  a  certain  amount  of  grace  and  freedom. 


rW 


This  is  a  sample  of  "  1  >■  >< I >  writing."  It  may  be  comparatively  easy  for  one  to  write  single  words  well,  but  difficult  to  write  different 
words  successively.  As  that  is  what  constitutes  our  every  day  use  of  penmanship,  it  is  well  to  do  much  practicing  along  that  line. 
Notice  spacing  of  letters  and  words. 


z^^c^i^^c^Jzy  7^7  ~^L-£-<£^/- 


^L^t^^^Z^tT-^^Z-^ 


^t^^z^c^y 


1.    These  ; 1 1 . -  quotations  1 1 Shakespeare  arranged  in  alphabetical  order.    Do  not  practice  upon  more  than  one  or  two,  an  evening. 

Work  till  your  last  writing  shall  be  a  marked  improvement  over  your  first.    Remember  the  old  Latin   proverb:    Labor  omnia  vincit. 
(Work    conque  8  everything.) 


You  should  now  be  able  to  make  capitals,  capitally.    Here  are  a  few  suggestions.    It  is  well  to  use  such  forms  of  capitals  as  com- 
bine easily  and  have  same  similar  feature  as,  the  same  beginning  stroke  for  H  and  K;  C,  E,  and  L,  K,  H,  and  S.  A,  H  and  B. 


Criticisms 

A.  B.  C-  In  making  the  G  keep  the  fingers  immovable  but  let  the  arm  move  freely.  Keep  a  good  curve  in  upstroke  and  cross  same 
one  half  way  down.    Keep  the  final  curve  nearly  straight. 

Jackson— Many  prefers  the  "  continuity"  of  stroke  as  the  joining  form  of  loop  letters  below  the  line,  is  called.  In  many  ways,  the 
joined  forms  are  more  practical  when  used  at  the  beginning  and  middle  of  words,  thereby  saving  the  lifting  of  the  pen.  However,  for 
teaching  beginning  pupils,  I  do  like  the  abbreviated  forms  of  f-g-j-y.  It  teaches  them  so  much  better  to  Jceep  the  down  stroke 
straight. 

J.  F.— The  loops  are  too  wide.    The  "  o'a"  are  not  closed  at  the  top.    The  slant  is  not  uniform. 

R.  B.  C— To  test  the  general  slant  of  your  work,  hold  the  paper  level  with  the  eye  and  squint  at  it  diagonally;  you  can  tell  very 
easily  whether  the  slant  is  uniform  or  not. 

T.  C.  O.— It  would  be  well  for  you  to  spend  much  time  in  the  practice  of  business  combinations  as  in  plate  27,  28,  and  29.  They  are 
not  only  unique  and  useful  but  time  savers. 


MU&  fei wbitfhebb  £cUvouXor   & 


Supplementary  practice  for   Stuoents  of  practical  XDriting. 

BY 

195  Grand 

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7(  7{  y\  9{  \   \  \\  t\  9i    71  \  ^TtXX. 

BY  MISS  E.   MAUDE  CHAFF,  PUPIL  IN  CANNON'S  BUSINESS  COLLEGE,  LAWRENCE,  MASS: 


Mr.  C.  J.  Potter,  penman  in  Elliott's  Busi- 
ness College,  Burlington,  la.,  recently 
favored  us  with  a  good  sized  list  of  sub- 
scriptions to  The  Business  Educator,  as 
well  as  a  large  package  of  specimens  of 
students'  |writing.  The  work  bespeaks 
splendid  instruction,  and  the  absence  of 
scrawls  too  frequently  seen  where  move- 
ment is  taught  to  excess.  He  also  enclosed 
a  couple  of  pen  portraits  by  one  of  his 
pupils,  Mr.  Paul  N.  Craig,  which  discloses 
talent  of  an  unusually  high  order. 

No  better  specimens  of  business  penman- 
ship have  been  received  than  those  sent 
from  the  pupils  of  Messrs.  H.  O.  Keesling 
and  F.  E.  Mitchell,  Penmen  in  Cannon's 
Commercial  College,  Lawrence,  Mass.  The 
work  is  uniformly  excellent.  It  is  strong, 
plain  and  rapid,  the  three  essentials  of 
business  writing.  The  practice  is  syste- 
matic and  well  planned,  disclosing  that 
both  teachers  and  pupils  have  each  done 
well  their  part.  Some  of  Mr.  Keesling's 
nrtistic,  gracefully  written  cards  were 
enclosed. 

Mr.  J.  F.  Caskev,  penman  in  Elliott's 
School  of  Business,  Wheeling,  W.  Va„  sub- 
mits some  of  the  very  best  specimens  of 
business  writing,  done  by  his  pupils,  we 
have  ever  had  the  pleasure  of  examining. 
A  number  of  the  specimens  indicate  talent, 
which,  if  encouraged,  would  result  in  pro- 
fessional proficiency  of  no  low  order. 
Among  those  displaying  such  talent  may 
be  mentioned  the  following:  Frank  Hiss- 
rich,  Rhea  Wagner,  C.  W.  Jackson  and 
W.  T.  Rowe.  It  gives  us  pleasure  to  exam- 
ine such  work,  some  of  which  would  have 
been  presented  to  our  readers  had  the  same 
been  done  in  ink  sufficiently  dark  for  suc- 
cessful photo-engraving. 

Mr.  E.  H.  Bean,  penman  in  the  James- 
town,  N.    Y.,  Business  College,  favored  us 


By  F.  L.  Olson,  Pupil  of  O.  T.  Johnston  in  Darling's  Business  College,  Fergus  Falls.  Minn. 


with  a  large  bundle  of  specimens  of  stud- 
ents' writing,  which  discloses  an  unusually 
plain,  simple,  easy,  practical  hand.  The 
specimens  show  a  great  deal  of  individu- 
ality in  style.  The  movement  seems  to  be 
sufficient  for  ease  of  execution,  and  not 
excessive  enough  to  produce  scrawls.  The 
work  is  among  the  very  best  received  at 
this  office.  Mr.  Bean  is  a  practical  teacher 
of  practical  writing. 


PUPIL  OF  MR.    M.    A.    ALHIX. 


Miss  Bess  E.  Velie,  a  '92  Zanerian,  Super- 
visor of  writing  and  drawing  in  the  public 
schools  of  Osage,  la.,  writes  a  practical 
hand  and,  from  specimens  recently  receiv- 
ed from  some  of  her  pupils,  we  are  glad  to 
know  that  she  is  teaching  that  which  she 
practices.  Miss  Velie  is  a  regular  little 
dynamo  of  energy  and  enthusiasm  upon 
the  subject  of  practical  writing  and  draw- 


—    ^-^^i^C^<2_^ty-^f. 


9fwt&\tbh>rhehb&<A*b&&&GF  <**> 


MASTBSFt't  PENMANSHIP  BY    FRANCIS  B.  COl'RTNEY,  PENMAN.  WOOD'S   NEW   YORK   SCHOOL,  NEW    YORK   CITY.   N.    Y. 

Sermonets  or  Supplementary  Copies  by  Francis  B.  eourtney.    Comment  by  C.  P.  Zaner 


To  confine  one's  attention  to  the  task  at  hand,  to  stick  to  detail,  and  to  be  thorough,  means  sometime  to  be  master.  Such 
qualities  are  in  demand.  Coupled  with  the  ability  to  "compare"  and  to  "  combine  "  means  sometime  to  be  the  head  of  some 
one  or  more  vast  enterprises.  To-day  is  the  time  to  begin  that  preparation.  In  writing,  in  mathematics,  in  grammar,  in  spelling 
be  accurate,  be  particular,  be  sure.  See  how  precise  Mr.  Courtney  has  been  with  height  and  slant  of  letters,  how  regular  with 
the  spacing  between  words,  and  how  particular  about  the  dotting  of  i'a  and  crossing  of  r's.  And  he  has  been  neither  slow  nor 
cramped  with  execution,  showing  that  dispatch  and  care  are  not  inconsistent. 


Writi 


e  two  mighty  factors  in  modern  civilization.    Newspapers  give  great   headlines  to  the  latter,  and 
value.    The  former  is  rarely  mentioned,  but  it  is  used  to  chronicle  the  world's  events,  to  measure  its 
irelv  mentioned,  but  it  is  used  to  chronicle  the  world's  events,  to  measure  its  forces,  and  to  compute 
wealth.    The  time  is  past  when  one  may  succeed  without  the  former,  and  the  time  is  near  at  hand  when  one  must  write  well 
ucceed  well.    The  great  mass  of  humanity  strives  ton  much  for  the  one  and  too  little  for  the  other.    Do  you  see  the  point  — 
sp  the  situation ?    Then  Courtneyize  your  penmanship. 


g  and  money  are  t 
le  misinterpret  its  true  va 
value.  The  former  is  rarel 
ealth.    The  time  is  pa 


dfve  &kUlrw<>  *>  CcUtociXcr   &> 


In  silence  of  the  deepest  wood, 
An  air  of  luring  quietude, 
'Mid  scent  of  flowers  brightly  hued, 
Here  I  find  peace  in  solitude. 

—Mrs.  Cranahan, 


."/I'vo  kiu-jlnoj  &U«»«ito   &> 


/,  ^? 


BY   MR.   M.  A.   ALBIN,   MINNEAPOLIS,   MINN. 


Appreciation  from  a  High  Source  in 
Canada 

the  Business  Educator  is  an  ideal 
commercial  school  magazine  In  my  esti- 
mation no  more  valuable  contribution  has 
ever  been  made  to  the  profession.  It  is 
what  we  need  and  I  am  glad  you  can  pub 
lisb  it.  H.  E.  Gallagher, 

Canada  Business  College. 
Hamilton,  Ont. 


Superior 

I  just  now  have  received  the  March  issue 
of  The  Business  Educator.  It  certainly 
has  been  with  great  pleasure  that  I  have 
seen  it  grow  to  be  so  much  the  superior  of 
all  other  papers  of  its  kind. 

K.  C.  ATTICKS, 
With  Baltimore  Business  College, 

Baltimore,  Md. 


Up  to  the  minute 

I  desire  to  extend  my  most  sincere  con- 
gratulations to  you  on  the  Federation 
Number  of  The  EDUCATOR.  It  is  great! 
I  think  the  phrase,  "  L'p  to  the  Minute  "  may 
well  be  applied  to  THE  EDUCATOR  at  any 
and  all  times.  Xo  waiting  two  to  three 
weeks  after  the  paper  is  due  for  it  to  come. 
G.  W.  WEATHERLY, 
Prin.  Com'l  Dept.  Academy, 

Earlham,  la. 


Best 

My  belief  is  that  The  BUSINESS  EDUCA- 
TOR is  the  best  all-round  journal  of  com- 
mercial education.       W.  W.  KNISLEY, 

Prin.  Com'l  Dept.  Academy, 
Grinnell,  la. 


US  GOOD  115  PEH  EVER  TOUCHED 

Is  the  verdict  ol  those  v>ho  have  used  the 

"  English  Bristol " 

In  14  colors,  90  cents  per  1,000. 

"Norway  Wedding  Bristol" 

In  white,  $1.15  per  1,000,  or  any  of  the  cards 
handled  by  the  Berkshire  Card  Co.,  whose 
business  I  have  purchased.  Samples  for  the 
asking:.  Better  yet.  UK)  assorted  cards  by 
mail  25  cents.  Also  written  cards  and  speci- 
men work. 

F.  S.  HEATH 

Concord,  N.  H.      -       -      50  Dunklee  Sf. 


MILLS'S 

CORRESPONDENCE   SCHOOL 

OF  PENMANSHIP 
Is  helping  scores  of  ambi- 
tions people  to  acquire  a 
fine  style  of  penmanship  at 
home.  We  are  ready  to  help 
YOU  also.  Send  stamp  for 
Information. 


MOVEMENT  EXERCISES  BY  W.  A.  BODE,  PITTSBURG,  PA.   I 


^Z^S^^S**!^!!*^^**^ 


GEMS     IN  LINE  AND  SHADE  BY  C.  C.  CANAN,  BRADFORD,  PA. 


I  |V|  U     Glossy  bliek,  WHITE    INK, 

I  111  r\    16c  per  bottle.  per  bottle,  15c. 

By  mail,  postpaid. 

W.  A.  BODE,    27th  St.,  S.  S.,  Pittsburg,  Penna. 


QUdRTHANn  First  15  pp.  and  copy  of 
OTIUn  I  nMlltl,  "Explanations"  sent  free 
^^^^^^~ ^^^~ "~~    on  request. 

FRANCIS  J.  STEIN,  PUBLISHER 

31st  and   Cumberland   Streets,  Philadelphia,  Pa. 


YOU    CAN    EARN 

Twice  as  much  a  year  as  the  best  Commercial 
Teacher,  be  your  own  master  and  enjoy  life  in 
the  second  largest  city  in  the  United  States,  if 
you  buy  my  school,  giving  you  a  net  income  of 
over  $3,000  per  year,  located  in  one  of  the  educa- 
tional suburbs  of  Chicago.  I  will  receive  many 
offers.    Tell  me  the  very  best  you  can  make. 

C.  W.   H.,  Care  BUSINESS  EDUCATOR 

Columbus,  Ohio 


Cards!!! 


BEAUTIFULLY 
WRITTEN 


White,  15c  per  doz.     Colored,  20c  per  doz 
Special  Rates  to  Agents. 


BLANK  COLORED  CARDS ! ! ! 

6  colors,  75c.  per  1000,  best  quality.  White, 
iK)c.  per  1,000.  Samples,  10c,  and  your  name 
written  in  a  variety  of  styles,  or  100  and  one 
dozen  cards  written,  25c,  postpaid. 


A.    J.     STEVENSON 

18  Lafayette  St.  HOME  CITY.  OHIO 


SHORT  COTS. 


A  little  book,  pocket 
size,  showing  how  to  do 
with  half  the  figures  and 
in  half  the  time  all  of  those  little  calculations 
which  we  must  figure  out  every  day.  Everything 
from  Addition  to  Interest  and  Discount.  Its 
worth  is  attested  by  the  fact  that  its  author  is 
now  and  has  been  for  years  the  specialist  in  this 
branch  at  the  Eastman  Business  College.  Price, 
cloth,  50c.     Address, 

GEO    A    DEEL,  Poughkeepsie,  N.  Y. 


i  postpaid. 

Hand  cut  cards-  Per  JO""     Per  30OO    Per  5oOo 

i  Ply  A  No.  i  Wedding  Bristol,    $o  75 


3  Ply  Superfine 


w.  McBEE,  19  Snyder  St.,  Allegheny,  Pa. 


FOR   SALE 

First  class  college  building,  boarding  hall  and 
large  campus.  Cost  over  $30,000,  but  will  sell  at 
greatly  reduced  price.  Reason  for  selling,  ill 
health  from  overwork.  Must  change  vocation. 
School  in  good  condition  and  hns  splendid  repu- 
tation Is  located  in  the  most  healthful  region 
of  the  most  healthful  and  prosperous  southern 
state.  Elevation  over  1500  ft.  above  the  sea.  la 
an  ideal  location  for  a  high  grade  se'ect  school 
for  boys.  Great  opportunity  for  this  class  of 
school,  as  there  are  but  few  schools  of  this  char- 
acter in  the  state.  Good  location  for  almost  any 
class  of  school.  Practically  no  competition 
within  a  radius  of  100  miles  in  any  direction. 
Terms  cash,  or  part  cash  and  balance  on  time  in 
easy  payments.     Reference, 

THE   BUtlNES*   EDUCATOR 
Address 

"  THE  OPEN    DOOR"    Care  The  Business 
I  nc  UTCI1    uuun  Educator,  Col..  0. 


DO  YOV  NEED  A  " 

COMMERCIAL  OR  It] 

SHORTHANDTEACHER?  m 


supplied  a  number  of  schools  wi 
;hers  last  season,  and  have  flrtrt- 
now  available,     state  yourdesir 


Agency 
s.  Mgrs.. 


r 


What    Has    Been    Done. 


rse  with  us  last  October,  a 
the  Western  Penman. 
and  is  now  teaching  penmanship 


three 


One  of  our  students  began  a  Mail  Coi 
months  was  able  to  get  a  DIPLOMA  fron 

Another  began  about  a  month  earlier 
BUSINESS  COLLEGE 

This  proves  that  Mail  Instruction  bv  our  system  i9  a  success,  doesn't  it.' 

Perhaps  von  have  been  thinking  of  taking  up  a  Mail  Course,  and  have  been 
putting  it  off  from  time  to  time.  Don't  wait  any  longer.  You  have  lost  too  much 
time  already.  All  the  opinions  you  have  formed  about  Mail  Instruction  may  be 
wrong.     Let  us  explain  it  to  you. 

Copies  all  fresh  from  the  pen.  Red  ink  criticisms  of  practice  work.  Type- 
written Instructions,  and  tuition  so  low  that  you  will  be  surprised. 

Send  stamp  for  circulars  and  specimens  of  writing  before  aud  after  taking 
our  Course.     It  will  interest  you  to  see  what  others  are  doing.     Write  today. 

HARNAN    (SL    ELLSWORTH,     Penmen, 
Strayars    Business    Collerfa,  *  *•  BALTIMORE,     MD. 


I     Cfe&U^T&^&^f    £Zs??^£Uc&-£tj44l^'?l3^4**^££SL<lsrZsfe'S?£><riC' 


£>%&  7&it4*"Z4dj£<£**^*as£irr  I 


<wllvc  (JcL^uvcuuCcUvccttur   & 


School  and 

Professional 


In  Looking  over  a  copy  of  the  Baltimore 
Sun,  for  February  15,  we  notice  an  advertise- 
ment "f  the  Baltimore  Business  College, 
managed  by  E.  H.  Norman,  which  shows 
that  Mr.  \nnnaii  has  the  qualities  of  a  first- 
class  business  man  ;  for  while  the  water  was 
being  poured  on  the  ruins  of  his  school,  he 
closed  a  lease  for  the  rooms  he  now  occu- 
pies in  the  fine  Y.  M.  C.  A.  Building,  far 
better  and  larger  quarters  than  he  had 
before,  and  the  next  morning  he  opened 
school.  Chicago 'Can't  beat  that  for  clear- 
headed, speedy  decision  and  action. 

Draughon's  Practical  Business  College 
Company,  Nashville,  Tenn.,  recentlv  incor- 
porated with  a  capital  stock  of  $300,000.  It 
comprises  ten  schools,  besides  one  recently 
opened  in  Kansas  City,  Mo.,  and  one  in 
Fort  Scott,  Kans.  Mr.  Draughon  informs 
us  that  he  expects  in  the  near  future  to 
open  a  school  in  Evansville,  Ind  ,  and  one 
in  Memphis,  Tenn.  He  also  states  that  his 
Company  placed  an  order  for  two  hundred 
Remington  Typewriters.  Mr.  Draughon 
seems  to  be  quite  as  aggressive  in  school 
organization  work  as  is  the  intrepid  G.  \V. 
Brown,  of  Illinois.  , 

On  February  16,  11*04,  Grayson  College, 
Whitewright,  Texas,  was  totally  destroyed 
by  fire  at  a  loss  of  $t»0.000  with  an  insurance 
of  $18,500.  School  resumed  instruction  two 
days  after.  Citizens  began  planning  at 
once  to  erect  commodious  buildings.  Mr. 
P.  M.  Bridges,  the  well  known  penman  and 
commercial  teacher  has  charge  of  the  com- 
mercial department. 

'  Saco,  Maine,  has  been  up-to-date  in  mat- 
ters pertaining  to  penmanship  instruction. 
Special  instruction  was  introduced  there 
about  twenty  years  ago,  and  many  fine 
writers  have  arisen  from  the  ranks  "of  the 
public  school  pupils  of  that  city.  Mr.  A.  R. 
Merrill,  a  well  known  penman,  now  has 
charge  of  the  writing  and  drawing  work. 
He  has  been  employed  there  for  the  past 
eleven  years,  previous  to  that  time  having 
been  the  penman  at  Gray's  Portland  iMe.), 
Business  i  'nlleire. 


Notwithstanding  the  change  and  excite- 
ment about  new  courses  in  our  public 
schools,  there  appears  to  be  a  growing  de- 
mand for  more  special  commercial  work. 
The  Private  Business  School,  in  this  "neck 
o'  the  woods  "  seem  to  be  prospering.  Plain, 
rapid  penmanship  is  being  strongly  em- 
phasized by  business  men. 

Wm.  Hope,  President, 
Harlem  Commercial  Institute, 
r>7-69  West  125th  St.,  N.  Y. 

Mr.  F.  P  Warner,  a  former  pupil  of  Hill's 
Business  College,  Sedalia,  Mo.,  has  accepted 
a  position  as  penman  in  Croom's  Commer- 
cial College  Muskogee,  I.  T. 

Mr.  G.  B.  Simmond  has  resigned  his  posi- 
tion as  penman  of  Warrensburg,  Mo.,  Busi- 
ness College. 

"  Enclosed  find  $1.00,  for  which  please 
renew  mv  subscription  to  The  Business 
EDUCATOR  for  another  year.  I  am  glad  to 
note  its  continued  improvement.  When  I 
sent  you  my  renewal  lastyear.it  was  with 
the  feeling  that  your  paper  had  attained 
the  high  water  mark  in  the  point  of  effi- 
ciency as  a  medium  of  business  education. 
This  year  I  renew  with  full  confidence  in 
your  ability  to  surpass  anything  that  has 
heretofore  appeared."  E.  A.  CAST, 

Blair  Business  College, 
Spokane,  Wash. 

W.  J.  Trainer  and  I.  A.  Calvert  have  with- 
drawn from  the  teaching  force  of  Wood's 
School,  Newark,  and  are  opening  a  business 
school  at  Perth  Arnboy,  N.  J. 

The  attendance  at  the  New  York  City 
High  School  of  Commerce  at  the  end  of  the 
first  eighteen  months  of  its  existence,  was 
more  than  1,200.  It  is  apparent  that  the 
elegant  new  building  at  65th  St.  and  Broad- 
way will  soon  prove  ina-lequate  to  house 
the  large  numbers  of  boys  attracted  to  that 
popular   institution. 


M  I  LLS'S  Correspondence 
School  of  Penmanship 

Is  an  exclusive  school  of  pen- 
manship. If  yon  feel  the 
need  of  improving  your 
writing  you  should  send 
stamp  at  once  for  full  infor- 
mation concerning  our 
orhnnl.     Address 


"  777?if/Urn 

Mr.  Frank  A.  Keefover 
_  Miss  Daisy  Dickey 


Wediiesda 

Watei 
At  Home 
Cedar  Rapids,  Iov 


February  3, 1904, 
ille,  Kansas. 


Margaret  AnneBeutel 

February  2li,  1904, 
Born  to 
Mr.  and  Mrs.  C.  F.  Beutel 
1902  Bagby  Street.  Houston,  Texai 


WEAVER'S  Correspondence  School  of  Pen- 
manship and  Drawing,  Mt.  Morris,  Ills  , 
Offers  the  best  instructions  in  the  various 
branches  of  Penmanship  and  Drawing. 
Write  today  for  full  particulars. 


WASH    DRAWING 

I     Can    Teach     You.     That's    My 
Business 

Send  me  50  cents  and  I  will  give  you  a 
trial  lesson  in  Wash  Drawing  and  criti- 
cise your  work.  For  $1.E0  I  will  give  one 
lesson  and  send  you  Beginners'  Outfit 
prepaid,  which  consists  of  2  brushes,  2 
pans  of  water  colors,  1  sheet  oS  drawing 
paper,  and  thumb  lacks,  together  with 
full  instructions, 

GET  STARTED  RIGHT 

Hy.  C.  WALKER  g"^^ 

Chief  Engrosser,  World's   Fair 


[  C7^i^riU^^  cz^/  ^u^^^A^^^^l  ^^^z^^^^/^^^^^^^r^z^^y  C7-7U  /W^^£^^W^ 


cTHoo'i.a   ss  ths  ^s-tt    or  /? li    cfTtyos/vrs     or 


^Ksd&L 


BY    MR.    M.  A.   ALBIX,    MINNEAPOLIS,   MIW. 


J4.i 


published  by  The  Rolling  Stone 
Club,  Medina.  New  York,  is  the  title  of  a 
very  attractively  written  and  illustrated 
booklet  of  fifty  pages,  which  should  be  of 
interest  to  those  contemplating  a  trip 
abroad. 


"Practical  Pointers  for  Shorthand  Stu- 
dents" by  Frank  Rutherford,  published  by 
the  Gregg  Publishing  Company.  Chicago, 
Illinois,  is  the  title  of  one  of  the  most  ar- 
tistically bound  and  embossed  books  re- 
cently received  at  this  office.  It  contains 
132  pages,  printed  on  good  book  paper 
in  easily  read  type.  It  is  just  what  its 
name  applies,  "practical."  It  is  chuck 
full  of  those  things  which  every  student 
of  shorthand  should  know,  and  is  product 
of  one  who  has  had  exceptional  advantages 
to  learn  of  these  things,  not  only  from  the 
teacher's  standpoint,  but  from  the  business 
man's  standpoint  as  well. 


"  The  Holy  Bible  "  containing  the  Old  ?nd 
New  Testaments,  lithographed  in  Easv 
Reporting  Style  of  Pitman's  Shorthand,  to 
be  issued  in  fifty  weekly  parts,  subscription 
price  $2.50,  is  the  title  of  a  sixteen-page  pam- 
phlet as  described.  This  is  a  big  undertak- 
ing, but  the  firm  is  bigger  still,  and  within 
a  year,  writers  of  Sir  Isaac  Pitman's  short- 
hand can  have  a  bible  in  their  favorite 
style. 


"Selections  from  American  Authors," 
Isaac  Pitman  &l  Sons' Shorthand,  New  York, 
price  forty  cents  is  the  title  of  a  very  com- 
pact, well  printed,  flexible  covered  book  of 
112  pages,  comprising  the  following:  The 
Buccaneer's  Treasure,  My  Editing,  A  Ven- 
erable Impostor,  The  Autocrat  of  the  Break- 
fast Table,  The  Way  to  Wealth,  The  Tell 
Tale  Heart.  Greatness  in  Common  Life,  The 
Storv  of  a  Drum,  The  Procession  of  Life,  A 
Melting  Story,  and  The  Professor  at  the 
Breakfast  Table,  in  shorthand  and  type. 
The  former  occupying  about  two-thirds  of 
the  upper  part  of  the  page,  and  the  latter 
the  lower  part.  The  number  of  books  pub- 
lished by  this  well  known  firm  is  an  indica- 
tion of  growth  and  demand,  which  may  be 
termed  unusual. 


Mr.  Edwin  H.  Fearou,  whose  features  cast 
a  shadow  above,  is  a  Manchester,  New- 
Hampshire,  quarter  century  six-foot  (there- 
about) product.  Like  most  people  from 
that  section  of  the  country,  he  knows  what 
hard  work  is  and  what  and  how  it  is  to  get 
on  in  the  world  by  his  own  unaided  efforts. 
For  some  years  he  kept  books  for  a  large 
firm  in  Manchester  and  then  attended  the 
Zanerian  to  improve  and  perfect  his  hand- 
writing. Since  that  time  lie  has  taught 
penmanship  and  the  commercial  branches 
with  more  than  usual  success,  and  is 
now  handling  the  commercial  branches  in 
the  big  Bowling  Green,  Ky.,  Normal  and 
Business  College. 

Mr.  Fearon  is  no  mean  artist  with  brush 
and  camera,  as  well  as  with  the  pen.  Not 
being  content  to  be  passably  good  in  com- 
mercial work,  he  has  worked  well  up  in 
commercial  law  and  other  subjects,  being 
thereby  a  strong,  well-rounded  teacher  and 

But  his  qualities  are  not  limited  to  mere 
intellect  and  skill;  he  is  sociable  as  well. 
Few  are  as  well  rounded  and  grounded  in 
hand,  head  and  heart  qualities  as  is  Mr. 
Fearou;  the  man  who  believes  that  prepa- 
ration should  precede  big  salaries. 


to  show  i.^rrr, 


class  in  July,  and  L  „  _ 
I'll  charge  no  tuition-YOU  To  BE  THE  SOLE 
JUDGE.  If  you  want  a  better  or  safer  guarantee 
you'd  better  consult  a  fortune  teller,  as  lam  only 
•  TEACHER  of  writing.     Enclose  stamp. 

L    MADARASZ 
1281  Third  Ave.,  Hew  York 


CARDS!   CARDS!   CARDS! 

Your  name  on  1  doz.  cards,  15c;   very  fine. 
BLANK  CARDS.  16  different   col< 
paid,  15c;   1,000  by  express,  75e. 

INK,  glossy  black,  15c.  per  bottle 
15c.  per  bottle;  hand-made  obliqt 
20c.  Lessons  by  mail  in  all  branch 
circulars  for  stamp. 

W.  A.  BODE, 
Cor.  27tn,  Jane  St.,  Pittsburg,  S.  S.,  Pa 


DO  YOU  NEED  A  TEACHER1 


i,  100   post- 

white  ink, 
penholder, 
of  pen  art  ; 


DO  YOU  WANT  A   POSITION  1 


GLICK'S    TEACHERS'    AGENCY 
E.  L.  GLICK,  Mgr  .  Concord.  N.  H. 


mD  CAI  C  One  half  interest  or 
rUn  OALt  entire  Business  Col- 
lege in  one  of  the 
West.  The  college  is  in  its  <ith  year,  well 
established  and  well  advertised.  Paid 
$2,600.09  above  expenses  since  Sept.  14, 190:1. 
Address,    H.  F.,  Care  of  Business  Educator, 

Columbus,  Ohio. 


DOUBLE  YOlR   ATTENDANCE 


You  can  largely  increase  the  attendance  at 
your  college  by  employing  a  capable,  hustling 
solicitor.  One  with  ability  as  ad  writer,  and  who 
can  transact  general  business,  desires  position. 
Five  years  experience  which  has  been  marked 
with  extraordinary  success  is  the  record  of  the 
applicant.     References  exchanged. 

Address,  Bix  492,  Woodstock,  Cnt.    Canada 


I  t^sz+^sri^dusrj  tisTz*?'  £Ut&/U^l4t4s7V  ^tc*i&-  £&4Z^zsfe  /ys&zts  /^/^n^^5«r?^>n^  cT^lc  T^^tdtsrz^dd *  &c£t4^€*zi£<r-r'  I 


^Ke^w^ii^^^^d^u^&etWr   & 


,.*-r^7\ 


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News  Notes 

and  Notices. 


Mr.  A.  F.  Regal,  proprietor  of  the  Butler. 
Pa.,  Business  College,  fell   a   victim   of  the 

typhoid  epidemic  that  claimed  so  many  of 
Butler's  citizens  a  short  time  ago.  not  only 
this,  but  while  very  low  with  the  fever,  his 
school  was  entirelv  destroyed  by  fire,  his 
loss  amounting  to  $7,000. 

Mr.  Regal  is  now  convalescing  and  states 
that  In*  is  nut  worrying.  He  hopes  to  open 
school  again  next  September. 

Mr.  R,  P.  Hardin,  of  Lansing,  Michigan, 
has  accepted  a  place  with  Warren  Douglas, 
McKeesport,  Pa. 

Mr.  Wru.  Turner,  St.  Thomas,  Ontario,  has 
taken  a  position  as  commercial  teacher  at 
the  Vermont  Business  College,  Burlington, 


R.  P.  Harding,  Lansing,  Mich.,  is  now  in 
charge  of  Douglas  College,  Connellsville, 
Pa. 

Plans  for  a  magnificent  new-  building  for 
the  Brooklyn  Commercial  High  School 
were  recently  approved.  Among  the  well- 
known  commercial  teachers  in  this  great 
school  are:  A.  R.  Kip.  G.  W.  Harmon, 
W.  E.  Doggett,  Howard  Keeler,  A.  J.  Scar- 
boroug. 

M.  P.  Fulton,  recently  in  charge  of  the 
Pawtucket,  K.  I.,  High  School,  has  resigned 
his  position  to  accept  a  much  more  remun- 
erative one  with  the  Practical  Text  Book 
Company,  of  Cleveland,  Ohio.  Mr.  Fulton 
takes  up  his  new  duties  April  1.  He  is  a 
well-educated,  energetic,  genial  man  who  is 
popular  everywhere  he  is  known;  besides 
he  has  been  a  successful  and  progressive 
teacher  for  many  years.  He  is  sure  to 
achieve  success  for  himself  aud  the  popular 
publishers  for  whom  he  is  to  travel.    Doubt- 


less he  will  receive  many  congratulations 
at  the  forthcoming  E.  C.  T.  A.  meeting  in 
New  York. 

Mr.  H.  T.  Loomis,  Manager  of  the  Prac- 
tical Text  Book  Company,  Cleveland,  Ohio, 
left  Cleveland  February  18th,  in  company 
with  his  wife  and  one  son,  for  an  extended 
tour  of  Old  Mexico  and  the  Pacific  Coast. 
They  travel  with  a  select  party,  which  goes 
over  the  entire  route  in  a  special  train. 
They  thus  have  the  appointments  of  a 
luxurious  hotel  always  with  them.  THE 
EDUCATOR  trusts  that  Mr.  Loomis  and  his 
party  may  return  greatly  benefited  by  this 
delightful  trip. 

The  Iowa  Commercial  Teachers*  Associa- 
tion has  scored  a  point  by  obtaining  Dr. 
\V.  A.  Scott,  of  the  Cniversity  of  Wisconsin 
School  of  Commerce,  for  an  address  at  their 
next  meeting.  That  is  progress  with  a 
capital  P. 

Teachers  and  school  proprietors  are  be- 
ginning to  bestir  themselves  to  make  en- 
gagements for  next  year.  The  manager  of 
the  National  Commercial  Teachers'  Agency 
reports  more  than  one  call  a  day  during 
February,  for  good  teachers,  especially 
teachersof  Benn  Pitman  shorthand  ;  though 
the  calls  included  teachers  of  the  other 
well-known  systems  and  commercial  teach- 
ers without  shorthand. 

Dr.  Harper,  of  the  University  of  Chicago, 
states  that  the  qualifications  of  an  ideal 
college  professor  are  as  follows: 

1.     He  should  be  married. 

'2.    He  should  be  a  church  member. 

3.  He  should  mix  with  students  outside 
the  class-rooms. 

4.  He  should  have  a  doctor's  degree. 

5.  He  should  be  willing  to  work  hard 
eleven  months  in  the  year. 

6.  He  should  be  in  sympathy  with  the 
public,  and  take  an  active  interest  in  public 
affairs. 


On  Tuesday,  January  26th,  the  Waterloo, 
la.,  Business  College  was  burned.  Within 
a  day's  time,  new  rooms  were  secured,  and 
one  hundred  and  fify  students  again  placed 
to  work  under  efficient  instruction.  This  is 
hustle,  and  of  the  sort  that  knows  no  failure. 

H.  P.  Behemsmeyer,  Principal  of  the  Pen- 
manship Department  of  the  Gem  City  Busi- 
ness College,  Quincy,  lib,  recently  returned 
from  a  two  weeks  hunting  trip  and  vacation. 
He  was  in  Southern  Missouri  and  made  a 
record  of  shooting  486  ducks  in  five  days. 

Within  two  weeks  after  the  greatBaltimore 
fire,  the  Sadler-Rowe  Co.,721  N.  Gay  St.,  were 
printing  a  number  of  their  books  from  new 
plates,  the  former  plates  of  which  were  de- 
stroyed in  the  fire.  Within  three  weeks 
new  budgets  were  ready  for  gathering,  and 
within  less  than  four  weeks  they  were  fill- 
ing orders.  Comments  upon  these  facts  is 
unnecessary  as  they  tell  their  own  tale  of 
enterprise. 

From  press  notices  we  learn  that  Mr.  F.  B. 
Courtney  is  doing  considerable  in  the  en- 
tertainment line,  and  wherever  he  appears, 
the  highest  words  of  commendation  are 
given  him,  and  from  what  we  can  learn,  Mr. 
Courtney  stands  alone  as  a  blackboard  pen- 
man and  entertainer.  There  is  no  reason 
why  more  of  this  work  should  not  be  given 
to  the  public,  as  there  is  no  other  art  which 
people  in  general  so  universally  demand, 
and  which  is  so  strong  in  the  charm  of 
graceful  lines.  Mr.  Courtney  seems  to  pos- 
sess skill  and  otherqualifications  necessary 
to  present  the  art  in  its  more  bewildering 
and  fascinating  form. 

F.  S.  Haroun,  President  of  the  Eugene 
(Ore.)  Business  College,  reports  that  their 
institution  was  just  four  months  old  on  the 
16th  of  February,  and  that  they  had  already 
enrolled  ninety  students.  This  is  certainly 
a  splendid  record  for  the  new  institution. 


TEACHERS     OF     COMMERCIAL      BRANCHES      WANTED 

Advance  Fee  Not  Required 

Positions  in  High  Schools  and  Colleges.      Penmanship,  Commercial  Branches,   also  ^teachers  of 
Stenography.    Salaries,  $600  to  $1,500.     Register  early.     Send   for  circulars. 

Anna  M.  Thurston.  Mgr.,  378  Wabash  Ave.,  Chicago  THURSTON  TEACHERS'  AGENCY 


I  Will  Make  You 


A  Penman,  or 

A  Better  Penman, 

A  Better  Judge,  and 
Critic  of  Fine  Art 
Penmanship, 

An  Artistic  Penman, 
or  an  Inspired 
Teacher  of  the  Art 


I  have  something  new  in  the 
line  of  inspiration  that  will 
be  the  making  of  a  new  era 
in  penmanship  training.  If  I 
could  only  impress  you  with 
the  idea  of  its  value  you 
would  not  hesitate  one  minute 
to  write  me.  I  am  not  offer- 
ing something  for  nothing, 
but  have  a  thing  of  wondrous 
and  inestimable  value  to  those 
who  love  the  beautiful.  ^  J* 


"INSPIRATION" 

While  striving  to  become  a  penman  I  craved  the  kind 
of  inspiration  that  was  impossible  to  secure.  I  resolved 
to  prepare  for  others  just  what  I  sought  in  vain  to  find. 
I  have  it  now  and  it  is  for  sale.  You  can't  get  it  else- 
where and  it's  limited.  More  than  you  can  get  else- 
where for  the  money,  and  of  a  quality  above  compari- 
son. It's  five  dollars  this  month — hereafter  'twill  be 
ten.     Booklet  free. 


M.  A.  ALBIN, 


Metropolitan  College, 
MINNEAPOLIS,   MINN. 


6fc&v-e>^£c4^r4  ez^z^c/  72ix*&&d4i4sr3  ^fs~li££  £4*&srtsfe  sp*rtts  flrr  /ryi^o7*£o*m^r2^  C7%*  73*4*U^z^d<!)  &£t*sc<cz>£c~r- 


BUSINESS  CAPITALS  BY  E.   H.   FEARON,  BOWLING  (iKEEN   IllSIN  I'.SS  COLLEGE,   BOWLING  GREEN,  KV. 


Specimens 

Received 


-*    ■  • _ 


Mr.  H.  J.  Winana,  Policy  Engrosser  of  the 
Massachusetts  Mutual  Life  Insurance  Co.. 
Springfield,  Mass.,  favored  us  with  the 
photo  of  a  very  handsomely  engrossed  set 
of  resolutions,  the  same  having  been  illum- 
inated with  purple,  gold,  lamp  black  and 
Paynes  grey.  Mr.  Winans'  work  is  among 
the  best  received  at  this  office,  his  engross- 
ing script  being  patterned  after  the  master, 
Charlton  V.  Howe. 

Mr.  R.  C.  Cottrell,  teacher  of  penmanship 
in  the  North  Manchester,  Indiana,  College, 
favored  us  with  some  specimens  of  busi- 
ness writing  from  students  under  his 
charge,  which  reveal  practical  instruction 
and  substantial  improvement.  The  speci- 
mens show  a  wide  range  of  style  and  an 
unusual  amount  of  individualitj'. 

Some  well  written  cards,  ornamental 
style,  have  been  received  from  P.  M. 
Bridges,  penman  in  Grayson  College, 
Whitewright,  Texas. 

Mr.  Bridges  is  rapidly  pushing  his  work 
up  to  a  high  order  of  excellence. 


Some  very,  graceful,  artistic,  effective, 
colored  cards,  written  with  white  ink,  have 
been  received  from  the  facile  pen  of  F.  S. 
Heath,  Concord,  N.  H. 

Mr.  L.  J.  Higgins,  Cortland,  N.  Y.,  is  a 
young  man  of  splendid  art  ability,  if  we 
may  judge  from  a  pen  portrait  of  the  poet 
Bryant  which  is  before  us. 

J.  D.  Valentine,  with  the  Reliance  Insur- 
ance Company,  Pittsburg,  Pa.,  favored  us 
with  some  very  artistic  penmanship  in  a 
variety  of  styles;  also  some  flourishing 
which  would  have  appeared  in  this  number 
of  The  Business  Educator  had  the  same 
been  executed  with  India  ink  so  that  it 
could   have  been   reproduced   successfully. 

Business  writing  of  an  unusually  high 
order  finds  its  way  frequently  to  "ur  desk 
from  the  skillful  pen  of  Miss  Nina  P.  Hud- 
son, New  Britain,  Conn.  Her  business 
letters,  no  matter  how  hastily  written,  seem 
to  be  models  in  composition  as  well  as  in 
penmanship. 


E.  C.  MILLS,  Script  Specialist. 
195  Grand  Ave.,  Rochester,  N.  Y. 

You  should  have  your  new 
■work  on  bookkeeping  correspon- 
dence, etc.,  illustrated  with  the 
best  script  models.  Over  seven 
years  of  almost  exclusive  ex- 
perience in  preparing  copy  for 
the  photo-engraver.  Send  copy 
for   estimate. 


^^/faurrrbcbb 


and  CERTIFICATES   for  CotLCGCS.  SCHOOLS 

(p ublic  and  private)  Bus.  Colleges,  Societies. 

and  for  all  purposes.  Stock  and  special  designs 
Artistic  in  design^  handsomely  lithographed: 
reasonable    in    price       f/n//vc    si    srec/strK 

ILLUSTRATED      CATALOGUE       FREE. 

THE   KINSLEY  STUDIO,   220  Snxr.JVfWrOM. 
Designers,  Engravers, Lithographers,  Printers 


The  Pratt  Teachers'  Agency,  E 

70  Fifth  Avenue,  Hew  York, 

Recommends  college  and  normal  gradu-  \ 
atea,  specialists,  and  other  teachers  to  col-  \ 
leges,  sohools,  and  families. 

The  Agency  receives  many  calls  for  com  \ 
mercial  teachers  from  public  and  private  ► 
schools,  and  business  colleges. 

WM.  O.  PRATT,  Manager  E 


(t\ 

Know 
How  to 
File 

Document: 
—Legal  Blank 
—Card  Record 
—Credit  Report; 
-Deposit  Ticket 
—Insurance  Policies 
—Books      —Reports 
—Samples     —Checks 
— Clippings     —Invoices 
—Notes— Letters— Papers 


I  Cfe6v~esr£uus?-4  asrtxr   ^ccA^odtAx^^d  ^ou<^£  &&&**&  /u><rt4s  /&*  ^-yyi^^^c^rriAyyi^  cftte73Aid*^ix<dd£46co€4z£&'r.  I 


8H&  @%tfrfcrue&)i  &&&&&&&¥?  &*> 


(intended  for  subscribers  only.) 

Under  this  headintr  Mr.  Zaner  criticises  specimens 
of  penmanship,  drawing,  etc.,  submitted  to  him. 
Postage  should  be  enclosed  if  specimens  are  to  be 
returned.  He  will  also  endeavor  to  answer  any  and 
all  questions  pertaining  to  penmanship  matters,  or  if 
thought  best,  questions  may  be  submitted  through 
this  department  to  the  readers  of  our  journal  for  vol- 
unteer answers.  This  gives  the  readers  of  The 
Educator  the  benefit  of  the  experience 
of  one  who  has  made  this  work  a  life-time  study,  as 
well  as  of  those  who  contribute  thereto. 

Individuality 

Will  you  please  state  fully  your  opinion 
on  the  following?  Should  a  child  be  al- 
lowed to  choose  his  own  style  of  writing,  or, 
in  other  words,  write  backhand,  vertical  or 
slant,  choosing  the  one  which  seems  most 
natural  for  him  ? 

Do  you  not  believe  in  teaching  a  uniform 
slant  in  the  grades?  Will  not  a  child  just 
learning  write  as  easily,  or  rather  learn  the 
form  as  easily,  by  being  held  to  a  certain 
slant  as  by  making  the  form  correct  to  any 
slant  he  seemed  to  have  naturally? 

This  subject  is  one  on  which  different 
educators  do  not  agree,  and,  just  at  present, 
is  being  discussed  here. 

I    am   a   fifth   grade   teacher  and    will  be 
grateful  for  any  information  you  mav  give. 
Very  truly, 

A.  S.  T. 

I  Children  need  to  be  taught  someone  way 
of  writing.  In  their  efforts  to  acquire  that 
hand,  certain  modifications  will  take  place, 
which,  if  not  too  peculiar,  may  be  allowed. 
Writing  is  an  art  which  concerns  more  than 
the  writer;  therefore, needs  to  be  something 


more  than  individual.  The  more  formal  it 
is,  the  more  easily  read  by  other  people; 
the  more  individual  or  peculiar  it  is,  the 
more  easily  executed.  Concessions  must 
be  made  on  both  sides.  Each  individual 
should  be  made  to  write  legibly,  which 
does  not  mean  that  he  must  write  exactly 
like  every  one  else. 

When  it  comes  to  the  teaching  of  writing, 
two  factors  need  to  be  considered;  viz.,  the 
teacher  and  the  pupil.  Heretofore,  the 
pupil  has  been  held  a  little  too  rigidly  to  a 
supposed  to-be  standard;  but  from  this 
reaction  of  one  extreme,  there  is  a  tendency 
to  go  to  the  other  extreme,  and  to  expect 
the  teacher  to  do  all  the  bending.  No 
teacher  can  foresee  the  characteristic  style 
that  is  best  suited  to  each  pupil.  Her  tasks 
under  present  conditions  are  too  numerous 
to  devise  a  different  system  for  each  pupil, 
particular^'  in  lower  grades.  We  are,  there- 
fore, not  in  favor  of  encouraging  different 
styles  of  writing  in  the  same  room  or  in  the 
same  city,  below  the  seventh  or  eighth 
grades. 

There  are  many  arguments  on  both  sides 
of  this  question;  but  until  teachers  are 
better  qualified  to  teach  successfully  some 
one  system,  we  believe  it  is  not  best  for 
them  to  teach  an  indefinite  number,  which 
would  be  necessary  under  the  individual 
method  of  instruction.— EDITOR.] 


work,  as  will  also  whiting,  but  sponge 
rubber  is  my  favorite.  India  ink  is  the 
only  kind  that  should  be  used  on  parch- 
ment.—Editor.] 


Shespskln. 

Have  you  any  choice  bits  of  information 
on  the  preparation  of  parchment  for  ink 
and  ink  for  parchment?^       E.  J.  MALANY. 

[To  prepare  parchment  so  that  it  will  re- 
ceive ink  much  the  same  as  paper,  I  rub  it 
well  with  a  sponge  rubber  before  attempt- 
ing to  write  thereon.      Bread    will   do   the 


C.  H.  M.,Batavia,  111. -Your  penmanship 
has  a  practical  swing.  You  have  it  in  you 
to  become  an  unusually  fine  penman.  Now 
and  then  you  make  a  letter  of  unusual 
excellence,  You  need,  however,  to  watch 
the  small  letters  more  closely,  as  vou  exe- 
cute them,  and,  to  do  this,  it  will  be  neces- 
sary for  you  to  write  less  rapidly.  Your 
small  a  is  too  narrow  and  pointed  at  the 
top,  and  your  under  turns  are  more  rounding 
than  the  upper  ones.  Your  ir  looks  like  io 
and  your  v looks  like  o.    Come  again. 

A.  D.  E.  Jackson,  La.  —  You  write  too 
hastily  to  write  accurately  or  artistically. 
Execute  the  small  letters  with  greater 
deliberation  and  with  more  critical  obser- 
vation. The  capitals  need  to  be  swung  off 
with  a  larger  and  more  forceful  arm  move- 
ment. Do  not  shade  your  work  for  business 
purposes.  Practice  regularly  from  the 
lessons  now  running  in  THE  BUSINESS 
EDUCATOR.  Your  penmanship  discloses 
ability  sufficient  to  become  a  very  fine 
penman. 

W.  C.  S.,  Sagiuaw,  Mich. 

Your  business  penmanship  is  very  good. 
Study  spacing  between  small  letters  and 
turns  and  angles.  Curve  first  down  stroke 
of  small  "a"  more,  and  curve  final  up 
stroke  in  letters  and  words  less.  Your  lower 
turns  are  more  rounding  than  your  upper 
turns.  Keep  at  it  and  you  will  become  a 
fine  penman. 


POSITION  WANTED 

All-round  commercial  teacher  desires  to 
better  his  position.  Has  had  seven  years' 
experience  as  teacher  and  manager. 

Address,         SUCCESSFUL, 

Care  Business  Educator,  COLUMBUS,  OHIO. 


confidence: 

More  than  one  direct  call  each  day  last  month 
for  competent  commercial  teachers,  at  salaries  rang- 
ing from  J50  to  $125. 

"  We  want  a  man  who  can  come  to  us  accredited  by  such  an 
organization  as  The  National  Commercial  Teachers'  Agency  ;  a  man 
whokn<  wsjttat  exactly  what  to  do  in  the  management  of  a  thor- 
oughly up-lo-date  shorthand  department  vhich  averages  one  hun- 
dred and  fifty  students  in  daily  attendance.  He  must  have  had 
valuable  and  representative  experience.  He  must  be  well  educated 
and  strong  in  d'Scipline  and  general  management.  Salary  at  least 
$100  a  month  at  the  beginning,  with  reasonable  increase  after  six 
months,  an. I  gradual  increase  thereafter."  (One  of  the  foremost 
schools  ofthe  Pacific  Coast. I 

PROMPTNESS 

I  want  to  compliment  you  for  the  promptness  with  which  you 
filled  the  vacancy  in  our  facultv.  We  had  engaged  vour  man  before 
the  other  agencies  got  to  work.— A.  D  Skeels,  the  Temple  College, 
Philadelphia. 

PROFIT  12SO  PER  CENT. 
'  >ne  of  our  candidates  is  teaching  this  year  at  a 
salary  of  fifteen  hundred  dollars,  which  represents, 
in  the  increase  over  his  last  year's  salary,  a  profit  of 
1250  %  on  his  investment  in  commission  to  us— to  say 
nothing  of  the  profit  in  increased  salary  during  the 
years  to  come.  We  can  be  of  special  assistance  to 
really  good  teachers.  Another  of  our  men  has  just 
been  hired  at  $1500,  which  is  three  hundred  dollars 
more  than  he  ever  received  before;  still  another,  at 
$1300;  another  at  $1,000,  and  so  on— but  these  are 
men  worth  the  money.  We  are  not  passing  lead 
half-dollars. 

If  you  are  a  competent,  honest  teacher,  not 
afraid  to  have  your  record  investigated  and  reported, 
and  willing  in  pay  for  high-class  service,  we  should 
like  i"  have  you  on  our  list.  No  charge  for  enroll- 
ment.     Time  is  flying. 

THE  NATIONAL  COMMERCIAL  TEACHERS' AGENCY, 
F.  E    OAYI.ORO.  Manager.  Prospect  Hill.  Beverly.  Mass. 


IF  the  school  literature  you  are  using 
is  unsatisfactory  to  you— is  costing 
you  too  much  or  too  little,  or  is  not 
securing  the  desired  amount  of  business, 
or  is  too  like  the  literature  you  used  last 
year,  or  is  too  like  the  literature  used  by 
your  competitors,  or  is  without  suitable 
illustrations,  or  is  without  a  positive 
individuality,  or  is  without  the  power  to 
attract  and  hold  the  prospective  student 
—I  can  be  of  service  to  you,  I  can  help 
you. 

The  correspondence  of  those  who  desire 
more  business,  and  who  expect  to  get  it 
through  the  use  of  better  school  literature, 
is  solicited. 

ADDRESS 


C.  C.  REARICK, 

MASONIC  TEMPLE 


SCHOOL-ADVERTISING 
SPECIALIST 

CHICAGO,  ILL. 


I   Cfi&i*4>r£c<±£sr-j  cz^z*/  &cc^-£cdsfi4s*zf  ^v-c£&  £&€2sttsfe  ^u^-tc- 


<^L£-  7R4t<i>€^L£4td *  £c£ctsC*Zs£&^-    I 


(fdcrfirfoxt. 


Lessons  in  Simple, 
Practical  Pen  Lettering 

Eclectic  Cent 

This  is  a  composite  alphabet,  having  been 
made  up  of  the  principles  of  a  number  of 
standard  forms.  Study  carefully  the  pro- 
portion and  shape  of  letters,  as  well  as  the 
spacing  in  and  between  letters. 

Use  a  broad  pointed  pen,  F.  Soennecker  is 
best,  and  hold  the  pen  more  nearly  vertical 
than  in  writing.  Keep  the  edge  of  the 
point  at  an  angle  of  forty-five  degrees 
throughout  the  work. 

Dip  ink  sparingly,  carefully,  and  frequent- 
ly. Watch  spacing.  Use  a  pencil  head  and 
base  line  for  the  small   letters,  which  may 


be  erased  after  lettering  is  complete.  Make 
the  left  side  of  letters  first  and  then  the 
right  side.  Study  carefully  the  turns  at  the 
top  and  bottom  of  letters. 

Use  a  slow,  firm,  sure,  combined  move- 
ment in  executing  this  kind  of  letters. 
Speed  is  not  so  essential  as  accuracy.  The 
little  finger  and  right  side  of  palm  of  hand 
should  rest  firmly  upon  the  paper. 

Uniformity  in  height,  width,  spacing,  and 
thickness  of  stroke  is  essential. 

Be  patient,  observant,  and  careful,  and 
you  will  win  a  good  hand  at  lettering. 


Francis  B.  Courtney  - 

Handwriting  Specialist 
Expert  Microscopic  Examiner 
Of  Forged  and  Questioned  Writing 

222  WEST  123d  ST. 

NEW  YORK  CITY 


pou 


YOU  OUGHT  TO  HAVE  IT.  2& 

.      multiplication,  fractions  anil  squa: 


FOR  SALE 


rice  less  ttaa 
Must  sell.    Ill  health. 


Salamanca  Business  Institute 

Salamanca,  N    Y. 


k.  oIllV    lUr        I.IMITMM.    CAM 

Dept.  11,  Everett  Station.  Boston.  Maps. 

> 

M  I  LLS'S  Correspondence 
School  of  Penmanship 

leading 


Is  conceded  by 

penmen  of  this  i 

the  most  thorough  school  of 

its  kind       Yon   cannot  do  a 

better    thing    than    to    send 

stamp  today  for  full  particn- 

lars  concerning  our  courses. 

E.   C.   MILLS 
195  Grand  Ave.,  Rochester,  N.Y. 


Hamilton's  Business  Law 


It  is  simply  charming  and  incomparably 

The  Best  Text-Book  on 
Commereial  Law  ever  published. 

We  have  recently  published  a  large  new  edition  to 
supply  our  marvelously  increasing  patronage  and 
have  filled  orders  from  Business  Colleges  and  High 
School  Commercial  Courses  from  ocean  to  ocean. 


Don't  Be  Satisfied 


with  a  second  rate  text 
when    the    finest    book 
published  can  be  had  for  the  same  money. 

Wt  Llaim  IOl  11  •  Logical  arrangement  of  mat- 
ter;  clear  concise  statement  of  principles  ;  clear  type, 
with  the  subject  of  each  section  announced  in  prom- 
inent lettering. 

It  is  a  triumph   of  legal  learning  and   is  based   on' 
sound  pedagogic  principles.     Send  for  Samples. 


We  have  a  large  line  of  Commercial  Publications,  including 

The  Card  System  of  Bookkeeping  and  Business  Practice 

now    used    in    thirty   states   of  the   Union. 


THE  HAMMOND  PUBLISHING  CO.,  ^  Lansing,  Michigan 


ADDRESS   DEPARTMENT  D. 


I  C^v^rj^t^r^  asn^/  ^c^-^d^e^tl  -*-t^&  £faasris&-  sTf&tt*  /ttt  sm^n^irmsri^  c7h^73*u£<^yL£<Lj£€zUtsGcl£*rr.   I 


£^e@vUin?e^£d^&<fetor   <*** 


No,  Never  Before 

have  I  heen  able  lo  give  my  patrons  such  fault- 
less SCRIPT.  In  the  past  the  public  has  been 
satisBed.  hut  I  have  tint.  My  copy  did  not  reach 
niv  ideal,  the  work  of  the  man  who  engraved  it 
did  not  suit,  and  the  printer  could  not  print  it 
perfectly. 

At  Last,  after  much  experimenting.  I  have 
found  an  engraver  who  I  think  a  wonder;  an 
etcher  who  can  produce  from  my  copy  a  cut 
which  will  print  with  the  delicacy  of  a  copper 
plate. 

But  My  Troubles  Did  Not  End  There.  I  needed 
a  printer  who  understood  the  fine  points  about 
script  Without  the  right  kind  of  printing  it 
was  impossible  to  eel  superior  results.  I  solved 
that  problem  by  pulling  in  a  printing  plant,  get- 
ting the  best  machinery  money  could  buy;  I 
educated  a  pressman  on  the  fine  points  in  Kcript, 
and  now 

I     Can     Furnish     Cards 

which  look  like  it  for  a  small  part  of  the  cost  of 
copper  plate  work.  The  following  prices  include 
writing  of  name.  cut.  the  card  stock,  printing 
and  mailing.     Address.  50  cents  extra. 

100  Besl  quality  cards $1  50 

200     '■  "  "       2  10 

300 2  SO 

600 3  25 

1000 4  00 

Samples  for  two  2c  stamps. 


ss/sAvJr/i^ 


Artist  and  Penman.        Holmes  Bush 
Portland,     Oregor 


Mt.  Morris,  III. 
;     to     please.       Orde 


The  Card  Writer 

Writes  cards  at 
15c.  per  dozen. 
Any  Style,  any 
name.  Fine  and 
today. 


Cesson  number  2 

We  will  take  for  this  lesson  a  poster  girl. 
Pencil  this  on  a  good  sized  sheet  of  card- 
board. For  the  hair  and  fur  effect  use  a  303 
Gillott  pen.  For  the  heavier  parts,  a  coarser 
pen.  Get  good  clean,  Roman  letters  at  the 
top;  then  finish  the  hat,  and  if  you  wish, 
stick  a  small  calendar  pad  at  bottom  of 
drawing.    This  makes  a  neat  little  souvenir. 

Be  very  careful  when  inking  a  design  of 
this  kind.  Studv  the  curves  and  effect  de- 
sired before  going  ahead.  Keep  your  lines 
clear  and  sharp,  not  necessarily  heavy,  but 
clean  cut. 

See  what  you  can  do  along  this  line.  Get 
your  sweetheart  to  pose  for  you,  and  make 
up  an  original  from  life.  Try  it  once  and 
you  will  be  surprised  at  your  own  efforts. 

sJToSn^     Vmv  GOTO  "COIiEGE"  — I 
—  S&\    TO  LEARN  BOOK-KEEPING 
SMS.  WHEN  I  WILL  MAKE  A 

Just-Class  Book-Keeper 

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haps can  place  Y'Ol',  ton!  6,743  testllimma)!' 
received  from  pupils!  SA  YE  THIS  ASH  IIT/TK. 
J.   II.  OOoriWIN,  Evpprt  he 


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Renews  Ambition 

Mr.  H.  E.  Sayers,  of  the  New  Kensington, 
(Pa.)  Business  College,  sends  a  good  list  of 
subscriptions  and  closes  his  letter  as  fol- 
lows: "I  consider  The  Business  Educa- 
tor a  leader.  It  is  better  than  ever;  it  fills 
one  with  renewed  ambition  to  read  it." 


SPENCERIAN 


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Stinli.i,  X.   V. 


I    Cfe&2A4sr£**d~£srrf   £Z-Tl*/   ^^C^~&,<^1 'L&-Tz/  -i' 


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AKllYlQAX^V  amaax/. 

x^f  AKjl'  &©".  xxi  S  xilb  m.o\  ajigu/w,  XhM> 
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xm,  acwyyu;  ami  S'll  mayuV. 

Mlcto  *  303  aai /YacxM/aO)  AxxAuev. 

3  Avouw  m«V  ^rtx/Yv  aLowx.^  /ojw\>( 
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AduiiiAAAJu  /fy  luuxwnxx  ^Axm.  avow 

yOA'  yWW  -MUU/l\  xiaXjL  &XX/YY\ 


Sab&cpibgrg, 


Samuel  U5agnei;-366JZFroRhSt:,"ReQcliRy.J?i. 
KcwardAIWer,-3J4tt.l0ft.§t,  " 
Frank  GJase,  ^09  S.I6foSt,  "  " 
WilliamJh.owe,-ll£7fl.3tfe.&t)  "  " 
WilliamD.Esterly,-4ia§.l5rt?§l:,  '<  " 
&orDiejei?derfer,-343K.9ft.§t,  »  " 
CkarlesWilK,  -lOOWOIey&t,  "  » 
Jrwin  P  FTCercscli -JTZyerstown.Pa. 

D^ote-  Please  begia  fkese  sbscriph'ores 
withikeyiarch.  ,5*ue  of  fhe'B  E.' 

^Tisnsth.. 


ti&rlmatms,  Ohio, 
(jlerttlemaen:  ^hile  !•  Imtw  that 
there  are  mmtvj  other  petroxmt- 
ship  jntWicatioas  J  hare  not 
as  ijet  seen  onij  that  were  eauat 

Wtshttuj  xpm  attdyour'^.df." 
c-emtmued  success.  5  am 

^ery  truhj  xjoxxrs. 


Lessons  in  Wash   Drawing 
and  Engrossing. 

.  L.   BROWN,        ROCKLAND,   .MAINI 


number  Cw© 

Herewith  we  present  a  study  in  light  and 
shade,  and  recommend  that  the  student 
give  this  lesson  careful  attention.  First 
make  a  pencil  drawing,  studying  the  action 
of  the  design,  and  the  form  and  arrange- 
ment of  the  objects.  When  this  is  done  mix 
some  lamp  black  with  water,  adding  a  few- 
touches  of  Payne's  gray.  Either  of  these 
colors  may  be  used  alone  if  desired.  Wet 
the  surface  of  the  board  quite  thoroughly 
with  pure  water,  absorbing  the  superflous 
moisture  on  a  blotter,  then  apply  the  color. 
Use  one  brush  moistened  with  pure  water 
for  blending,  and  the  other  for  applying 
the  color.  Apply  the  darkest  tones  first. 
Keep  the  brush  well  filled  with  color,  and 
move  it  rapidly  from  one  point  to  another 
and  do  not  let  the  color  dry  before  it  reaches 
its  proper  place.  Soften  the  edges  with  the 
water  brush  before  the  color  dries.  If  one 
wash  fails  to  give  the  right  tone,  add  suc- 
cessive washes  until  the  desired  effect  is 
obtained.  Do  not  get  the  first  washes  too 
dark,  as  the  color  cannot  be  removed  to 
good  advantage  after  it  is  dry.  especiali  v  on 
a  cardboard   surface. 

Notice  the  strong  contrast  between  the 
leaves  of  the  open  book  and  ink  bottle.     Use 


FREE  a  Handsome  Penholder 
C.  HOWARD  HUNT  PEN  CO.,  Camden,  N.  J 


color  direct  from  the  pan  in  shading  the 
ink  bottle  and  labels  on  closed  book,  allow- 
ing the  first  wash  to  show  through  in  differ- 
ent places  to  represent  reflected  light. 
Colors  must  be  reproduced  as  they  appear, 
and  not  as  they  are  in  theobjects.  Although 
the  ink  bottle  is  black,  it  does  not  appear  so 
to  the  eye  owing  to  the  effect  produced  by 
lighting.  Study  the  color  values  in  vari- 
ous objects,  and  observe  the  effects  obtain- 
ed by  different  lightning. 


St.  Paul  £ldg, 
tiPHONs^Ssao  coftT.     4  22o£wAy,//£wyo/Me. 


£NGF(9^ERS 

Designers 

?RIN 


ILLUMINATORS 
ENGRAVERS 

TERS 


F>AF»ER 


Embossed  Stationery— {Name  of  school,  etc.) 
put  up  in  handsome  special  boxes.  (24  sheets  and 
24  envelopes),  in  various  grades  and  shades,  sold 
as  low  as  25  cents  a  box  and  upward. 

Practice  Paper— $1-30  a  ream  {960  sheets);  $1.20 
a  ream  in  5  ream  lots. 

Artist  Penman's  Paper—  $2  a  ream  (960  sheets); 
SI. 90  a  ream  in  5  ream  lots  and  upward.  various 
qualities  and  shades.  Unruled,  ruled  and  wide 
ruled. 

Typewriter  Papers—  I'm  up  in  boxes,  500  sheets 
to  ream  ;  8x10%  34c  ream  and  upward  ;  8x13,  43c 
ream  and  upward.  Send  for  free  sample  of  papers. 
Stenographer's  Note  Books-  No.  I,  for  pencil, 
2  cents  each  in  1000  lots;  $?.50nl00.  Ao.  3,  for  pen, 
3>£  cents  each  in  1,000  lots;  $4  a  100.  Size,  160 
pages,  4%  x  9  in.  Larger  sizes  in  proportion. 
Send  6c  each  (for  postage)  on  sample  books. 

headquarters  for  Schoo'  Papers. 
Diplomas     In  all   styles.     Stock  and  made  to 
order. 

THE  KINSLEY  STVDIO 
220  Broadway,  New  York 


The    Kinsley     Commercial     Teachers' 
Bureau  and  School  Exchange. 

Commercial  and  Shorthand  Registration 

Teachers  a  Specialty.  Tee  $2. 

More   calls  for  teachers   than  we   can  supply. 

A  wide  acquaintance  and 
needs  of  schools  in  various 
at  the  disposal  of  school  pr 
Wi  Also  Negotiate  the  Sale  of  School  Property. 


knowledge  of  the 
calities  are  placed 
ipals  free. 


WM.    J.     KINSLEY.    Manager 

220  Broadway,  New  York 


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c^t^7B^^i^>z^^6^c^t<^c^i^^7'  I 


M\\&  & W«*l§ %eb *>  € tUv^ctiw r   &> 


Commercial  Geography— Continued  from 
Page  12. 

specimens  in  the  commercial  museum 
of  the  school  for  use  in  the  course  oft 
Commercial  Products  during  the  fall 
and  winter.  In  this  way  handsome 
specimens  can  be  obtained  at  a  slight 
expense  that  would  be  difficult  and 
expensive  to  get  in  any  other  way. 

Every  large  city  should  have  a 
commercial  museum  with  the  Cereal 
Garden  annex.  It  is  just  as  import- 
ant as  an  art  museum  or  a  natural 
history  collection  and  would  be  as 
great  an  attraction  to  strangers  and 
a  matter  of  pride  to  the  citizens. 
Until  this  is  provided,  however,  it  is 
the  duty  and  privilege  of  the  schools, 
with  their  collections  of  specimens 
of  commercial  staples  and  their 
Cereal  Gardens,  to  train  the  public 
mind  to  a  sense  of  the  need  and 
value  of  a  commercial  museum. 

In  some  places  the  entire  work  of 
planting  and  caring  for  the  Cereal 
Garden  can  be  done  by  the  pupils. 
In  a  large  city  or  town  it  would  be 
well  to  employ  a  man  to  do  the  work 
who  could  have  charge  of  all  the 
Cereal  Gardens  in  the  city. 


[Tlie  editor  would  be  pleased  to  receive, 
reports  later  in  the  vear  from  those  schools 
that  shall  establish  Cereal  Gardens.  The 
necessary  seeds  can  be  bought  from  any 
reliable  seedsman,  but  the  Commerce  & 
Industry  Co.,  Boston,  will  supply  those  who 
cannot  rind  them  elsewhere.] 


Books  on    Building  materials,  etc. 

WOOD 

Wood— Boulger. 


Wood,  Species  and  Properties  — 
Snow. 

Wood  and  its  uses— Eassie. 

Woods  waste — Hubbard. 

Furniture  woods— Jackson. 

Artificial  woods  in  decoration— 
Leland. 

Timber— Charpentier. 

Timbers — Hartig. 

Timber,  V.  S.  Forestry  Bulletin 
No.  10— Roth. 

Timber  physics,  U.  S.  Forestry 
Temple  No.  68— Fernow. 

White  pine— Roth. 

Woods  of  TJ.  S. — Sargent. 

Lumber,  Census  1902— Gannett. 

Lumber  Industries  of  the  North- 
west—Hotch  kiss. 

FORESTRY 

Primer  of  Forestry— Pinchot. 

First  Book  of  Forestry— Roth. 

Practical  Forestry— Gifford. 

Economics  of  Forestry — Fernow. 

Practical  Forestry— Curtis. 

Practical  Forestry — Fuller. 

Practical  Forestry— Webster. 

Outlines  of  Forestry— Houston. 

Elementary  Forestry — Hough. 

Forestry  for  Farmers— Fernow. 

Forestry  division,  U.  S.  Depart- 
ment Agriculture— Bulletins. 

Forest  Planting — Jarchow. 

Principles  of  American  Forestry- 
Green. 

North  American  Forests--Bruncken. 

Forests  of  North  America,  census 
1880— Sargent. 

Forest  Trees  and  Scenery  — 
Schwartz. 

Forests  of  the  Philippines,  U.  S. 
War  Department,  1901. 


.Stream  Flow  of  Forests— Rafter. 
Story    of     Forest     and     Stream  — 
Rodway. 
Forest  and   Irrigation    (magazine;. 
Garden  and  Forest  (magazine). 

STONE 

Mineral   Resources   of    U.  S.— Day. 

Building  Stone— Dickinson. 

How  to  Get  Stone— Luard. 

Stones  for  Building— Merrill. 

Vermont,  marble,  slate,  etc.— Per- 
kins. 

Artificial  Stone,  lime,  mortar,  ce- 
ment—Dibdin. 

Stone  Cutting— Siebert. 

STEEL   AND    IRON 

Steel  Manufacture— Campbell. 
Steel— Metcalf. 
Iron  and  Steel— Hoare. 
Iron  and  Steel— Howe. 
Iron   (magazine). 
Iron  and  Steel  (magazine). 
Economics     of     Iron     and    Steel— 
Skelton. 

BUILDING   CONSTRUCTION 

Materials  of  Construction— Johnson. 

Building  Materials— Campin. 

Building  Construction -Burn. 

Building  Construction— Kidder. 

Practical  Building  Construction- 
Allen. 

Carpentrv  and  Joinerv— Fletcher. 

Carpentry  and  Building— Sylvester. 

Construction  of  High  Office  Build- 
ings—Birkmire. 

Architecture  of  High  Office  Build- 
ings—Freitag 

Framed  Structures— Johnson. 

Dictionery  of  Building— Sturgis. 

Masonry  Construction. 


Doesn't 
Your  School 
Need  a  Change 
of  Diet  ? 

Here  is  .mi' 

Bill  of  Fare 

Spelling:                            Plain  English                       Letter  Writing- 
Commercial  I  aw                   Practical  Shorthand 
Typewriting-  Instructor 
New  Practical  Arithmetic                   Everybody's  Dictionary 
Progressive  Bookkeeping- 
Mercantile  Practical  Bookkeeping-       Complete  Practical  Bookkeeping- 
Twentieth  Century  Business  Practice 
Plain  English  in  Practical  Exercises 
Twenty-five  Graded  Lessons  in  Letter  Writing 

We  have  filled  a  single  order  for  more  than  three  thousand  of  these  books,  but  we  exercised  no 
more  care  than  we  take  in  filling  an  order  for  oue  of  them.    Perhaps  this  is  one  of  the  reasons  that  the 
merit  of  our  books  has  become  so  widely  known,  that  we  supply  schools  both  large  and  small,  public 
and  private,  in  every  part  of  the  United  States  and  in  almost  every  country  where  the  English 
language  is  spoken  to  any  extent.     We  should  like  lo  add  you  to  our  list,  if  you  are  not  there;  and, 
if  you  are  there,  we  should  like  to  have  you  add  us  to  your-  list  for  some  of  our  publications  with 
which  you  have  not  yet  become  acquainted.     Will  you  not  write  to  us  about  it  ? 

THE  PRACTICAL  TEXT  BOOK  COMPANY,  479  E«c.id  Ave..  Cleveland,  Ohio. 

rz^  C^ix-73^4^c-yi^A^€<^^c^i^^   I 


Cfe&Zs-dyT-Ct^LAsT^    d^Z</   &CC&£cds£L£s?d \^CC^C^£-  £&€Zs?7sfe-  Sty^M" 


BY  <>.  T.  JOHNSTO.V,   FEHOCJS    FALLS,  MINX. 

Practical  Masonry. 

Architect  and    B  Lgazine). 

Architects'  and  Mechanics'  1<  mrnal. 

American  Architect  and  Building 
New  S. 

Architecture  and  Building,  (maga- 
zine I . 

Builder,  (magazine). 

Building,  I  magazine  I. 

Carpentry  and  Building,  (maga- 
zine l. 


HIGH   CLASS   EM.ROSSIMI,   BV    IIY   C.    WALKEK    ST.   LOUIS,  MO. 


A  Work  For  All  Who  Desire  to  Acquire  or 
Teach  a  Sensible,  Rapid  Handwriting. 

Lessons  in  Practical  Writing  is  an  eighty-page  book,  containing  just 
what  its  title  implies — lessons  in  practical  writing.  It  teaches  a  hand  you 
(•an  use  every  day,  and  in  a  hurry — what  business  demands. 

Plain,  rapid  penmanship  is  a  business  necessity.  Acquire  it  young 
man,  young  woman,  if  you  would  get  on  in  the  business  world. 

This  work  is  intended  for  students  who  are  ambitious  to  improve  their  penmanship,  whether  at  home  or  in  school. 
Used  in  connection  with  a  competent  teacher,  the  results  are  surprising.  It  is  used  in  many  of  the  leading  business 
•  o lieges  with  splendid  results. 

The  w.uk  co  uprises  a  complete  and  carefully  graded  course  of  copies,  with  pointed  and  explicit  instructions.  In  its 
preparation  the  author  has  broughl  i  bear  years  of  study  and  experience,  together  with  skill  of  a  purely  practical  nature. 
All  illustrations  were  photo-engraved   facsimile  from  his  pen-written  copies,  and  are  the  embodiment  of  practicability. 

The  tor, ns  given  are  such  as  the  business  world  of  today  is  demanding.  They  are  simple,  intensely  legible,  and 
capable  ol  being  written  at  a  high  rate  of  speed.      Form  and  movement  are  carried  along  together   by  unique  and   practical 

sche  ues  of  exeri  i Large  letters  are  given  for  form-study,  and  speed-tests  for  developing  rapidity.     The  pupil  is  told 

and  shown  how  to  criticise  and  correct  his  own  mistakes,  and  thus  he  beco  ues  teacher  as  well  as  penman.     The  whole  plan 

ol    the    work    is    i lern.      The   for. us  are   easy   and   rapid   in  character;  the   method  of  presenting  them  is  pedagogical 

and  progressive  :  and  the  m  ive  neuts  used  and  advocated  are  natural  and  free. 

The  work  begins  with  exercises,  elements,  principles  and  letters,  and  ends  with  pages,  business  papers,  forms  of 
accounts,  i  tc. 

Writing  is  gradually  under.;  ling  a  change,  and  the  author  of  this  work  is  one  of  the  most  careful  students  of  progress 
in  this  particular  field  of  practical  e  lucation.  This  work  is  an  instructor  in  that  style  of  writing  which,  according  to  his 
interpretation  of  the  signs  of  the  tin  sent  needs,  and  the  future  will  demand. 

Tins  b  ink  is  positively  worth  more  than  $25  to  any  one  who  lacks  either  the  time  or  money  to  attend  a  school  in 
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I''s  wortl i  any  tea   her  of  pen  nanship  for  the  i  Z4NER  <a  BLOSER,    Publishers 

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Cillott's  No.  305  E.  F.  Pen— Used 
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Cillott's  Lithographic  Pen  No.  290 
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made.  960  sheets  per  ream,  ruling  wide 
and  faint.     1  ream  by  express $2.25 

Writing  Paper  —  Same  quality  as 
above  mentioned  but  10  lb.  per  ream. 
1  ream  by  express $2.00 

Practice  Paper—  Best  for  the  money 

to  be  had.     1  ream  by  express $1.50 

Send  stamp  for  samples  of  paper. 

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100  fine  blue  by  mail,  postpaid---. $  .40 
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Cash  must  accompany  all  orders, 
ey  order,  or  stamps  for  small  amounts. 


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Address,    ZANER 


BLOSCR,    COLVNBVS,     OHIO. 


1  Cfe6v~£sr£4*±4srx?  <c&-rz*?  ^Uc&£cdsfi^Td ^>ct>-L&.  £&4Zs?tsfc-  s^rte*-  /v^  ^^i^^^k^r?^*^^^  cfti*,  73^cd4^L^d^ '  €c^cc^>cz^<rr:  I 


READY  FOR 

BUSINESS 


A'  this  time,  March  7,  but  thirty  clays  after  the   fire,  \vc 
arc  beginning  to  till  orders.      By  the  time  this  copy 
of  the  Business  Educator  is  received,  we  think   we 
can     lill    all    orders   received    for    our   important  price    list 
numbers,     notwithstanding    the    unusual     and    extraordinary 
difficulties    Ave    have    encountered   in    securing  the  necessary 
supplies  of  paper  and  other  materials. 

We  wish,  in  this  public  way.  to  acknowledge  our  keen 
appreciation  of  the  kindl)  consideration  shown  us  by  users  of 
our  publications  in  the  matter  of  delays  in  filling  orders. 
Fortunately,  by  drawing  freely  upon  our  depositories  we  have 
been  aide  to  pretty  fully  meet  the  needs  of  our  customers. 

NEARLY  ALL  THE  PLATES  FOR  BOTH  BUDGET  SYSTEMS  WERE  SAVED 
Consequently,  Budgets  A  and  B  1  are  now  ready,  and 
Budget  B  Pari  2,  and  Budgets  101,  102  and  108  of  Commer- 
cial and  Industrial  Bookkeeping  follow  closely  after.  Orders 
are  already  being  filled  for  depositories,  and  they  will  be  able 
to  fill  oidci-  as  soon  as  stocks  can  reach    them. 

Again,  acknowledging  our  appreciation  of  courtesies 
extended,  and  assuring  the  teaching  fraternity  thai  thirtj 
days  more  will  prepare  us  with  a  full  line  of  our  publications, 

we  are. 

Very   respectfully  your-. 


Sadler-Rowe  Company 

Baltimore,    Md. 

e 9 


dFve@«»Uirve^>£cUi»&cbter  &» 


I  C?£&v-esr£L<±£s7^  czsrzsc/  ^cc^-£c^d^e^rd  ^a^t^S  ^^<z-^z-^  •^sv^ 


C7/^ /3^4-(^z^^<£^^^  I 


'*/lvc  teu,Arte^£cUv£uXur   & 


Greatest  money-Proflucing  industry  in  (tie  Worn 

January,  1899,  we  bought  for  a  lady  stockholder  in  our 
Company  this  cow  and  calf  for  $50.00.     See  results  for 
four  years  :    Seven  head  of  cattle  worth  $190.00  and  the 
cows  have  produced  milk  and  butter  worth  $170.00 
more.     $360.00  for  a  $50.00  investment. 

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An  Opportunity  to  Share  in  An  Honest,  Conservative,  and  Dividend-Paying  Business  Is 
Offered  the  Readers  of  The  Business  Educator  By  The  California  Cattle  and  Land  Co. 


In  considering  an  investment  there  are  three  things  to  be  demonstrated  to  the  satisfaction  of  the  investor: 

Is  It  A  Paying  investment? 

The  Cattle  Industry  has,  does,  and  will  pay  larger  and  steadier  dividends  than  any  other  business.  It  has 
made  millions  for  the  cattle  and  beef  kings.  It  will  make  big  returns  for  you.  After  using  ;i  portion  of  our 
earnings  for  extensive  improvements  on  the  ranch,  we  are  NOW  PAYING  DIVIDENDS  of  12%  per  annum. 
When  these  improvements,  now  nearing  completion,  are  finished,  dividends  will  increase,  and  we  confidently 
expect  to  pay,  within  two  years,  dividends  of  not  less  than  20%. 

Are  the  Managers  Experienced,  Capable,  and  Honest? 

Raising  beef  and  dairy  cattle  on  a  California  ranch  with  grass  twelve  months  in  the  year,  is  no  experiment 
with  us.  During  our  six  years  in  this  business,  as  partners  or  as  a  company,  our  annual  profits  have  not  been 
less  than  10",,.  As  to  our  responsibility  and  integrity,  we  refer  to  the  Mercantile  Agencies,  California  Banks, 
and  our  present  stockholders.  About  30  prominent  and  influential  Commercial  Teacliers  are  among  our  200 
stockholders. 

Our  Company  was  incorporated  and  is  being  conducted  upon  the  principle  of  right  and  justice  to  all 
concerned,  and  we  welcome  the  closest  investigation  as  to  our  business  and  standing. 

What  Security  Has  the  investor  for  His  Money  ? 

25,000  acres  of  land.     1,000  head  of  cattle  and  other  stock.     100  miles  offence. 

On  this  property  we  give  every  investor  a  first  mortgage  bearing  8%  interest,  certified  to  by  one  of  the 
strongest  banks  in  California  which  holds  all  of  our  propi  rty  in  trust  for  the  investors  as  security  for  their 
principal  and  interest.  In  additon  to  this,  the  investor  shares  in  all  the  profits  of  the  Company.  We  are 
now  paying  12"0,  and  when  our  ranch  is  completely  stocked,  the  dividends  will  exceed  20%  per  annum.  Where 
can  you  find  a  better  paying  investment  that  offers  as  good  security? 

Why  Do  We  Offer  Any  Stock  for  Sale  ? 

Treasury  stock  is  for  sale  at  par  value,  $1.00  per  share,  for  the  specific  purpose  of  immediately  increasing  the 
number  of  cattle  on  the  ranch  and  thus  more  fully  to  utilize  our  entire  25,000  acres  of  grazing  land.  All  money 
now  rece  ved  for  treasury  stock  goes  directly  into  grazing  stock,  and  comes  out  as  dividends.  That's  all  there  is  to 
our  proposition. 

Our  prospectus,  descriptive  letters  from  persons  who  have  visi  ed  the  ranch,  and  other  interesting  particulars, 
together  with  a  list  of  teachers  who  are  associated  with  us,  will  be  sent  by  our  representative  upon  receipt  of  request. 


California  Cattle  and  Land  Company     L  M.  THORNBURGH,  Representative, 


Home  Office  616  Hay  ward  Building 

San  Francisco,  Calif. 


(Principal  Commercial  High  School) 

469  Broadway  Paterson,  N.  J. 


J  CjH^-^rit^e^r)  a^i*/  TSoc^-gmSi^srj  ^tv-c&-  tSuzsnsfe  ^yost.  fy-r  smtsnsCcim*-^^  C^h^T^M^n^l^S^coca^trr  I 


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75  Vacancies 


We  are  not  paying  news-clipping  bureaus,  hiring  teachers 
to  send  us  information  by  the  underground  railway,  or  resort- 
ing to  any  other  strained  method  of  obtaining  information 
about  vacancies.  We  do  not  need  to  do  so  ;  within  a  few 
weeks,  75  vacancies  have  been  directly  reported  to  us.  Our 
hundreds  of  friends  throughout  the  profession  have  confidence 
in  our  judgment,  our  record  for  getting  things  done,  and  our 
exceptional  facilities  for  putting  the  right  man  in  communi- 
cation with  the  desirable  position. 

If  you  have  been  keeping  track  of  our  advertising,  you 
will  have  noticed  that  our  entire  effort  has  been  spent  in  an 
endeavor  to  get  it  into  the  heads  of  worthy  teachers — we  pray 
for  deliverance  from  the  other  kind — that  we  are  in  a  position 
to  help  them,  and  that,  too,  without  one  iota  of  risk  on  their 
part.  There  is  absolutely  no  obligation  assumed  by  the 
teacher  who  enrolls  with  us,  except  to  pay  us  the  usual  com- 
mission if  he  consents  to  accept  a  position  that  we  bring  to 
his  attention.     The  teacher  is  both  judge  and  jury. 

Of  course  we  have  had  many  fine  teachers  enrolled  with 
us,  and  we  have  put  more  than  fifty  in  the  way  of  bettering 
themselves,  during  recent  weeks,  but  it  does  seem  too  bad  that 
there  are  gilt-edged  positions  at  from  $1,000  to  $1,600  waiting 
for  some  worthy  man  who  is  now  pounding  away  conscien- 
tiously in  some  out-of-the-way  institution,  unknown,  because 
he  does  not  attend  conventions,  contribute  to  the  professional 
press,  nor  do  any  of  the  things  that  commonly  bring  capable 
teachers  to  the  attention  of  school  officials.  You  are  the 
people  that  we  can  help  Will  you  not  let  us  try  ?  Our 
splendid  new  prospectus  will  be  ready  to  mail  just  about  the 
time  you  read  this.     Ask  for  it. 

THE  NATIONAL  COMMERCIAL  TEACHERS'  AGENCY, 

A  Specialty   by  a  Specialist. 
B.  E.  QAYLORD,  Manager.  Beverly,   Mass. 


IN  TIME  OF  PEACE 
PREPARE  FOR  WAR 


-PUBLIUS  SYRUS. 


This  may  not  be  exactly  a  time  of  peace 
with  managers  of  business  schools;  the  hosts 
of  ignorance  are  always  active  and  the  tight 
against  them  must  be  kept  up  all  the  year 
'round. 

But  we  are  nearing  the  end  of  the  annual 
campaign  of  1903-04  and  the  wise  generals  are  be- 
ginning to  think  of  the  campaign  of  next  year. 

What  of  Your  Shorthand  Department  ? 

Has  it  fulfilled  the  measure  of  vour  hopes 
during  this  last  year?    If  not,  why? 

Perhaps  you  are  not  teaching  the  right  sys- 
tem and  are  using  the  wrong  text-books.  If  so, 
write  us  for  sample  copies  and  for  full  informa- 
tion concerning 


failure.      If    so, 


The  Benn  Pitman  System. 


Certificated  Teachers 


now  open  to  engagements  for  next  y< 


The  Phonographic  Institute  Co., 

BEHH  PITMAN,  President.  finrinn  '1 1  i      Clhin 

JEROME  B    HOWARD,  Manager.  ^lliCllllldll,    UI1IU. 


"  It  exactly  meets  the  requirements  " 

Modern  Illustrative  Banking 

WILLIAMS  (&  ROGERS  SERIES 

*T*IIIS  is  a   brief,  practical,  and  attractive  course  in  banking  and  bank 
|        bookkeeping,    employing    vouchers    and    modern    forms    of    bank 
account  books. 
While  it  is  designed  to  be  used  as  supplementary  to  Modern   Illus- 
trative  Bookkeeping,  and  possesses  the  strong  features  of  that  eminently 
successful  work,  it  may  be  used  with  any  other  bookkeeping  system. 

This  course  has  been  introduced  into  representative  business  schools 
throughout  the  country,  where  it  is  giving  complete  satisfaction. 

A  Trial  Will  Demonstrate  Its  Merits 

AMERICAN  BOOK  COMPANY 

New  York  :  Cincinnati  :  Chicago  :  Boston  :  Atlanta  :  Dallas  :  San  Francisco 

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Sfe  Same  Old  Problem 


For  the  past  four  years  we  have  been  confronted  with  the  same 
problem  how  to  provide  teachers  of  Gregg  Shorthand  for  the  schools 
that  are  adopting  it  all  over  the  country.  This  year  the  demand  is 
greater  than  ever  before— and  will  keep  on  increasing  with  each  week 
until  the  beginning  of  next  season  because  more  schools  are  now 
making  their  preparations  to  adopt  Gregg  Shorthand  than  in  any 
previous  time  in  its  history. 

It  is  a  simple  fact  that  there  are  greater  possibilities  of  advance- 
ment for  teachers  —  and  infinitely  more  opportunities  for  securing 
positions  with  Gregg  Shorthand  than  with  any  other  system  for  the 
reason  that  it  is  now  taught  in  more  schools  than  are  using  any 
other  three  systems  combined. 


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Trie  Present  coitions  Explained 

Let  us  explain  the  conditions  confronting  us : 

The  demand  for  our  system  has  been  created, 
and  in  many  sections  of  the  country  intending 
students  of  shorthand  positively  demand  the  Gregg 
system.  The  schools  naturally  desiie  to  secure 
these  students,  and  the  introduction  of  Gregg 
Shorthand  follows  as  a  matter  of  course.  It  is 
impossible,  however,  for  a  commercial  school  to 
change  systems  suddenly,  as  the  course  of  instruc- 
tion in  the  old  system  must  be  completed  with 
students  already  enrolled  while  new  students  are 
started  on  the  Gregg.  For  this  reason  we  are 
bombarded  each  year  with  urgent  requests  for 
teachers  of  Gregg  Shorthand  who  are  also  compe- 
tent to  give  instruction  in  some  other  system — 
Graham,  Pitman,  Munson,  Dement,  Cross,  or  what- 
ever the  system  may  be  which  has  previously  been 
taught.  As  the  adoption  of  our  system  by  an  im- 
portant school  often  depends  upon  our  being  able 
to  supply  such  a  teacher,  it  is  naturally  very  dis- 
appointing to  us  when  we  cannot  do  so. 


!     Special  otter  to  Teacners     I 


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We  must  provide  teachers  or  lose  business.  To 
meet  the  demand  we  are  going  to  give 

Free  instruction  in  Gregg  snontiand 

By  Mail  to  One  liundred  Teachers 

This  course  of  instruction  will  be  conducted 
under  the  direction  of  the  author  of  Gregg  Short- 
hand and  will  consist  of  the  splendid  course  of  les- 
sons and  exercises  prepared  lor  the  use  of  schools 
and  teachers  desiring  to  develop  »  mail  instruction 
business.  Many  teachers  have  already  taken  the 
course,  paying  the  regular  tuition  rates,  for  the 
purpose  of  learning  our  methods  of  giving  mail 
instruction. 

There  will  be  absolutely  no  obligation  on  any- 
one to  adopt  Gregg  Shorthand  at  the  end  of  the 
course  unless  he  desires  to  do  so.  Our  sole  object 
is  to  provide  teachers  to  meet  the  demand  next 
season.  The  merits  of  the  system,  and  results  ac- 
complished, will  do  the  rest. 

If  you  desire  to  avail  yourself  of  this  offer, 
write  us  promptly  as  the  instruction  must  begin 
immediately  in  order  that  the  teachers  be  ready 
for  next  season. 


*»-»-« -95-a  «-a  *«-ra-9**-s-s-a-j-9-i-j  «-a -j-3-s  «-• -M-3  ** 


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Chicago 


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Supremacy 

==  by  = 

Superiority 


Isaac  Pitmq&tfs  S^oftfya^d 

has  been  added  to  the  curriculurn  of  the 

MILLER    SCHOOL 

(Chas.  lyf    Wilier,  Principal) 
1133  BroaduJay  I^eul  York 


RIGHT  HAND 


®®©®\©(i)®©© 

@®©®©Vy)®©®© 

••©•©)©••• ' 


A  Practical  Course  io  tough  Typewriting. 

By  CHAS.   E.   SMITH 

Price    50    cents;     Cloth     75    cents 


SPACE  B A 


King-ers   will    green    lett-r? 
Hike  keys  with  green  lettr-rs. 


ith  red  letters 
\  -  »  ith  red  letters,  ting 
tli  violet  lettei-s  .strike  k. 
with  violet  letters. 


k- tiers   strike  key: 
with    blue    letters 

Use  the   right   thumb 

only  in  spacing. 


"  It  is  about  the  best  work  I  have  ever  seen.  We  shall  adopt  it  in  our  college." 
— E.  J.  Forney,  State  Normal  and  Industrial  College,  Greensboro,  N.  C. 

"Please  extend  our  previous  order  for  five  hundred  copies  of 'A  Practical 
Course  in  Touch  Typewriting'  to  one  thousand  copies." -Frederick  E.  Woott, 
Wood's  Sckool  of  Business  and  Shorthand,  New  York. 

'•  It  is  a  habit  with  publishers  when  putting  something  new  on  the  market  in 
the  way  of  a  textbook  to  claim  it  to  be  the  best.  'A  Piactical  Course  in  Touch 
Typewriting  "  certainly  merits  this  distinction.  It  has  not  the  fault  of  contain 
ing  too  little  to  permit  of  the  art  being  thoroughly  mastered,  or  of  the  lessons 
being  so  long  and  uninteresting  as  to  tire  the  student.  The  happy  medium  has 
been  struck,  and  the  composition  of  the  lessons  is  such  as  to  hold  the  interest  of 
the  student  from  start  to  finish,  making  possible  a  nuiximum  of  results  in  a 
minimum  of  time  I  believe  those  who  compare  the  results  produced  by  the 
'  Practical  Course  '  with  those  of  other  systems,  will  admit  that  there  is  a  super- 
ior something  about  the  former  that  easily  places  it  ahead  of  anything  at 
present  on  the  market."—/?.  A.  Nells,  Principal  Nells'  School,  New  York. 


ISAAC  PITMAN'S 
3/fORTH^ND 
JN57RUCT0R 


ISAAC  PITMAN'S  SHORTHAND 
INSTRUCTOR.-  Revised  Twentie 
th  Century  edition.  Used  in  the 
New  York  High  School  of  Com- 
merce. Brooklyn  Commercial 
High  School,  and  Girls'  Technic- 
al High  School,  etc.  This  work 
is  a  new  presentation  of  the  sys- 
tem based  on  the  accumulated 
experience  of  the  past  sixty 
years,  and  includes  many  valu- 
able improvements  which  ap- 
pear for  the  first  time.  Cloth, 
gilt,  276  pages,      .        .       .       $1.50 


TWENTIETH  CENTURY  DICTATION  BOOK  AND  LEGAL  FORMS 
—Third  Edition.  A  collection  of  genuine  business  letters, 
in  ordinary  type,  covering  fifty  lines  of  business;  Legal 
Forms,  anil  a  judicious  selection  of  practice-matter.  Chap- 
ters on  Spelling,  Punctuation,  Capitalization,  etc.  Pro- 
gressive schools  everywhere  are  adopting  this  work.  272 
pages,  boards  and  cloth  back,  75c;  cloth,         .        .        $1.00 


ISAAC  PITMAN'S  SHORTHAND  DICTIONARY.- Shorthand 
Outlines  of  over  61,(100  words  with  Tvpe  Key.  Also  a 
complete  list  of  Grammalogues  and  Contracted  Words. 
20th  Century  (Eighth)  Edition.    312  pages,  cloth,  gilt  -  $1.50 


^^Titst  issue  June  15th  Pitman's  Journal.  Published  quarterly.  Yearly  subscription  25  cents.  An  American 
magazine  for  American  teachers  and  writers.  Send  for  sample,  and  24-page  catalogue  containing  list  of  over 
1(10  works  in  Isaac  Pitman  shorthand. 


ISAAC     PITMAN     (§L     SONS,     Publishers, 


31    Union   Square   West, 


NEW     YORK. 


I   Cfe&z*-€sr£t4l^rJ  czsn-e?  &44*&&*d4ius7tf  ^€4*t^£  £>£KZs??sfe  /?4&t4,  firr  s??i^?^£c<€r?7sts>*L47   C7%-&  TR^adorLAdd '  C^cCt^e>ct^ir7'   I 


vr, 
I 


DUSINESSLDUOATOR 


DEVOTED    TO    THE    INTERESTS    OF    BUSINESS    EDUCATION    AND    PENMANSHIP, 


Vol.   IX.     No.  9. 


COLUMBUS.  O.,   MAY,    1904. 


THE  BUSINESS  EDUCATOR. 


Published  Monthly  (Except  July  and  August),  by 
Zaner  &  Bloser,  118  North  High  St.,  Columbus,  O., 
at  $1.00  a  Year      Foreign  Subscriptions,  30c.  extra. 


C.  P.  Zaner,  Columbus,  O. 
E.  E.  Gaylord,  Beverly,  Ma; 
E.  W.  Bloser,  Columbus,  O. 
Address  all  communicatio 
Columbus,  O.,  except  those 
ments,  which  should  be  sent 


Associ; 


Editor 
ite  Editor 
!  Manager 

s  to  Zaner  &  Bloser, 
elating  to  the  depart- 
o  Mr.  Gaylord. 


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The 


E.  C.  T.  A.  Convention 


New  York  was  all  tears  when  we  came  and  while  we  staid,  and  all  smiles 
when  we  left,  although  she  very  cordially  asked  us  to  come  again.  Nearly 
all  the  schools  were  in  session  on  Thursday,  so  the  attendance  was  com- 
paratively light,  but  animated  interest  and  good  numbers  characterized  the 
sessions  on  Friday.  The  attendance  as  a  whole  was  not  so  good  as  at  either 
of  the  last  two  conventions.  A  part  of  this  may  have  been  due  to  the  fact  that 
this  year  the  meeting  came  before  the  spring  vacation  in  many  of  the  schools; 
and  part  of  it  may  be  ascribed  to  the  failure  to  obtain  reduced  rates  for  mem- 
bers. 

While  the  meetings  were  not  opened  on  the  minute,  according  to  schedule, 
much  greater  promptness  was  shown  than  heretofore,  and  President  Rowe 
handled  the  reins  with  exceptional  skill.  For  once  it  really  seemed  as  though 
good  feeling  ruled  throughout.  Since  the  new  order  of  things  in  the  election 
of  officers,  apathy  has  been  apparent  regarding  elections,  the  members  hav- 
ing virtually  nothing  whatever  to  say  about  the  matter,  but,  to  the  surprise 
of  everyone,  the  Nominating  Committee  made  an  unusual  happy  choice, 
naming  for  President  a  teacher  who  has  no  special  personal  interests  to  serve, 
and  who  is  educationally  and  professionally  altogether  worthy  of  the  respon- 
sible position. 

The  program  was  a  good  one  and  was  carried  out  practically  just  as 
announced.  For  once,  excellent  judgment  was  shown  for  allowing  ample 
time  for  discussions  and  the  interest  was  correspondingly  enhanced. 

It  seemed  to  be  the  general  opinion  that  the  omission  of  a  banquet  this 
year  was  a  wise  plan,  for  it  left  every  body  free  to  spend  his  evenings  as  he 
chose,  and  there  is  no  need,  in  New  York,  to  provide  special  entertainment 
in  order  to  keep  time  from  hanging  heavy  on  a  visitor's  hands. 

The  new  membership  was  the  smallest  in  three  years  (Philadelphia,  129; 
Brooklyn,  107;  New  York,  68;)  ,  but  the  meeting  as  a  whole  was  one  of  the 
the  most  satisfactory  in  the  history  of  the  Association. 


H.    n.   HOWE,  BALTIMORE,   PRESIDENT. 


Officers. 

President,  William  Hope,  Harlem  Busi- 
ness Institute,  New  York. 

1st  V.  Pres.,  Frank  E.  Lakey,  English  High 
School,  Providence. 

2nd  V.  Pres.,  Parke  Schoch,  Drexel  Insti- 
tute, Philadelphia. 

3rd  V.  Pres.,  H.  \V.  Pelton,  Lynn  (Mass.) 
Business  College. 

Secretary,  A.  S.  Heaney,  Rhode  Island 
Commercial  School,  Providence. 

1st  Asst.  Sec,  Miss  Stella  Smith,  The  Eag- 
an  School,  Hoboken,  N.  J. 

2nd  Asst.  Sec,  Mrs.  S.  McVeigh,  Bliss  Bus- 
iness College,  N.  Adams,  Mass. 

Treasurer,  M.  D.  Fulton,  Auburn,  R.  1. 

Asst.  Treas.,L.  B.  Matthias.  High  School, 
Bridgeport,  Conn. 

Ex.  Board,  One  Year,  C.  W.  D.  Coffin, 
American  Book  Co.,  New  York. 

Ex.  Board,  One  Year,  W.  H.  Beacon,  Wil- 
mington (Del.)  Business  College. 


&hvfo\&*it\>c$b&dA*&<A&vr  ^ 


Cbc  General  meetings. 

THURSDAY. 

With  rain,  clouds,  and  gloom  out- 
side and  hearty  sociability  and  high 
spirits  inside,  President  Rowe,  at  11:- 
15,  March  31,  called  to  order  the  eighth 
annual  meeting  of  the  Eastern  Com- 
mercial Teachers'  Association. 
About  sixty  persons  listened  to  Dr. 
Joseph  F.  Johnson  as  he,  in  welcom- 
ing the  Association  to  the  home  of 
the  School  of  Commerce,  Accounts 
and  Finance,  explained  the  methods 
and  purpose  of  this  institution  and 
discussed  with  scholarly  breadth  and 
insight  the  evolution  of  various  lines 
of  work  now  acknowledged  to  belong 
properly  to  any  worthy  scheme  of  ed- 
ucational training,  though  once  ta- 
booed, as  commercial  training  now  is 
in  some  institutions  and  by  some  per-' 
sons. 

The  School  of  Commerce,  Accounts 
and  Finance  is  an  evening  school,  be- 
ing  open  from  eight  o'clock  to  ten 
o'clock  five  evenings  of  each  week. 
The  study  of  Accounting  is  the 
basis  of  the  work.  Round  this  are 
grouped  the  study  of  Finance,  the 
History  of  Commerce,  the  Materials 
of  Commerce,  Transportation,  Com- 
mercial Law,  etc.  They  maintain  no 
Business  Practice  Offices,  as  is  the 
custom  in  large  commercial  schools; 
their  teaching  is  largely  by  the  lec- 
ture plan.  There  were  no  desks  nor 
even  tables  in  sight.  The  "desks" 
were  wide-armed  chairs,  commonly 
used  in  lecture  rooms  of  colleges  and 
high  schools.  Students  are  drawn 
from  those  who  are  actively  engaged 
in  business  through  the  day,  or  who 
have  taken  work  in  some  good  com- 
mercial school. 

In  discussing  his  general  subject, 
Discipline  versus  Utility  as  the  Ob- 
jector Education,  Dr.  Johnson  showed 
how,  a  few  years  ago,  the  natural 
sciences  had  to  fight  for  recognition; 
then  the  modern  languages,  and  now 
the  business  subjects.  He  credited 
the  private  commercial  schools  for  a 
great  work,  but  looking  on  their  ac- 
complishment as  a  first  step,  he  ex- 
pressed the  belief  that  the  time  had 
come  to  make  a  scientific  study  of 
the  principles  underlying  great  busi- 
ness movements  ;  and  he  demonstrat- 
ed, by  reference  to  current  affairs, 
the  dominence  of  purely  commercial 


questions  in  the  life  of  the  day.  Those 
who  heard  Dr.  Johnson  were  certain- 
ly able  to  see  that  there  is  a  wide  dif- 
ference between  learning  how  to  re- 
cord business  and  how  to  do  busi- 
ness; between  a  haphazard,  trust-to- 
luck  method  of  mastering  the  under- 
lying principles  that  move  the  wheels 
of  trade,  and  the  intelligent,  system- 
atic study  of  these  principals.  It  is 
really  the  argument  of  commercial 
school  managers  in  regard  to  the  wis- 
dom of  attending  their  schools  to 
learn  to  keep  books,  instead  of  "pick- 
ing it  up  "  in  some  office. 

Doctor  Johnson  holds  that  it  is  un- 
fair to  make  comparisons  as  to  the 
results  of  work  done  by  schools  of 
higher  commercial  education,  for 
they  have  not  been  long  enough  in 
existence,  they  have  to  train  teachers 
to  handle  subjects  that  in  themselves 
have  not  yet  been  reduced  to  the  best 
form  for  class  exposition. 

President  Rowe  confined  himself 
largely  to  "family  affairs,"  acknowl- 
edging the  assistance  he  had  received 
from  his  associates  on  the  Executive 
Board;  advising  members  how  to  get 
the  most  out  of  the  meetings;  express- 
ing his  disapproval  of  the  idea  of  tell- 
ing one  another  in  convention  how 
each  school  manager  should  conduct 
his  own  business  ;  depreciating  the 
disposition  to  criticise  and  question 
the  motives,  methods,  etc.,  of  those 
responsible  for  the  policy  of  the  As- 
sociation ;  paying  a  well  deserved 
compliment  to  the  character  and  abil- 
ity of  high  school  commercial  teach- 
ers ;  commenting  on  the  great  need  of 
better-trained  commercial  teachers  ; 
and  referring  to  his  plan  for  an  Amer- 
ican Institution  of  Commercial 
Schools. 

After  the  appointment  of  a  long  list 
of  committees,  the  members  waded 
out  to  hunt  up  something  to  eat. 

FRIDAY  MORNING. 

With  New  York  personifying 
"Niobe  in  tears,"  the  meeting  was 
called  to  order  Friday  practically  on 
time,  with  from  150  to  200  persons 
present. 

Doctor  Charles  Davidson,  Inspector 
of  English  for  the  State  of  New 
York,  read  a  most  interesting  and  in- 
structive paper  on  "English  a  Fac- 
tor in  the  Training  of  a  Business 
Man."     By    referring    to    the    recent 


Chinese-Japanese  commercial  treaty, 
which  provides  that  in  case  of  doubt, 
the  English  version  of  the  treaty 
shall  be  considered  authoritative,  he 
indicated  the  probability  that  English 
was  destined  to  be  the  medium  of 
thought-exchange  for  the  world.  The 
elementary  teaching  of  English  to 
which  practically  all  commercial 
schools  now  limit  their  instruction  in 
this  important  subject,  we  would 
have  completed  by  the  grammar 
schools  fit  only  that  could  be),  and 
he  would  have  the  special  school  at- 
tempt the  broader  work  which  pro- 
vides facility  in  composition  ;  acumen 
in  valuing  forms  of  expression  ;  fin- 
esse in  the  handling  of  human  nature; 
and  a  philosophy  of  life  that  will 
hold  the  mind  steadfast  when  busi- 
ness waves  run  high  and  one's  bark 
rides  alone. 

"Facility  in  felicitious  phrasing 
has  a  money  value  in  every  office. 
Clear-cut,  exact,  and  vivid  phrasing 
is  a  priceless  acquisition  for  any  bus- 
iness man."  Doctor  Davidson,  en- 
forcing his  precept  by  his  example, 
dwelt  on  the  importance  of  the  order- 
ly presentation  of  a  plan,  the  mass- 
ing of  facts,  the  most  effective  meth- 
od of  getting  out  a  report.  He  spoke 
of  the  need  of  caution,  the  danger  of 
"fatal  fluency;"  the  value  of  a  study 
of  motives  arid  interests  ;  the  ordinary 
commercial  student's  inability  to 
grasp  differences  in  the  personality 
of  those  with  whom  we  must  have 
business  relations,  and  his  conse- 
quent damage  by  ill-judged  action. 
He  emphasized  the  influence  of  the 
reading  habit  for  the  leisure  hours 
of  a  young  man's  life,  for  the  incul- 
cation of  moral  truth  it  may  accom- 
plish, for  the  maturing  of  thought 
power  and  the  finishing  of  the  art  of 
expression.  He  dwelt  briefly  on  what 
all  observant  shorthand  '  teachers 
readily  admit  ;  namely,  the  weakness 
of  ordinary  students  in  putting  even 
simple  thought  into  good  language. 

This  paper  was  one  of  the  best 
ever  read  before  any  commercial 
teachers'  gathering,  and  the  discuss- 
ion showed  that  those  present  apprec- 
iated its  worth,  although  it  was  the 
concensus  of  opinion  that  present 
conditions  do  not  admit  of  the  de- 
gree of  attention  to  the  larger  side  of 
English  that  Doctor  Davidson  advis- 
ed giving  to  it.     At  present  all  avail- 


COURT  F.   WOOD,   WASHINGTON, 
FIKST  VICE-PRES1  DBNT. 


STELLA   SMITH,   HOBOKBN,  N.  J. 
FIRST  ASS'T  SECRETARY. 


GEORGE   P.  LORD,  SALEM,  MASS. 


E.  H.   NORMAN,   HALT] 


J.  J.    MACFARLANE,   PHILADELPHIA. 


able  time  is  used  up  in  doing  what 
the  grammar  schools  are  presumed 
to  have  done  before  the  student  reach- 
es the  commercial  school. 

Dr.  Cheesman  A.  Herrick,  of  the 
Central  High  School,  Philadelphia, 
then  delivered  an  address  on  "Eco- 
nomics as  a  Study  in  Commercial 
Schools."  Doctor  Herrick  is  always 
happy  in  being  able  to  put  his  thought 
in  direct,  simple  language,  so  that 
all  may  readily  understand  what  he 
is  driving  at.  We.  venture  to  say 
that  many  of  the  more  reflective 
teachers  present  would  willingly  have 
paid  the  expense  of  a  trip  to  New 
York  to  hear  that  address,  merely  as 
a  matter  of  instruction.  It  is  to  be 
regretted  that  it  had  not  been  com- 
mitted to  paper. 

Mr.  A.  R.  Haskins,  formerly  a 
teacher  in  the  Eastman  School,  now 
Auditor  of  the  American  Cigar  Com- 
pany, New  York,  next  gave  a  rattling, 
off-hand  talk  that  struck  commercial 
teachers  "where  they  live."  He  con- 
tends that  we  try  to  do  too  much; 
that  we  must  teach  our  boys  to  do 
some  one  thing  well,  rather  than  a 
whole  lot  of  things  indifferently; 
that  we  must  teach  absolute  loyalty 
to  the  interest  of  the  business  ;  accur- 
acy rather  than  speed;  willingness  to 
spend  an  extra  hour  if  the  business 
requires  it,  without  generating  a 
thundercloud  or  breaking  up  the  fur- 
niture. He  spoke  from  the  vantage- 
point  of  one  who  had  been  there,  and 
who  is  now  practicing  instead  of 
preaching.  He  was  in  excellent  voice, 
full  of  vim,  and  en  rapport  with  his 
audience,  everyone  of  whom  enjoyed 
what  he  had  to  say.  Mr.  Haskins 
gave  us  this  thought  to  take  to  our 
boys  and  girls  :  The  man  who  is  not 
larger  than  the  place  he  fills,  is  not 
large  enough  for  that  place.  Mr. 
Haskins'  pointed,  intelligent,  enthus- 
iastic address  closed  one  of  the  best 
sessions  that  the  Association  has 
enjoyed. 

FRIDAY    AFTERNOON. 

While  no  general  meeting  was  sched- 
uled for  Friday  afternoon,  it  was  de- 
cided to  call  the  various  sections  to- 
gether to  listen  to  a  paper  by  Mr.  J. 
J.  Eagan,  of  Hoboken,  N.  J.,  and  New 
York  City.  Mr.  Eagan  treated  his 
subject,  "What  is  the  Truth  as  to  the 
Time  Actually  Required  to  Prepare 
Thoroughly  Either  a  Shorthand  or  a 
Commercial  Student  ?  Are  the  Facts 
Truthfully  Set  Forth  in  Our  Announce- 


ments ?"  with  the  thoroughness  and 
candor  that  characterizes  his  business 
and  professional  policy.  Boiled  down , 
it  may  be  said  that  he  thinks  the  time 
required  is  greater  than  it  is  made  to 
appear,  and  that  it  is  not  customary 
"  to  tell  the  truth,  the  whole  truth,  and 
nothing  but  the  truth."  Of  course 
the  sinners  sat  eloquently  silent  under 
the  indictment,  though  the  subject 
and  its  treatment  deserved  as  thor- 
ough a  threshing  out  as  any  taken  up 
during  the  convention. 

After  the  conclusion  of  Mr.  Eagan's 
paper,  it  was  decided  to  have  the 
Nominating  Committee  report  the 
name  of  the  President,  and  they  did  so. 
Mr.  Hope  was  called  on  for  a  speech, 
and  he  gave  one  of  his  character- 
istically witty  Scotch  addresses ,  which 
everybody  enjoyed.  He  will  make  the 
meeting  next  year  a  spicy  one. 

SATURDAY    MORNING 

The  sun  came  out  gloriously  Satur- 
day morning,  extending  an  almost 
irresistible  invitation  to  remain  for 
Easter  Day  services.  An  audience  of 
complimentary  size  greeted  President 
Rowe  when  he  took  up  the  gavel. 

After  music,  which  all  enjoyed,  Mr. 
George  P.  Lord,  Salem,  Mass.,  read  a 
bright  paper  on  "The  Educational 
Value  of  the  Commercial  Subjects." 
After  listening  to  President  Lyons' 
masterful  address  on  this  subject  at 
Cincinnati,  we  were  hardly  prepared 
to  get  anything  new,  but  instead  of 
devoting  his  paper  to  a  discussion  of 
the  proposition  that  commercial  sub- 
jects create  interest,  he  confined  his 
remarks  to  the  idea  that  they  are  help- 
ful in  maintaining  interest.  Con- 
densed, Mr.  Lord's  paper  showed  that 
concreteness  is  the  essential  element 
in  the  commercial  subjects,  as  usually 
taught,  which  stimulates  the  interest 
of  the  student.  One  of  his  thoughts 
should  be  remembered  by  every 
teacher,  although  the  pedagogical 
truth  in  it  is  as  old  as  Socrates.  He 
said:  "The  teacher  who  never  tells  a 
boy  how  to  make  an  entry,  but  who  is 
able  to  lead  him  by  subtile  questions 
to  think  out  things  for  himself  is 
surely  an  educator  in  the  highest 
sense.  He  is  not  merely  imparting  a 
veneer  of  culture ;  he  is  laying  the 
foundation  for  future  mental  activity 
on  the  part  of  his  pupil,  because  he  is 
helping  the  boy  to  draw  out  the  latent 
forces  of  his  own  mind,  and  that  is 
what  all  education  is,  or  what  it  ought 
to  be," 


As  usual,  Mr.  Lord  paid  his  compli- 
ments to  the  greatness  of  commercial 
schools  and  the  inexpressible  insignifi- 
cance of  public  schools  as  educational 
forces  that  produce  results.  Natur- 
ally we  differ  from  him  here,  for,  in 
common  with  President  Rowe,  J.  A. 
Lyons,  and  others,  we  can  see  some 
elements  of  weakness  in  private  com- 
mercial school  work,  as  well  as  ele- 
ments of  strength  ;  furthermore,  we 
are  close  enough  to  public  school  work 
to  recognize  at  least  an  infinitesimal 
amount  of  worth  in  their  work,  as  well 
as  some  of  their  defects.  His  dis- 
cussion of  English,  when  compared 
with  Doctor  Davidson's  treatment  of 
that  subject,  is  an  illuminating  ill- 
ustration of  the  importance  of  coupl- 
ing example  with  precept. 

Mr.  J.  J.  Macfarlane,  Librarian  of 
the  Philadelphia  Commercial  Museum, 
then  gave  a  very  instructive  address 
on  the  subject,  "Commercial  Geog- 
raphy as  a  Practical  Aid  to  the  Busi- 
ness Man  ;  The  Use  of  Government  Re- 
ports in  Teaching."  Mr.  Macfarlane 
is  acknowledged  to  be  an  authority  in 
this  field,  and  his  remarks  were  listen- 
ed to  with  unusual  interest.  It  is  well 
that  discussions  of  various  phases  of 
work  in  Commercial  Geography  are 
given  at  our  annual  meetings,  for  it 
is  a  subject  of  the  first  importance, 
although  a  new  one,  and  our  teachers 
need  to  understand  its  value  to  busi- 
ness men. 

Mr.  Robert  C.  Spencer  was  not  pres- 
ent to  read  his  paper  on  "The  Per- 
sonality of  the  Teacher  as  a  Factor  in 
Education,"  a  subject  of  vital  im- 
portance to  successful  schoolroom 
work,  as  every  school  manager  knows. 

The  Treasurer's  report  showed  a 
balance  brought  over  of  $291.36,  and 
a  balance  at  this  date,  with  all  bills 
paid,  of  $362.67.  There  are  now  about 
400  members. 

Business  Section. 

THURSDAY   A-FTERNOON. 

First  Vice  Pres.  Court  F.  Wood, 
Washington,  D.  C,  calledthe  meeting 
of  the  Business  Section  to  order 
promptly,  and  Mr.  E.  H.  Norman  read 
a  paper  on  "  School  Discipline."  Mr. 
Norman  had  the  close  attention  of  his 
audience  as  he  made  some  telling 
points.  He  maintains  that  the 
principal  of  the  school  should  first  of 
all  be  a  man  whose  example  is  as 
good  as  bis  precept :  a  man  whom  the 
scudents  respect,  whose  word  is  law, 


to 


dKe&u^irvc^i>£d»u?&€ibtoF   ^ 


but  a  law  used  as  little  as  may  be. 
He  believes  that  the  teacher  must  co- 
operate;  that  the  students  must  be 
kept  busy  ;  that  there  must  be  a  mani- 
fest reason  for  the  regulations  en- 
forced ;  that  all  must  be  interested  in 
their  duties  :  the  pupil  in  his  work  and 
the  teacher  in  the  pupil  and  the  work. 
It    might    well    be    wished    that    all 

Erivate  school  managers  might  em- 
ody,  as  Mr.  Norman  does,  the  pre- 
cepts they  place  before  their  young 
people.  Mr.  Norman  has  the  fine  in- 
stincts of  a  gentleman  and  he  is  .an 
upright,  capable  teacher  and  business 
man. 

"  Business  Ethics  "  was  the  subject 
of  a  very  thoughtful  paper  by  Mr.  O. 
C.  Dorney,  of  Allentown,  Pa.  Mr. 
Dorney  is  well  known  as  one  of  those 
men  of  practical  mold  who  believe 
that  it  is  possible  to  do  something 
worth  while  in  the  positive  presenta- 
tion of  ethics  apart  from  living  the 
lesson  before  the  students  in  "daily 
life.  He  surprised  his  friends  by 
painting  a  rather  gloomy  picture  of 
the  tendencies  of  the  times  toward  an 
absolute  loss  of  the  old-time  high 
standards  of  commercial  honor.  He 
always  appears  to  be  a  very 
■optimistic  gentleman,  but  we  must 
admit  that  there  is  good  reason  for 
much  that  he  alleges  against  the  evil 
practices  in  business  to-day.  He  fair- 
!v  Mibmerged  us  with  illustrations  of 
the  wrongdoing  that  permeates  busi- 
ness in  these  times,  and  he  wound  up 
with  this  most  excellent  text,  "  Let 
your  light  so  shine  among  men  that 
they  may  see  your  good  works  and 
glorify  your  Father  which  is  in 
heaven." 

The  discussior.  that  followed  Mr. 
Dorney's  paper  was  exceedingly  lively 
and  profitable.  Since  it  was  referred 
to  several  times  in  the  discussion,  we 
mention  the  name  of  a  little  book  that 
has  done  a  great  deal  of  good  in  its 
day:  "  Good  Morals  and  Gentle  Man- 
ners," by  A.  M.  Gow.  It  may  not  be 
in  print  now,  but  those  interested  in 
this  subject,  as  all  ought  to  be,  should 
try  to  obtain  a  copy  of  this  inspiring 
book. 

The  leaders  of  the  Round  Table 
discussion  of  Business  Writing,  ad- 
vertised to  take  place  Thursday  after- 
noon, failed  to  appear,  and  so'Mr.  H. 
W.  Patten,  of  the  Philadelphia  Central 
High  School,  who  was  to  read  before 


the  High  School  Section  a  paper  on 
"How  Can  Better  Writing  Be  Secured 
in  Grammar  Grades  ?  "  was  asked  to 
read  his  paper  to  the  combined  Sec- 
tions. Mr.  Patten  has  to  takechildren 
trained  in  so-called  vertical  writing, 
and  attempt  to  make  them  good  busi- 
ness writers.  The  task  is  Herculean, 
and,  though  Mr.  Patten  is  a  veritable 
Ajax,  it  is  too  much  for  him.  Nev- 
ertheless, he  brought  with  him  some 
specimens  from  his  classes,  showing 
remarkable  improvement  and  ex- 
cellent results.  The  trouble  is  that 
this  cannot  be  done  with  all  of  the 
many  who  have  been  started  on  the 
wrong  road.  Mr.  Patten  would  have 
the  "vertical"  fad  abandoned  in  the 
interest  of  both  children  and  business 
men,  and  he  would  have  supervisors 
appointed  who  can  teach  the  teachers, 
systemize  the  grammar  grade  work  in 
writing,  and  put  some  enthusiasm  in- 
to the  subject. 

The  discussion  that  followed  Mr. 
Patten's  paper  was  such  as  can  be 
understood  and  enjoyed  by  none  who 
merely  read  about  it.  Talk  about 
shorthand  for  enthusiasm  :  Just  drop 
into  a  real  old-time  experience  meet- 
ing of  shouting  penmanists,  and  you 
will  learn  what  it  is  to  believe  in  some- 
thing clear  down  to  your  toes.  The 
concensus  of  opinion  was  that  pen- 
manship is  poorly  taught  in  the  public 
schools,  that  vertical  is  worse  than 
worthless,  and  that  plain  movement 
writing  is  the  kind  to  teach ;  that 
children  would  better  not  take  it  up 
so  early  as  they  now  do,  and  that  a 
medium  slant  will  probably  take  the 
place  of  the  extremes  now  followed. 
Everybody  admired  Mr.  Hinman's 
graceful  board  work,  but  only  as  an 
accomplishment,  not  as  an  ex- 
emplification of  that  which  is  practical 
in  present-day  teaching.  We  all  look- 
ed on  curiously  as  Mr.  Glick  and  Mr. 
Courtney,  with  truly  remarkable  skill, 
wrote  beautiful  signatures  that  were 
upside  down,  but  we  wondered  why 
these  gentlemen  had  in  this  way 
wasted  energy  that  might  better  have 
been  spent  in  acquiring  something 
useful  or  beautiful  orboth.  However, 
the  penmanship  end  of  the  afternoon 
meeting  was  a  very  lively  part  of  the 
proceedings  and  altogether  enjoyable. 

Five  minute  speeches  were  made  by 
the  following  well  known  penmen, 
each  being  called  for  by  the  enthusi- 


astic audience:  A.  N.  Palmer,  C.  P. 
Zaner,  H.  W.  Flickinger,  A.  H.  Hin- 
man,  R.  G.  Laird,  W.  C.  Stevenson, 
L.  M.  Thornburgh,  W.  H.  Covert,  H. 
G.  Healey,  R.  N.  Marrs,  L.  Madarasz, 
G.  W.  Harmon,  and  one  or  two  more 
whose  names  we  have  forgotten. 

FRIDAY   AFTERNOON. 

The  meeting  was  called  to  order 
promptly  by  Vice-President  Court  F. 
Wood,  and  Edgar  M.  Barber,  of  the 
Appraiser's  Office,  New  York,  immed- 
iately dived  head  foremost  into  the 
subject  of  "Customs  Duties:  How 
They  are  Determined  and  Collected." 
Mr.  Barber  went  into  the  minutiae  of 
the  organization  and  methods  of 
Uncle  Sam's  great  tax-collecting 
establishment,  so  far  as  his  limited 
time  would  permit,  showing  to  those 
present  that  they  had  not  even  dream- 
ed of  the  complexity  and  responsibility 
of  the  problem  of  appraising  imports 
and  collecting  the  duties  on  them, 
notwithstanding  many  of  those  who 
heard  Mr.  Barber  had  worked  all  the 
problems  under  "  Duties  and  Cus- 
toms," in  several  commercial  arith- 
metics. We  regret  that  Mr.  Barber 
thought  it  injudicious  to  put  his  re- 
marks in  writing,  but  your  Uncle 
Samuel  requires  his  hired  men  to  be 
very  discreet,  and  even  so  innocent  a 
thing  as  a  plain  explanation  to  a  lot 
of  artless  pedagogues  who  never  think 
of  taking  a  dollar  that  did  not  belong 
to  them,  if  they  could  not  get  it,  even 
such  an  address  might  bob  up  some 
day  to  trouble  the  orator;  hence,  no 
notes.  Just  go  back  and  "work  out  " 
the  same  old  grind,  and  believe,  if  you 
want  to  do  so,  that  Duties  and  Cus- 
toms is  a  very  simple  subject.  It  is 
too  bad  that  Uncle  Sam  could  not  be 
induced  to  grant  our  old  colleague 
carte  blanche  to  entertain  the  next  con- 
vention with  some  "inside"  ex- 
periences. They  would  be  both  in- 
teresting and  instructive. 

Mr.  Eagan's  paper  was  read  before 
the  joint  body,  as  already  described. 

Mr.  S.  McVeigh,  of  North  Adams, 
Mass.,  read  a  paper  that  provoked 
animated  discussion,  we  were  told, 
although  we  were  unfortunately  so 
busily  engaged  with  another  phase  of 
the  question  of  teachers,  just  then, 
that  we  did  not  hear  Mr.  McVeigh's 
address.  We  have  his  manuscript, 
however,   and    here  are  his  principal 


O.  C  DORNEY,  ALLENTOWN,  PA. 


EDGAR  M.  BARHEK, 
APPRAISER'S  OFFICE,  N.  V.  CITY. 


H.    W.    PATTEN,  PHILADELPHIA. 


S.   MCVEIGH,   NORTH    ADAMS,    M  A  - 


.  G.  LAIRD,  N.  Y.  CITY. 
EXECUTIVE  BOARD. 


F.   A.   TIBBETTS,   PROVIDENCE,   R.  I. 


points  on  the  subject,  "How  May 
Commercial  Teachers  Be  Better 
Qualified  ?  " 

Teachers  should  attend  at  least  one 
convention  of  their  p  rof  ess  ion  al 
brethern  annually ;  they  must  improve 
their  English  education  and  their 
ability  to  teach  English  ;  prepare  by 
self-study  to  teach  any  of  the  branch- 
es in  the  ordinary  commercial  school 
course;  become  familiar  with  the 
leading  text-books  on  the  various  sub- 
jects ;  acquire  a  good  handwriting 
(We  say  Amen!);  read  the  journals 
of  the  profession  and  the  foremost 
magazines  of  the  day  dealing  with 
current  events  ;  cultivate  the  acquaint- 
ance of  the  business  men  of  the  city, 
and  get  practical  points  from  them; 
be  receptive  to  new  ideas ;  and  last 
and  best,  let  us  have  a  normal  school 
for  the  training  of  commercial  teach- 
ers, with  requirements  for  entrance 
equal  to  those  demanded  by  the  col- 
leges, and  a  course  at  least  two  years 
long. 

In  the  course  of  his  remarks,  Mr. 
McVeigh  quoted  the  "Marshall  Field 
Idea,"  which  should  be  held  up  to 
students  everywhere  to  incite  them  to 
their  very  best  efforts:  "To  do  the 
right  thing,  at  the  right  time,  in  the 
right  way;  to  do  some  things  better 
than  they  were  ever  done  before  ;  to 
eliminate  errors  ;  to  know  both  sides 
of  the  question  ;  to  be  courteous  ;  to 
be  an  example ;  to  work  for  love  of  the 
work  ;  to  anticipate  requirements  ;  to 
develop  resources  ;  to  recognize  im- 
pediments ;  to  master  circumstances  ; 
to  act  from  reason  rather  than  from 
rule;  to  be  satisfied  with  nothing  short 
of  perfection."  Here  is  a  whole  phil- 
osophy of  life. 

We  regret  very  much  that  we  did 
not  get  the  discussion  that  accom- 
panied this  paper.  The  subject  is 
one  of  the  most  vitally  important  to 
the  ultimate  success  of  our  cause,  and 
it  needs  to  be  discussed  from  every 
point  of  view,  to  the  end  that  some- 
thing practical  may  be  done  to  sup- 
ply the  remarkable  demand  that  now 
exists.  And  as  it  now  is,  the  placing 
of  teachers  is  merely  a  robbing  of 
Peter  to  pay  Paul.  The  supply  is  not 
increased.  A  normal  schocl  for  the 
training  of  commercial  teachers,  con- 
ducted on  a  high  plane,  would  prove 
to  be  remarkably  successful, simply 
because— as  Doctor  Russell  H.  Con- 
well  puts  it— there  is  a  want,  and  it  is 
not  supplied.  Who  will  take  ad- 
vantage of  this  economic  opportunity 
to  meet  a  great  professional  need? 


Che  fiigb  School  Section 

Reported     by    R.    G.    Eaird,    new   York 
Hiqh  School  of  Commerce 

THURSDAY   AFTERNOON 

Vice  President  Dr.  C.  A.  Herrick 
called  the  High  School  Section  to 
order,  and,  after  clearly  stating  the 
length  of  time  for  the  reading  of 
papers  and  for  discussion,  Thos.  H. 
H.  Knight  read  a  paper  on  "Com- 
parative Advantages  of  Class  and 
individual  Instruction  in  a  High 
School  Course."  The  reader  stood 
greatly  in  fear  of  the  chairman's 
gavel,  as  was  evidenced  by  the 
frequency  with  which  he  consulted 
his  watch.  He  took  the  ground  that 
"  individual  instruction  is  wasteful  of 
effort  upon  the  part  of  the  teacher 
and  offers  opportunity  for  dishonesty 
upon  the  part  of  the  pupil."  Bright 
pupils,  where  individually  taught, 
cover  more  ground  than  the  duller 
ones  and  the  latter  were  furnished 
with  material  that  they  might  copy 
and  present  as  their  own. 

Mr.  Patrie  opened  the  discussion 
by  expressing  the  view  that  class 
work  should  not  be  held  to  exclus- 
ively but  instruction  should  be  of  a 
general  nature  and  pupils  be  allowed 
to  make  as  rapid  progress  as  possi- 
ble. Mr.  Tibbetts  held  that  pupils 
should  be  given  instruction  in  classes, 
but,  later  on,  the  work  should  be 
individual.  Mr.  Lakey  would  set  a 
task  suited  to  the  pupil  a  little  above 
the  average  and  hold  the  class  strictly 
to  it,  having  the  backward  keep  up 
by  overtime.  Mr.  Stevenson  believes 
that  in  doing  bookkeeping  sets  both 
methods  must  be  combined,  but  for 
the  rapid  pupil  there  should  be  pro- 
vided extra  work  in  the  same  or 
coordinate  subjects. 

Mr.  F.  A.  Tibbetts,  of  Providence, 
then  presented  the  subject:  "The 
Card  System  as  an  Aid  to  Teaching." 
He  advocates  the  plan  of  having  a 
few  questions —  possibly  four— that 
bear  directly  upon  the  lesson,  read 
to  the  class,  to  which  the  pupils 
immediately  write  answers.  The 
papers  are  collected  and  serve  as  a 
basis  for  grades.  The  questions  are 
written  on  a  card  bearing  the  same 
number  that  appears  in  the  grade 
book.  When  absentees_  return,  easy 
access  is  had  to  material  to  enable 
them  to  make  up  back  work. 

At  this  point  this  section  joined 
the  business  section  and  listened  to 


the  reading  of  a  paper  on  "  How  Can 
Better  Writing  be  Secured  in  Gram- 
mar Grades?"  by  H.  \V.  Patten,  of 
Philadelphia. 

FRIDAY,   p.    M. 

The  first  number  was  a  paper  on 
"  Home  Work  for  Advanced  Stud- 
ents in  Shorthand  in  High  Schools," 
by  E.  M.  Williams,  Morris  High 
School,  Borough  of  the  Bronx,  New 
York  City.  The  desire  of  Mr.  Wil- 
liams is  to  put  shorthand  on  a  higher 
plane  than  that  of  a  mere  "  bread- 
and-butter  subject  "  as,  considering 
the  time  allotted,  it  has  superior 
disciplinary  features.  Correspon- 
dence between  pupils  should  be 
encouraged.  All  written  matter 
should  be  read  after  it  is  cold  as  well 
as  when  fresh  from  the  pen.  Mater- 
ial for  home  work  should  be  of  an 
authoritative  nature  and  the  World's 
Work,  Literary  Digest,  Brice's  Amer- 
ican Commonwealth,  White's  Money 
and  Banking,  and  editorials  from 
best  papers  provide  good  and  varied 
material  for  dictation.  Short  lessons 
should  be  assigned,  but  thorough 
preparation  required.  Mr.  Williams 
showed  by  his  paper  that  he  is  not 
only  a  master  of  his  subject  but  that 
he  is  a  man  who,  through  genius  and 
education,  is  a  tower  of  strength  in 
the  class  room. 

Discussion  by  Messrs.  Petrie, 
Knight,  Matthias  and  Anderson. 

The  next  number,  "  A  Practical 
Course  of  English  in  Commercial 
Courses  in  High  Schools,"  by  R.  G. 
Laird,  Commercial  High  School,  New 
York  City,  for  manifest  reasons,  gave 
wide  opportunity  for  discussion, 
which  was  taken  advantage  of  by 
nearly  all  those  present,  including 
the  chair. 

While  the  number  in  attendance  at 
this  section  was  not  large,  yet  those 
present  were  a  host  in  themselves 
from  the  deep  interest  they  showed. 
Action  is  already  being  taken  to 
interest  and  attract  teachers  from 
a  greater  distance,  and  it  is  believed 
that  next  year  the  numbers  attending 
the  High  School  Section  will  not  be 
far  behind  those  of  the  Business  or 
Shorthand  Section. 


Best  of  Tts  Kind. 


done 


"I  appreciate  all    that  is 
The  Business  Educator, 
and  more  to  the  conclusion  that  your  paper 
is  the  best  of  its  kind  published." 

L.  B.  DARLING, 
Elyria  Business  College,  Elyria,  O, 


ftoJkc&wUlru^£<&u?&<fetoF   & 


meeting  of  the  Shorthand 
Section 

Kcportcd  by  miss  Stella  tn.  Smith,  Che 
Caaan  School,  Robokcn,  n.  3. 

THURSDAY,  2:00  P.  M. 

Something  must  have  gone  wrong.  Al- 
though after  two  o'clock,  the  attendance 
was  very  slim.  Shall  we  lay  this  to  the 
attractions  of  that  fascinating  part  of  New 
i'orkt  ity'r  There  every  square  inch  teems 
and  throbs  with  interest.  As  I  looked  from 
the  window  into  Washington  Park  I  was 
soothed  by  the  calm  there:  it  enveloped 
the  magnificent  Washington  Arch,  reached 
to  the  row  of  "old-family"  residences  on 
the  north,  whose  quiet  dignity  suggested 
the  strength  gained  by  long  resistance 
against  the  constant  shifting  of  the  Metro- 
politans. This  air  of  peace  pervaded  the 
whole  park,  yet  I  knew  that  this  quiet  little 
spot  was  but  a  great  nerve  centre.  From 
here  starts  Fifth  Avenue— the  backbone  of 
the  city,  marking  the  line  dividing  east 
and  w.st  crowded  with  the  great  clubs 
and  the  homes  of  the  rich;  then  from  the 
west  Side  springs  Fourth  Street,  which 
Leads  a  crooked  way  to  the  most  crookedly 
laid-out  portion  of  the  city— the  old  Green- 
wich Village,  with  queer  old  streets,  so 
interesting  and  confusing  that  thestranger 
invariably  loses  himself;  to  the  south  lies 
the  land  of  sweat-shops,  wholesale  business 
houses,  the  great  markets,  and  a  conglom- 
eration of  business  houses  and  poverty- 
stricken  families,  mostly  foreigners;  then, 
to  the  east  is  Broadway;  and  these  are  not 
the  half  of  the  many  little  nerves  that  ex- 
tend from  this  quiet  centre.  We  were 
within  a  stone's  throw  of  the  famous, 
alluring  old  "Black  Cat,"  "Martin's," 
"Ifungaria."  not  far  from  the  "  Cafe  Boule- 
vard "—no,  our  members  surely  were  not 
loitering  there,  for  Bohemia  is  not  popular 
at  noon;  there  was  the  Judson  Memorial 
Church  across  the  square;  Grace  Church 
around  the  corner,  and  the  Church  of  the 
on  not  three  blocks  away  if  they 
were  not  at  prayers,  perhaps  the  short-hand 
teachers  were  worshipping  John  LaFarge's 
superb  coloring,  seeking  inspiration  no, 
I  looked,  but  diil  not  see  them  coming  in 
crowds  from  the  directions  of  the  churches; 
nor  were  they  studying  the  conditions  in 
the  slum  quarters— I  saw  none  coming 
from  there.  Wondering.  1  exclaimed, 
"Where,  where  can  they  all  be?"  Like  a 
Mash,    the     answer     came  — i    caught     my 


breath— there  was  one  point  beyond  my 
vision-the  iniquitous  region  of  Fourteenth 
Street,  with  Kieth's  at  the  entrance,  not 
quite  so  bad  a  place  as  those  farther  east, 
but  still,  not  the  most  holy  of  holies  — 
Could  it  be  that  our  dignified  teachers, 
those  seekers  of  knowledge,  were  foregoing 
the  uplifting  influence  of  the  convention 
meetings  to  watch  the  tripping  toe,  the 
swirling  gauze,  to  hear  gross  Irish  wit,  and 
darkey  dialect?  Or,  worse,  had  they  pene- 
trated farther  east  to  Tony  Pastor's,  or, 
horrors!  could  they  at  this  instant  be 
receiving  instruction  at  Tammany  Hall?— 
My  senses  swam  at  the  thought— I  reeled, 
and  would  have  fallen,  but  was  recalled  to 
consciousness  by  Mr.  W.  S.  Rogers'  rap 
calling  the  little  meeting  to  order. 

Perhaps  thoughts  like  mine  troubled  Mr. 
Kogers  too,  for  he  introduced  the  speakers 
very  briefly.  Perhaps  those  assembled 
were  also  uneasy,  for  they  did  not  show 
their  usual  eagerness  for  discussion,  or, 
was  it  that  the  speakers  were  so  convincing 
that  they  left  nothing  to  discuss? 

Mr.  J.  Clifford  Kennedy,  of  the  Underwood 
Typewriter  Co.,  Chicago,  111.,  told  of  his 
method  of  leading  sight  writers  to  touch. 
He  spoke  without  notes,  and  his  perfect 
naturalness  and  simplicity  of  style  con- 
vinced us  of  his  sincerity  and  that  he  was 
telling  of  his  experiences  and  not  airing 
theories.  He  modestly  made  no  claim  of 
advancing  anything  new  on  the  subject, 
but  simply  presented  "classified  ideas." 
He  said  that  he  had  trained  sight  writers 
to  write  by  touch  without  in  the  least 
interfering  with  their  daily  work,  by  first 
having  them  commit  to  memory  the  key- 
board -that,  he  said,  is  the  only  point  from 
which  to  begin;  the  second  step  is  to  train 
the  third  and  fourth  fingers,  by  exercises 
which  he  explained  very  fully;  then  to 
practice  the  alphabet— this  he  thought  of 
the  "greatest  assistance,"  to  practice  it 
both  backward  and  forward.  He  advocated 
the  use  of  both  thumbs,  and  illustrated 
how  to  acquire  this  use,  and  thought  it  well 
to  teach  the  use  of  both  shift  keys.  This 
was  to  be  followed  by  the  practice  of  alpha- 
betic sentences,  then  the  writing  of  figures 
and  punctuation  marks,  and,  to  finish  up, 
exercises  that  contain  every  character  on 
the  keyboard.  With  each  of  the  ten  steps 
very  complete,  simple  and  practical  exer- 
cises were  given.  Mr.  Kennedy  closed  with 
the  opinion  that  even  though  a  person  does 
not  adhere  to  the  touch  method  after  tak- 
ing a  position,  he  will  still  be  a  better 
operator  than  if  he  had  not  learned  that 
method. 


Mr.  J.  N.  Kimball's  sprightly  air  as  he 
stepped  upon  the  platform,  and  his  brisk 
introduction  of  his  subject— "Use  of  the 
Phonograph  for  Dictation,"  were  signals 
of  fun  ahead.  With  a  jerk  he  pulled  him- 
self together  and  began : 

"Mr.  Chairman,  ladies  and  gentlemen, 
school  teachers  and,  and— everybody  else— 
I  am  filled  with  embarrassment— in  fact, 
I  have  more  embarrassment  then  money, 
and  I  have  reason  therefor.  Some  time 
ago  I  received  an  invitation  from  one— 
Piatt— (I  think  that  was  his  name).  I  wrote 
out  a  fine  speech,  an  extra  fine  speech — 
indeed,  better  than  anything  you  will  have 
here.  I  wrote  it  over  seventeen  times,  cor- 
rected all  the  spelling  and  committed  it  to 
memory,  and  yesterday  morning  I  received 
a  letter  from  this  same  Piatt,  as  follows: 
'Dear  Kimball:  If  you  are  going  to  say 
anything  fit  to  print,  please  let  me  have  it.' 
What  do  you  think  of  that?  When  he  first 
wrote  me  I  jumped  at  the  chance  like  a 
frog  at  a  piece  of  red  flannel— for  it's  not 
often  I  get  a  chance  to  exploit  myself,  as  it 
were.  But  I  didn't  let  on  to  him— I  just 
wrote  back  by  the  next  mail— so  that  he 
wouldn't  change  his  mind— that  I  would 
'try  to  accommodate  him'  on  the  subject 
of  '  Some  Liars  and  Some  Lies,  by  one  of 
the  Elect,'  and  he  promptly  wrote  back, 
'No,  no,  that  wouldn't  do  — you  are  Past 
Master  —  you  know  so  much  more  about 
that  sort  of  thing  than  these  people  do 
that  you  would  fire  over  their  heads— they 
wouldn't  understand  you.  Then  I  sug- 
gested that  I  could  inform  you  how  to 
inveigle  a  pupil  with  a  three-months' 
course  proposition— and  then  keep  him  a 
year  and  get  all  his  money;  but  Mr.  Piatt 
wired  back:  '  They  know  just  as  much  as 
you  do  about  that — try  something  else.' " 

I  quote  Mr.  Kimball  to  this  point  for  the 
sake  of  the  last  sentence,  for  this  "short" 
and  "long-course"  question  was  a  discord 
struck  in  almost  every  paper  and  discussion 
of  the  convention,  whether  grave  or  gay. 

After  keeping  his  hearers  giggling  and 
haw-hawing,  and  applauding  for  some 
minutes,  Mr.  Kimball  cleared  the  secretary 
and  chairman  from  the  platform  and  sub- 
stituted his  phonograph  and  horn  and  a  lot 
of  rubber  hose  and  hearing  tubes.  He 
illustrated  the  different  rates  at  which  the 
machine  could  be  made  to  talk;  after  this 
demonstration  with  the  horn,  he  attached 
the  rubber  hose,  and  Mr.  Heaney  and  four 
others  sat  on  a  row  of  chairs  on  the  platform 
with  the  hearing  tubes  to  their  ears,  and  in 
this  manner  the  use  of  the  phonograph  for 
class  dictation   was  illustrated.    Mr.  Kim- 


.  T.  PLATT,   HOHOKEN,  N.J. 
EXI  CITIVE  BOAW1S. 


J.  N'.   KIMBALL,  NEW   YORK  CITY. 


BAMSDELL,  MIDDUETO'WN,  N. 
EXECUTIVE  BOARD. 


J.  E.   KING, 
EXECUTIVE  BOARD. 


VHL  A.  SCHUMACHER. 
NEW  YORK  CITY. 


ball  closed  with  the  Cassandralike 
prophecy  that  the  time  is  coming,  and  not 
very  long  from  now,  when  shorthand,  as  at 
present  written  and  taught,  will  be  dead, 
that  it  will  be  "  shut  out  by  the  phonograph 
as  the  typewriter  has  shut  out  the  pen." 

In  response  to  a  question  from  Mr. Charles 
M.  Miller,  Mr.  Kimball  said  that  he  used 
the  phonograph  in  his  night  classes,  and  in 
reply  to  the  objection  to  the  use  of  the 
hearing  tubes  from  a  sanitary  standpoint, 
Mr.  Kimball  said  that  "cups"  are  used  to 
cover  the  ears,  which  have  been  pro- 
nounced by  a  medical  specialist  perfectly- 
safe. 

Later  in  the  day,  teachers  and  school 
proprietors  expressed  themselves  to  me  as 
not  in  the  least  bit  worried  by  Mr.  Kimball's 
prophecy,  so  far  as  shorthand  was  con- 
cerned. One  school  proprietor  said  that 
students  would  "always  object  to  paying 
tuition  for  an  individual's  instruction  and 
receiving  that  of  a  machine";  and  another 
that  "  the  business  man  is  too  poor  a  dic- 
tator to  depend  upon  it,  and  too  busy  to  be 
bothered  with  the  adjusting  of  a  phono- 
graph, and  to  take  the  time  to  select  his 
English." 

Miss  May  Carrington,  of  Springfield, 
Mass  ,  was  to  speak  on  "  Typewriting—  Ex- 
periences of  a  Spinster,"  but  she  said  that 
she  had  had  so  good  a  time  since  she  met 
the  members  of  the  organization  at  their 
first  meeting  at  Hartford,  that  she  would 
drop  the  first  word  of  her  subject  and  give 
only  the  reminiscence.  The  reminiscences 
seemed  vastly  amusing,  and  those  con- 
cerned chuckled  with  delight  as  memories 
of  past  conventions  were  called  up,  but 
those  not  "  in  it  "  were  a  little  disappointed, 
as  they  had  hoped  to  hear  something  on 
speed-getting  methods  and  the  live  exper- 
iences of  a  woman  as  a  typewriter. 

The  next  and  last  item  on  the  program, 
"  Round  Table  Discussion,"  would  be  better 
designated  "  Quaker  Meeting."  All  sat  in 
silence,  as  if  waiting,  and  in  vain,  for  the 
spirit  to  move  them.  Perhaps,  however, 
their  thoughts  had  reverted  to  the  noon 
hour  and  called  up  impressions  irrelevant. 
A  motion  to  adjourn  broke  in  on  the 
silence  and  we  slowly  strolled  into  the 
halls  and  talked  in  whispers,  for  the  Busi- 
ness Section  was  still  in  session. 
FRIDAY,  -'  P.  M. 
Mr.  A.  S.  Heaney,  of  Providence,  R.  I., 
presided. 

The  dear  city's  wily  attractions  were, 
apparently,  still  irrisistible,  and  we  should 
have  been  a  small  gathering  had  not  Mr. 
Schumacher's  class,  of  the  Wood's  School, 
New  York  City,  rilled  a  good  number  of  the 


Mr.  Wm.  A.  Schumacher,  in  a  clear  and 
far-reaching  voice,  read  his  paper,  "  How  a 
Shorthand  Speed-Class  is  Conducted."  He 
said  that  "no  department  of  the  school 
business",  save  perhaps  the  Introductory, 
requires  more  painstaking  effort  on  the 
part  of  the  teacher  than  the  Speed  Room." 
His  students  enter  the  Speed  Room  from 
the  Theory  Department  writing  60  words  a 
minute,  and  from  BO  to  125  words  a  minute 
in  six  weeks  is  not  at  all  exceptional:  it  has 
recently  been  done  in  two  week's  time. 
Short  letters  are  dictated  first  and  grad- 
ually increased  in  length  and  difficulty 
until  legal  work,  speeches  and  newspaper 
editorials  can  be  readily  taken  for  from 
twenty  minutes  to  a  half-hour,  at  a  high 
rate  of  speed,  and  transcribed  without  diffi- 
culty. Mr.  Schumacher  dictated  three 
letters  to  his  class,  at  first  slowly  and  then 
more  rapidly.  At  the  conclusion  of  the 
dictation  of  each  letter  a  student  was  called 
upon  to  read  it,  then  the  class  was  asked 
for  outlines  that  troubled  them.  The  dic- 
tator put  these  outlines  on  the  blackboard. 
In  closing,  Mr.  Schumacher  explained  that 
the  students  had  been  prepared  on  the 
matter  dictated,  and  that  his  exhibition 
was  a  practical  demonstration  of  what 
takes  place  in  every  letter  that  is  dictated 
in  his  speed  work. 

Mr.  Rogers,  of  Fall  River,  Mass  ,  was  the 
only  one  to  respond  to  the  Chairman's  sug- 
gestion that  a  discussion  was  in  order.  He 
remarked  that  he"  would  be  satisfied  if  he 
could  get  his  students  to  take  from  60  to  125 
words  in  six  months,"  which  was  greeted 
with  loud  applause. 

Mr.  Park  Schoch,  Drexel  Institute,  Phila- 
delphia, Pa.,  in  his  paper  "What  to  Teach 
in  the  Shorthand  and  Typewriting  Course 
and  How  to  Teach  It,"  divided  his  subject 
into  three  parts:  Shorthand  as  an  inde- 
pendent study,  typewriting  independently, 
the  correlation  of  the  two  subjects.  Under 
the  first  division  Mr.  Schoch  expressed  the 
opinion  that  too  much  time  is  devoted 
generally  to  the  repetition  of  word-reading 
and  word-writing  exercises  — that  if  the 
theory  is  clear,  there  is  no  need  for  length- 
ening the  exercise  beyond  the  point  needed 
for  illustration;  that  writing  sentence 
exercises  should  follow  the  presentation  of 
each  principle  and  list  of  word  signs,  and 
reading  sentence  exercises,  one  to  every 
three  or  four  lessons;  letters  may  be  intro- 
duced when  a  sufficient  number  of  the 
principles  have  been  covered  to  admit  of 
writing  all  words  in  their  briefest  forms,  in 
a  Pitmanic  system  after  the  R-Hook  lesson, 
but  in  all  events  it  would  be  dependent 
upon  the  author's  cleverness  in  building 
up    the     required    letters    from    a     limited 


vocabulary;  the  words  in  a  writing  exer- 
cise should  be  analyzed  phonetically  by 
the  pupils  until  the  principle  is  fully 
understood,  and  this  analysis  should  fol- 
low the  syllabic  method;  for  example,  in 
teaching  the  N-Hook,  the  word  "  domain  " 
■would  be  pronounced  "  d-men,"  not 
"d-m-n,"  which  would  suggest  using  the 
n  stroke;  "  refrain  "—"  ray-fren ";  'cha- 
grin "  —  "  ish-gren";  "  plenty"  —  "  plen-t  "  ; 
"discipline"— "d-iss-plen ".  This  teaches 
the  pupil  that  the  unit  of  outlining  is  the 
syllable,  which  affords  a  basis  for  the  writ- 
ing of  entirely  new  words,  and  outline- 
building  becomes  a  scientific  and  logical 
process,  and  the  student  is  not  simply 
taught  to  master  a  limited  vocabulary  as 
so  many  arbitrary  forms.  Much  valuable 
time  is  lost  in  allowing  a  student  to  dig  his 
own  way  through  a  theory;  it  is  better  to 
interpret  the  author's  text  for  the  pupil 
and  get  him  to  the  main  business  of  writ- 
ing without  delay.  The  text-book  is  fol- 
lowed by  miscellaneous  commercial  corres- 
pondence. At  this  point  he  suggests  that 
a  good  business  dictation  book  be  put  in 
the  hands  of  the  pupil. 

Mr.  Schoch  went  to  some  length  to  express 
his  disapproval  of  the  business  letter  books 
marketed  by  the  publishers,  and  character- 
ized them  "  the  most  abominable  lot  of 
stuff  that  man  could  well  conceive."  The 
third  period  of  the  training  he  called  the 
period  of  miscellaneous  dictation,  first 
legal  matter,  as  being  most  closely  related 
to  the  commercial  dictation :  then  essays, 
beginning  with  those  that  are  short  and 
comparatively  easy;  lectures  of  a  general 
character,  followed  by  those  on  technical 
subjects;  a  sermon  or  two.  This  may  be 
interspersed  with  dictation  from  the  news 
and  editorial  columns  of  the  daily  papers, 
and  with  selections  from  the  magazines, 
always  making  a  selection  that  possesses 
an  educational  value.  Under  the  second 
division  of  his  subject— typewriting— Mr. 
Schoch  said  that  it  had  been  the  under  dog 
in  the  stenographers'  course  for  twenty 
years  and  that  there  must  be  a  transforma- 
tion in  the  teacher  and  a  revolution  in  the 
teaching;  an  experienced  specialist  in  the 
subject  is  needed  in  the  machine  room,  and 
not  a  mere  record  keeper  who  hands  out 
and  receives  excersises;  more  care  must  be 
given  to  accuracy,  originality,  and  taste  in 
arrangement.  In  closing  this  part  of  his 
subject,  Mr.  Schoch  submitted  in  detail  a 
very  thorough  course  in  typewriting. 
Under  the  third  division  of  his  subject— the 
correlation  of  shorthand  and  typewriting- 
Mr.  Schoch  said  that  our  courses  are  short- 
hand heavy;  in  our  eagerness  to  make  good 
shorthand    writers,   we    are     making    poor 


£n^e@u^in^^£di**&<fetor  & 


typists.  The  teaching  of  shorthand  and 
typewriting  should  proceed  independently 
of  each  other  for  the  first  five  months,  until 
each  subject  is  fairly  well  mastered.  Thus, 
at  the  beginning  of  the  sixth  month,  the 
students  being  able  to  read  shorthand  flu- 
ently and  operate  the  typewriter  with  con- 
fidence and  certainty,  could  for  three 
months  combine  the  two.  By  delaying  the 
transcription  until  the  student  has  become 
a  good  reader  and  a  good  operator,  the  same 
amount  of  transcribing  can  be  done,  with 
increased  ease,  in  a  given  time,  as  could  be 
produced  in  double  the  time  before  the  stu- 
dent is  thoroughly  ready.  This  plan,  Mr. 
Schoch  assured  us,  was  not  a  dream,  but 
had  been  in  operation  at  the  Drexel  Insti- 
tute for  the  past  ten  years. 

The  discussion  of  Mr.  Schoch's  paper  was 
postponed  in  order  that  the  shorthand 
teachers  might  join  the  business  teachers 
in  hearing  Mr.  John  J.  Eagan,  of  Hoboken, 
New  Jersy,  whose  subject  was  consider- 
ed of  equal  interest  to  all.  In  the  discus- 
sion which  followed  after  our  return  to  our 
own  room,  the  question  was  brought  up  as 
to  how  early  the  student  should  be  given 
dictation.  A  young  man  'by  name  Rosen- 
bluin)  decried  the  practice  of  teaching 
the  alphabet  first,  and  pointed  to  us  the 
custom  of  the  public  school;  he  then  told 
us  that  he  would  make  a  pupil  write  sen- 
tences in  shorthand  in  five  minutes  from 
the  time  he  began  the  study,  and  stepping 
to  the  blackboard,  guilelessly  illustrated 
how  in  this  time  his  students  write:  "The 
bay  is  gay,"  "  His  age  is  eight,"  and  enthu- 
siastically informed  us  that  we  "could  ar- 
range a  multitude  of  sentences  with  these 
eight  stems  and  two  vowels,"  and  "  dictate 
to  the  boy  and  have  him  read  and  write," 
and  then,  in  a  most  impressive  manner, 
advised  us  that  if  we  could  create  interest 
in  the  shorthand  pupil  our  work  would  be 
minimized. 

The  opinions  varied  all  the  way  from  the 
"five-minute-man"  to  the  man  who  would 
wait  until  the  text-book  was  finished. 

Mr.  Blackman,  of  Allentown,  wished  to 
put  the  question  to  a  vote  as  to  "  how  many 
wait  a  month  or  more  before  giving  dicta- 
tion and  how  many  set  the  student  at  once 
to  work." 

Mr.  Schoch  thought  the  motion  should  be, 
"  How  many  are  in  favor  of  dictating  sen- 
tences or  letters  at  any  time  before  the 
completion  of  the  principles?" 

Mr.  J.  M.  Lingle,  of  Union  College,  Phila- 
delphia, was  against  "making  a  parrot  of 
the  student,"  as  would  be  the  result  of  The 
Young  Man's  theory,  and  thought  that 
dictation  should  not  be  given  until  after 
the  mastery  of  the  principles,  although  he 
advocated  the  "  use  of  occasional  sentences 
or  little  letters,  as  we  all  do,  to  encourage 
tin-  student." 

Mr.  Frank  Healey  wanted  to  know  what 
was  gained  by  dictating  so  early,  and  if  the 
student  by  this  method,  writes  any  faster 
one  month  after  he  has  gotten  through  with 
the  principles.  Then  answered  his  own 
question  by  saying,  "  The  student  has  not 
had  time  to  think;  let  him  study." 

Mr.  Hope  thought  that  if  we  could  get  to 
the  point  we  would  all  agree.  Then  he 
admonished  The  Young  Man  and  very 
kindly  told  him  that  when  he  (The  Young 
Man)  should  be  fifteen  years  older  he  would 
lind  out  what  some  of  us  know  now.  Mr. 
Hope  explained  that  his  students  go 
through  all  the  principles  faithfully  before 
entering  the  dictation  class,  and, in  closing, 
with  his  usual  picturesqueness,  and  in  a 
crescendo  which  carried  him  to  his  highest 
pitch,  he  said,  pointing  to  The  Young  Man, 


"Our  young  friend  here  thinks  we  must 
not  begin  with  the  alphabet.  I  thought  so 
too  when  I  was  younger.  Yon  must  face 
tlie  difficulty  of  your  alphabet  and  your 
consonants  !  " 

A  rising  vote  showed  a  majority  in  favor 
of  the  dictation  before  the  text-book  is  com- 
pleted. 

The  program  closed  with  the  Round 
Table  Discussion— Query :  "How  and  to 
What  Extent  Can  English  Be  Correlated 
With  the  Teaching  of  Shorthand  During 
the  Daily  Period  Devoted  to  Shorthand 
Instruction?  Class  vs.  Individual  Instruc- 
tion." The  Young  Man  was  the  first  to  take 
the  floor,  and  on  fire  with  his  subject,  and 
with  great  fluency  of  speech,  took  many 
precious  minutes  to  tell  us  that  it  is  "quite 
necessary  to  have  at  hand  a  number  of 
business  letters  taken  from  various 
sources,"  and  how  one  collection  that  he 
used  "  had  pretty  bad  letters  in  it  from  the 
standpoint  of  English,"  and  how  he  took 
this  little  book  to  the  head  of  the  English 
Department,"  and  how  the  Head  "  corrected 
it  and  now  the  class  has  business  letters 
in  good  English." 

Mr.  Blackman,  of  Allentown,  explained 
his  method  of  giving  individual  instruc- 
tion in  English,  taking  the  student's  trans- 
cripts as  a  basis. 

Mr.  Barbour,  of  St.  Johnsbury,  Vt.,  spoke 
strongly  in  favor  of  thorough  class  instruc- 
tion in  English  and  spelling  from  a  text- 
book. 

Mr.  George  Walworth,  of  New  York  City, 
said  he  believed  in  getting  away  from  the 
technical  grammar,  and  giving  composi- 
tion work,  with  class  criticism,  taking  two 
days  for  this  work,  and  three  days  for 
spelling. 

Mr.  Stauffer,  of  Temple  College,  Philadel- 
phia, spoke  for  very  thorough  instruction 
in  grammar,  carrying  it,  where  possible,  to 
advanced  work  in  literature;  he  thought 
the  proposition  of  "sliding"  English  into 
the  shorthand  and  typewriting  teachers' 
work,  a  difficult  one.  He  gave  a  decidedly 
interesting  account  of  his  experiences  in 
this  connection. 

Mr.  Gill,  of  Trenton,  N.  J.,  with  sledge- 
hammer blows,  struck  out  his  belief  that 
the  difficulty  lies  in  the  fact  that  short- 
hand teachers  cannot  use  good  English 
themselves,  and  that  a  teacher  of  ability 
could  not  fail  to  get  good  results  from 
English  in  the  shorthand  period.  He  said, 
"If  the  shorthand  and  typewriting  studies 
are  not  used  to  improve  the  student's 
English,  it  is  a  mistake,  and  if  we  cannot 
use  good  English  ourselves,  we  should 
learn  it  at  once." 

Mr.  A.  S.  Heaney,  of  Providence,  R.  I., 
gave  a  very  interesting  sketch  of  his 
method,  which  he  has  taken  several  years 
to  perfect,  collecting  many  of  the  common- 
ly misspelled  words  in  students'  transcripts 
and  from  various  sources.  He  begins  to 
teach  English  very  early  in  connection 
with  the  shorthand  work,  when  the  student 
begins  to  read  back,  and  before  he  is  ready 
to  transcribe  on  the  typewriter. 

All  through  the  afternoon  the  members 
had  been  coming  atid  going,  mostly  going, 
in  ones  and  twos,  then  in  threes  and  fours, 
and  finally  in  "bunches,"  until,  at  the 
moment  for  adjournment,  a  motion  was 
hardly  necessary. 

Cbe  Penmen's  Banquet. 

On  All  Fools' evening  thirty-two  penmen 
got  together  at  Reisenweber's  Restaurant, 
58th  St.  and  8th  Ave.,  where  dinner  was 
served  at  0  o'clock  P.  M.       The  service  and 


luncheon  were  all  one  could  expect  in  New 
York  City  for  the  dollar  that  each  one  put 
up. 

The  dinner  was  followed  by  extemporan- 
eous toasts  prepared  by  brother  Healey  and 
called  for  by  toastmaster,  Mr.  Kinsley.  As 
after  dinner  speakers,  we  cannot  boast  of 
many  Chaunceys,  but  what  was  lacking  in 
eloquence  and  wit  was  made  up  in  good-fel- 
lowship, for  the  former  is  but  of  the  head 
while  the  latter  is  of  the  heart. 

The  following  list  of  names  of  those  pres- 
ent contains  the  world's  most  renowned 
penmen:  Flickinger,  Madarasz,  Hinman, 
Courtney,  Thornburgh,  Doner, Glick,  Laird, 
and  all  the  rest.  Certain  it  is  that  the  event 
was  a  most  enjoyable  one  and  long  to  be 
remembered  by  all  present. 

H.  G.  Healey,  New  York;  C.  E.  Doner, 
Beverly,  Mass.;  E.  E.  Gaylord,  Beverly, 
Mass.;  R.  G.  Laird,  New  York;  L.  G.  Lloyd, 
Yonkers,  N.  Y. ;  M.  S.  King,  Patterson,  N.  J.; 
D.  E.  Waltman,  Philadelphia,  Pa.;  L.  C. 
Horton.  New  York;  A.H.Barbour,  St.  Johns- 
bury,  Vt.;  W.  C.  Stevenson,  Port  Deposit, 
Md.j  L.  M.  Holmes,  Pittsfield,  Mass.;  C.  P. 
Zaner,  Columbus,  Ohio;  L.  Madarasz,  New 
York;  E.  L.  Glick,  Concord,  N.  H.;  C.  A. 
Faust,  Chicago,  111.;  L.  C.  McCann,  Mahony 
City,  Pa.;  C.  F.  Sherman,  Mt.  Vernon,  N.  Y.; 
W.  H.  Beacom,  Wilmington,  Del.;  W.  J. 
Kinsley,  New  Yo.-k;  W.  S.  Chamberlain, 
Baltimore,  Md. ;  T.  J.  Risinger,  Utica,  i\.  Y. ; 
H.  W.  Flickinger,  Philadelphia,  Pa.;  A.  H. 
Hinman,  Worcester,  Mass.;  R.  N.  Marrs, 
New  York,  E.  E  Kent,  Trenton,  N.  J.; 
L.  M.  Thornburgh,  Paterson,  N.  J.;  F.  F. 
Healey,  Williamsport,  Pa.;  H.  W.  Pelton, 
Lynn,  Mass.;  G.  W.  Harmon,  Brooklyn,  N. 
Y.;  J.  E.  Leamy,  Troy,  N.  Y.j  W.  N.  Currier, 
Trenton,  N.  J. ;  F.  B.  Courtney,  New  York. 

Incidentally,  if  you  want  to  know  how  to 
"soak  'em,"  ask  Laird;  if  you  want  to  know 
how  to  "run  an  automobile,"  ask  Harmon; 
if  you  want  to  know  how  to  "faint  without 
losing  consciousness,"  ask  Zaner;  if  you 
want  to  know  about  "dot  leetle  dog  of 
mine,"  ask  Kaust ;  if  you  want  to  know 
about  "China-town,"  ask  Currier  or  Gay- 
lord;  if  you  want  to  know  about  "ye  good 
old  times,"  ask  Hinman;  and  if  you  want 
to  know  about  a  "penman's  friends,"  ask 
Flickinger.  

treasurer's  Report. 

Ladies  and  Gentlemen:  I  esteem  it  an 
honor  of  no  mean  proportion  to  have  been 
so  conspicuous  before  you  and  among  you 
for  so  long.  I  assure  you  I  have  felt  the 
responsibilities  and  that  my  activities,  how- 
ever faulty,  have  been  prompted  by  an  un- 
selfish interest  in  the  welfare  and  growth  of 
the.  association. 

I  noted  with  pleasure  that  the  one  who, 
more  than  all  others,  is  responsible  for  my 
connection  with  you,  was  again  called  upon 
in  President  Rowe's  original  appointment 
to  choose  your  chancellor  for  the  coming 
year.  I  shall  long  remember  with  pleasure 
that  night  in  Worcester  when  Mr.  Crissy 
called  me  to  his  room  and  hinted  of  what 
was  in  his  mind.  Well,  give  him  credit  for 
sincerity  of  purpose  at  any  rate. 

I  am  thankful  for  your  cordial  support, 
hearty  responses,  and  many  evidences,  as 
individuals  and  as  a  body,  of  appreciation 
of  my  labors.  It  has  brought  me  in  close 
relation  with  you,  for  one  who  opens  our 
pocket  book  gets  next  to  a  heart.  I  have 
come  to  know  you;  you  know  me.  I  shall 
treasure  these  five  years  as  a  happy  period 
in  my  life  and  the  friendships  establish  a 
rich  legacy. 

In  past  reports,  it  has  been  my  custom  to 
preface  the  figures   with    a    few    thoughts 


Group  of  World  Renownd  Penmen,  Caken  in  new  York  City  April  2,  1904. 


A.H.Barbour.  E.E.Kent.  G.W.Harmon.  G.  A.  Rockwood.        E.M.Barber.        H.  W.  Patten.  P..N   Mai 

F.  B.  Courtney.  E.  L.  Glick.  R.  G.  Laird. 

H.  G.  Henley.  L.  Madarasz.  A.  H.  Hinman.  W.  H.  Flickinger.  C.  P.  Zaner 

L.  M.  Thornburgh.  C.  E.  Doner.  L.  C.  MeCann.  C.A.  Faust. 


indicating  my  motives  and  ambitions.     My 
suggestions    in    this,    my    sixth    report,    I 
assure    vou,    are    prompted    bv    the    same 
spirit.    I  trust  they  may  be  so  received. 
M.  D.  Fulton. 

Tell  me  not  vou  cheerful  members, 

The  tax  gatherer's  life  is  all  dream, 
For  the  Treasurer  is  dead  that  slumbers 

And  people  are  not  what  they  seem. 
His  life  is  real :  it's  no  joke, 

And  the  Convention  is  not  its  goal; 
Sleep  thou  may,  my  good  folk, 

Is  not  spoken  to  his  soul. 
Not  enjoyment  and  not  sorrow, 

Is  his  destined  end  or  way, 
But  write  and  bill  that  each  tomorrow 

Finds  hi"  cash  more  than  to-day. 
Arts  are  many,  tricks  are  plenty, 

And  our  hearts  are  bold  and  brave. 
But  our  money,  although  scanty, 

Giveth  no  comfort  in  the  grave. 
In  the  World's  broad  arena  of  plunges. 

In  the  conflicts  of  life, 
Be  not  like  lobsters,  clams  and  sponges. 

Be  a  helper  in  the  tight. 
Convention  Treasurers  all  remind  us 

We  can  make  our  lives  a  scourge, 
And  departing  carry  with  us 

Memories  of  the  dirge. 
Let  us  then  be  up  and  doing 

With  a  conscience  for  his  fate, 
Still  remembering,  always  attending. 

Learn  to  pay  and  not  wait. 

PRESENT    CONDITIONS. 
Balance  on  hand,  April  9, 1903,      $198.88 
Dues,  From  old  Members, 

Brooklyn  Meeting,    108.00 
Dues,  From  new  Members  114.00 

Responses  to  Bills  to  Mch.  24, 1904,  63.00 

Total  Receipts,  $483.88 

Paid  out  as  per  receipted  bills 
on  file, 
ToG.  W.  Harmon, 
"    J.E.King, 


Balance  on  hand,  March  25,  1904.  : 

Dues  N.Y.  Convention  to  date,  $175.00 
Bills  for  this  Convention,  103.89 


71.31 


H.  M.  Rowe, 

G.  H.  Seward, 

M.  D.  Fulton. 

R.  I.Com'l  School, 

Am.  Envelope  Co., 

The  Treasurer— Transfei 

to  his  "left  hand  pocket' 

by  vote  of  Assn., 

Am.  Envelope  Co., 

Chas.  M.  Miller, 

M.  D.  Fult..n, 

Total  Credits, 


$  3i.no 
22.50 

6.00 
25.75 

2.50 
10.75 

3  52 

3.75 


17.90 
15.90 


$362.67 
Respectfully  submitted, 

M.  D.  FULTON,  Treasurer. 
The  Auditing  Committee  hereby  certify- 
to  the  correctness  of  the  above  Treasurer's 
Report.  Signed, 

Geo.  P.  Lord, 

w.  s.  Chamberlain, 

W.  S.  Rogers. 


Convention  notes. 

The  Treasurer  was  a  very  busy  man.  He 
has  reduced  the  work  of  his  office  to  a 
system,  but  nevertheless  it  requires  about 
all  of  his  time  before  and  after  sessions,  at 
the  convention,  to  take  care  of  the  work  de- 
volving upon  him,  and  that  is  but  a  tithe  of 
the  real  service  he  performs  throughout  the 
year.  The  Treasurer  ought  to  be  a  paid 
officer. 

The  publishers  were  represented  about  as 
usual  at  the  Convention.  Mr.  Curry,  of 
Cleveland,  genial  as  ever,  looking  out  for 
the  interests  of  Day's  Manual  of  Shorthand 
and  the  other  publications  of  the  Burrows 
Bros.  Co.;  Mr.  Marshall  advocating  the  ad- 
vantages of  the  Cash  Book  as  the  initial 
step  in  teaching  double-entry  bookkeeping, 
and  keenly  alive  to  the  other  interests  of 
the  Goodyear-Marshall  Company;  Mr.  Ful- 
ton, a  new  recruit  to  the  army  of  traveling 
representatives,  giving  what  time  he  had 


M.  D.  FULTON,  TREASURER. 


to  spare  to  the  interests  of  The  Practical 
Text  Book  Co.;  Mr.  Funk,  of  Chicago,  ready- 
to  tell  about  Office  Methods  and  other 
Powers* Lyons  text-books;  Mr.  VanDusen, 
of  Owensboro,  Ky.,  selling  pens;  H.  G. 
Healey,  Jr.,  looking  out  for  the  interests  of 
the  Journal;  Messrs.  Miner,  King,  Coffin, 
and  Elliott,  affable,  suave,  omnipresent, 
ready  to  grant  a  courtesy,  or  perform  a  ser- 
vice, recognized  everywhere  as  a  fine  male 
quartet  notable  for  its  ability  to  sing  effec- 
tively the  praises  of  American  Book  Com- 
pany publications.  The  Sadler-Rowe  Com- 
pany makes  a  feature  of  not  exhibiting  its 
text-books  at  conventions,  but  its  represent- 
atives are  not  known  to  be  asleep  at  such 
times.  The  ever  alert  Mr.  Harris  circulated 
freely  and  agreeably,  as  always,  among 
visiting  teachers.  Mr.  J,  A.  Lvon's,  Mr.  John 
R  Gregg,  Mr.  Clarence  Pitman,  and  Mr.  A. 
N.  Palmer  were  also  present,  though  not 
avowedly  as  pressing  the  claims  of  their 
respective  publications. 

Unruffled,  gracious,  full  of  bonhomie,  J. 
Clifford  Kennedy  demonstrated  his  useful- 
ness to  the  Underwood  Typewriter  Co. 
during  the  meeting.  The  Remington  Com- 
pany with  the  faithfulness  and  thought- 
fulne;  s  that  has  become  a  hall-mark  of  their 
treatment  of  commercial  teachers'  conven- 
tions, made  an  attractive  exhibit  and  fur- 
nished free  stenographic  service  to  the 
members.  Meanwhile  the  ubiqitous  and 
irresponsible  John  F.  Soby  bestowed  a 
cheerful  word  here  and  a  hearty  handclasp 
there,  adding  to  his  already  handsome  col- 
lection of  friends.  The  Smith  Premier 
people  were  also  on  deck,  as  well  as  the 
active  representative  of  the  Oliver  machine. 

The  penmen  have  voted  to  blackball 
Zaner  if  he  ever  again  takes  advantage  of 
their  love  for  him,  to  play  on  them  such  a 
wretched  practical  joke  as  his  April-fool 
collapse  at  the  dinner  of  the  scribes. 

L.  M.  Thornburgh  and  his  friend.  Mr.  E. 
D.  Baker,  President  of  the  California  Cattle 
and  Land  Company,  were  actively  engaged 
in  setting  forth  to  teachers  the  advantages 
of  their  investment  proposition,  and  many 
of  the  teachers  have  so  much  faith  in  Mr. 
Thornburgh  and  the  reasonableness  of  the 
plan  that  they  have  invested  several  thou- 
sand dollars,  and  thus  far  are  well  pleased 
with  the  dividends  that  thev  have  received. 
Mr.  Thornburgh  will  spend  the  summer  on 
the  Company's  ranch,  in  California,  build- 
ing strength  for  next  year's  work. 

Wrhen  R.  N.  Marrs.  formerly  of  Kansas 
City,  now  of  New  York,  told  the  members  of 
the"  Business  Section  that  he  had  come  to 
learn  something  about  methods  of  teaching 
writing,  and  that   he  had  been  grievously 


9fo&&\ihhrhehb&dM>&G&>Gr  & 


disappointed,  they  had"tOjbelievelthat;he 
had  the  courage  of  his:  convictions;  and 
when  he  proceeded  to  tell  Zaner,  Palmer, 
FHckinger,  Mandarasz,  Click,  Ho  r  ton, 
Leamey,  Doner,  and  a  roomful  of  other 
aotables  how  to  do  it,  he  so  astonished 
everyone  that  it  took  some  time  to  recover 
breath.  Meanwhile,  Brother  Marrs  was 
taking  advantage  of  his  opportunity  to 
work  off  some  athletic  oratory,  demonstrat- 
ing beyond  cavil  his  ability  to  stir  up  inter 
est.  lie  is  and  ought  to  be  very  successful 
in  itinerant  teaching. 

The  High  School  Section  was  a  new  fea- 
ture, but  it  was  no  competitor  of  the  other 
Sections  nor  of  the  New  England  Higli 
School  Commercial  Teachers'  Association. 
The  two  meetings  were  very  lightly  at- 
tended. 

One  of  Brother  Kennedy's  guests  at  the 
Underwood  dinner  strayed  into  the  room 
where  the  penmen  were  getting  ready  to 
pass  judgment  on  Reismweber's  chef,  when 
Host  Kennedy  appeared  on  the  scene  and 
escorted  the  lost  sheep  back  to  the  flock. 
The  stray  explained  that  he  supposed  he 
was  to  go"  with  the  crowd. 

Mr.  Hinman,  in  attempting  to  defend  the 
eclectic  idea  of  teaching  forms  of  letters, 
tried  to  illustrate  the  soundness  of  his 
position  by  referring  to  a  man  being  satis- 
tied  with  cine  girl,  and  he  got  things  sadly 
tangled  for  awhile.  Mr.  Marrs,  in  taking 
the  opposite  view,  used  Mr.  Hinman's  un- 
fortunate choice  of  a  figure,  by  saying  that 
tEte  teacher  who  used  all  kinds  of  styles  of 
letters  would  come  to  be  like  the  man  who 
thought  he  loved  every  new  girl  he  saw  - 
unable  to  love  or  get  any  girl  at  all. 

It  is  hoped  that  next  year  the  reduced 
rate  of  fare  will  be  obtained.  The  failure  to 
get  it  this  year  undoubtedly  contributed 
very  materially  to  a  a  diminution  of  the  at- 
tendance that"  was  very  noticeable.  Full 
fare  bears  hard  on  those  who  like  Lyons  of 
Chicago,  Read  of  Peoria,  Zaner  of  Colum- 
bus, Palmer  of  Cedar  Rapids,  and  others 
have  a  long  way  to  travel.  We  know  of  a 
young  man  from  Maine  who  got  to  the  con- 
vention late,  and  to  whom  the  reduction 
would  have  meant  a  saving  of  eight  or  ten 
dollars;  and  since  he  is  receiving  only  forty' 
dollars  a  month,  ten  dollars  is  decidedly  a 
consideration. 

Everybody  seems  to  feel  that  vertical 
writing,  so-called,  has  seen  its  palmiest 
days,  although  it  is  not  by  any  means  a 
dead  issue.  Virginia  has  just  adopted  it 
for  all  the  public  schools  of  the  State.  It 
seems  little  less  than  a  crime  to  force  such 
a  condition  of  things  on  innocent,  helpless 
children.  There  is,  however,  this  consola- 
tion: right  will  eventually  triumph. 

Cbc    Indiana    Business    College 
Association 

Field  a   meeting  at  andcrson,  Indiana, 
April  2,  1^04. 

A  meeting  of  the  Indiana  Business  Col- 
lege Association  was  held  at  the  Anderson 
31  hool  of  the  Indiana  Business  College. 
Quite  a  large  number  of  the  business  col- 
lege fraternity  of  the  state  were  present. 
Many  more  had  intended  to  be  there  but 
the  high  waters  prevented  a  large  number. 
An  excellent  program  was  discussed  in- 
formally by  all  members  present.  It  has 
been  the  view  of  the  members  of  Indiana  to 
lake  up  topics  for  discussion  in  a  round 
table  method.  The  following  is  a  program 
that  was  carried  out  to  the  letter. 

I  low  ran  we  organize  for  our  advantage? 
Discussion  led  by  O.  E.  Fulghum,  Rich- 
mond, and  (Jeo.  Walker,  Crawfordsville. 

Advertising— Where  and  how  to  do  it. 
Discussion  led  by  Harvev  D.  Vories,  In- 
dianap  ilis,  anil  C.  A.  Arnold,  Ft.  Wayne. 

Is  it  feasible  to  agree  on  rates  of  tuition? 
How  can  it  be  done  and  what  shall  it  be? 
Discussion  led  by  M.  H.  Lockvear,  Evans 
ville,  and  W.  H.  Carrier,  Anderson. 

How  shall  an  Employment  Department 
In-  conducted?  Discussion  led  by  S.  II. 
East,  Indianapolis,  and  S.  A.  Drake,"  LaFay- 

ette. 

Soliciting— Who  shall  do  it  and  how  shall 
it  !»■  doner  Discussion  led  by  R.  C.  Bay, 
Anderson,  and  M.  D.  Cring,  Logansport. 

Typewriters  and  supplies,  free  for  all. 

Many   excellent  points  were  brought  out 

by   Mr.  It.   E.   Fulghum,    of    Richmond,  who 

urged  an  organization  that  will  be  a  benefit 

'  <  'ontinted  mi  page  -  i  ) 


^rr^T\ 


______ 


DEPARTMENT    OF 


Commercial    (Seograpfyy 


FRANK    O.    CARPENTER. 


„ 


Uisits  of  Inspection,  Etc. 

However  complete  and  well  equipp- 
ed a  laboratory  may  be,  aided  by  a 
successful  cereal  garden,  with  its  op- 
portunities for  careful  study  of  com- 
mercial products,  yet  it  can  never 
equal  the  real  factory  where  the  act- 
ual things  are  made. 

For  this  reason  "visits  of  inspec- 
ts >n"  are  not  only  desirable  but  nec- 
essary and  should  be  made  constant- 
ly during  the  course  in  Commercial 
Geography. 

"Visits  of  Inspection"  is  suggested 
as  a  technical  term  to  mean  visits 
made  by  schools  or  classes  to  mills, 
stores,  etc.,  where  various  commer- 
cial products  are  made  or  sold.  It 
rarely  happens  that  all  the  main  lines 
of  foods,  textiles,  building  materials, 
etc.,  will  be  represented  in  any  one 
locality,  so  that  the  commercial  mu- 
seum is  always  necessary,  but  there 
are  some  industries  in  even  the  small 
countrv  towns  which  can  be  seen  in 
actual '  operation  and  the  process  of 
manufacture  noted  from  raw  material 
to  finished  product.  For  example, 
everywhere,  except  in  the  large  cities, 
farms  exist  and  all  ordinary  kinds  of 
fruits  and  vegetables  are  raised,  and 
can  be  seen. 

The  study  of  the  science  usually 
begins  in  September,  with  the  open- 
ing of  the  school  year  and  after  a  few 
days  recitations  and  an  understand- 
ing of  the  scope  and  purpose  of  the 
science  the  class  should  begin  its 
visits.  While  the  various  stages  of 
growth  cannot  be  seen  in  the  fall,  yet 
the  crowning  point  in  agricultural 
production  —  the  harvest  — has  been 
reached  and  the  methods  and  results 
can  be  seen. 

The  reaping,  threshing  and  trans- 
porting of  grains,  the  picking,  pack- 
ing and  storing  of  fruits  and  the 
methods  of  preserving  them  by  dry- 
ing or  canning,  the  digging  of  pota- 
toes, turnips,  etc.,  are  largely  done  in 
September  and  October.  One  of  the 
first  home  tasks  of  the  class  should 
be  the  requirement  to  bring  in  a 
written  list  of  the  chief  industries  of 
the  town  or  city  where  this  science  is 
studied,  and  after  a  lesson  upon  the 
classes  of  foods,  a  list  should  be 
made  of  all  the  kinds  of  food  which 
are  raised  and  where  they  can  be  seen 
to  the  best  advantage.  As  soon  as 
this  is  done  the  class  should  be  taken 
by  the  teacher  to  those  places  and  the 
processes,  familiar  doubtless  to  the 
pupils  in  many  ways,  should  be  ob- 
served under  the  direction  of  the 
teacher.     Field  notes  should  be  taken 


by  the  pupils  and  these  should  be 
rewritten  in  the  form  of  reports  and 
kept  on  file  in  note  books  of  uniform 
size.  These  notes  are  of  the  greatest 
importance  and  should  be  carefully 
examined  and  marked  like  recitations, 
which  they  really  are.  They  should 
be  entitled:  "Commerce  and  Indus- 
try Field  Reports." 

During  September  and  October 
these  visits  should  be  frequent  as  the 
harvesting  is  soon  over.  After  the 
harvests  are  gathered,  a  list  of-  the 
other  industries  of  the  town  should 
be  made  as  of  the  foods  and  should 
be  visited  as  convenience  may  permit. 
Notes  should  be  taken  by  the  pupils 
(still  called  field  notes)  and  rewritten 
as  before. 

So  far  as  possible  specimens  of  the 
different  products  should  be  procured 
at  the  visit  and  discussed  at  school 
on  the  day  following  the  visit  before 
the  final  field  notes  are  rewritten  by 
the  pupil.  The  main  facts  will  in  this 
wav  be  impressed  upon  the  pupil's 
mind  so  that  he  is  not  likely  to  forget 
them. 

Permanent  specimens  should  be  se- 
cured for  the  school  museum,  as  de- 
scribed in  an  earlier  number  of  this 
magazine,  and  the  study  of  these 
should   be  encouraged  and  required. 

It  is  a  valuable  exercise  to  ask  the 
pupils  in  class  for  suggestions  as  to 
ways  in  which  the  production  may  be 
improved  and  increased.  In  the  case 
of  mills,  factories,  etc.,  they  should 
note  the  kinds  of  raw  material  used, 
and  the  parts  of  the  world  (studied 
on  the  map)  where  this  raw  material 
is  obtained.  They  should  also  note 
where  the  product  of  the  mills,  etc., 
is  usually  sold  and  any  peculiarity  in 
use  noted.  All  these"  facts  the  man- 
ufacturer or  producer  is  usually 
willing  to  give,  and  the  selling  price 
of  the  goods  at  factory  and  at  retail. 
The  cost  of  production  may  be  usual- 
ly obtained  elsewhere  if  the  manufac- 
turer is  unwilling  to  give  it. 

In  the  city  school'  the  conditions 
are  on  the  whole  more  difficult  in 
many  ways.  The  production  of  foods 
cannot  be  seen  and  therefore  the 
pupil  should  make  a  list  of  places 
where  food  is  sold  and  should  be 
obliged  to  visit  the  markets  and  large 
provision  stores  and  to  write  down 
what  he  sees  there,  as  his  field  notes, 
which  should  be  read  in  class,  dis- 
cussed and  then  rewritten. 

The  same  should  be  done  in  the 
visits  to  factories,  warehouses,  etc., 
the  same  as  described  above. 

The  value  of  these  visits  is  twofold. 
First,  the  pupil  gets  a  vivid  impres- 


9  I  ve  ^i  tu/u  ve^  j  CcUtcctWr   ^ 


sion  in  his  mind  of  the  business  that 
it  is  a  real  thing  by  which  men  earn 
their  living  and  so  necessary  in  the 
world;  and  second,  he  gets  a  picture 
of  the  various  steps  in  the  production, 
each  depending  for  its  success  on  the 
thoroughness  with  which  the  preced- 
ing operation  was  performed,  and  as 
modern  production  in  this  country 
demands  modern  machinery  and 
methods,  the  pupil  gets  many  valu- 
able bits  of  information  on  many 
lines,  mechanical  and  commercial. 

The  teacher  should  always  bear  in 
mind  the  idea  that  it  is  this  kind  of 
practical  knowledge  that  stays  in  the 
memory  of  the  pupil  when  the  greater 
part  of  the  most  careful  instruction 
is  forgotten.  This  is  not  to  be  re- 
gretted because  the  main  object  of 
school  training  is  to  give  a  man  a 
quick  power  of  observation,  with 
accurate  and  sound  reasoning  from 
observed  facts,  and  those  ends  will 
be  served. by  this  science  as  by  no 
other. 

There  are  several  objections  which 
may  be  raised  which  need  to  be  con- 
sidered briefly.  First,  that  there  is 
no  time  to  make  these  visits  in  addi- 
tion to  the  other  school  work,  and 
that  they  must  be  done  outside  school 
hours,  thus  extending  the  hours  of 
duty  of  the  teacher.  This  is  an  ob- 
jection of  some  importance  and  is  in 
some  respects  true.  As  has  been 
said  before  in  these  papers,  the 
science  is  new  in  the  schools  and 
must  fight  its  way  to  complete  educa- 
tional equality  and  freedom.  While 
this  is  being  done  hardships  are  many 
and  annoying  and  too  great  for  some 
teachers  to  bear.  School  authorities 
must  learn  that  such  visits  are  strict- 
ly school  work  and  as  such  are  en- 
titled to  part  of  the  school  hours.  A 
class  could  be  directed  to  assemble 
at  the  appointed  place  of  visit  instead 
of  at  school  at  the  beginning  of  the 
session,  the  visit  can  be  made  prompt- 
ly and  the  pupils  then  return  to  the 
school,  or  the  class  could  be  dis- 
missed earlier  and  the  visit  could 
then  be  made.  "This  will  disarrange 
the  programme!"  Possibly,  but  the 
programme  should  be  made  for  the 
school,  not  the  school  for  the  pro- 
gramme. We  do  not  lightly  urge  this 
as  we  know  from  experience  the  red 
tape  and  ignorance  of  the  value  of 
the  work  that  must  be  overcome,  but 
"to  him  (or  her)  that  hath  (persist- 
ence) it  shall  be  given."  In  most 
cases  the  class  will  be  willing  to  give 
an  occasional  afternoon  or  part  of 
Saturdays  and  the  tired  teacher  will 
find  this"  sort  of  visit  gives  a  freshness 
to  the  dry  daily  work  that  more  than 
pays  for  itself  and  the  time  it  takes 
up.  If  the  class  does  not  readily  con- 
sent then  the  committee  could  author- 
ize the  teacher  to  require  attendance 
for  such  visits.  We  are  in  America 
far  behind  Europe.  In  Germany  the 
teachers  are  permitted,  expected  and 
required  to  take  their  pupils  on  visits 
of  inspection  and  excursions  to  points 
of  interest  in  connection  with  their 
school  work  of  all  kinds.  School 
days  and  parts  of  vacation  weeks  are 
devoted  to  them  as  a  regular  part  of 
the  education  and  further,  with  a 
liberality,  or  wisdom,  that  would  be 
beyond  the  comprehension  of  the 
average     school    committee    or    tax- 


payer in  the  United  States  the  state 
or  city  pays  the  car  fares  and  other 
necessary  expenses  of  the  trips. 

This  exasperating  slowness  of 
school  authorities  in  country  towns 
to  understand  what  other  nations 
have  done  and  their  complacency 
over  their  knowledge  is  very  irritating 
to  teachers  who  do  not  possess  a 
saving  sense  of  humor  and  can  at 
times  laugh  to  themselves  at  the 
"Lion  skin  masquerade"  and  so  re- 
lieve their  nerve  tension  and  go  on  in 
patience  to  gain  something,  even  if  a 
slight  concession,  remembering  that 
their  fellow  teachers  elsewhere  are 
having  the  same  trials  incident  to  the 
shadows  of  the  coming  dawn. 

A  second  objection  is  that  manu- 
facturers and  others  do  not  want  to 
be  bothered  with  a  troop  of  children 
in  business  hours.  The  editor  be- 
lieves from  experience  that  this  is 
rarely  the  case,  and  that  if  they  can 
have  some  days  notice  of  the  intended 
visit  they  will  cheerfully  admit  the 
class  to  inspect  their  work.  They 
can  understand  that  those  visits  must 
be  made  at  the  places  of  production, 
that  they  are  practical  and  are  quick 
to  cooperate  in  the  work.  Farmers 
are  usually  especially  ready  to  show 
their  crops  to  any  who  care  to  see 
them. 

A.  third  objection  is  that  the  pupils 
do  not  behave  well  in  the  trip,  and  a 
few  silly  children  destroy  the  pleas- 
ure of  the  visit  of  inspection.  A  few 
suggestions  may  help.  The  pupils 
should  understand  that  the  visit  is 
part  of  the  school  work  and  counts 
on  their  marks.  That  compels  quiet 
attention  in  most  cases.  Next,  bad 
conduct  should  be  marked  on  school 
reports.  Third,  a  pupil  who  misbe- 
haves should  be  excluded  from  the 
class  exactly  the  same  as  if  the  dis- 
order occurred  at  school.  The  editor 
believes  that  after  the  novelty  of  the 
visits  wears  off  in  one  or  two  trips 
the  difficulty  will  disappear,  and  the 
field  days  will  be  looked  forward  to 
by  both  teacher  and  pupil  as  the 
most  interesting  part  of  the  school 
work,  and  its  loss  will  be  keenly  felt. 

INDUSTRIAL   MAPS. 

In  connection  with  these  visits,  in- 
dustrial maps  of  the  town  should  be 
made  and  used  by  the  pupils.  Maps 
showing  areas  of  wheat,  corn,  cotton, 
population,  etc.,  have  been  long  in 
use.  Industrial  maps,  however,  are 
rare,  and  not  often  found  in  schools, 
and  yet  they  are  the  basis  of  real 
work  in  this  science. 

These  industrial  town  maps  should 
be  of  three  kinds.  A  large  wall  map 
for  school  use,  smaller  blank  maps 
for  pupils  use  and  copying  and  sketch 
map  blanks  for  pupils'  field  work. 

The  wall  map  should  be  on  a  large 
scale,  usually  four  inches  to  the  mile. 
The  outlines  and  main  details  can  be 
copied  from  the  county  maps  which 
are  easily  obtainable.  The  names  of 
the  adjacent  bounding  towns  should 
be  given  also.  The  smaller  details  of 
the  map  should  be  added  as  the 
pupils  bring  them  in. 

This  map  should  be  drawn  on  stout 
manilla,  or  white  paper  unglazed,  so 
that  it  may  readily  be  colored.  A 
duplicate  map  should  be  divided  into 
inch    squares    by    north    and    south 


crossed  by  east  and  west  lines.  Each 
inch  will  represent  a  square  quarter 
mile.  They  should  be  marked,  begin- 
ning at  the  northwest  corner,  by  let- 
ters and  figures.  The  vertical  rows 
of  squares  should  be  called  ranges 
and  lettered  at  the  top  A,  B,  C,  etc. 
The  horizontal  rows  of  squares  should 
be  called  sections  and  numbered  at 
the  left  side.  The  north  west  square 
would  be  then  A-l,  the  next  to  the 
right  B-l,  etc. 

Each  pupil  should  be  required  to 
prepare  a  sketch  map  of  the  square 
in  which  he  lives,  showing  the  sur- 
face as  hills,  streams,  forests,  etc., 
farms,  stores  and  industries.  He 
should  make  his  map  eight  inches 
square,  or  a  scale  eight  times  as  large 
as  the  principal  map,  or  165  feet  to  the 
inch.  This  is  large  enough  to  show 
everything  of  importance  commer- 
cially, including  houses,  farm  build- 
ings, etc.  The  eight-inch  map  should 
be  divided  by  light  cross  lines  into 
quarter -inch  squares,  each  being 
equal  to  40  feet  (41^,  exactly).  The 
map  should  be  first  drawn  in  pencil 
and  when  corrected  and  approved  by 
the  teacher  should  be  drawn  in  ink 
and  colored  in  water  color  or  colored 
pencil.  Colors  should  be  used  as 
follows:  Buildings  black;  lands  used 
for  residence,  uncolored;  i.  e. 
white.  Farm  lands,  light  green;  for- 
ests, dark  green;  streams  and  lakes, 
blue;  stone  and  mining,  brown;  man- 
ufacturing establishments  black;  pub- 
lic buildings,  dark  red;  public  lands, 
light  red;  stores,  banks,  etc.,  yellow; 
other  miscellaneous  industries,  gray. 
These  colors  can  all  be  made  from 
the  small  boxes  of  primary  colors  to 
be  found  in  most  schools  and  by 
using  ink  for  the  black. 

These  maps  when  finished  should 
be  marked  as  regular  work  and  kept 
in  the  permanent  files  of  the  school. 
If  a  pupil  wishes  a  personal  copy  he 
should  make  a  duplicate. 

As  fast  as  the  sections  are  finished 
the  details  should  be  copied  on  the 
large  school  map  and  the  correspond- 
ing squares  on  the  duplicate  section 
map  should  be  colored.  The  com- 
pleteness of  the  industrial  survey 
would  appear  at  a  glance. 

Squares  in  which  no  pupil  lives  can 
be  done  by  volunteer  work  in  most 
cases. 

In  large  towns  and  cities,  the  work 
should  be  done  in  a  similar  way  but 
the  details  will  vary  as  follows:  In 
the  cities  the  territory  is  largely  cov- 
ered with  buildings  so  that  broad 
areas  of  production  can  not  be  shown. 
The  city  pupil  will  draw  maps  on  the 
same  scale.  The  streets  and  main 
details  can  be  copied  usually  from 
the  maps  of  the  city  engineer  or  sur- 
veyor. The  colors'should  have  in  the 
cities  the  following  meaning:  Dark 
red,  public  buildings;  green,  pub- 
lic parks  and  lands;  black,  manufac- 
turing plants;  yellow,  textile  factories 
and  stores  that  sell  clothing  of  all 
kinds;  brown,  leather  and  shoe  stores; 
light  red,  markets,  groceries  and 
food  supplies  of  all  kinds;  gray,  mis- 
cellaneous business;  blue  in  cities  on 
the  sea  coast,  shipping  and  fisheries; 
blue  in  inland  towns  may  be  used  to 
indicate  reservoirs,  streams,  water 
pipes  in  streets,  etc. 

(Continued  on  page  41) 


£FFve  J&ufrirte&b  £cUvou,Wr   & 


£ 


Practical  Mathematics 


\V.    E.   WHITE, 

Gem  City  Business  Collegi 

Quincy,  111. 


ly  forming  one  of  the  groups  shown  in  the 
accompanying  table.  Much  practice 
should  therefore  he  given  to  such  combi- 
nations as  the  following: 

8     14     23     31     36    43     44     50     52     56 


59    63     70     78    83 


93  102  106  113 


The  subject  of  rapid  calculations  is  one  that  has  received  but 
little  attention  from  our  educators  and  authors.  It  is  true  that 
,i  number  of  our  commercial  schools  have  devoted  some  atten- 
tion to  such  work,  and  good  results  have  been  accomplished. 
Teachers  are  somewhat  handicapped  at  present  because  there  are 
no  works  on  the  subject  that  are  written  with  a  view  to  supply  the 
tea<  hei  with  material  for  his  rapid  drills.  Nearly  all  authors  on 
arithmetic  touch  but  lightly,  if  at  all,  on  short  or  rapid  methods, 
although  some  of  them  offer  valuable  suggestions  along  these 
lines.  The  design  of  this  course  of  lessons  is  to  supply  teachers 
with  material  for  class  use.  as  well  as  to  explain  methods  of 
teaching  and  subjects  best  adapted  to  rapid  work. 

Work  suitable  for  rapid  calculation  drills  does  not,  as  a  rule, 
involve  complex  principles,  but  rather  emphasizes  skill  and  dex- 
terity of  mind  and  hand  in  the  simpler  processes  of  arithmetic, 
and,  by  the  way,  the  simpler  operations  and  processes  are  the 
ones  most  often  called  into  use  by  accountants  and  business 
nun.  No  one.  neither  teacher  nor  student,  who  has  not  given  this 
subject  careful  study  and  trial  can  realize  the  results  possible  to 
be  attained  by  systematic  and  regular  drills  along  these  lines. 

CORRECT   AND   RAPID   ADDITION. 

It  is  not  mv  purpose  to  enter  into  a  discussion  of  the  utility  of 
accurate  and  rapid  addition.  I  am  taking  it  for  granted  that  all 
business  men.  all  school  men.  and  all  thoughtful  students  real- 
ize fully  the  importance  of  ari"ability  to  add  columns  of  figures 
with  accurac)  ami  dispatch.  While  it  is  true  that  adding  ma- 
chines are  used  extensive]}  tor  special  purposes  in  banks  and 
other  offices,  yet  it  is  also  true  that  their  use  is  restricted  to 
large  establishments,  and  the  clerks  in  these  concerns  are  ex- 
pected to  be  as  expert  in  adding  as  ever.  It  also  remains  true 
that  the  great  majority  of  commercial  houses  of  the  country  have 
not  yet  and  may  never  enjoy  the  luxury  of  a  Registering  Ac- 
countant or  a  Comptometer. 

There  are  two  points  in  adding  which  the  learner  should  strive 
tor.  which  the  teacher  should  insist  on,  and  which  the  business 
man  will  demand:  absolute  accuracy  and  a  practical  rate  of  speed. 
All  other  points  are  merely  incidental  to  the  main  issue.  With- 
out accuracy  the  result  is  useless;  without  lair  speed  one's  ser- 
enes are  unprofitable  to  his  employer.  Anything  that  develops 
either  or  both  of  the-,,  requisites  is  therefore  ust  ful.  Two  things 
will  place  the  learner  in  possession  of  these  requisites:  perfect 
familiarity  with  the  various  combinations  of  the  nine  significant 
I  sufficient  practice  iii  adding  to  give  confidence  and 
faeilitx .  The  first  thing,  then,  is  a  mastery  of  the  different  pos- 
sible combination',  ol  the  nine  significant  figures  taken  two  at 
a  time  —  there  an-  but  forty-five  such  combinations  in  all,  and 
but  twenty-five  of  them  yield  a  carrying  figure. 

TWO-FIGURE  GROUPS.  Most   students  already 

111111111  know   the  sums  of  these 

1234       5       6789  combinations,    but  thev 

22222222  should   be    practiced  till 

Z3456789  tne  results  can  be  called 

,,,,,,,  instantly    when   the   eye 

^       ,       _       £       g  catches  any  group.     This 

is  fundamental  and  must 

4  4      4      4      4  not   be  sHghted.       The 
4       5      °       '       °      "  combinations   must   be 

5  5       5       5       S        practiced  until  the  mind 
5      6      7      8      9       conceives  them  to  be  one 

D       6       ft       f,         number   without     con- 
6       7       8       9        scious  effort.      In  adding 
-       -       -        a  column  we  start  with  a 
i       „       g        number  in  the  mind,  and 
as  we  progress  this  num- 
ber is   repeatedly   in- 
s       "        creased   by    the  addition 
9        of  one  of  the  nine  digits, 
9       the  unit  figures  constant- 


ly 129  136  141  149  154  163  170  176  181 
875859765      4 

The  above  series  of  mental  pictures    is 

'■%      the  result  of  successively  adding  the  fol- 

lowing  digits:  8,  6,  9,  8,  5,  7,  1,  6,  Z,  4,  3,  4, 

7,  8,  5,  6,  4,  9,  4,  7,  8,  8,  7,  5,  8,  5, 9,  7, 6,  5, 4. 

The  carrying  figure  will  give  no  trouble  if  the  whole  attention 

is  directed  to  the  work.     It  can  never  be  greater  than  1  for  each 

combination.    The  small  figures  in  the  example  at  the  left  are 


5  4  4 

3489 

8  812 

2975 

10  n  19  14 

6379 

16       26  23 

3845 

10  28      28 

7982 

26  37  38 

5876 

31  45  45  36 

3524 

34  50  47  40 

34070 


the  mental  pictures  made  in  adding  this  column.   It 
is  added  downward  (some  add  from  bottom  up).     If 
the  result  at  any  time  comes  to  a  number  ending  in 
a  cipher,  as  20,  30,  and  the  like,  do  not  pronounce 
these  results,  but  take  in  the  next  figure.      Thus, 
near  the  bottom  of  the  right-hand  column  the  result 
of  28  and  2  is  30,  but  it  saves  time  if  the  following 
6  is  included  in  the  sum  before  the  word  is  spoken, 
for  otherwise  it  would  be  necessary  to  say,  or  think, 
"30,  36"  instead   of  saying,    or  thinking,    "36"  at 
once.       Other  instances  of  this  kind  occur  in  the 
second  and  third  columns. 

Write  a  column  of  figures  on  the  blackboard  and 
then   place   the   pointer  between   any   two  figures, 
either  vertically  or  horizontally,  call- 
ing for  immediate  responses  from  the     3'5'9'7'8'4 
class  in  concert,  or  from  some  mem-      ■    ■    ■ 
ber  alone.      Skip  quickly   from   one     12'6'8'4'9 
place   to   another  requiring  everyone 
to  respond.  Now  add  the  columns  from  top  to  bot-     l-CXI-rq 
torn,  then  from  bottom  to  top,  then  from  right  to     ...... 

left,  and  finally  from  left  to  right.  a  c\  1  c  A  A 

Add  all  the  figures  vertically,  treating  them  as     4 '9'  /'6  4  4 
one  column  of  units,  then  do  the  same  laterally. 
The  object  of  all  this  drill  is  to  develop  the  mind     7'5'6'9'3'5 

to  grasp  quickly  and  easily  the  sum  of  the  con-      

staiitly  increasing  number  which  is   momentarily     8'2'4'76'9 
held  in  the  mind  and  the  next  figure  in  the  col- 
umn.      After  the  blackboard  has  been  used  for  a     7CQ.9.1.4 
time  in  the  manner  suggested,  dictate  columns  of      ' 
varying  lengths  for  the  student  to  write  on  his  tab- 
let and  add.     Observe  and  note  those  who  finish  first  with  cor- 
rect results.      In  case  of  doubt  as  to  results,  add  the  column  in 
concert.       Do  not  try  to  go  so  fast  that  the  work  is  not  accurate. 
Speed  conies  gradually  from  familiarity  with  combinations  and 
confidence  of  results.    Aid  the  same  problem  several  times — the 
more  the  better — on  the  same  principle  that  old  matter  is  used 
for  shorthand  dictation. 

The  teacher  should  not  weary  of  well  doing,  but  should  pro- 
vide a  great  amount  of  material  for  class  use.  Idlers,  if  any  are 
discovered,  should  receive  due  attention,  and  should  not  be  al- 
lowed to  come  to  class  without  pencil  or  tablet.  Make  the  class 
time  a  work-time  rather  than  a  play-time,  and  the  results  ob- 
tained will  be  ample  reward  for  the  effort  —  even  the  most  un- 
promising student  will  become  interested  and  will  improve  when 
proper  attention  is  given  him. 
j  o    ,    „         Do  not  skip  about  to  find  tens  —  take  the  figures  as 


you  come  to  them.  I  believe  that  more  uniform  suc- 
cess is  had  when  one  digit  is  taken  at  a  time.  Espec- 
ially is  this  true  when  adding  in  concert.  Thus,  in 
the  column  here  shown,  say  — 

15,  22,  26.  34.  38.  43.  58.  63,  67,  73.  75.  81  units. 
12,  16,  28.  32.  35,  41.  45.  40.  56,  58,  66,  69,  75  tens. 
15,  24.  26.  29.  31.  39,  44.  46.  47.  52,  57,  64,  68,  72  hundreds, 
in  12.21.27.36,42,49.58  61,69  7^  si  89  90  thousands. 
In  adding  alone  the  figures  may  be  taken  several  at 
a  time,  but  I  do  not  think  it  advisable  to  make  groups 
that   come  to  more  than   10  —  while  one  is  forming 
groups  he  can  usually  add  the  column  one  digit  at  a 
time.     The  above  example  by  grouping  may  be  added 
9  7  8  6:    as  follows: 


2  9  4  8 
9  2'4i7 
6  3J8'4 
9  2  4  8 

6  8  3  4i 

7  5  6  5 
9  2  4  7 

3  14  8 

8  5|7i5i 
6  5'2'4' 


5, 4, 3|  21 
9  0  2  5  1 

Each   lesson   should   consist   of  gen 


[Groups  marked  with 


:  figure. 


taken 


15,  22,  26.  34,  43,  58,  (.7.  75.  81 

16,  28,  35,  15,  W,  58,  66,  75 
IS,  24,  31,  39,  17.  57,  64,  72 
12,  21,  27,  36,  42,  49.  58,  61,  69,  75,  84,  90 

1   work  at  the  board  as 


#he^u^l^c^£<4u;&ajtor   & 


above  explained,  and  then  of  dictated  problems  to  be  written  on 
the  tablets  and  added.  Two  objects  are  accomplished  by  th's 
means:  the  first  is  practice  in  keeping  up  with  the  others  and 
getting  the  work  down  in  good  shape  for  add- 
ing, the  second  is  the  addition  drill  itself. 

The  main  thing  to  strive  for  is  results,  njt 
necessarily  speed.  Any  student  can  be  drilled 
until  he  can  add  a  column  as  rapidly  and  ac- 
curately as  he  can  read  a  line  of  the  same 
number  of  words.  Some  can  learn  to  add  as 
fast  as  they  can  see  the  characters  distinctly, 
which  is  much  faster  than  they  can  sp>ak  all 
the  results. 

Some  have  good  success  with  grouping,  but 
groups  larger  than  10  are  not  usually  profit- 
able for  the  ordinary  student.  Take  only  such 
groups  as  come  naturally  and  easily,  as  time 
spent  in  spying  out  groups  is  sufficient  to  add 
the  numbers  singfy  and  with  more  ease.  The 
chief  thing  to  impress  on  a  class  and  to  put 
into  practise  is  to  add,  add,  add,  and  then  to 
keep  on  adding. 

In  the  column  at  the  left,  the  small  figures 
indicate  the  method  of  grouping  and  calling 
only  the  results  as  each  group  is  added  to  the 
preceding  total.  In  practice  they  should  not 
be  called  aloud,  but  merely  thought  of. 

After  the  class  has  been  drilled  until  the 
members  are  quite  adept,  the  problems  may- 
be made  longer  and  more  complex.  I  have 
found  this  plan  to  be  very  good:  Dictate  sev- 
eral columns;  add  the  first  and  set  its  sum 
under  the  second;  add  the  second  and  set  its 
sum  under  the  third,  etc.,  until  the  last  col- 
umn is  added,  which  shows  the  grand  total. 
The  following  will  serve  as  an  example  of 
such  a  problem  extended  to  six  columns: 


8  9   8  9  6  6 

3846943 

17  12  15  IS 

2976438 

26  19  21 19  13  11 

4786942 

1733  27      28 

3894957 

41  36  31  37  22 

5342894 

25  24 

6543218 

31 49  +4  36  47  32  32 

9  8  76  5  4  3 

57      42  35 

2829348 

42  65  53  51  55      43 

7869876 

49  73  59      63  47  49 

9478945 

58      66  68  72  51  54 

5  3  824  78 

63      74      76      62 

6478924 

69  84  8178  85 

8394683 

77  87  90  82  91  68  69 

77702189 


1541 
2323 
2946 
7345 
8396 
7284 
9187 
2293 
2476 
Total 


37945 
82463 
47864 
32498 
76843 
29478 
94683 
24781 
37463 
43791 


624832 
947638 
765538 
496824 
298796 
683478 
87^457 
298764 
324876 
294763 


Total  507809 


8324867 
2583545 
7654321 
2345678 
9123456 
9287545 
S.  542924 
7844895 
2547643 
5748329 
2567891 


Total  6119775 


89321758 
35971365 
73211793 
45378198 
54786934 
25534894 
61234587 
12899654 
39984759 
49597623 
16794538 
37399763 


Total  72490869 


845867432 
886644395 
972348973 
951378922 
775126348 
875634982 
879539475 
'»7'o43895 
678428912 
459.521834 
143999327 
6.57539216 
853849598 


Total  614606735 
Grand  total  10550830044 

Another  good  plan  for  a  long  test  is  to  make  a  monthly  and 
yearly  statement,  and  then  require  the  numbers  to  be  added 
both  horizontally  and  perpendicularly,  thus  — 

Monthly  and  Ykaki.v  Statement. 


Dictate  columns  of  various  lengths  and  widths  —  some  have 
better  success  with  long  than  they  do  with  sho.-t  columns. 

Time  your  students  —  100  figures  a  minute  is  as  good  a-  you 
will  lo  with  the  average  stndent,  although  some  will  learn  to 
add  much  faster. 


>U  fiy 


23 

28 
94 
78 
63 
24 
82 
99 
87 
65 
75 
68 
32 
89 
96 
54 
86 
94 
28 
32 
85 
28 
76 
52 


1637 


-  li  1 1  figure 

3484 
6)25 
6782 
3587 
6914 
8975 
5787 
3258 
9476 
4785 
3586 
9475 
8289 
3558 
9638 
5325 
6495 
7887 
8345 
9598 
7857 
8754 
3247 
9438 
_1284 
162779 


150  figures 

284789 
538468 
545556 
636465 
727374 
818283 
959697 
828357 
585964 
465985 
283894 
121314 
151617 
293949 
585964 
656667 
686975 
717273 
934925 
123456 
891246 
348925 
894763 
295876 
384566 
13762348 


70  fiau  res 

3654543 
2859659 
3947862 
7945973 
8446685 
2934353 
6453454 
8649786 
5439897 
548634  5_ 
55818557 


88  figures 

34548647 
99887766 
35857894 
28963428 
57695347 
78858948 
32867947 
85869498 
29478643 
94687593 
_34897654 
613613365 


6  4  7 

9  4  § 

9  6  8 

5  4  7 


4  7  6  s  9  5 
7  8  6  5  9  3 
9  9  7 

5  8  9  4 


4 
7 
1 
9 

5  2 

5 

9 


3  2 


7  5 
6  9 
5  1 


Month 

|  1900  |  1901  |  1902  |  1903  |  1904  1  Totals 

Jan. 

124832|  345.525  784395  528349  112233|  1895134 

Feb. 

728941  167S32  2N694S  956S73  66S734  2sn9.52s 

Mar. 

,5257hS  5S9435  75X5Nf>  424h.52  297ShS  239r,2s6 

April 

9248761  6543211  3214761  5946571  1928431  2688173 

Ma\ 

5437681  2345671  592763!  2946321  7653451  2431075 

June 

928328  891234!  198725!  5286471  294763]  2841697 

Tulv 

7647321  5678951  539876]  328943  348694|  2550140 

Aug. 

6549241  438927!  247632]  294742  7286431  2361868 

Sept. 

628328]  624932  586529|  4865321  397544|  2723865 

Oct. 

7846231  8647431  738564J  6743841  867347]  3929661 

Nov. 

3984721  157635!  3289241  586432]  247689]  1719152 

Dec. 

153287!  5947651  8958551  975683]  348789]  2968379 

Totals  |6960879|6131611  6280273  6674506  5270489  31317758 

100  fisrures  80  figures 

19786234554817753298  4867942533 

98712475389966864789  4976854897 

97127384959584736217  3176584973 

39982765983497698614  4499772658 

83738598723459679347  7849633284 

339347459611326732265  3963347975 

30  figures  286  figures  6723985495 

43897  5984934935552  6152296642 

98456  9398354249706  42210418457 

3S763  8838599553786 

93867  8585263635559 

56976  8653369585988 

87334  1373653667396 
419293  3999233876257 
2915567568265 
9393686356221 
1317372672357 
5673323536662 
3938359873383 
3323623256563 
8565363817393 
8668783323797 

9873623835526  66432545  8244888 
5266386535259  11141441  2578724 
7338558545153  33378924  2516134 
7573797381582  41432155  5412412 
8898955879919  96361515  7975354 
8899887735363  29671245  3991935 
1832662557396  15871372  8883628 


144  figures 

68636495 
48825967 
66545639 
13315372 
32344486 
44845444 
45284546 
88446692 
39669289 


4  6  7  3  2 
J  8  6  5  6 

',8  9  4  1 

TV  6  4  3 

63  4  2  9 
.„,„,„  „  « 

5  6  '§'7  2 
6*7  2  11 

'5  3  2  9'S 

S3  7 '2  2 

6  2  9  5  5 
"5  lTS6 

ej]5'7  6  5 '7 
1  6'77,9'i'8'l'8 


112  figures 

1375111 
6915344 
3987895 
6439729 
9435843 
7567881 
9636958 
82156631  2151213 
19613634  1654423 


112  figures 

5148622 
4475415 
6424119 
7669548 
4508483 
4583761 
2713245 
2145989 
1187837 
9943263 
7995578 
9543329 
8723499 
1949578 
6559932 
3459873 


It  is  evident  that  the  sum  of  the  lateral  additions  must  equal 
the  sum  of  the  vertical  additions,  otherwise  a  mistake  has  been 
made,  and  the  work  must  be  reviewed  to  find  it. 


140313362379083  843973392  88767472  87032071 

The  foregoing  examples  are  only  suggestions  and  should 

be  extended  until  the  teacher  is  satisfied  his  pupils  are  on 

the  road  to  success  in    rapid  addition.       Never  permit  a 

student  to  depend  on  someone  else  for  his  footings.     Self-reliance 

is  an  important  factor  in  all  great  successes. 


'/I've  fi> u->li tc j j  fctLw.<ittto r   ^ 


T 


^-^7\ 


L 


I 


DEPARTMENT    OF 

(Office  (training 

AS  A  PART  OF  THE  COMMERCIAL  COURSE 

S.   S.   HOOKLAND 
BANES  Business  College.  Philadelphia,  Pa. 


7 


• 


H  Working  Plan. 

One  of  the  first  essentials  to  suc- 
cessful office  work  is  a  working-  plan. 
Here,  as  in  any  other  business,  the 
results  produced  must  be  very  un- 
satisfactory unless  the  work  is  regu- 
lated in  accordance  with  a  well-defined 
system.  We  can  easily  imagine  the 
conditions  which  would  prevail  in  a 
large  business  house  where  a  number 
of  inexperienced  bookkeepers  and 
office  clerks  are  employed,  if  the  ac- 
counting department  were  crowded 
into  small  spaces  that  could  not  be 
used  for  other  purposes,  and  the 
work  handled  without  plan  or  super- 
vision. What  would  happen  there 
would  certainly  occur,  and  does  occur, 
under  similar  conditions  in  the  school- 
room, where  the  business  is  done  and 
the  records  kept  by  students,  most  of 
whom  have  had  no  office  experience 
whatever,  and  often  have  not  the 
faintest  conception  of  business  prin- 
ciples before  entering  the  school. 
Where  there  is  a  large  office  force  and 
considerable  business  to  be  carried 
out  each  day,  there  must  be  a  thorough 
organization  extending  to  the  minu- 
test details. 

Such  an  organization  would  re- 
quire sufficient  floor  space,  with 
proper  arrangement  of  offices;  a  con- 
venient number  of  offices,  among 
which  to  distribute  the  business; 
proper  division  of  work  among  the 
students  in  each  office;  a  flexible  plan 
for  assignment  of  students  to  office 
work,  and  regular  rotation  in  po- 
sitions; a  sufficient  variety  in  the 
bookkeeping  work  to  provide  for  a 
prolongation  of  the  student's  course 
until  the  necessary  qualifications  are 
obtained;  and,  above  all,  a  thorough 
supervision  of  the  work  by  instructors 
who  can  give  their  time,  not  only  to  a 
general  superintendence,  but  also  to 
the  details  of  each  day's  business. 
Let  us  consider  each  of  these  a  little 
more  closely. 

1.  Space.  There  should  be  sufficient 
space  provided  for  each  office  to  give 
ample  room  to  each  student  and  to 
provide  such  accommodations  as  are 
required  in  well  regulated  business 
houses  for  the  handling  of  books  and 
correspondence,  and  for  the  filing  of 
papers  and  documents.  The  offices 
should  be  so  arranged  in  relation  to 
one  another  as  to  place  the  instructor 
or  instructors  in  commanding  po- 
sitions to  secure  close  application  to 
duty  and  orderly  conduct  on  the  part 
of  the  students.  Teachers  in  charge 
of  this  work  should  be  provided  with 
desks  in  the  offices  so  as  to  facilitate 


checking  and  to  give  proper  dignity 
to  their  work.  Figure  1  is  a  plan  of 
the  rooms,  showing  dimensions  and 
relative  positions  of  the  offices,  in  the 
school  with  which  the  writer  is  as- 
sociated. 

2.  Number  and  relative  Post/ion  of 
Offices.  If  the  business  in  the  offices, 
as  is  generally  the  case,  originates 
with  the  students  outside,  and  is 
partly  or  wholly  transacted  by  mail, 
there  should  be  two  freight  offices, 
one  accessible  to  the  students  at 
their  desks,  to  represent  the  freight 
office  in  the  city  where  they  are  doing 
business;  the  other,  so  placed  as  to 
accommodate  the  students  in  the 
offices,  who  may  represent  firms  lo- 
cated in  some  other  city  or  cities.  In 
addition  to  these  there  should  be  a 
real  estate  office,  a  bank,  a  shipping 
and  commission  office,  andasufficient 
number  of  jobbing  or  wholesale 
houses  to  give  the  necessary  number 
of  accounts  on  students'  ledgers  out- 
side. The  number  of  offices  used  to 
represent  mercantile  houses  may  be 
reduced  (1)  by  combining  the  busi- 
ness of  several  firms,  a  plan  not 
uncommon  in  business;  (2)  by  placing 
students  at  the  desk  in  communication 
with  offices  in  other  schools;  (3)  by 
using  names  of  fictitious  firms  with 
which  business  is  carried  on  through 
vouchers,  and  (4)  by  having  business 
transacted  among  the  students.  The 
last  method  is  perhaps  the  one  most 
generally  resorted  to,  but  is  the  least 
desirable. 

If  all  transactions  with  houses 
dealing  in  merchandise  are  carried 
out  by  mail,  as  is  the  case  in  the 
school  referred  to  above,  only  the 
real  estate  office,  the  bank,  and  one 
freight  office  need  be  so  placed  as  to 
provide  for  transaction  of  business 
from  hand  to  hand  through  windows. 
This  makes  the  question  of  location 
of  the  other  offices  simply  a  matter  of 
convenience  in  superintendence  and 
of  available  space,  as  these,  if  space 
be  limited,  may  then  be  placed  in 
another  room. 

The  business  relations  between  the 
offices  themselves,  and  between  the 
students  and  the  offices,  should,  as 
far  as  possible,  be  the  same  as  those 
which  obtain  in  actual  business. 
Selling-houses  should  not,  as  a  rule, 
be  purchasing-houses  in  relation  to 
the  same  individual  or  firm.  There 
is  very  little  to  be  gained,  however, 
by  creating  artificial  conditions  for 
the  purpose  of  illustrating  the  law  of 
supply  and  demand.  What  students 
want  in  office  practice  is  experience 
in  keeping    books  and    drill   in  office 


routine.  This  does  not  mean  that, 
when  conducting  business  on  the 
intercommunication  plan,  facts  of 
commercial  geography  should  be 
ignored,  but  rather  that  the  course 
in  business  practice  should  not  be 
diverted  from  its  main  object,  or  in 
any  way  impaired,  for  the  purpose  of 
illustrating  or  enforcing  principles  of 
industrial  or  political  economy, 
which  can  be  taught  to  better  ad- 
vantage in  classes  formed  for  that 
purpose. 

3.  Division  of  Work.  The  division 
of  work  among  students  in  each 
office  must  be  governed  by  the  num- 
ber of  students  required  and  the 
bookkeeping  system  used  in  the 
particular  office.  In  one  of  the  offices 
in  our  department,  where  the  Safe- 
guard system  is  used,  the  student  in 
the  lowest  position  acts  as  ship- 
ping clerk— filling  orders,  making 
out  shipping  receipts,  and  taking  the 
goods  to  the  freight  office;  in  the  next 
higher,  as_  billing  clerk— making  out 
bills,  placing  carbon  impressions  of 
same  with  recapitulation  sheet  in 
binder,  and  filing  the  orders,  at  the 
close  of  each  day;  in  the  next  higher, 
as  correspondence  clerk— writing  all 
letters  pertaining  to  sales,  taking 
letter-press  copies  of  same,  and 
filing  letters  received.  In  the  fourth 
position  the  student  acts  as  purchase 
clerk,  approving  and  pasting  in  in- 
voices. He  has  charge  of  the  Pur- 
chase Ledger,  posting  from  the 
individual  invoices,  the  Cash  Book, 
Bill  Book  and  Journal.  At  the  end 
of  each  day  he  makes  out  a  proof, 
showing  footings  of  debit  and  credit 
columns  of  this  ledger  to  agree  with 
the  totals  of  debit  and  credit  Pur- 
chase Ledger  columns  in  the  Cash 
Book  and  Journal.  At  the  end  of 
each  week,  he  extends  balances  and 
makes  a  general  proof,  showing 
agreement  of  his  ledger  with  the  ac- 
count in  the  General  Ledger.  He 
also  attends  to  the  ordering  of  goods 
and  to  the  correspondence  relating  to 
purchase  orders  and  invoices.  The 
fifth  position  is  that  of  Sales  Ledger 
clerk,  who  posts  charges  from  sales 
sheets  and  credits  from  Bill  Book, 
Cash  Book  and  Journal.  He  makes 
daily  and  weekly  proofs  similar  to 
those  of  the  purchase  clerk.  The 
next  to  the  highest  position  is  that  of 
cashier,  who  makes  all  entries  in  the 
Cash  Book  and  attends  to  such  cor- 
respondence involving  cash  receipts 
or  remittances  as  does  not  come 
within  the  province  of  other  clerks. 
At  the  close  of  each  day  he  makes 
out  a  Cash  Statement,  and  at  the  end 
of  the  week  a  general  cash  proof 
after  return  of  pass  book,  with  can- 
celled checks,  from  the  bank.  The 
highest  position  is  that  of  the  general 
bookkeeper,  who  keeps  the  Journal, 
making  entries  therein  of  total  sales, 
purchases,  notes  receivable,  and 
notes  payable,  together  with  such 
transactions  as  require  a  Journal 
entry.  He  also  makes  all  entries  in 
the  Bill  Book,  accepts  drafts,  issues 
notes,  and  attends  to  the  correspond- 
ence touching  business  entered  on 
his  books.  At  the  end  of  the  week  he 
posts  to  the  General  Ledger,  and 
takes  a  trial  balance  and  bill  proofs. 
As  head  of  the  office,  he  has  general 
charge. 


^/Iic  fJtu/uvc^£cUtou,lvr    &> 


While  the  division  of  work  in  other 
offices  is  somewhat  different  on  ac- 
count of  variations  in  the  number 
and  kind  of  books  used,  and  in  the 
nature  of  the  business  conducted,  the 
same  general  plan  is  followed  of  pro- 
ceeding from  the  simple  to  the  com- 
plex, and  defining  each  student's 
work  so  as  to  hold  him  responsible 
therefor.  In  this  way  the  work  is 
made  pleasant  and  businesslike,  and 
the  student  gains  the  idea  of  order 
and  system  and  learns  to  realize  the 
responsibility  attached  to  assign- 
ment to  duty.  Interests  may  be  in- 
creased by  paying  weekly  salaries  in 
college  currency,  ranging,  sav,  from 
$7.00  to  130.00,  in  accordance  with  the 
importance  of  the  position,  and  by 
placing  the  cashier  under  bond. 

4.  Assignment  and  Rotation.  As- 
signment of  students  to  positions  in 
the  offices  should  be  made  at  the 
beginning  of  each  week,  or  shorter 
interval.  Such  assignment  should  be 
regular  and  should  take  effect  im- 
mediately after  approval  of  work  for 
the  preceding  period.  The  student 
assigned  for  the  first  time  should  take 
the  lowest  place,  and  the  students 
already  in  the  office  should  each  be 
moved  up  one  place  in  the  rank.  If 
one  has  failed  to  complete  his  work, 
the  person  at  fault  should  either  be 
dropped  down  or  out  or  be  required 
to  retain  the  same  position,  in  which 
case  the  person  following  him  should 
be  promoted  above  him.  The  par- 
ticular course  to  be  followed  in  each 
instance  must,  of  course,  be  de- 
termined by  the  general  conditions  in 
the  office,  and  the  disposition  of  the 
individual  student.  When  the  work 
is  well  planned  and  divided,  leading 
gradually  from  that  which  is  easy  to 
that  which  is  more  difficult,  it  is'im- 
material  whether  the  student  is  first 
assigned  to  one  office  or  to  another. 
It  will,  however,  prevent  friction  and 
possible  discouragement  or  failures 
to  assign  the  weaker  ones  first  to  the 
smaller  offices. 

To  relieve  the  scarcity  of  office 
students  at  the  beginning  of  the  year, 


and  to  prevent  the  overcrowding  at 
the  end,  the  best  students  may  be  se- 
lected to  fill  places  before  finishing 
work  at  the  desk,  this  work  to  be  re- 
sumed after  completing  the  office 
work.  Another  remedy  for  overcrowd- 
ing is  to  permit  the  substituting  of 
theory  or  voucher  sets  for  part  of  the 
office  course  at  the  discretion  of  the 
teacher  in  charge.  In  schools  where 
the  majority  of  students  take  both 
bookkeeping  and  shorthand,  a  short- 
er course  is  often  prescribed.  This 
simplifies  the  problem,  as  it  leaves 
the  instructor  free  to  assign  such 
work  as  will  suit  the  individual  needs 
and  will,  from  time  to  time,  meet  the 
requirements  of  the  department. 

The  idea  in  making  assignments 
should  not  be  to  take  the  student 
through  a  certain  number  of  offices, 
or  to  measure  time,  but  rather  to 
place  him  under  such  conditions  as 
will  develop  in  him  the  necessary 
qualifications.  This  may  require  more 
time  in  some  cases  than  in  others 
and  will  necessitate  more  work  by 
those  who  are  either  less  competent 
or  who  are  indisposed  to  school  work. 
The  work  in  the  different  offices 
should  therefore  be  sufficiently  varied 
to  permit  of  continuing  a  student 
from  office  to  office,  without  going 
over  the  same  ground,  until  such 
qualifications  are  obtained. 

5.  Supervision.  We  cannot  too  se- 
verely condemn  the  practice  in  many 
schools  of  permitting  office  work  to  be 
carried  on  without  close  examination 
and  supervision.  Nothing  can  do 
more  harm  to  the  cause  of  business 
education  than  such  unpardonable 
laxity  at  a  time  and  place  in  the  stu- 
dent's course  requiring  the  most 
careful  attention.  The  case  cited  by 
Mr.  Gaylord  in  his  pointed  article  in 
the  March  issue  of  the  Edccatou  is 
but  one  illustration  of  this  deplorable 
looseness.  As  the  succeeding  article- 
will  be  devoted  to  a  discussion  of 
"Checks  on  Students'  Work,"  the 
matter  of  supervision  will  be  dwelt 
on  more  fully  in  the  next  issue. 


Che  Tndiana  Business  College  Associa- 
tion.   Continued  from  Page  16. 

to  all  the  business  college  people  in  the  state. 
Mr.  H.  A.  Popp,  from  Ft.  Wayne,  gave  some 
excellent  points  on  "Advertising,  where 
and  how  to  do  it."  It  was  his  view  that  a 
circular  advertisement  was  the  best  a  busi- 
ness college  could  employ.  He  thought  an 
expensive  catalogue  is  not  feasible,  as  the 
expense  is  too  high  for  the  returns. 

Mr.  M.  H.  Lockvear,  of  Evansville,  and  Mr. 
W.  H.  Carrier,  of  Anderson,  gave  some  ex- 
cellent views  on  the  topic,  "Is  it  feasible  to 
agree  on  rates  of  tuition  ?  How  can  it  be 
done  and  what  shall  they  be?"  Thev  all 
agreed  that  a  high  rate  of  tuition  was  much 
better  than  a  low  rate  and  an  agreement 
should  be  reached  by  which  all  the  business 
colleges  in  the  state  would  receive  the  same 
rate  of  tuition.  No  definite  rates  were 
agreed  on  at  this  meeting. 

Mr.  S.  A.  Drake,  from  Lafayette,  in  dis- 
cussing the  topic  assigned  to  him,  thought 
it  best  that  the  employment  department 
and  the  business  college  should  be  forever 
divorced  as  a  higher  institution  could  be 
run  if  the  employment  feature  was  ban- 
ished. On  the  other  hand,  however,  there 
was  a  strong  opinion  to  the  contrary.  Many 
good  school  men  who  are  running  good 
schools  have  successful  employment  de- 
partments. 

Mr.  R.  C.  Bay,  from  Anderson,  and  Mr.  A. 
X.  Hirons,  from  Muncie,  discussed  freely 
the  soliciting  feature  of  the  business  col- 
lege. Mr.  K.  C.  Bay  thought  it  was,  at  this 
time,  a  necessary  evil  while  Mr.  Hirons 
advocated  very  strongly  and  presented 
some  good  arguments  for  the  business  col- 
lege employing  a  solicitor  at  a  high  price. 
An  inexperienced  solicitor  was  denounced 
by  all  experienced  school  men. 

Typewriters  and  supplies  were  chiefly 
discussed  by  Mr.  Lockvear  and  Chas.  C. 
Cring.  The  question  of  purchasing  new- 
machines  in  a  large  quantity  was.  however, 
deferred  until  the  next  meeting,  which  was 
decided  to  be  held  the  first  week  of  October 
at  Indianapolis. 

The  Indiana  Business  College,  which  has 
institutions  at  Logansport,  Elkhart,  Ko- 
komo,  Marion,  Muncie  and  Anderson, 
through  the  management  of  Prof.  J  D. 
Brunner,  of  Marion,  and  Chas.  C.  Cring,  of 
Muncie.  invited  all  the  members  present  to 
a  trolley  ride  from  Anderson  to  Muncie  to 
inspectone  of  their  other  institutions. 

The  meeting  was  continued  on  the  trolley- 
car  both  going  to  Muncie  and  returning. 
The  election  of  officers  was  taken  up,  the 
last  thing  on  the  program.  The  following 
officers  were  unanimously  elected  :  Mr.  H. 
M.  Lockyear,  of  Evansville,  President;  Mr. 
H.  A.  Popp,  of  Ft.  Wayne,  Vice-president; 
Mr.  J.  D.  Brunner,  of  Marion,  Secretary  and 
Treasurer. 


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Commercial  £attx 

J.    C.    BARBER, 

Bryant  &  Stratton  Business  College, 
Providence,  R.  I. 


Discbarge  of  (Contract. 


BY  OPERATION  OF  LAW. 

There  are  cases  where  the  law  works 
a  discharge  of  the  contract  independ- 
ently of  the  intention  of  the  parties. 
Under  this  head  are  reckoned  merger, 
alteration  of  a  written  instrument, 
bankruptcy  and  death. 

Merger.  This  is  the  virtual  swal- 
lowing up  of  a  contract  by  one  of  a 
higher  order.  For  example,  where 
the  parties  make  a  simple  contract 
and  afterward  make  a  sealed  contract 
to  cover  the  same  subject-matter,  the 
first  contract  is  said  to  be  merged  in 
the  second  and  only  the  second  is  of 
any  effect.  To  constitute  merger  the 
parties  in  the  two  contracts  must  be 
the  same;  the  subject-matter  must 
be  the  same ;  and  the  contracts  must 
be  different,  that  is  the  latter  must 
be  of  a  higher  order  than  the  former. 
The  mere  taking  of  additional  se- 
curity on  the  same  contract  does  not 
constitute  merger. 

Material  Alteration  of  a  Written  In- 
strument. Where  one  party  to  a  writ- 
ten contract  has  altered  it  in  any 
material  part  without  the  knowledge 
and  consent  of  the  other  party,  as  a 
rule  the  former  cannot  enforce  the 
contract,  but  of  course  this  does  not 
prevent  the  innocent  party  from  ob- 
taining his  rights  if  he  can  prove  the 
contents  of  the  original  instrument. 
This  general  rule,  like  all  others,  may 
be  modified  by  statute. 

The  alteration  must  be  material- 
it  must  change  the  legal  effect  of  the 
contract.  Simply  adding  the  legal 
rate  of  interest  on  a  note  which 
merely  reads  "with  interest,"  without 
specifying  any  rate  per  cent.,  is  not  a 
material  alteration  because  it  does 
not  change  the  legal  effect  of  the  note. 
The  legal  rate  could  have  been  col- 
lected anyway. 

The  alteration  must  have  been  made 
by  one  party  to  the  contract  without 
the  consent  of  the  other.  If  made  by 
a  stranger  without  the  consent  of 
either  party,  it  is  called  spoliation  and 
does  not  affect  the  rights  of  the  par- 
lies so  long  as  they  can  prove  the 
contents  ol  the  original  instrument 
lr  made  by  one  party  with  the  con- 
sent of  the  other  or  others,  it  con- 
stitutes a  new  agreement.  It  must 
have  been  altered  after  the  instrument 
was  signed  and  delivered  and  before 
it  was  discharged  bv  performance. 
If  changed  before,  it  becomes  a  part 
of  the  original  contract  and  if  changed 
after  performance,  the  change  will 
have  no  effect.     By  the   better  rule  it 


would  seem  that  the  alteration  must 
have  been  made  with  fraudulent  in- 
tent. 

The  statutes  of  some  states  provide 
that  "When  a  negotiable  instrument 
has  been  materially  altered  and  is  in 
the  hands  of  a  holder  in  due  course, 
not  a  party  to  the  alteration,  he  may 
enforce  payment  thereof  according  to 
its  original  tenor." 

It  is  a  question  of  fact  for  a  jury  to 
determine  whether  or  not  an  instru- 
ment has  been  altered  since  it  was 
executed  and  delivered,  but  it  is  a 
question  for  the  court  to  determine 
whether  or  not  the  alteration  is  ma- 
terial. 

It  is  well  to  note  that,  as  a  general 
rule  where  the  alteration  is  suspicious 
on  the  face  of  it  or  where  it  is  bene- 
ficial to  the  party  seeking  to  enforce 
the  instrument,  the  burden  of  proof 
is  on  such  party  to  show  that  the 
alteration  was  made  before  execution 
and  delivery  or,  if  made  afterward, 
that  it  was  made  with  the  consent  of 
the  other  party  or  parties. 

Lost  Instrument.  If  an  instrument 
other  than  negotiable  paper  is  lost,  it 
does  not  prevent  the  parties  from  ob- 
taining their  rights  under  the  in- 
strument if  they  can  prove  its  con- 
tents. In  case  of  loss  of  negotiable 
papers  made  payable  to  bearer,  or 
indorsed  in  blank,  the  owner  is  usually 
permitted  by  a  statute  to  collect,  if 
he  can  prove  the  first  contents  of  the 
paper;  second,  that  it  belongs  to  him; 
and  third,  that  it  was  lost  while  be- 
longing to  him.  But  he  must  execute 
a  bond  to  the  adverse  party  agreeing 
to  indemnify  him  in  case  the  paper 
should  subsequently  turn  up  in  the 
hands  of  a  'holder  in  due  course.' 

Bankruptcy.  One  who  has  been  put 
through  proper  proceedings  in  bank- 
ruptcy will  be  discharged  from  exist- 
ing obligations,  subject  of  course  to 
any  exceptions  provided  by  bank- 
ruptcy laws.  Congress  has  the  power 
to  make  bankruptcy  laws.  On  three 
different  occasions  Congress  has 
passed  bankruptcy  acts  each  of  which 
has  been  repealed  a  little  later.  A 
few  years  ago  a  fourth  act  was  passed 
which  is  still  in  force.  When  there  is 
no  national  bankruptcy  law  in  force, 
the  statutes  of  the  different  stages 
control  the  matter  within  their  re- 
spective jurisdictions. 

I  hulk.  Death  does  not  discharge 
the  estate  of  a  person  from  his  liabili- 
ties generally.  Debts  and  contract 
obligations,  which  can  be  fulfilled  by 
the  executor  or  administrator  are  not 
discharged   bv  death.     Contracts   for 


personal  services  and  agreements  to 
marry  are  discharged  by  the  death  of 
either  party.  The  same  is  true  of 
contracts  founded  on  personal  con- 
fidence and  trust,  as  contracts  of 
co-partnership. 

IMPOSSIBILITY  OF  PERFORMANCE. 

Where  one  party  promises  to  do 
something  which  from  the  very  na- 
ture of  things  is  impossible  of  per- 
formance at  the  time  of  making  the 
promise,  or  something  which  the  law 
of  that  time  prohibits,  the  impos- 
sibility if  known  to  both  parties, 
prevents  the  making  of  a  contract  at 
all,  because  such  a  promise  is  an 
impossible  consideration.  If  the  im- 
possibility is  not  known  to  either 
party,  of  course  there  is  a  mutual  mis- 
take of  fact  which  renders  the  con- 
tract void  from  the  start,  "void  ab 
initio."  As  to  whether  or  not  impos- 
sibility of  performance  will  discharge 
a  contract,  we  are  concerned  only 
with  cases  where  there  was  a  con- 
tract to  begin  with  and  where  the 
impossibility  has  arisen  since  the 
agreement  was  made. 

In  general,  the  law  holds  a  person 
liable  for  non-performance  in  such 
cases.  If,  in  order  to  be  released,  one 
who  had  agreed  to  sell  and  deliver 
goods  at  a  certain  time  and  place  had 
only  to  show  that,  under  the  circum- 
stances, he  could  not  do  it,  it  would 
hardly  be  worth  while  for  the  other 
party  to  make  the  contract,  for  the 
very  object  in  making  the  contract 
is  that  the  seller  shall  take  the  re- 
sponsibility. 

As  a  rule,  one  who  has  promised  to 
do  something  definite  and  lawful, 
and  something  possible  when  he 
promised  it,  must  either  perform 
what  he  has  promised  or  pay  the 
damage  caused  by  his  non-perform- 
ance. 

If  A  agrees  to  furnish  material  and 
build  a  house  for  B  and  to  have  it 
completed  by  a  certain  date,  it  does 
not  matter  that  when  nearly  com- 
pleted the  house  burns  through  no 
fault  of  anyone.  This  is  no  excuse 
for  A  if  he  fails  to  turn  the  house 
over  to  B  at  the  appointed  time.  A 
might  have  made  provisions  in  the 
contract  against  taking  such  risk  had 
he  chosen  to  do  so.  But  a  contract 
valid  when  made  may  be  discharged: 

1.  By  the  destruction  of  the  sub- 
ject matter,  where  it  is  evident  that 
the  parties  founded  their  contract  on 
its  "continued  existence."  Where  a 
party  agreed  to  let  a  hall  for  certain 
days  and  before  the  time  arrived  the 
hall  was  burned,  the  latter  was  re- 
leased from  his  contract.  This  is 
perhaps  the  leading  case  on  this 
point. 

2.  By  a  person's  becoming  incapac- 
itated after  he  has  contracted  to  per- 
form personal  services  for  another. 

3.  By  a  change  of  law,  or  by  some 
act  authorized  by  the  government, 
which  makes  performance  impossible. 

Where  a  party  had  agreed  to  rebuild 
a  wooden  building  in  case  it  should 
be  destroyed  by  fire  and  an  ordinance 
was  afterward  passed  prohibiting  the 
erection  of  wooden  buildings  in  that 
district,  it  was  held  that  the  promisor 
was  released. 

(Continued  o?i  page  43.) 


Cessons  in 

Hp'tO'bate  Business  f 

^nmansfyip 

BY 

1^-    C2^<^^^^>^<^^^/'. 

TROY,  N.  Y. 

Plate  65. 

Utilize  the  forms  and  words  presented  in  this  plate  as  a  means  of  study  in  order  to  secure  a  more  definite  and  accurate  knowledge 
as  to  just  how  the  separate  letters  should  be  made.  This  can  be  accomplished  quicker  by  continued  practice  and  study  upon  each  word 
individually,  rather  than  by  the  plate  as  a  whole.  Select,  therefore,  one  of  the  words  and  work  on  it  incessantly— work  until  you  are  able 
to  write  the  word  without  a  faulty  letter.  This  is  the  one  and  only  method  to  follow  if  you  desire  to  be  able  to  write  the  entire  plate 
well.      Watch  slant  and  spacing  as  well  as  form,  and  try  to  unite  the  three  in  striving  for  that  general  and  desirable  quality,  uniformity 


£/Fv©  ISufrutefrfe  £eUtc**tor  & 


Plate  67. 

To  be  able  to  print  a  simple,  plain  alphabet  fairly  well  will  add  greatly  to  any  young  person's  ability  in  striking  out  into  the  world 
The  alphabet  and  work  presented  in  this  plate  will  prove  valuable  for  package  addressing,  ledger  headings,  etc.,  and  can  be  mastered 
in  short  time  and  with  little  effort.  To  print  it  successfully,  see  that  the  edge  of  the  paper  is  parallel  with  the  edge  of  the  desk— in  other 
words,  vertical  on  the  desk.  Allow  the  arms  to  rest  naturally  as  when  writing,  and  the  work  will  then  take  on  a  back-hand  appearance 
as  in  the  copy.  As  concerns  the  movement  to  be  used,  it  will  be  found  that  the  hand  and  fingers  can  be  used  to  advantage,  yet  many 
succeed  in  mastering  this  work  by  the  arm  movement.  Before  attempting  to  form  the  letters  and  words,  study  the  necessary  separate 
strokes  critically,  and  notice  that  the  stroke  used  to  form  the  capital  and  small  If  is  really  the  foundation  of  the  alphabet.  Rule  head  and 
base  lines  at  first,  but  later  it  would  be  well  to  practice  without  them.  Uniformity  in  slant  and  solidity  of  stroke  are  two  important 
essentials.     Train  the  eye  to  see  defects  and  let  study  be  quite  as  important  as  execution. 


You  may  now  try  your  hand  at  making  a  complete  set  of  capital  letters.    You  will  find  it  by  no  means  an  easy  thing  to  get  all 
the  letters  equally  good.    But  persevere  and  you  will  win. 


^/l'V©l^uUlrv^^ficU*>e>ctWr   & 


Plate  69. 

i  this  letter  could  hardly  be  termed  model  or  studied  penmanship,  yet  it  served  well  to  express  the  desired  thoughts, 
lposed  while  being  written,  consequently  the  bulk  of  effort  was  expended  in  proper  selection  of  words  to  express  clearly 
ind,  rather  than  in  accurate  formation  of  letters  and  characters.  Learn  to  have  system  and  order  to  your  letters,  and 
above  all,  neatness.  Poor  english  and  bad  spelling  and  punctuation  have  no  place  in  correspondence  of  any  nature— in  truth,  they  are 
of  more  impoitance  than  the  writing.  Decide  definitely  what  you  wish  to  say,  select  suitable  words,  and  then  proceed  to  utilize  the 
common  servant  of  thought  (writing)  to  complete  your  letter. 


The  writing  i 
The  letter  was  coc 
the  thoughts  in  m 


^-^W 


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tZ^TZ^' ^C^^-^/^^-^O^-y  e?^77^^  ^£c?-z7    t^£iZZ^f  ^L&  ^^^Z^-^>^^5Z>f>^ 


ICriticiams  on  page  29. J 


lessons  in  Practical  Business  EDriting 


'_--^I2-iz-'2-'£>  ^^y)A^i^t^J-^-T<i-y- 


CAVANAUGH  COMMERCIAL  COLLEGE,  NEW  BRITAIN,  CONN. 
Students'  practice  criticized  in  these  columns  free  of  charge.    Specimens  should  be  sent  to  Miss  Hudson,  New  Britain,  Conn.,  by  the  fifth  of  each  month. 


Cesson  Cwelve. 

'And  what  is  writ,  is  writ- 
Would  it  were  worthier." 
lijron. 


(,  \zs  0-^S%--<£^i^4/  L*7  ^^i^^^^<t^^^^y  ^i^c^-tty   &^£y . 


*J6. 


This  is  a  new  form  of  H.    It  has  the  same  beginning  as  the  7'.    The  H,  /and  A"  have  the  same  ending  to  the  first  stroke, 
jsing  a  quotation  beginning  with/,  you  will  notice  that  that  letter  is  used  in  No.  8. 

VIcLtt  U-L 


Plates  46*47=48. 

With  these  three  plates,  the  Shakespearean  quotations  finish,  as  well  as  the  series  of  lessons.  In  closing,  the  author  would  urge  the 
students  who  have  followed  these  lessons,  to  continue  their  practice  with  even  more  zeal,  remembering  perfection  is  gained  only 
through  constant  practice. 


llcZZZ^^L^-L^Cey    &-~H~4- 


a^y. 


ix/zW^^zy  Z^^^Z2^^^^^^^^z^  &U? 


s^z^zzsL*'. 


■  a^L^y. 


vfKcrS^7\ 


BY  MISS  MAY  FUNDERUD,  DARLING'S  BUSINESS  COLLEGE,  FERGUS  FALLS,  MINN., 
O.  T.  JOHNSTON,  PENMAN. 


Students' 

Specimens 


W.   H.    Wetzel.    Super 


nf     Writi 


BY  CYRIL  H.  MAY,  PUPIL  IN    BATAYIA,  ILL.,   HIGH   SCHOOL,  PROF-  L-   E.  WENTZEL,   SUPT. 


Drawing,  and  Bookkeeping  in  the  r- 
schools  of  McKeesport,  Pa.,  favored  us  with 
a  budget  of  specimens  of  business  writing 
from  the  students  in  the  grammar  grades. 
The  work  indicates  practical  instructions, 
among  the  best  received  being  Sam  Sinsel, 
Bell  McClure,  and  Mae  Thompson. 

Mr.  Claude  L.  Eyster,  Holcomb,  111.,  is  a 
young  man  who  writes  well,  and  who 
promises  to  write  much  better.  The  speci- 
mens he  enclosed  show  much  artistic 
talent. 

Cloyce  D.  DufTield,  Findlay,  Ohio,  student 
of  Yocutn's  Business  College,  submits  speci- 
mens of  his  business  penmanship,  revealing 
an  excellence  not  obtained  by  many  stu- 
dents. 

A  package  of  specimens  of  writing  from 
the  grammar  grades  of  Greensburg,  Pa., 
has  been  forwarded  to  us  by  Mr.  \Y.  B.  Grei- 
der,  Supervisor  of  Writing  and  Drawing  in 
that  city.  We  have  never  seen  more  uni- 
formly good  work,  if  as  good  from  the  gram- 
mar grades.  The  work  is  good  in  form  and 
in  movement,  the  style  being  simple  and 
such  as  the  business  world  to-day  demands. 
We  congratulate^  the  pupils,  the  teachers 
and  the  Supervisor  upon  the  results  se- 
cured. 

Mr.  C.  A.  Gruenig,  Penman  in  the  National 
Business  College,  Roanoke,  Va  ,  sent  us 
quite  a  number  of  specimens  of  student's 
writing,  revealing  excellent  instruction. 
The  specimens  represent  actual  business 
writing,  and  not  mere  movement  drills. 
Messrs.  C.  Short  and  M.  A  Smvthe  write  a 
hand  such  as  the  business  world  is  now 
demanding.  Miss  Nina  Jones  writes  a  hand 
equally  well,  indicating  that  the  young 
ladies  of  that  section  are  holding  their  own 
with  the  men.  The  work  throughout  is 
good,  and  much  above  a  good  deal  that 
passes  through  our  hands. 

Mr.  Egbert  L.  Allen,  Principal  of  the  Com- 
mercial Department  of  the  Bradford,  Pa., 
High  School,  favored  us  with  a  bundle  of 
specimens  of  student's  writing,  which 
showed  splendid  instruction  upon  the  part 
of  the  teacher  and  faithful  practice  upon 
the  part  of  the  pupils.  They  compare  favor- 
ably with  the  work  received  from  some  of 
the  best  business  colleges.  Bradford  is 
beginning  to  be  noted  for  its  penmanship, 
as  J.  M.  Holmes  and  E.  E.  McClain,  well 
known  penmen,  are  employed  there. 

Mr.  R.  F.  Kennedy,  Principal  of  the  Com- 
mercial Department  of  the  Red  River  Val- 
ley University,  Wahpeton,  N.  Dak.,  sent 
specimens  showing  improvement  in  pen- 
manship, and  we  are  pleased  to  say  that 
they  all  show  improvement,  many  of  them 
a  great  deal  of  improvement.  Mr.  Harry 
Valker  made  most  improvement  and  was 
presented  a  Zanerian  Fine  Art  $1.00  Oblique 
Pen  Holder  by  Mr.  Kennedy.  Others  who 
made  excellent  improvement  are  as  follows: 
Millie  Ruud.  George  Lam  hie.  William 
Sautebin,  J.  F.  West,  and  Sam  J,  Taylor. 


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D.  A.  N.  Procure  better  paper,  and  vou  will  have  little  or  no  trouble.  Writing  too  large  throughout.  Try  to  establish  and  adopt  a 
smaller  and  more  running  hand.    Work  on  wide  spacing  exercises. 

W.  C.  S.,  Saginaw.  Your  work  is  strong  and  quite  good.  Reduce  it  in  size.  One  space  letters,  such  as  small  m  and  n,  too  wide. 
This  one  error  throughout  gives  your  work  a  rather  heavy  and  bulky  appearance.  Procure  better  paper.  Your  letter  was  good. 
Come  again. 

Blank,  Wis.  You  must  investigate  deeper  the  fault  as  concerns  each  separate  letter.  Study  more  and  practice  less.  You  have 
plenty  of  strength  behind  your  holder,  yet  your  small  letter  work  is  quite  un-uniform  at  times. 

E.  L.  H.  One  extreme  often  corrects  another.  Try  extremely  small  work— try  to  write  too  small.  You  will  then  probably  secure  the 
desired  results.    Continue  wide-spacing  practice. 

C.  P.  H.,  Kingston.  Your  hand  ought  to  serve  you  faithfully  for  the  desired  purpose.  Continue  to  develop  the  style  you  now  write. 
It's  plain  and  good. 

A.  B.  C.    You  are  improving.    I  wish  all  students  of  writing  would  prepare  their  pages  as  you  do.    Persevere. 

Brown.  You  can  become  a  good  penman  by  study  and  practice.  Examine  each  letter  individually.  Make  more  of  a  difference 
between  turn  and  angle  in  your  small  letter  work.    Capital  A  too  broad. 

Sarah  K.  Your  pages  were  good  throughout,  and  I  am  sure  you  will  succeed.  Your  quality  of  line  is  a  trifle  weak  occasionally,  yet 
you  can  easily  strengthen  it.    Send  your  latest  efforts. 

E.  E.  D.  Glad  to  see  you  doing  so  well.  You  have  learned  to  practice  systematically,  and  that  means  one  valuable  step  to  the 
desired  end.    Loops  are  all  too  long,  and  crossings  of  t  too  careless. 


1-t,  Jennie  Loughrey ;  2.  Irene  Overly;  3,  Margaret  Wible.  Specimens  of  writing  by  pupils  of  the  public  schools  Greensburg, 
Pa.,  W.  B.  Greider,  Supervisor.  Considering  that  but  forty  minutes  a  week  is  devoted  to  writing,  the  work  reflects  credit  upon 
pupils,  teachers,  and  supervisor. 


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very  handsome  ornamental  signatures,  the 
lines  of  which  are  too  delicate  to  be  en- 
graved, or  we  should  be  glad  to  present 
them  in  The  Business  Educator.  Mr. 
Gardiner  is  certainly  pushing  his  work  up 
to  a  very  high  degree  of  excellence. 

A  number  of  dash  and  attractive  orna- 
mental signatures  have  been  received  from 
the  well-known  penman  and  advertiser  in 
The  business  Educator,  w.  A.  Bode, 
Pittsburg,  Pa.  Mr.  Bode  has  greatly  im- 
proved in  his  work  in  recent  months,  and  is 
undoubtedly  giving  entire  satisfaction  to 
his  many  patrons. 

C.  A.  Gruenig,  Penman  and  Principal  of 
the  Commercial  Department  of  the  National 
Business  College,  Roanoke,  Va„  favored  us 
with  specimens  of  his  ornamental  penman- 
ship, disclosing  a  good  deal  of  professional 
dash  and  skill.  Some  of  the  hair  lines  were 
too  faint,  or  the  work  would  have  appeared 
instead  of  this  notice. 

Mr.  W.  Beecher  Lee,  of  Seville,  Ohio,  re- 
cently submitted  a  budget  of  business 
writing,  which  for  neatness,  systematic  ar- 
rangement, plainness  and  uniformity,  we 
have  rarely  seen  equalled.  If  all  students 
were  as  careful  as  Mr.  Lee,  we  would  have 
very  little  poor  writing  in  the  world.  Mr. 
Lee  will  doubtless  be  heard  from  as  a  profes- 
sional some  day. 

Mr.  Samuel  Moyer,  Penman  in  Yocum's 
Findlay,  Ohio,  Business  College,  writes  a 
splendid  business  hand  and  that  he  is  im- 
proving is  evidenced  by  the  specimens 
before  us.  Mr.  Moyer  was  formerly  a  pupil 
of  Mr.  C.  A.  Barnett  in  the  Oberlin  Business 
College,  and  later  of  the  Zanerian. 


GRACEFUL  STROKES  FRO?I  THE   PEN  OF  J.  D.  CARTER,  HUTCHINSON,  KANS. 


ft^gftrfc.. 


BY'  MR.  G.  E.  CRANE. 


News  Notes 

and  Notices. 


R.  I.  Bennett,  Teacher  in  Peirce  School. 
Philadelphia,  gave  a  lecture  on  '■  Bonds  and 
Sinking  Fnnrls"  before  the  Institute  of 
Chartered  Accountants  of  Ontario. 

Mr.  A.  II.  Dixon,  formerly  of  Dillon,  Mont., 
is  now  teaching  in  the  Homes'  Business 
College,  Portland.  ( >re. 

A.  H  Burke,  formerly  of  the  Marinette 
\V  r-  llusiness  College,  has  purchased  the 
Kirksville  (Mo.)  Business  College. 

The  Trenton  (X.  J.)  Advertiser  of  March 
ilth.  gave  a  very  interesting  and  compli- 
mentary half-column  article  to  the  person- 
ality and  work  of  Dickerson  A.  Farley,  the 
well  known  penmanship  author,  penman 
and  teacher,  who  has  had  charge  of  the 
work  in  the  State  Xormal  School  of  New 
Jersey.  From  it  we  learn  that  Mr.  Farley's 
reputation  as  a  penman  is  equalled  at  home 
by  his  reputation  as  a  man. 

Mr.  C.  W.  Ransom,  of  Sedalia,  Mo.,  will  be- 
gin work  June  1st,  in  the  Central  Business 
College  of  Kansas  City,  Mo.,  where  he 
worked  some  three  years  ago.  Mr.  Ransom 
swings  a  spirited,  graceful  pen,  and  intends 
pushing  the  mail  lesson  work  through  the 
columns  of  THE  BUSINESS   EDUCATOR. 

Brown's  Business  College,  Kansas  City, 
Mo,  recently  moved  from  No.  1214  Main  St. 
to  a  larger  and  more  modern  building  on 
Grand  Ave.  Mr.  A.  Kosenberger,  Teacher 
of  Shorthand,  died  of  Pneumonia  in  Feb- 
ruary. 

The  Central  College  of  Business,  Kansas 
City.  Mo.,  has  removed  to  Grand  Ave.  also. 

Mr.  Holden,  Teacher  of  Commercial  Sub- 
jects in  the  Greenfield,  Mass.,  High  School, 
ha-  been  elected  to  fill  the  place  in  the  Paw- 
tucket  (R.  I.i  High  School,  left  vacant  by 
the  resignation  of  M.  D.  Fulton. 

A  recent  visit  to  the  Scranton,  Pa.,  Busi- 
ness College,  disclosed  a  prosperous,  well- 
filled,  aggressively  and  progressively  con- 
ducted institution.  Messrs.  Buck  Whit- 
11  n  ii,'.  I  'roprietors,  are  hustlers,  (than  whom 
there  are  none  more  strenuous)  and  able 
specialists,  who  teach  as  well  as  conduct 
ii"  school,  ami  who  have  able  teachers  and 
assistants,  making  the  course  of  instruc- 
tion thorough  and  practical. 

When  Whitmore  takes  the  entire  school 
under  his  charge  to  teach  writing,  you  mav 
depend  upon  it  "  then-  is  something  doing,1' 
and  it  isn't  Whitmore  1  hat  is"  being  done,  " 
either.  And  the  same  is  true  when  Buck 
han, lies  mathematics, 

Mr.  W.  C.  Wollaston.  of  Wilder,  Minn., 
goes  to  LaCrosse  in  June  to  work  for  Mr.  F. 
J.  Toland.  Mr  Wollaston  is  a  capable  com- 
mercial teacher,  as  well  as  a  first-class 
business  penman. 

Mr.  K.  H.  Fearon,  Bowling  Green,  Kv.,  haB 
contracted  with  F.  J.  Toland,  LaCrosse. 
Wi-  ,  beginning  September  next.  Mr.  Fea- 
ron is  a  competent,  reliable,  experienced 
commercial  teacher  as  well  as  a  skilled 
penman. 


By  C.  S.  Jackson,  Bookkeeper  Columbus  Buggy  Co.,  Columbus,  Ohio. 
How  many  kookkeepers  can  equal  it  ?    How  many  penmen  can  excel  it  ? 


{77<?^jfc&4^?^^^^^// 


9fo&  @UfrJbrfceilfe  &&M&&ihGF    & 


Sermoncts  or  Supplementary  Copies  by  Frances  B.  Courtney.    Comment  by  £>.  P.  Zaner. 


^L^L^Jy^. 


Deception  will  sooner  or  later  cause  not  only  friendship,  but  business  confidence  as  well,  to  founder.  People  do  tiot  like 
grumblers,  nor  will  they  tolerate  for  any  considerable  length  of  time  "  sorry  mouthed  "  people.  No  one  has  a  moral  right  to  be 
gloomy,  for  by  so  being  they  cast  gloom  "over  others.  Cheerfulness  is  success.  People  by  their  poor  penmanship  cast  gloom 
over  the  faces  and  souls  of  those  who  have  to  read  it.    Shall  I  go  on  or  have  I  said  enough  ? 


Positive,  not  negative,  qualities  force  things  to  the  front.  Winsome,  not  whinesouie,  characteristics  characterize  those  who 
achieve  things.  Put  more  push  in  vour  writing,  and  less  doubt  in  your  ability  to  learn,  and  you  will  have  half  acquired  the  art 
of  writing  well.  Hesitation  defeats  when  confidence  achieves.  Writing  is  an  acquired  rather  than  a  natural  art  Therefore 
work  with  a  vim  and  lines  will  strengthen  and  pulsate  with  gracefulness.    See  those  above. 


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Interesting 

News  Items 


C.  W  Ransom,  of  Hill's  Business  College, 
Sedalia,  Mo.,  will  teach  in  the  Central  Col- 
lege of  Business,  Kansas  City,  Mo.,  next 
year. 

John  J.  Eagan,  the  successful  manager 
and  proprietor  of  The  Kagan  School,  Hobo- 
ken,  Pi.  J.,  is  organizing  a  new  school  for  the 
down  town  district  of  New  York,  of  which 
K.  M.  Hull  is  to  be  the  superintendent.  J.J. 
D'Arcy,  of  Coatesville,  Pa.,  will  have  charge 
of  the  shorthand  department,  and  other 
strong  teachers  will  lie  engaged  for  the  rest 
ot  the  work.  Mr.  Eagan  has  a  high  stand 
ard  and  lie  will  give  the  metropolis  another 
good  school.  We  wish  him  the  full  measure 
of  success  that  true  worth  ought  always  to 
receive. 

M.  D.  Fulton  has  resigned  his  position 
with  the  Pawtucket  (R.  I.)  High  School, and 
will  travel  for  The  Practical  Text  Book  Co. 
Both  parties  to  this  arrangement  are  to  be 
heartily  congratulated.  Mr.  W,  O.  Hold  en, 
formerly  of  Greenfield,  Mass.,  has  taken  Mr. 
Fulton's  place. 

George  Stanley  Murray,  in  charge  of  the 
commercial  work  of  Robert  College,  Con- 
stantinople, resigned  his  position  last  sum 
iner,  the  resignation  to  take  effect  next 
June.  I.  E.  Dwyer,  now  of  the  Wakefield 
(Mass.)  High  School,  has  been  elected  to 
take  Mr.  Murray's  place,  on  a  three-year 
contract,  at  $  000  a  year,  and  traveling 
expenses  for  himself  and  Mrs.  Dwyer.  This 
is  great  fortune  for  a  worthy  New  England 
high  school  commercial  teacher,  and  Mr. 
Dwyer's  friends  will  congratulate  both  him 
and  the  Board  of  Trustees.  Mr.  Dwyer  will 
sail  in  May,  At  this  writing,  his  successor 
has  not  been  chosen. 


Without  question  the  best  purely  private 
school  journal  ever  published,  is  Education 
in  Business,  the  snappy,  meaty  monthly 
that  comes  to  our  dusk  from  Brown's  Busi- 
ness College,  Peoria,  111.  G.  W.  Brown  is  a 
past  master  in  the  art  of  judging  men,  and 
he  is  to  be  heartily  congratulated  in  having 
chosen  just  the  right  man  to  conduct  his 
successful  demonstration  of  the  fact  that 
he  is  not  dependent  on  the  Private  School 
Managers'  Association  for  the  influence 
necessary  to  obtain  second-class  rates  for 
his  school  publication;  but  Mr.  Brown's 
journal  is  more  than  the  organ  of  a  special 
interest;  it  is  chock  full  of  as  interesting 
and  inspiring  articles  as  it  would  be  possi- 
ble to  put  into  the  hands  of  young  people, 
regardless  of  their  predilections  as  to 
schools,  business  or  otherwise. 

C.  A.  Faust,  traveling  representative  of 
the  Palmer  publications,  is  making  his 
home  temporarily  in  Philadelphia,  while  he 
"works"  the  contiguous  territory.  Mr.  Pal 
mer  could  not  have  chosen  a  man  better 
qualified,  by  nature  and  by  training,  for  the 
special  work  that  Mr.  Faust  is  doing. 

R.J.  Maclean,  the  aggressive  manager  of 
Goldey  College,  Wilmington,  Del.,  takes  an 
active  interest  in  the  things  that  affect  the 
welfare  of  his  city,  as  every  sensible  school 
manager  ought  to  do,  if  he  would  have 
other  people  take  an  interest  in  his  success. 
Recently,  as  a  member  of  the  Wilmington 
Board  of  Trade,  he  was  called  to  Washing- 
ton on  committee  duty  in  connection  with 
the  Delaware  and  Chesapeake  Ship  Canal 
project.  The  committee  was  able  to  obtain 
a  promise  that  the  matter  should  be  taken 
up  in  both  Houses  of  Congress. 

The  only  "live' '  exhibit  of  American  com- 
mercial education  at  the  St.  Louis  Exposi- 
tion will  be  given  jointly  by  the  fifteen 
schools  under  the  management  of  G.  W. 
Brown,  at  their  own  expense.  The  problem 
of  a  satisfactory  exhibit  was  so  big  that  it 
staggered  the  Committee  of  the  Private 
School  Managers' Association,  so  Mr.  Brown, 
with  characteristic  keenness  of  business 
foresight,  grasped  at  the  opportunity  of  a 
lifetime  to  perform  a  real  service  to  the 
cause  and  at  the  same  time  to  get  out  the 


greatest  piece  of  advertising  that  any  com- 
mercial school  manager  ever  dreamed  of. 
Eastman,  with  his  Washington  Band  at  the 
Grand  Review,  was  not  a  circumstance  to 
what  will  be  possible  to  Mr.  Brown  with  his 
exclusive  exhibit,  in  a  room  fifty  feet  square, 
with  twenty-five  of  his  own  selected  stu- 
dents at  work  constantly  demonstrating 
what  is  done  in  his  schools;  not  to  mention 
the  great  exhibit  of  written  work  that  he 
can  make.  Mr.  Brown,  with  open-handed 
generosity  not  approached  by  the  managers 
of  the  Chicago  exhibit,  plans  to  pay  the 
fare,  the  board,  and  all  expenses  of  from 
fifty  to  seventy-five  of  his  students  who 
will  be  required  to  operate  his  exhibit  dur- 
ing the  season.  What  an  opportunity!  We 
wish  we  could  be  one  of  those  students,  but 
since  we  cannot,  we  shall  do  the  next  best 
thing:  we  shall  get  into  that  pavillion  about 
the  first  thing  and  "rubber." 

Watch  out  for  our  announcements  next 
month.  We  have  some  great  things  in 
store  for  our  friends  next  year.  We  want 
your  support,  and  we  mean  to  make  it  so 
desirable  to  have  the  EDUCATOR  in  yours 
and  your  pupils*  hands  that  you  will  gladly 
give  us  your  hearty  support. 

In  a   recent   number  of  The    Oracle,    the 

Manchester  (N.  H.)  High  School  paper,  there 
appeared  a  very  creditable  student's  report 
of  an  interesting  talk  before  the  shorthand 
class,  by  Allan  E,  Herrick,  the  instructor. 

The  Capital  City  Commercial  College, 
Des  Moines,  Iowa,  is  advertising  "A  Course 
in  Commercial  Science"  that  is  so  attract- 
ively outlined  that  we  want  to  quit  the 
dictating  of  letters  and  the  everlasting 
grinding  out  of  cop3*.  and  go  to  school 
again.  It  would  be  a  pleasure  long  to  be 
remembered  and  an  advantage  not  easily 
equaled  to  spend  the  summer  vacation  iii 
this  delightful  and  profitable  manner,  for 
there  are  no  better  schools  than  the  four 
C's. 

Mr.  A.  E.  Colegrove.  recently  in  charge  of 
the  commercial  department  of  the  Reading 
(Pa.)  High  School,  has  gone  into  the  insur- 
ance business,  and  Mr.  Wm.  H.  At  ha,  of 
Shamokin,  Pa.,  has  taken  his  place. 


BY  L.  M,    KKLCHNEh*,   PENMAN,   DIXON,   ILL.,  COLLEGE  OF  PEN   ART. 


(^i)slcnyjoitdi^cd,%ooks  .opnx3;cfecd  and  audil'ci ,  yX^Xo-3     • 


.(*/p0_ 


A  SPLENDIIi  KXAMHI.E  OF  TEXT  LETTERING  AMI   ROl'NIlH  AM)  ADAPTED  TO  LETTER  HEAD,   BY   II.   E     WVGAI.,  CLEVELAND,  O. 


A^^^r*- 


stude 


School  and 

Professional 


Mr.  E.  P.  Miller,  recently  of  Meadville,  Pa., 
lias  purchased  the  Western  Iowa  College, 
Council  Bluffs,  la.,  and  is  pushing  it  quite 
vigorously,  as  evidenced  in  a  circular  re- 
cently received.  Mr.  Miller  is  a  penman  of 
more  than  average  skill,  and  with  his  gen 
eral  qualifications  and  hustle,  we  predict  an 
increased  usefulness  for  the  school.  Suc- 
cess to  the  new  management. 

The  Indiana  Business  College  Associa- 
tion met  in  Anderson,  April  2nd,  and  made 
an  effort  to  effect  a  closer  organization  of 
the  schools  of  that  city.  The  adoption  of 
a  constitution  was  deferred  until  the  meet- 
ing at  Indianapolis,  which  will  take  place 
on  the  last  Saturday  in  September  or  the 
first  of  October.  A  large  number  of  dele- 
gates failed  to  arrive  in  Indianapolis  be- 
cause of  high  water,  which  put  many  inter- 
urban  lines  and  railroads  temporarily  out 
of  business,  and  because  of  this  final  action 
was  deferred  until  fall. 

The  first  commencement  exercises  of  the 
Green  Bay  (Wis  )  Business  College  were 
held  on  the  evening  of  March  11th  in  the 
Auditorium  and  Gallery  of  the  First 
Methodist  Church  of  that  city.  The  Rev. 
M.  J.  Trennery  delivered  the  principal  ad- 
dress entitled,  "Some  Elements  of  Suc- 
cess." At  the  close  of  the  program,  the 
young  people  assembled  in  the  parlors 
where  supper  was  served  by  the  College 
Faculty. 

Brown's  Business  College,  Bridgeport, 
Connv  is  giving  a  free  course  in  penman- 
ship Saturday  mornings.  So  unexpectedly 
large  was  the  class  that  but  part  of  them 
could  be  accommodated,  and  as  a  conse- 
quence, an  afternoon  class  has  been  formed. 
Principal  Brown  is  to  be  congratulated  for 
thus  using  the  attractive  and  practical  art 
of  writing  as  a  means  of  increasing  interest 
in  his  school. 

The  firm  of  Cannon  &  Keesling,  Proprie- 
tors of  Cannon's  Commercial  College,  Law- 
rence, Mass..  has  '  dissolved  partnership, 
and  Mr.  Keesling  has  taken  charge  of  the 
institution,  the  name  of  the  school  having 
been  changed  to  the  Lawrence  Commercial 
School.    Success  to  you,  friend  Keesling. 

The  Green  Bay  Business  College  is  enjoy- 
ing a  "  Full  House,"  having  enrolled  about 
228  students  since  September  1st. 

From  "  The  Beacon,"  published  by  the  An- 
derson. Inrl..  Business  College,  we  learn 
that  the  Indiana  Husiness  College  Com- 
pany, with  headquarters  at  Marion,  has 
taken  within  its  fold  the  Anderson  Busi- 
ness College.  W.  II.  Carrier,  President,  who 
-till  remains  at  the  head  of  that  institution. 

On  March  10.  1904,  a  pleasing  evening  pro- 
gram was  given  bv  the  students  of  the  Na- 
tional Business  College.  Quincy,  111.,  a  large 
attendance  being  present. 

Mr.  G.  W.  Elliott,  of  Elliott's  Business 
College,  Burlington,  la.,  offered  two  gold 
medals  in  December  last  to  be  given  to  the 


student  handing  in  the  largest  n 
best  written  pages,  and  another 
making  the  most  improvement  within  a 
given  time.  Miss  Lydia  Hansen  won  tin 
first,  and  Mr.  Edward  Laux  won  the  second. 
( >n  March  18  heoffered  two  more  gold  medals 
upon  similar  conditions.  This  gold  medal 
offering  is  a  good  thing  to  stimulate  prat  ice 
in  writing,  and  the  number  that  have  been 
given  recently  is  proof  that  more  interest  is 
ing  taken   in   the  art  of  writing,  and  that 


iriting  i 


dec 


We  learn  from  the  McKinnev  (Texas) 
Gazette  that  W.  A.  Weaver,  the  Well-known 
penman,  and  Prof.  J.  E.  Porter. of  Lexington, 
Ky..  a  business  college  man  of  eighteen 
years  experience,  opened  a  new  college  in 
McKinnev,  Tex.,  on  March  '.'1st.  the  school 
being  known  as  the  Collins  Con  ut  v  Business 

College.  The  Business  Educator  wishes 
the  new  institution  much  success. 

No  more  staunch  friend  and  advocate  of 
simplified  penmanship  exists  than  Mr  H.  C. 
Wright,  Proprietorjof  Wright's  Husiness  Col- 
lege, Brooklyn,  X.  Y.  And  he  may  well  be, 
for  ye  editor  saw-  such  writing  and  such  im- 
provement at  the  hands  of  his  pupils,  the 
equal  of  which  he  has  never  seen  elsewhere 
or  in  any  other  system.  Mr.  Wright  prom- 
ises 98  of  every  HHiof  his  pupils  a  good  busi- 
ness handwriting,  and  thevget  it.  When  in 
New  York  City  call  to  see  his  institution 
and  incidentally  ask  to  see  "before  and 
after"  specimensin  writing.  Then  gotothe 
school  rooms  and  see  the  teachers  who 
teach  the  writing  and  ask  them  what  they 
think  of  simplified  penmanship.  They  have 
the  most  convincing  argument  we  have  ever 
heard  or  seen. 

Change  of  Date. 

The  Private  Commercial  School  Mana- 
gers' Association  has  changed  its  date  of 
meeting  at  St.  Louis  to  June  28  to  July  5, 
All  persons  who  intend  to  be  at  this  meet- 
ing, and  desire  to  take  advantage  of  the 
special  hotel  rates,  should  communicate 
with  E.  H.  Fritch,  Chairman  Executive 
Committee,  810  Olive  St.,  St.  Louis,  before 
June  15. 

Lettering  Made  Easy 

by  the  use  of  my  LETTER  GAUGE.  Sim- 
pie,  Clean.  Accurate,  Reliable.  Two  Gauges 
and  directions  25  cents. 

J.  H.  BACHTENKIRCrlfcR, 

Lafayette,   Indiana. 

Best  in  Our  Cine 

"  I  wish  to  express  my  appreciation  of 
The  Business  Educator,  as  I  believe 
that  it  is  the  best  all  around  paper  in  our 
line  at  the  present  time." 

J.  B.  M.  McConkie, 
Brown's  Business  College. 
Bloomington,  111. 


PENMANSHIP 


M\ 


iail 


and 


[irses 
success  You  can 
as  quickly  as  if  under  pei'sonal  instruction 
many  times  cheaper.    Circulars  Free. 

F.  w.  TAMBLYN.  Kansas  City,  Mo. 
If  you  send  along  25  cents,  stamps,,  I'll  send  you  a 
personal  Utter  regarding  the  courses,  written  i»  my 
eery  Inst  style;  then  when  you  enroll  yon  may  deduct 
the  25  cents  front  tuition. 


SATISFIED. 


Our  entire  time  is  devoted  to  the 
Teachers'  Agency  business,  and  the 
same  careful  attention  that  has 
made  our  work  for  public  schools 
so  successful,  is  given  to  the  needs 
of  commercial  schools  and  teachers. 
The  managers  of  this  Agency  have 
had  a  large  experience  as  com- 
mercial school  teachers  and  pro- 
prietors, and  are  in  position  to  be 
of  the  best  service  to  both  teacher 
and  school.  The  wants  of  the  well 
trained  beginner  are  given  as  care- 
ful attention  as  those  of  the  most 
experienced  teacher.  We  have 
calls  for  both. 

I  have  employed  a  number  of  most  excel- 
lent teachers  on  your  recommendation,  and 
I  have  more  confidence  in  your  Agency  than 
any  other  of  which  I  know.  When  in  need 
of  a  teacher,  my  first  inquiry  always  goes  to 
the  Central  Teachers'  Agency. 

IF.  B.  Ellinll.  President  Elliott  Commercial 
Schools  of  W.  V(t. 

Mr.  Milner  is  eiving  good  satisfaction.  If 
he  is  a  sample  of  the  instructors  you  have, 
we  will  be  pleased  to  call  on  you  again  when 
in  need  of  teachers. 

./.  J.  Krider,  Sec'y  Actual  Husiness  College, 
Canton,  Ohio. 

A.  L.  Peer,  whom  you  recommended  tons, 
is  all  right.  He  is  an  excellent  young  man 
and  giving  entire  satisfaction. 

S.  0.  Keoley,  Principal  Capital  City  Com- 
mercial College,  Charleston,    IV.  Va. 

My  dealings  with  the  Central  Teachers' 
Agency  convince  me  that  its  managers  arc 
thoroughly  courteous  and  businesslike. 
Through  their  efforts  I  secured  my  present 
position. 

.1/.  .4.  Conner.  Principal  Hath  Business  <  ol- 
lege.  Hath,  Maine. 


which  you  have   rendered  us 
in  securing  positions  for  us  and   our  stu- 
dents has  been  satisfactory  in  every  respect. 
W.  J.  Mct'ailij.  Meyrsdah  Commercial  Col- 
lege,  Meyersdale,  Pa. 

Through  Ihe  persistent  efforts  of  the  Cen- 
tral Teachers'  Agency  I  secured  my  present 
position  at  an  increase  of  $15.00  pernio:  th 
over  the  position  I  held  last  year.  Their 
kind  and  courteous  treatment  of  me  has 
been  more  than  satisfactory. 

II".  M.  dates.  Penmanship  and  Shorthand, 
Western  Union  College.  LeMars,  Iowa. 

We  might  multiply  evidence  from 
satisfied  patrons.  The  season  is 
open;  we  are  at  your  service.  Two 
methods  of  registration.  Ask  for 
booklet  and  blanks. 

CENTRAL  TERMERS'  AGENCY 

ADAMS  &  ROGERS,  Managers. 

COLUMBUS,     -     -     -     -     OHIO 


I  Cj^i^^r^c^eyp^  <&m*?f  ^M^£c^z^^r^  ~>asi~&-  £&€zsrL4?s  ^t/^n^.  Z^7'  *^??-^'z^*r>z*srz^7  cTZul  T^lM^dt^^Ad&rfUs-^^z^rr-  I 


£TFve  ©ubitrfce&b  &dLMa&&&vr  & 


Book  (Reviews 


A 


Wing's  Letter-Rule  and  Manual  of  Sign 
PaintiiiK.  by  Augustus  M.  Wing,  Spokane, 
Wash.,  is  a  16  page  book,  presenting  a 
unique,  semi-mechanical  metliod  of  let- 
tering.   Price$1.00. 

"  Letters  from  a  Self-Made  Merchant  to 
Ills  Son,"  being  some  of  the  letters  written 
In  Iniin  Graham,  head  of  the  House  of  Gra- 
h.nii  &  Co.,  Pork  Packers  in  Chicago,  fa- 
miliar] v  known  on  Change  as  "Old  Gorgon 
( Iraham,"  to  his  son,  Pierrepont,  facetiously 
known    to    his    intimates    as    "Piggy,"    by 

i ; ge  Horace  Lorimer,  published  by  Gregg 

Publishing  Co.,    written    in    Gregg    Short- 
hand    is  a  handsomely  bound   and  printed 

volume  "I  88   pages,  price .    Writers  of 

(  rregg's  Shorthand  will  certainly  enjoy  this 

I K.  as  the  subject  matter  is  of  unusual 

interest,   and   the  make-up  of  the  book  of 
unusual  excellence. 


E.  C.  MII.I.S.  Script  Specialist. 

195  Grand  Ave.  Rochester.  N.  Y. 

You    should     have    your    nt" 
*Jp-ff.   work  on  bookkeeping  correspo 
IT  deuce,  etc.,  illustrated    with   t: 


best   script  model 
years  of    almost 
perience  in  prepa 
the  photo-engrave 


Over  seven 


copy   for 
end   copy 


Peterson's  Teachers'  Bureau 

SCOTTOALE,     PA. 

Teachers  for  all  departments  furnished 
Business  Colleges.  Correspondence  invited. 
Teachers  should  enroll  now. 


A  NEW  EDITION. 

ARTISTIC  ALPHABETS.  A  book  of  hi^h-grade 
examples  of  plain  and  ornamental  writing,  en- 
grossing, pen-drawing  and  nourishing.  A  gem 
of  the  book"  aker's  art.  Printed  on  heavy  plate 
paper;  bound  with  brown  cover  ornamented  with 
gold;  32  pages,  9x  12  inches;  40  engravings,  in- 
cluding ten  masterpiece  alphabets;  $50.00  worth 
of  fine  penmanship;  price  75  cents.  Handsome 
circulars  for  stamp. 

C.  C.  CANAN, 

173  Congress  Street.  BRADFORD,  PA. 

]  The  Pratt  Teachers'  Agency,  \ 

70  Fifth  Avenue,  New  York, 
ommends  college  and  normal  gradu-      ► 


atea,  specialists,  and  other  teachers  to  col- 
leges, sohools,  and  families. 


The  Agency 
mercial  teachi 

schools,  and  b 


L 

Value 

Given 


ives  many  calls  for  com 
Tom  public  and  priTate 
i  colleges. 
WM.  O.  PRATT,  Manager 


J 


WOITINQ    IS    MY   SPECIALTY. 

i  i  jrou  -  ant  to  know  what  I  know  about  i 


in  July;  if  you  arc  not 
struction  you  pet,  you 
argument  is  offered  to 
f  this  proposition  does 
u  are  letting  an  oppor- 
uted  and  taught 

ng  than  the 


■l|.- 


Ing  i 


■ 


H  3 


|.t".pi*< 
i    b<    ii 


12  81   Third  Avenue, 


L.   MADARASZ. 


Penmanship  by  College 
Graduate  who    can    assist  in    Commercial 
Department.    Address,        "SUCCESS," 
K.  K.  I).  No.  2.  Jersey  Shore,  Pa. 


^^^/fo£errhctA 


and  CERTIFICATES   for  Collects,  Schools 

(public  and  private)  Bus.  Colleges.  Societies. 

and  for  all  purposes  Stock  and  special  designs. 
Artistic  in  design:  handsomely  lithographed: 
reasonable    in    price       fut-z/vc     j)    spec/^try. 

ILLUSTRATED      CATALOGUE      FREE. 

THE   KINSLEY  STUDIO,   220  B'wir,  AVff YOXX. 
Designers,  Engravers, Lithographers,  Printers 


PAPER, 

Embossed  Stationery 

(Name  of  school,  etc.),  put  up  in  handsome  special  boxes, 
(24  sheets  and  '24  envelopes),  in  various  grades  and  shades, 
sold  as  low  as  25  cents  a  box  and  upward. 

Practice  Paper 

$1.30  a  ream  (960  sheets)  ;  $1.20  a  ream  in  5  ream 
lots. 

Artist  Penman's  Paper 

$2  a  ream  (960  sheets)  ;  $1.90  a  ream  in  5  ream  lots 
and  upward.  Various  qualities  and  shades.  Unruled, 
ruled  and  wide  ruled. 

Typewriter  Papers 

Put  up  in  boxes,  500  sheets  to  ream;  8xl0J,  34c  a  ream 
and  upward;  8x13,  43c  a  ream  and  upward.  Send  for 
free  sample  of  papers. 

Stenographer's   Note  Books 

No.  1,  for  pencil,  2  cents  each  in  1000  lots  ;  $2.50 
a  100.  No.  3,  for  pen,  31.,  cents  each  in  1000  lots; 
$4  a  100.  Size,  160  pages,  4|x9  in.  Larger  sizes  in  pro- 
portion.    8@T°Send  6c  each  (for  postage)  on  sample  books. 

Headquarters  for  School   Papers. 

Che  Kinsley  Studio* 

220  Broadway.  NSW  YORK. 


THE 

KINSLEY 
COMMERCIAL 
TEACHERS' 
BUREAU 

AND 

SCHOOL 
EXCHANGE. 


Commercial,     Shorthand,     Drawing:,     Telegraphy, 

Penmanship   and    Lan£uag:e    Teachers 

exclusively. 

Twenty  years'  experience  as  teacher,  proprietor,  business 
man,  editor,  wide  travels  and  personal  acquaintance  have 
made  our  manager  familiar  with  needs  of  schools  and  teachers 
in  all  sections  of  our  country. 

No  charge  to  proprietors  for  teachers  furnished,  and  the 
lowest  charge  to  teachers  of  any  agency.  Personal  attention 
given  to  each  applicant. 

We  can  place  a  large  number  of  teachers 
this  season  at  salaries  as  high  as  $1200, 
$1500,  $2000.  Write  for  registration 
blanks  and   circulars. 

We  also  negotiate  the  sale  of  school  property.  If  you 
have  a  school  or  a  part  interest  for  sale,  or  wish  to  buy  or  to 
form  a  partnership,  write  us  for  information  about  our  methods, 

WM.  J.   KINSLEY,  Manager, 

220  Broadway,        -        -        -        -        NEW  YORK. 


1  Cfa^£sHU*!L£srxf  ezsrz*/  ^€c&£od<fa£srd  ^<4*t&-  £&><zsnsfe-  s^wts  firr  l/^^L^^^^Cc^ryz^^t^  C7%^-  73stc,:Usriu*l<6 '  G^c^c^z^rr-  j 


BY  A.  R.  BURNETTE,  BOWLING  GREEN   iKV.l    BUSINGS 


Bl    ANk  A  new  lot  just  received.  Fine  stock; 

LMIll\  choice   colors;  cneap  prices.    Sara- 

PARnQ  Ples  and  Price  list  free. 

1/nnUO  F.  k.  TAMBLYN,      Kansas  City,  Mo. 


DO  YOU  NEED  A  TEACHER? 


DO  YOU  WANT   A   POSITION? 


We  can  help  you  to  secure  one. 
Write  for  information. 

GLICK'S    TEACHERS'    AGENCY 

E.  L    CLICK.  Mgr.,  Concord.  N.  H. 

Caf/d   Gases!!! 

In  Russet,  Pearl,  Drab,  and  natural 
leather,  beautiful  burnt  design,  any  name 
burnt  on  free,  35c  postpaid.  (Send  silver). 
Hand  Painted  50c,  very  fine. 

Cards  written  15c  per  dozen. 

Colored  Cards,  white  ink,  20c  per  dozen. 

Flourished  bird  cards,  any  name  35c  per 
dozen. 

BLPl*^  CflKOS!!! 

Best  quality—Six  colors  for  white  ink  75c 
per  1000.  White  90c  per  1000.  Sizes  2x3*2, 
3x2%,  and  3%xl%;  cut  to  order  25c  extra. 

Samples  free— assorted  100,  15c  postpaid. 

p.  J.  STEVENSON, 
18  Lafayette  St.     -      HOME  CITY,  O. 

FIFTY  COimnERCIHL  TEACHERS  WONTED. 


We  have  one  hundred  openings  for 
first-class  commercial  teachers,  and 
are  needing  more  good  men.  We  can 
place  all  good  commercial  teachers 
who  are  willing  to  \ 
able  salary.  We  car 
good  solicitors. 

Free    registration    if   you    mention 
this  paper.    Write  today. 


vork  for  a  reason-  ■ 
i  also  place  twenty 


CONTINENTAL    TEACHERS'  AGENCY, 
Bowling  Green,  Ky. 


D  A  pCp  Saxon  Superfine  White201b.  (guar- 
1  **  r  ™  n  anteed  superior  to  paper  sold  by 
any  other  dealer  at  the  price);  100u  sheets  $1.85. 
Superfine  Blue. 24  lb  ,  1000sheets$1.85.  Both  kinds 
wide  ruled.  Sent  by  express  (not  prepaid).  Sam- 
ples for  2  cent  stamp. 

F.  W.   IAMBlYN,  Kansas  City,  Mo. 


Good  Enough  For  Madarasz 

L  MADARASZ  has  written  more  strictly 
high  grade  unequalled  cards  than  any  other 
man  living,  and  he  knows  a  good  quality  of 
cards  when  he  sees  it.  Moreover  he  does  not 
bestow  his  praise  indiscriminately.     Read  this: 

"  I  hope  you  will  coin  some  money  in  your 
card  business,  for  you've  a  fine  quality  of  cards 
for  fine  penmanship."  L.    MADARASZ. 

Enchsh  Bristol,  13  colors,  per  1,000  $     90 

Norway  Wedding  Bristol,  white,  per  1,000     I  IS 
Sample  100,  assorted 25 

F.  S.   HEATH, 
50  Dunklee  St.      -      Concord,  N.  H. 

Good  enough  for  yon. 


Mt.  Morris,  III. 


Order    today. 


GILLOTT'S  PENS, 

fBS   MOST  PERFECT  OF   PBKS, 

HAVE  GAINED  THE 

GRAND    PRIZE, 

Paris  Exposition,  1900. 

Shi*  Is  the  Highest  Prize  ever  Awarded  to  Pens, 


ANNOUNCEMENT. 


To  Our  Patrons  and  Friends: 

We  take  this  opportunity  to  advise  vou  concerning  our  Change  ot  Address,  and 
to  state  that  owing  to  the  large  increase  in  the  volume  of  our  business  during  the 
past  few  years,  it  has  become  necessarv  for  us  tosecure  larger  and  more  commodious 
quarters  for  the  satisfactory  carrving  on  of  the  same,  and  we  take  pleasure  in  an- 
nouncing that  we  have  secured  such  accommodations  in  the  immediate  down-town 
district  at  40  Oearoom  Mr.et,  within  the  elevated  loop,  to  which  place  we  will  move 
about  May  first. 

In  our  new  location  we  will  be  better  prepared  to  serve  our  customers  promptly 
than  ever  before,  and  it  shall  be  our  aim  to  meet  the  requirements  of  our  rapidly  in- 
creasing trade,  in  a  wav  most  satisfactory  to  all  who  favor  us  with  their  orders. 
Since  our  new  quarters  will  be  so  centrally  located,  we  invite  those  who  may  be  in 
the  citv,  at  any  time,  to  call  on  us. 

Within  the  next  few  weeks  we  will  issue  a  large  and  finely  illustrated  catalogue 
showing  cuts  of  all  goods  of  our  own  manufacture;  and.  also,  a  most  complete  line 
of  specialties  used  bv  Penman,  Artists,  Show-Card  Writers,  Accountants,  .steno- 
graphers and  Students,  which  we  carry  in  stock,  and  which  we  will  be  able  to  sup- 
ply at  the  very  lowest  prices.  Our  catalogue  will  render  ordering  easy,  and  when 
ready,  we  shall  be  pleased  to  mail  one  to  all  who  request  us  to  do  so. 

Thanking  you  for  the  manv  favors  shown  us  in  tlie  past,  and  soliciting  your 
future  orders,  all  of  which  shall  have  our  very  best  attention,  we  beg  to  remain. 

Very  truly, 

AUTO  PEN  &  INK  MFG.  CO., 

40  Dearborn  St.,  CHICAGO,  ILL. 


|   CfcZv^sr-tcA^rri  o-vi*/  iStc^^^z^f  ^i4+t&  £6*3sns6>  ,-z^zo  firr  ^T^z^>^ic-tr?^-t^>-z^   CJ%*.  T^UtiU^z^tlJ  £c£t*sC*z£<7~r 


9h&  l&vibwwhb  ^clbb&GI&CF    <***> 


SHORT  CUTS. 


A  little  book,  pocket 
ze,  showing  how  to  do 
ith  half  the  figures  and 
in  half  the  time  all  of  those  little  calculations 
wl  ieh  we  must  figure  out  every  day.  Everything 
from  Addition  to  interest  and  Discount.  Its 
worth  is  attesied  by  the  fact  that  its  author  is 
now  and  has  been  for  years  the  specialist  in  this 
branch  at  the  Eastman  Business  College.  Price, 
cloth,  50c.     Address, 

GEO    A    DEEL,  Poughkeepsie,  N.  Y. 

Best  of  its  Class 

Enclosed  rind  $1. (X)  for  the  best  journal  of 
its  class,  The  Business  Educator,  which 
is  a  delight  to  the  eye,  a  feast  to  the  soul, 
and  a  cure  for  the  blues- 

W.  J.  Downey, 
Supervisor  of  Penmanship  and  In- 
structor of  the  Commercial  bran- 
ches in  Public  Schools, 

Niagara  Falls,  N.  Y. 


Che  Best 

I  consider  The  Educator  the  best  of  the 
journals  devoted  to  commercial  education, 
and  derive  much  help  and  inspiration  from 
its  pages.  I  look  forward  to  its  coming 
each  month  with  great  pleasure. 

W.  S.  Britton, 
Elliott  Commercial  Schools, 

Clarksburg,  \V.  Va. 


M  I  LLS'S  Correspondence 
School  of  Penmanship 

Is  an  exclusive  school  of  pen- 
manship. If  you  feel  the 
need  of  improving-  your 
writing  you  should  send 
stamp  at  once  for  full  infor- 
mation concerning-  our 
school.    Address, 

E.  C-  MILLS 


195  Grand  Av 


WANTED    &.W«2£ 

sistant  Manager.  He 
must  have  a  fine  personality  and  his  record  must 
bear  thorough  investigation.  He  must  be  capa- 
ble of  writing  school  advertisements,  see  callers, 
and  have  the  qualities  to  see  what  should  be  done 
for  the  best  interests  of  the  school.  A  fine  future 
for  the  right  man.     Answer  explicitly. 

"SUCCESSFUL  BUSINESS  SCHOOL," 
Care  Business  Educator,  Columbus,  O. 


Hit  up--to--DaK  test  Book 

Enclosed   find    $1.00  for  which  renew   my 
subscription  to  The  Business  Educator. 

I  find  that  I  cannot   do  without   THE   BUSI- 
NESS  Educator.    I  find  it    an   up-to-date 
text-book  on  the  many  important  questions 
that  come  up  dailv  in  the  class  room. 
E.  S.  Hewen, 
With  Massev  Business  College. 

Jacksonville,  Fla. 


A   Business  Speller 

A  comprehensive  little  Book  on  Spelling:,  120 
pages  of  words  most  frequently  seen  in  business 
correspondence.  Divided  into  lessons  of  fifty 
words  each.  Several  lessons  of  words  pronounced 
alike,  but  spelled  differently.  Just  the  thing:  for 
the  school  room.  Sample  copy  sent  postpaid  for 
twenty-five  cents. 


Business  Letter  Writing 

One  of  the  neatest  and  brig-htest  Utile  works 
on  Commercial  Correspondence.  Unlike  anything 
else  published.  Write  for  sample  pages.  Single 
copy  sent  postpaid  for  fifty  cents. 

Other  books  published  are  "  Musselman's  Prac- 
tical Bookkeeping-,"  "  High  Sent  ol  Bookkeeping-," 
"Commercial    Law,"  "Commercial  Arithmetic." 


Try  a  Box  of  Musselman  s  Perfection  Pens,  25  cents 

D.  L.  Musselman  Publishing  Co. 

QUINCY,    ILLINOIS 


BY  H.   E.  WYGAI.,  CLEVELAND,  OHI 


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The  Bridge  Teachers'  Agency,  C.  A.  Scott 
&  Co.,  Proprietors,  Boston,  Mass.,  issue  a 
nicely  printed  manual  of  60  pages  in  the  in- 
terests of  their  agency. 

The  Practical  Text  Book  Co.,  Cleveland, 
Ohio,  sent  out  advertising  literature  sec- 
ond to  no  other  in  style  and  quality,  their 
circulars  always  being  unique,  well  edited 
and  original. 

Mr.  L.  J.  Watrous,  Penman  and  Account- 
ant, and  formerly  a  pupil  of  the  Zanerian, 
is  manager  of  the  famous  Royal  Palace 
Hotel  and  Casino,  Atlantic  City,  N.  J.  The 
booklet  he  has  placed  in  our  hands  makes 
us  desirous  of  partaking  of  the  comforts  of 
his  institution. 

The  Huntsinger  Business  &  Shorthand 
School,  Hartford,  Conn.,  is  issuing  a  gray 
backed,  red  embossed,  finely  printed,  uni- 
quely illustrated,  high-grade  catalog.  The 
tvpe  is  in  light  brown,  and  the  half-tones  in 
black.  The  illustrations  are  in  the  form  of 
vignettes,  printed  in  the  lower  left  and 
right  hand  corners.  The  illustrations  repre- 
sent pupils  receiving  individual  instruction 
from  the  teachers,  and  school  room  views. 
All  are  convincing  as  to  the  merits  and 
worth  of  the  instruction  given  in  this  well 
known  school.  A  long  line  of  voung  ladies 
and  men  with  the  caption  "The  good  old 
way  to  learn  to  spell  "  represents  memories 
of  long  ago,  and  at  the  same  time  reveals 
the  fact  that  Mr.  Huntsinger  believes  in 
good  methods  whether  they  are  new  or  not. 

The  New  Britain  (Conn.)  Commercial  Col- 
lege is  sending  out  a  well  written  college 
journal. 

The  South  Bend  Commercial  College 
Journal  is  one  of  the  best  sciiool  papers 
which  rinds  its  way  to  our  desk. 

Unique  in  size  and  style,  high-grade  in 
paper  and  printing,  well  written  and 
effectively  illustrated,  describes  a  circular 
before  us  "from  Bliss  Business  College,  Co- 
lumbus, Ohio.  A  half  tone  illustration  27 
inches  in  length  is  given  of  oneof  the  rooms. 
It  is  an  effective  piece  of  advertising,  well 
worth  your  seeing. 

Hills  Business  College,  Waco,  Texas,  is 
sending  out  a  bright  red  covered  catalog  of 
64  pages  describing  that  well  known  insti- 
tution. The  halftone  illustrations,  though 
somewhat  out  of  proportion  to  the  page  on 
which  they  are  printed,  reveal  an  expen- 
sively and  extensively  equipped  school,  as 
the  offices  are  numerous,  high-grade,  and 
elaborate. 

The  National  School  of  Business,  Concord, 
N.  H.,  E.  L.  Click,  Proprietor,  is  sending  out 
an  attractive  calendar  with  a  skillfully 
flourished  horse  for  the  heading. 

Advertising  literature  has  been  received 
from  the  following:  Auburn,  N.  Y.,  Busi- 
ness School;  Gainesville.  Texas,  Business 
College ;  Iowa  Business  College,  Des  Moines, 
Iowa;  California  Business  College,  San 
Francisco,  Cal. ;  Caniden,  X.  J.,  Commercial 
College;  Heald's  Business  College.  San 
Francisco,  Cal.;  The  Spencerian  Business 
College,  Louisville,  Ky. ;  Wilson's  Modern 
Business  College.  Seattle, Wash.;  McLendon 
Business  College,  Hattiesburg,  Miss.;  The 
Elliott    Commercial  School,   Fairmont,    W. 


/{fe  BOnSv.        VMY  GO  TO  "COLLE6E  ™  — I 

.  JjSgBffiBg  T0  LEARN  BOOK-KEEPING 
/Stfr*K/ll8a\  tj.    WHEN  ■  WILL  MAKE  A 

I  Jirst-ClassBook-Fveeper 

TOTJ     AT     VOIR    OW\ 

,*\*.2^^EKiW      ■•<"!!•:  io  six  «ei-ks  tor  S»  or 
I    N*f^5'        l:I"Tri:X  >'i>NEY.    KiiirmonnliV 
.Accov/  1  rino.  I»OSITM»\a.  too.  e-Trri- 

wherp.  FRKK!  Htive  ]il:i.vil  TIlorsA  NHS.  IVr- 
rmps  can  place  VOr.  too!  H.S4S  testimonials 
received  from  pupils!  SAVE  THIS  A. YD  WHITE. 
J.  II.  GOODWIN.  Expert  Accountant.  Room 
»»«.    1215    iiio.-.d,    a,  .   JEW    VOHK.   X.  V. 


TEACHERS  OF"  COMMERCIAL   BRANCHES  WANTED 

Advance  Fee  Not  Required 

Positions  in  High  Schools  and  Colleges.      Penmanship,  I'ommereial  Branches,   also  teachers  of 
Stenography.     Salaries.  $600  to  $1,500.     Register  early.    Send   for  circulars. 

Anna  M.  Thurston.  Mgr..  378  Wabash  Ave  .  Chicago  THURSTON  TEACHERS'  AGENCY 


AUTO  PEN  &,  INK  MFG.  CO. 

40  DEARBORN  ST.,  CHICAGO,  ILL. 


WE     MANUFACTURE 


the  best  that  skill  and.  exper- 
d  students  all  over  the  world, 
the  best  of  results. 


FAUST'S  AUTOMATIC  SHADING  PENS  AND  INKS,  the 
ience  can  produce,  and  are  used  by  thousands  of  artie 
Many  schools  are  using  our  special  outfits  in  their  classes 

SPECIAL     $5.00     OUTFIT 

ritb.  the  view  of  placing  in  the  hands  of  Automat 


Six  bottles  shading  Ink,  assorted  colors. 

Nine  Auto  Pens,  assorted  special,  making:  14 
different  strokes         

Faust's  Compendium  of  Automatic  Pen  Let- 
tering and  Designs 


ork  of  tli--    kind 


$  75 
1  25 
1  00 


V-|ll 


hook  paper,  in  colore  re 
work  as  near,\  as  can  hi 
is  printed  From  relief  pla 
and  (fold  The  ( " 
containing  7J  pa 
neatly  bound.) 


frc 


Three  paekaLos  ._-aiti    Metallic*.  Bronze  and 

Flock,  one  package  l>iamond  I'ust 
One  bottle  Gold  Ink         ... 
One  bottle  Adhesive  Ink.  1  oz. 
One  bottle  White  Ink,  I  oz.  - 

i  me  Screw-head  File 

One  Pencil  Compass  - 

One  Stick  Lecturer's  Crayon 

Fifty  sheet?  Cross-ruled  Practice  Paper,  new, 


All  tin-  above  j^oodss 


douole  guide  lii 
.  express  charges  prepaid,  for  05.00. 


SPECIAL     $2.50     OUTFIT 


) Sizes  of  Autoii 


m  of  Automatic  Pen  Let- 
i-  (same  as  above  outfit) 
•  Pens,  making  5  differe nt 


«I  OO 


3  Colois  of  Automatic  Shading  Pen  Ink 


I  B.-itlf  nt  Adhesive  Ink       - 
1  Buttle  of  Gold  Ink         ... 
■J  Piickagfs  oi  each  — M.  tallies,  Flint;  ;iml  ..in- 
of  Diamond  Dust,  all  oifferent  colors,  with 


instructions  tor  using  s 
rhis outfit  pent,  express  r),;irges  prepaid,  for  $2  5<> 

SPECIAL     $1.00     OUTFIT 


KSOf  Automatic  Pens,  making  3  differ- 

t  strokes 

lorsof  Automatic  Shading  Pen  Ink 


*     15 


inond   Dust,    with   instruct  i-m-    i    i 
10    Sheets    of    Cross-Ruled    Practice    Paper, 


,  .-\pres-  eharges  prepaid,  tor  SI  00. 

articles,  and  would,  therefore,  not  be  interested  in  the 
find  the  following  list  rf  interest: 
Faust's  Compendium  -    8100  Metal  lies,   Bronzes    Klocfcs,  in  differe 

Faust's  Automatic  pen- 1  -ample)         -  -  i5  ors,   and  Diamond    Dust.  1    package,  12c., 

Faust's  Autoimitir  ink,  I  <  ■  -  -> '  6  packages 

Faust's  Superior  White  Ink,  !   oz.  -  2"i 

Faust's  Superior  Gold  Ink        -  '25 

Faust's  Superior  Japan  Writing  Ink,  1  oz.     -  l'-i 

Faust's  Superior  Black  Writing  Ink  .  1  oz.    -  25 

Bronze  Ink,  5  colors,  $£  oz.         -  25 

Adhesive  Ink,  1  oz.  size 25 

White  Cards.  Bristol,  finest,  100       -        -        -  3C 
Colored  Cards,  6  colors,  the  finest  for  white 

ink,  inu  .       .       .  _  -  af= 

Blank  Colored  Paper, sx  11 .  for  white  <>r  gold 

ink,  lCMi  sheets         ------  7E 

Cross-Ruled  Practice  Paper,  5u  sluets.  ."»•  *c . . 

liKi  sheets        --------  85 

Pastel  Colors,  any  color,  per  stick  -  n 

Lecturer's  Crayon,  any  color,  per  stick  -  lii 

If  you  do  not  see  on  this  list  the  article  you  want,  write  to  us  at  once.     We  can  get  yon 
anything  that  is  in  the  market  and  will  serve  you  promptly  and  faithfully. 

We  make  a  specialty  of  executing:  orders  in  all  lines  of  pen  work  ;  card  writing,  engros 
sing  diploma  work,  etc  ",  and  shall  be  pleased  to  furnish  estimates. 

We  want  to  hear  from  you  with  orders      Remember  when  you  buy  of  us  you  know  jnst 
what  the  goods  will  cost  vou*     We  pav  the  express  charges;  man*  compete  r^  fl    nt 

Do  not  order  on  a  postal  card.     No  accounts  opened  for  small  amounts  or  for  individual! 
unknown  to  us.    Stamps  taken.     Prices  for  laige  quantities  sent  upon  application. 
SEE  OUR  ANNOUNCEMENT   IN  THIS    NUMBER 


s,w   lienil  Files. 

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AUTO  PEN  &  INK  MFG.  CO. 


40    DEARBORN    ST., 
CHICAGO,    ILLINOIS 


1  Cfiiv^rCoiLe^d  a<?z*/  £Ut^-&4>fae--rd  ^cv-t^£  £Si*z^ns/&  /y*>-z<*.  frr  /m^n^t^m^n^  c^?L4.73MAtsn^4&aUtsc<Xs£<r?-  | 


PENMEN  ^nd  DESIGNERS. 


-^^^ 


Lesson  Tlo.  3 


The  little  C.  E.  design  is  given  as  a  speci- 
men of  a  two  color  printing  plate,  although 
it  can  be  successfully  used  with  one  color. 
If  a  two  color  plate  is  wanted,  the  engraver 
makes  an  etching  of  the  whole  design,  then 
another  of  just  the  letters.  By  this  method 
the  plates  are  sure  to  fit,  or  register.  Pen- 
cil out  the  designs  carefully,  and  be  more 
than  careful  when  applying  ink.  Rule  the 
line  back  ground  with  fine  pen,  but  have 
lines  black  and  clean  cut.  Strive  to  round 
curves  on  border,  and  try  to  keep  every- 
thing graceful. 

The  lettering  in  Penman  and  Designers, 
is  called  "cut-in"  or  "cut-out"  work.  Get  a 
good  pencil  copy  first,  being  careful  to  keep 
your  pencil  lines  open  in  narrow  places. 
Cut  around  the  letters  carefully  when  ink- 
ing-in.  Watch  your  spacing,  height,  slant, 
etc.,  using  ruler  for  all  straight  lines.  Al- 
ways draw  such  work  at  least  three  times 
larger  than  you  wish  it  to  be  when  en- 
graved. 

All  work  will  be  criticised  through  the 
columns  of  this  journal. 


fllbin's  "Inspiration." 

The  unique  and  costly  work  on  penman- 
ship that  Mr.  M.  A.  Albin,  Minneapolis, 
Minn.,  has  in  preparation,  and  which  if  we 
mistake  not,  will  soon  be  ready  for  delivery, 
is  arousing  much  interest  among  penmen, 
and  penmanship  students.  Mr.  W.  F. 
Christman,  a  well  known  penmanship  stu- 
dent and  critic,  recently  had  the  privilege 
of  examining  the  work  before  it  was  placed 
in  the  hands  of  the  printer,  and  writes  us 
very  enthusiastically  regarding  the  work. 
We  confess  that  our  curiosity  is  also  con- 
siderably aroused,  and  we  await  the  appear- 
ance of  the  work  with  considerable  eager- 
ness. Part  of  Mr.  Christman's  letter  is  as 
follows:  "It  affords  me  great  pleasure  to  say 
a  few  words  to  you  about  'Inspiration,'  the 
title  of  Mr.  Albin's  new  penmanship  and  art 
gem  now  in  the  hands  of  the  printer. 
Through  Mr.  Albin's  kindness,  I  have  been 
permitted  several  glimpses  into  'Inspira- 
tion,' and  I  have  no  hesitancy  in  stating 
that  it  is  rightly  named.  The  penman  fail- 
ing to  find  inspiration  on  every  page  from 
cover  to  cover  must  certainly  be  a  dead 
one.  Not  only  the  most  beautiful  in  pen- 
manship is  presented  in  an  attractive  and 
charming  manner  to  the  lucky  possessor  of 
one  of  these  books,  but  thrown  in  for  boun- 
tiful measure  the  above  is  accompanied  by 
terse,  spicy  and  instructive  text,  which  of 
itself  is  well  worth  the  price  asked  for  the 
book.  It  is  beautifully  bound  and  no  ex- 
pense has  been  spared  by  its  author  to 
make  it  second  to  none  and  of  the  highest 
standard  of  excellence.  The  penmanship 
profession  will  certainly  owe  Professor  M. 
A.  Albin  a  debt  of  gratitude  for  his  labor 
and  untiring  effort,  as  well  as  a  large  out- 
lay of  money  necessary  in  order  to  bring 
'Inspiration'  up  to  the  high  grade  of  effi- 
ciency desired  by  its  author.  I  certainly 
hope  it  may  be  the  good  fortune  of  every 
penman  desiring  inspiration  to  secure  a 
copy  of  this  great  book  before  the  limited 
supply  is  exhausted." 


School 
Advertising 

I  am  in  the  School  Advertising 
business.  For  more  than  ten  years 
I  have  made  a  specialty  of  the 
business  of  interesting  young 
people  in  educational  work. 

If  you  are  in  the  school  busi- 
ness, I  want  you  to  send  for  a  copy 
of  my  "  I  Will  "  Folder.  It  con- 
tains information  in  regard  to 
the  service  I  offer.  It  will  inter- 
est vou.     It's  Free. 


Catalogues,  Booklets,  Ads,  Follow-up 
Systems  Designed,  Written,  Printed; 
right  placing  and  distribution  advised. 


C.    C.    REARICK 

School. Advertising  Specialist. 

Masonic  Temple.  CHICAGO,  ILL. 


f  Normal 


FOR  COMMERCIAL  TEACHERS 

Conducted  by  the  largest,  best 
equipped,  most  up-to-date  com- 
mercial school  In  the  country 


Metropolitan 

Business  College 

Chicago 


The  course  will  include  Bookkeeping-,  Stenog- 
raphy; etc.  The  methods  that  have  produced 
the  phenomenal  success  of  the  Metropolitan  will 
be  explained  from  a  pedagogical  standpoint : : : 


July  11  to  August  20 


WRITE  FOR  SPECIAL  CIRCULAR 

0.  M.  POWERS,  Prin.,  156  Wabash  Ave. 


J  Cfet^srl^d^^  &s?z*/  T^^&^i^w  ^c^t^S  £Acz^-fc  s^t^  /^>- , 


C7%^-  73^*^4^^  £c£t£sc<€&&rr-   I 


£jfRe>  @%bfeirfcebfr  fidueoto  ££ 


What     about     Books    for    next    Year? 

|    THESE    ARE    THE    BEST    | 

WILLIAMS'S    ENGLISH    GRAMMAR,  250  pages,  bound  In  cloth,  75c. 

Probablv  no  text  book  on  Grammar  vet  ottered    to    the    school-teaching   public    lias   met    sucli  a  hearty  welcome  as 
Williams's  Grammar.    It  presents  the  subject  in   a  teachable   wav.       Definite    lessons  may  be  assigned  and  the    student 
feels  that  he  is  progressing.    The  valuable  features  of  the  book  are:     1.    An    original    arrangement  of  the  subject  matte 
which  the  different  topics  are  studied   in   their  logical  order.    2.    Careful,  concise,   discriminating  state  " 
principles.    3.    Carefully  graded,  systematic   review  lessons.    These   review  lessons   materially   lessen 
teacher  and  student.    4.    Comprehensive  outlines  of  the  different  parts  of  speech.    5.    The  elimination  of 
the  careful  attention  to  important  subjects. 

NEW  BUSINESS  SPELLER,  82  pages.  Red  Vellum,  25c. 

One  of  the  most  widely  used  spelling  books  on  the  market.  The  seventh  edition  now  ready.  Points  of  excellence:  A 
very  carefully  compiled  list  of  nearly  4.000  words.  The  words  are  those  in  common  use  and  most  likely  to  be  mis  spelled. 
Review  lessons  follow  each  ten  regular  lessons.  The  accented  syllables  are  carefully  marked.  Those  words  most  likely  to  be 
mispronounced  are  fully  marked  diacriticallv.  Capital  letters  are  used  only  in  proper  nouns  and  proper  adjectives.  Each 
page  contains  one  lesson,  50  words,  all  numbered.    Several  lessons  on  homonyms.    A  valuable  list  of  abbreviations. 

MODERN  COMMERCIAL  PENMANSHIP,    128  pages.  Red  Cloth,  50c. 

This  book  is  used  in  a  great  many  schools  and  is  giving  complete  satisfaction.  It  contains  sixty  lessons  one  for  each 
school  day  of  three  months.  The  copies  were  written  by  that  Master  penman,  E.  C.  Mills,  and  the  instruction  was  prepared 
by  Mr.  W.  F.  Giesseman,  Mr.  I.  H.  Carothers,  Mr.  B.  P.  Williams  and  Mr.  W.J.  Smith,  all  penmen  of  ability  and  experience. 
One  hundred  twenty-eight  pages,  bound  in  blue  or  red  vellum. 


t  of 

the    labor    . .  1    both 
non-essentials  and, 


Clarke's  Shorthand 

Complete.  Guide  to  Touch  Typewriting 
Modern  Commercial  l>ookkee.pin& 
Modern  Commercial  Banking 


OTHER  BOOKS 

$i 


1 .00 

Noo 


The  New  Business  Correspondence 
The  Model  Dictation  Course 
The  Pocket  Shorthand  Dictionary 
Williams's  Commercial  Law 


$  .25 
[.50 
.50 


SPECIAL  OFFER  TO  TEACHERS.-To  introduce  these  books  we  < 
It  costs  little  and  it  pays  to  keep  up  with  the  times. 


ill  send  sample  copies  prepaid,  at  one-half  the  above  prices. 


the:  commercial  text  book  co. 

Des  Moines,  let. 


CARDS!   CARDS!   CARDS! 

Your  name  on  1  doz.  cards,  15c;  very  Bne. 
BLANK  CARDS,  16  different   colors,  100  post- 
paid, 15c;   1,00(1  by  express,  75c. 

IN  K,  glossy  black,  15c  per  bottle  ;  white  ink, 
15c.  per  bottle;  hand-made  oblique  penholder. 
20c.  Lessons  by  mail  in  all  branches  of  pen  art  ; 
circulars  for  stamp. 

W.  A.  BODE, 
Cor.  27ti ,  Jane  St.,  Pittsburg,  S.  S.,  Pa. 


The  Business  Educator  is  a  welcome 
visitor;  has  the  right  spirit  back  of  it  and 
contains  that  which  tends  to  broaden  and 
strengthen  its  readers.        Very  truly, 

Freeman  Taylor. 


Ittr.  Birkhoiz  Speaks. 


Fc 


»ns  which  I  am  sure  you  readily 
appreciate,  it  is  an  exception  rather  than  a 
rule  for  me  to  give  my  testimonial  in  behalf 
of  any  of  the  various  publications,  but  as 
The  Business  Educator,  in  our  school, 
issued  a  faithful  and  tireless  assistant  to 
us  in  our  penmanship  work,  it  gives  me 
great  pleasure  to  say  a  good  word  for  it.  and 
we  shall  ever  strive  to  make  it  a  part  of  the 
student's  outfit. 

I  enclose  herewith  one  dollar,  for  which 
please  renew-  mv  subscription  for  the  com- 
ing year.  C.  E.  Birkhoiz, 

Newport  Xews,  Va. 
Prin.  International  Bus.  College. 


YOU    CAN    EARN 

Twice  as  much  a  year  as  the  best  Commercial 
Teacher.be  your  own  master  And  enjoy  life  in 
the  second  largest  city  in  the  United  Slates,  if 
you  buy  my  school,  givin*  you  a  net  income  of 
over  $3,000  per  year,  located  in  one  of  the  educa- 
tional suburbs  of  Chicago.  *I  will  receive  many 
offers.  Tell  m&the  very  best  you  can  make. 
C.  W.  H-,  Care  BUSINESS  E0UCAT0R 
Columbus,  Ohio 


"  The  Educator  of 

the 

Nei 

v  Year 

is  like 

a 

'  New  Oueen 

'   among  a 

hi\ 

e  of  bees.    It 

- 

irs  up  the  dr. 

ties  of 

pent 

nan 

ship." 

Slingerlands, 

X.  Y. 

Frei 

i  NEHI 

jeiaii. 

Francis  B.  Courtney 


Handwriting  Specialist 

Expert      Microscopic       Examiner 

Of  Forged  and  Questioned  Writing 

222  WEST  123d  ST. 

NEW  YORK  CITY 


mmF) 

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Work 

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OF  PENMANSHIP 

Is  helping-  scores  of  ambi- 
tious people  to  acquire  a 
tine  style  of  penmanship  at 
home.'  We  are  ready  to  help 
YOU  also.  Send  stamp  for 
information. 

E.  C.   MILLS 

195  Grand  Ave  ,  Rochester,  N.  Y. 


POINTED 


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PENMEN 


GOOD,  BAD  OR  INDIFFERENT 

Keep  in  touch  with  me. 
Whatever  the  advance- 
ment, I  hale  inspiration 
for  ait.  She  %ind  not 
found  in  the  journals.  ■*> 
8oo1t/ef  for  stamp.*? 


IVf.   A.  ALBUM,  Minneapolis,  Minn! 


I   Cfe&i^r£t<2^TJ  czsn*/  7!i6L-&-&^A^rJ  ^ccn&-  £6>&snsfc /t^en**  firr  sm^ns&^mjsrz^  C^l^73^tcd^^&^^G^oc^>ei^trT- 


yr-^db 


Questions  Answered  and 

Criticisms  Offered  by 

C.  P.  Zaner. 


MFffiWnffiiMu^  *&■#>•#.■*  v  ■ 


Under  this  headinc  Mr.  Zaner  criticises  specimens 
of  penmanship,  drawing,  etc.,  submitted  to  him. 
Postage  should  be  enclosed  if  specimens  are  to  be 
returned.  He  will  also  endeavor  to  answer  any  and 
all  questions  pertaining  to  penmanship  matters,  or  if 
thought  best,  questions  may  be  submitted  through 
(his  department  to  the  readers  of  our  journal  for  vol- 
unteer answers.  This  gives  the  readers  of  The 
Business  Educator  the  benefit  of  the  experience 
of  one  who  has  made  this  work  a  life-time  study,  as 
well  as  of  those  who  contribute  thereto. 

Slant,  Ulbolcarm,  Speed? 

EDITOR:  The  followingquestions  are  sub- 
mitted to  vou  for  an  answer  in  your  valued 
Journal. 

(1.)  There  is  a  great  difference  in  the 
slant  of  writing  of  the  various  penmen,  the 
main  slant  being  all  the  way  between  45  to 
55  degrees.  Is  this  due  to  the  position  of 
the  paper  on  the  table,  the  spreading  of  the 
elbows,  or  is  it  independent  of  these? 
Wherein  does  this  variation  of  slant  lie? 

(2.)  All  the  card  writers  that  I  have  ever 
seen  make  the  capital  letters  with  the 
whole  arm  movement  and  the  small  letters 
with  the  arm  resting,  or  the  muscular 
movement.  Is  this  the  practice  among  the 
best  card  writers?  To  what  extent  is  the 
whole  arm  movement  used  among  the  best 
penmen  ? 

(3.)  Wish  you  could  give  me  some  idea  of 
the  speed  in  writing,  in  ornamental  work. 
To  make  the  question  more  definite,  how 
many  down  strokes  in  the  continued  *'u" 
can  be  made  per  minute,  in  accurate, 
smooth,  ornamental  penmanship?  How 
many  capital  "L's"  made  per  minute  would 
represent  the  rate  of  speed  in  writing  cap- 
ital letters  of  the  same  style  of  writing  as 
before  mentioned?  The  difficulty  that  I 
have  is  this:  When  I  control  the  form,  I 
lose  the  smoothness  desired,  and  when  the 
smoothness  is  what  it  should  be,  the  form 
is  more  or  less  uncontrolled.  It  occurred  to 
me  that  the  proper  amount  of  practice  at 
the  proper  speed  would  overcome  this  diffi- 
culty. 

(4.)  Should  you  think  these  questions  of 
sufficient  interest  to  your  readers  to  answer 
them  in  your  Journal,  I  shall  be  pleased  to 
get  the  benefit  <>f  your  observations  and 
Study  Yours  sincerely, 

G.  \V.  PAULUS. 
Grand  Rapids,  Wis.,  Mar.  8,  '04. 

(1.)  The  difference  in  slant  of  which  you 
speak  is  due  primarily  to  angle  of  paper, 
and  secondarily  to  differences  in  shape  and 
construction  of  the  arms  with  consequent 
differences  in  action. 

(2.)  Card  writers  use  whole  arm  as  a  rule 
because  they  are  some  times  obliged  to 
write  with  overcoat  on,  and  sometimes  with 
insufficient  arm  rest.  For  capitals  alone, 
there  is  nothing  better  than  the  whole  arm 
movement,  but  those  using  it  are  apt  to 
write  small  letters  poorly.  This  is  gener- 
ally the  weak  part  in  the  penmanship  of 
card  writers.  Most  of  our  fine  professional 
penmen  use  more  or  less  of  whole  arm 
movement  at  times,  but  not  as  a  rule. 

(3.)  Speed  in  ornamental  writing  is  deter- 
mined largely  by  the  nervous  condition  of 


the  individual,  but  we  think  the  average 
rate  of  speed  used  by  professional  penmen 
in  doing  their  best  free  hand  writing  would 
be  at  the  rate  of  about  50  "u's"  a  minute. 
This  means  that  kind  of  writing  wherein 
accuracy  and  freedom  are  most  perfectly 
blended.  In  capitals,  one  should  make 
"L's"  with  an  oval,  loop  flourish,  as  sug- 
gested, joined,  at  the  rate  of  about  45  per 
minute.  Work  of  this  sort  must  be  done 
rapidly  enough  to  keep  the  corners  and 
kinks  out  of  the  ovals.  In  other  words,  use 
enough  freedom  and  momentum  to  get  a 
clean,  graceful  line  and  no  more.  The  thing 
to  do  is  to  strike  out  with  this  amount  of 
freedom,  and  stick  to  it  until  you  can  man- 
age form  in  connection  with  it. 

(4.)  Your  questions  are  timely,  and  very 
practical,  and  it  gives  me  pleasure  to  give 
you  the  benefit  of  my  experience. 

Editor. 

FOR  SALE 

First  class  college  building,  boarding  hall  and 
large  campus.  Cost  over  $30,000,  but  will  sell  at 
greatly  reduced  price.  Reason  for  selling,  ill 
health  from  overwork.  Must  change  vocation. 
School  in  good  condition  and  has  splendid  repu- 
tation. Is  located  in  the  most  healthful  region 
of  the  most  healthful  and  prosperous  southern 
state.  Elevation  over  1500  ft.  above  the  sea.  Is 
an  ideal  location  for  a  high  grade  select  school 
for  boys.  Great  opportunity  for  this  class  of 
school,  as  there  are  but  tew  schools  of  this  char- 
acter in  the  state.  Good  location  for  almost  any 
class  of  school.  Practically  no  competition 
within  a  radius  of  100  miles  in  any  direction. 
TeriDB  cash,  or  part  cash  and  balance  on  time  in 
easy  payments.     Reference, 

THE  BUSINESS  EDUCATOR 
ZZZZZ  Address  : 

"  THE  OPEN  DOOR  "  Care The Business 

incurtnuuun  Educator,  Cot.,  0. 


*rr?^1\ 


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The  Standard  of    CTCPI 

Excellence  for      ^  I  HHl 

over  forty  years  — 


PENS 


SPENCERI  AN 
T©  PEN    CO. 

Select  a  pen  lor  your  writing  froni 

a  sample  card  of  special  i  umbers  for  cor- 
respondence.   12  pens  for  10c, postpaid. 

SPENCERIAN  PEN  CO. 

349  Broadway,  NEW  YORK  Cm 


Lessons  in  Wash  Drawing 
and  Engrossing. 

E.  L.   BROWN,        ROCKLAND,   MAINE. 


number  Cbrcc. 

Lay  the  design  off  about  101/2x2Vj  inches 
in  size,  and  use  a  pencil  in  obtaining  the 
correct  drawing  and  proportions.  The  first 
wash  should  be  light.  The  darkest  tones 
appear  on  the  vase  and  leaves,  while  the 
roses  should  be  treated  in  light  delicate 
washes.  Fill  the  brush  with  a  generous 
supply  of  color  and  work  rapidly,  in  order 
to  produce  a  strong  vigorous  drawing.  As 
the  values  of  this  design  are  cut  up  into 
small  patches,  the  student  will  find  little 
difficulty  in  handling  the  color  with  good 
results.  Aim  for  proper  gradation  from 
light  to  dark  tones,  and  wait  until  one  wash 
is  dry  before  adding  another.  Use  the 
water  brush  in  softening  the  hard  edges. 

PflD  DAI  F  One  half  interest  or 
rUn  OALt  entire  Business  Col- 
lege  in  one  of  the 
West.  The  college  is  in  its  9th  year,  well 
established  and  well  advertised.  Paid 
$1,600.09  above  expenses  since  Sept.  14,  1903. 
Address,    H.  F.,  Care  of  Business  Educator, 

Columbus,  Ohio. 


Know 
How  to 
File 

Documents 
-Legal  Bl 
-Card  Rei 
— Credit  Reports 
—Deposit  Ticket 
—Insurance  Pol 
—Books      —Report 
—Samples     — Chec 
— Clippings      ^Invo 
—Notes— Letters— Papers 


T!rat\  the  nrst  step  in  simplifying 

tir  fju  tory  detail.    And  d 

THE  Nlf  AW-WAlJtKR  COMPANY. 

.Branch  at  Chicago  in  the  Marqi 


|  Cfew-csr£<<±4srxf  osrz,*?  7^cc^-^c^l£^t^ ^4s~l&-  tftizsrzsfe  su^t^ 


<z7h^73***d4w^i4£<&*^>^^       | 


&  he  & vUli  teb  j  £cUvcclIc  r    <**> 


Commercial  Geograyhy    eontinned  from 
Page  17. 

The  paper  for  these  maps  may  of 
course  be  ruled  by  the  pupils  but  this 
takes  much  time  and  it  ought  to  be 
supplied  to  them  with  the  lines  printed 
so  that  the  work  may  be  unifoim  in 
size  and  neat  in  appearance.  Paper 
for  this  special  purpose  will  be  ready 
for  sale  to  schools  in  time  for  the 
school  year  1904-05  in  September  by 
the  Commerce  &  Industry  Co.,  Bos- 
ton. It  will  be  furnished  also  in  large 
ruled  sheets  either  white  or  manilla 
for  the  principal  maps.  It  will  be 
called  "Commerce  &  Industry  Map 
Paper,  school  size  and  student  size. 

A  series  of  industrial  maps  should 
be  made  each  year  by  each  pupil,  one 
of  his  city  or  town,  one  of  his  state 
and  one  or  more  of  the  nation,  show- 
ing the  regions  of  industry  as  de- 
scribed above. 

It  is  planned  to  show  some  indus- 
try maps  as  described,  drawn  by  the 
pupils  themselves,  in  the  Boston 
school  exhibit  at  the  St.  Louis  fair 
in  the  case  devoted  to  the  commercial 
branches  on  several  of  the  wing 
frames.  Teachers  who  go  to  the  fair 
may  be  interested  to  examine  them, 
not  as  ideal  copies  but  as  specimens 
showing  the  line  of  work  proposed. 
The  order  should  be  always  city, 
state,  country,  world,  for  the  study 
of  commerce  should,  like  charity, 
begin  at  home. 

Note— The  editor  wishes  once  more 
to  urge  that  teachers  shall  at  once 
this  spring  prepare  a  "Cereal  Gar- 
den" as  described  in  the  April  num- 
ber   of    The     Business     Educator. 


The  Boston  Normal  School  has  al- 
ready begun  the  preparation  of  one, 
and  they  are  to  be  recommended  for 
use  not  only  in  the  high  schools  but 
in  the  grammar  schools  in  connec- 
tion with  the  observational  work  in 
the  fourth  grammar  grade  geography 
study.  The  plants  grown  this  year 
should  be  spring  wheat,  field  and 
sweet  corn,  rye,  barley,  oats,  buck- 
wheat, rice  (must  be  in  hulls  or  rice 
paddy),  millet,  flax  and  hemp. 

Teachers  who  can  not  procure  any 
of  the  above  seeds  may  write  to  the 
editor,  enclosing  stamp  for  reply,  and 
he  will  advise  them  as  to  where  they 
may  buv  them. 


Che  michiaan  meeting. 

The  third  annual  meeting  of  The  Michigan 
Commercial  and  Shorthand  Teachers'  As- 
sociation was  held  at  The  Clearv  Business 
College,  Ypsilanti,  Michigan.  April  1  and  2. 
An  interesting  program  had  been  prepared, 
and  every  paper  and  address  scheduled 
was  delivered.  This  Association,  though 
small,  has  a  number  of  enthusiastic  mem- 
bers, all  of  whom  are  determined  to  make 
their  Association  a  power  in  Commercial 
education  in  Michigan. 

I  enclose  a  copy  of  the  program,  which 
was  carried  out  as  printed.  Representa- 
tives were  present  from  almost  every  prom- 
inent Commercial  College  and  Commercial 
departments  in  the  best  high  schools  in 
Michigan.  With  one  or  two  exceptions, 
every  paper  was  followed  by  an  interesting 
discussion,  showing  that  those  in  attend- 
ance are  wide-awake  upon  important  ques- 
tions relative  to  their  profession. 

The  officers  elected  for  the  coming  year 
are  as  follows:  President,  Mr.  J.  C.  Walker, 
Michigan  Business  College,  Detroit;  1st. 
Vice-president,  Mr.  John  Schmitt,  Commer- 
cial Department,  Port  Huron  High  School; 
2nd.  Vice-president,  Mrs.  Harry  Devlin, 
Devlin's  Business  College,  Jackson;  Secre- 
tary,   Mr.    F.    O.   Austin,    Clearv    Business 


College,  Ypsilanti;  Treasurer,  Mr.  D.  A. 
Reagh,  Owosso  Business  and  Shorthand 
College,  Owosso. 

Respectfully, 

Selby  a.  Moras. 
Ann  Arbor,  Mich.,  April  1,  1904. 

Program 

Third  annual  meeting  of  the  Michigan 
Commercial  and  Shorthand  Teachers'  As- 
sociation, held  at  Clearv  Business  College, 
Ypsilanti,  Mich.,  April  land  2, 1904. 

FRIDAY,  APRIL  1. 

1:30  P.M.  President's  Address,  Selby  A. 
Moran,  Stenographic  Institute.  Ann  Arbor. 

2:00.  Round  Table  Talk,  "The  Spelling 
Problem,"  Mr.  J.  C.  Walker,  Michigan  Busi- 
ness College,  Detroit. 

2:20.  "How  best  to  impress  upon  the  stu- 
dent the  necessitv  of  acquiring  good  pen- 
manship," P.  R.  Cleary,  Cleary  Business 
College,  Ypsilanti. 

2:35.    Discussion. 

2:45.  "What  requirements  should  be  in- 
sisted upon  before  a  student  is  recom- 
mended to  a  position  as  a  stenographer?" 
Mrs.  Harry  Devlin.  Devlin  College,  Jackson. 

3:00.    Discussion. 

3.15.  "Methods  of  teaching  typewriting," 
Mr.  F.  E.  Quigley,  Clearv  Business  College, 
Ypsilanti. 

3:30.    Discussion. 

3:45.  "Methods  of  training  students  in 
the  use  of  office  appliances,"  Mrs.  M.  L. 
Veenfliet,  Alpena  Business  College,  Alpena. 

Election  of  officers. 

Selection  of  city  for  next  meeting. 

SATURDAY,  APRIL  2. 

9:00  A.  M.  "When  should  the  introduction 
of  speed  practice  in  shorthand  begin?' 
Gladys  E.  lopping,  Stenographic  Institute 
Ann  Arbor. 

9:30.    Discussion, 

9:30.  Calculations,  Lewis  C.  Rauch,  De 
troit  Business  University,  Detroit. 

10:00.  "Business  Law,"  Mr.  D.  W.  Springer 
Ann  Arbor  High  School,  Ann  Arbor. 

10:00.  "Can  bookkeepers  be  successfully 
taught  without  the  actual  business  practice 
in  the  school  room?"  C.  J.  Argubright 
Michigan  Business  and  Normal  College 
Battle  Creek. 


It  was  in  the  early  days  of  the  Republic,  in  the  State  of  Connecticut,  when  party  feeling  between 
Federalists  and  Democrats  ran  righ.  The  Reverend  Doctor  Backus,  riding  along  the  highway,  stopped 
at  a  brook  to  water  his  horse,  when  another  rider  came  up  from  the  opposite  side,  and  thus  addressed 
the  worthy  divine:  "Good  morning,  Mr.  Minister."*  The  latter  replied,  '•  Good  morning,  Mr.  Demo- 
crat. How  did  you  know  that  I  was  a  minister?"  "  By  your  dress.  How  did  you  know  that  I  was  a 
Democrat?"  "By  your  address,"  said  the  Doctor. 

It  is  not  alone  by  our  address*  nor  yet  by  your  dress — the  dress  of  our  publications — that  we  are 
so  widely  known  among  schools  and  teachers  that  have  occasion  to  use  first-class  text- books  on  com- 
mercial subjects;  but  by  the  fact  that  these  books  are  practical  result  getters,  arranged  to  minimize 
the  necessary  labor  of  both  teacher  and  student  in  acquiring  the  essentials  of  the  subject  in  question. 

The  time  for  the  consideration  of  new  adoptions  is  at  hand.  Write  to  us  about  your  needs,  or 
consult  with  our  representative  when  he  calls  on  you. 


THE  PRACTICAL  TEXT  BOOK  CO., 


479  Euclid  Avenue* 


CLEVELAND,  OHIO. 


I     Cfe&l^A^£t*±£s?xf    £Z^?7^    ^Ut^-£c<44lZs7Ld  ^Ol^t^S  £fa<ZsrZsfe  /7^<™c'  t 


C^/^ /Se^^-t^^cf^^  J 


iKXS  IN    LR 


II    ami  SHADE,  BY  C.  C.   CANAN,   BRADFORD,  PA. 


Commercial  Caw     Gontinued  from 
page  22. 

BREACH   OF   CONTRACT. 

Where  one  party  breaks  his  con- 
tract, there  arises  on  the  part  of  the 
injured  party  a  right  of  action  for 
damages  caused  by  the  breach,  but  a 
breach  by  one  party  does  not  always 
discharge  the  other  from  performing 
what  he  has  promised. 

Independent  Promises.  Where  the 
promises  in  a  contract  are  independ- 
ent of  each  other  so  that  one  promise 
is  not  conditioned  on  the  fulfilment 
of  the  other,  a  breach  by  one  party 
will  not  discharge  the  other,  although 
it  may  give'him  a  right  of  action  to  re- 
cover  damages.  However,  the  law 
does  not  favor  independent  promises 
and  unless  the  contract  plainly  shows 
that  the  parties  intended  their  prom- 
ises to  be  independent  of  each  other, 
where  each  promise  furnishes  the 
whole  consideration  for  the  other, 
they  will  be  considered  as  dependent 
promises  and  where  one  party  fails  to 
perforin  substantially,  the  other  party 
will  be  released  from  performing 
his  part. 

If,  before  the  time  for  performance 
arrives,  one  party  repudiates  his  con- 
tract, the  other  party  need  not  wait 
until  performance  is  due  but  may 
consider  the  contract  broken  and  at 
once  bring  action  for  damages.  But 
he  must  take  advantage  of  the  re- 
nunciation; if  he  does  not,  and  before 
the  time  for  performance  arrives 
something  happens  that  should  dis- 
charge tin-  contract  by  operation  of 
law,  he  would  then  have  no  right  of 
action  against  the  first  party.  Re- 
nunciation to  be  effective  must 
amount  to  an  absolute  refusal  to  per- 
form. The  renunciation  must  cover 
so  much  of  the  contract  as  to  amount 
charge.  Where  one  party  only 
ated,  as  where  the  maker  of  a 


note  notifies  the  holder  before  it  is 
due  that  he  will  not  pay  it,  the  holder 
cannot  take  advantage  of  this  notice 
but  must  wait  until  the  maker  refuses 
to  pay  it  at  maturity. 

Where  one  fails  to  perform  what  he 
has  promised,  it  will  discharge  the 
other  party  except  where  the  promises 
are  independent  of  each  other,  pro- 
vided that  the  failure  covers  a  sub- 
stantial part  of  the  contract. 

Remedy  for  a  Broken  Contract.  The 
remedy  at  law  for  breach  of  contract 
is  the  payment  of  money.  The  party 
suing  must  generally  show  that  he 
has  been  damaged  or  he  will  get  only 
nominal  damages. 

Lack  of  space  forbids  entering  into 
the  question  of  damages  or  the  reme- 
dies in  equity  although  they  are  no 
less  important-  than  what  has  been 
treated.  It  might  be  said  here  that 
one  cannot  collect  for  damages  too 
remote.  For  example,  one  would  not 
be  entitled  to  damages  by  showing 
that  had  certain  money  been  paid  to 
him  as  agreed  upon  he  intended  to 
invest  it  in  cotton  and  that  as  the 
cotton  market  turned  he  could  have 


made  $10,000.  Such  damage  would  be 
merely  speculative,  and  would  not  be 
allowed. 

Note.— Probably  no  one  who  has 
read  the  articles  on  contracts  in  The 
Business  Educator  has  supposed  it 
possible  within  the  space  allowed,  to 
do  more  than  call  attention  to  the 
general  principles  of  the  subject. 
Certainly  those  familiar  with  law 
know  how  difficult  it  is  to  state  a 
general  rule  of  law  without  either 
understating  or  overstating  it. 


FRANCIS  J.  STEIN,  PUBLISHER 

31  stand   Cumberland   Streets,  Philadelphia,  Pa. 


M  I  LLS'S  Correspondence 
School  ot  Penmanship 
Is  conceded  by  the  leading 
penmen  of  this  country  to  be 
the  most  thorough  school  of 
its  kind.  You  cannot  do  a 
better  thing  than  to  send 
stamp  today  for  full  particu- 
lars concerning  our  courses. 

E.    C.    MILLS 
195  Grand  Ave.,  Rochester,  N.Y. 


ESTERBROOK'S  NEW  PENS  S: 


No.  702 
707 


MODIFIED    SLANT   OR 
"MEDIAL"    WRITERS. 


702    Slightly  Elastic 


707    Elutic 


AMONG  PENMEN  there  is  a  demand  for  a  pen  that  is  adopted  to  the  Modified 
Slant  or  "Medial"  Writing,  to  combine  increased  speed  with  the  legibility  of 
the  Vertical.  To  meet  this  we  present  our  Modified  Slant  Pens.  These  Pens 
are  made  from  the  highest  grade  steel  and  are  finished  with  the  same  care  that 
has  made  Esterbrook  Pens  the  Standard  for  nearly  half  a  century. 

THE     ESTERBROOK     STEEL     PEN     MANUFACTURING     COMPANY, 
26  John  Street,  New  York.  Works,  Camden,  N.  J. 


1  C^n^^r€cd^r^  &S9Z*/  ^2tcd-£c<d4L£srzf  ^€d*££-  £&<2sri>fa  /u^%c' 


C7%<s-  TB^tc^^u^id  S<^<^<>€Z^trr:   I 


<6JKc&vUlrfe<^&4»U&&u?Wr   & 


WE     ARE    LEADERS    in    the 

line  of  high  grade  DIPLOMAS  and 
CERTIFICATES  for  schools  and  col- 
leges. Our  designs  cannot  be  excelled 
in  harmony  and  artistic  beauty.  Di- 
plomas furnished  filled  out  complete, 
or  in  blank  form.  Catalogue,  showing 
the  finest  line  of  stock  Diplomas  on  the 
market,  mailed  free.  Resolutions  En- 
grossed—Catalogues Illustrated. 

HOWARD  <a  BROWN. 

Rockland,    Maine. 


CARDS  °b1 


All  orders  for 
Hand  <_-ut  cards—  ft 

A  I'lv  A  No    C  Wedding  Bristol, 
3  I'ly  Superfine 


ee!  Send  for  catalogue  ol  punted  Itinl  A  Kinblein  eards 

w.  McBEE,  19  Snyder  St.,  Allegheny,  Pa. 


WEAVER'S  Correspondence  School  of  Pen- 
manship and  Drawing,  Mt.  Morris,  Ills  , 
Offers  the  best  instructions  in  the  various 
branches  of  Penmanship  and  Drawing. 
Write  today  for  full  particulars. 


What    Hats    Been    Done* 

One  of  our  students  began  a  Mail  Course  with  us  last  October,  and  in  three 
months  was  able  to  get  a  DIPLOMA  from  the  Western  Penman. 

Another  began  about  a  month  earlier  and  is  now  teaching  penmanship  in  a 
BUSINESS   COLLEGE 

This  proves  that  Mail  Instruction  by  our  system  is  a  success,  doesn't  it? 

Perhaps  vou  have  been  thinking  of  taking  up  a  Mail  Course,  and  have  been 
putting  it  off  "from  time  to  time.  Don't  wait  any  longer.  You  have  lost  too  much 
time  already.  All  the  opinions  you  have  formed  about  Mail  Instruction  may  be 
wrong.    Let  us  explain  it  to  you. 

Copies  all  fresh  from  the  pen.  Red  ink  criticisms  of  practice  work.  Type- 
written Instructions,  and  tuition  so  low  that  you  will  be  surprised. 

Send  stamp  for  circulars  and  specimens  of  writing  before  and  after  taking 
our  Course.    It  will  interest  you  to  see  what  others  are  doing.    Write  today. 

HARNAN    <U    ELLSWORTH,    Penmen, 

Strayers     Business     College.  V  *•  BALTIMORE,     MO. 


^^^^^^^i?4>-tl>^^^>' '  !^i 


/?£P/?dDOC£a  --/Af  /7/?sr  a/tss  sry?f  sr 


i-3SO  0£A/PfiO/?M    Sr/?f£? 


zt€ma-^ — - 


FINEST    PENMANSHIP    SUPPLIES    OBTAINABLE. 


On  goods  listed  belov 


■  tin 


those  that  go  by  mail  and  purchaser  pays  carriage  charges  on  those  that  go  by  express 
cheapest  way  is  to  order  in  fair  sized  quantities  and  have  them  go  by  freight. 


freight.    Of 


PENS  AND    HOLDERS.       BY  MAIL,  PREPAID. 

Gillott's  Lithographic  Pen  No.  290 
—One  of  the  finest  pointed  drawing 
pens  made.    6  pens  25c,  3  pens 15c 

Gillott's  Grow  Quill  Pen  No.  659— 
Very    tine    points.     6  pens  25c,  3  pens 


Zanerian  Fine  Writer  Pen— The  besi 
and  finest  fine  writing  pen  made — besi 
for  engrossing,  card  writing  and  all  fins 
sctipt  work.  Gross  $1.00,  %  gross  25c 
1  dozen     12c 


Zanerian  Ideal  Pen— One  of  the  best 
pens  made  for  general  penwork— busi- 
ness or  ornamental.  One  of  the  best 
pens  for  beginners  in  penmanship. 
Gross   75c,    %  gross  25c.   1   dozen   10c 

Zanerian  Medial  Pen— A  high-grade 
medium,  extra  smooth  pen  for  business 
writing.  None  better.  Just  right  for 
students  and  accountants.  Gross  75c, 
H  gross — - 25c 

Zanerian  Business  Pen— A  smooth, 
durable,  common  sense  business  pen. 
For  unshaded  business  writing,  it  has 
never  been  excelled,  if  equaled.  Gross 
75c,    %    gross    25c.     1    dozen 10c 

Gillott's  Principality  No.  1  Pen — A 
fine  writing  pen.     Gross  $1.00.  %  gross 


Gillott's  Double  Elastic  E.  F.  No, 
604  Pen— A  medium  fine  writing  pen. 
Gross  75c,  '4  gross  25c,  1  dozen      -  10c 

Gillott's  Magnum  Quill  E.  F.  No. 
601  Pen—  A  business  pen.  Gross  $1.00, 
XA    gross   25c,    1    dozen 12c 

Gillott's  No.  303  E.  F.  Pen— Used 
largely  for  drawing  purposes.  Gross 
$1.00,    %    gross   25c,    1    dozen 12c 


-15c 

Soennecken  Lettering  Pen  —  For 
making  German  Text,  Old  English,  and 
all  broad  pen  letters.  Set  of  12— num- 
bers 1,  l!,.  2,  24,  3,  3^4,  4,  5  and  6 
single  pointed  and  10,  20  and  30  double 
pointed   25c 


Zanerian  Oblique  Penholder— Hand- 


beautiful  and  perfect  holder.     1  holder 
50c 


Fine  Art  Oblique  Holder  —  Inlaid 
and  fancy,  hand-made,  rosewood,  and 
by  far  the  most  beautiful  holder  made. 
1  holder  sent  in  a  small  wooden  box. 
---$1.00 


Excelsior  Oblique  Holder— The  best 
low-priced  oblique  holder  made.  Many 
hundreds  of  gross  have  been  sold. 

I  holder  -- - $.10 

1  dozen .50 

Yi  gross-- 1.10 

/2   gross 2.15 

1  gross -- 4.25 

Straight  Penholder  —  Cork  tipped 
and  best  for  business  writing,  flourish- 
ing, etc.     1  holder  10c,  6  holders  40c,  12 


CARDS,  INK,  PAPER,  ETC. 


Blank  Cards—  White  bristol  with 
finest  surface  for  fine  penmanship. 

100  by  mail  postpaid —88c 

500  by  express - 75c 

1000  by  express $1.35 

Black  Cards—  Best  made  for  white 
ink. 

100  by  mail  postpaid 28c 

500  by  express - 75c 

1000  by  express $1.35 

White  Cardboard— Wedding  Bristol 
for  fine  pen  work.     Sheets  are  22x28. 

6  sheets  by  express $  .60 

12  sheets  by  express 1.00 

2  sheets  by  mail  postpaid 50 

White  Cardboard— 'With  hard  finish, 
much  like  ledger  paper.  Sheets  are 
205 2x23 

6  sheets  by  express $  .40 

12  sheets  by  express .70 

3  sheets  by  mail,  postpaid 50 

Black  Cardboard— Finest  for  white 
ink.     Sheets  are  22x28. 

6  sheets  by  express $  .50 

12  sheets  by  express      — --     .75 

2  sheets  by  mail,  postpaid 50 

Wedding  Paper— Finest  for  penman- 
ship or  drawing.     Sheets  are  21x33. 

6  sheets  by  express ...$.50 

12  sheets  by  express -     .70 

3  sheets  by  mail,  postpaid     .50 


Zanerian  Pen,  Pencil,  and  Paintin& 
Pad,  and  Portfolio,  for  sketching, 
drawing,    and    water     color    painting. 

Contains  40  sheets  for-- ---$  .40 

By  mail  20  cents  extra  - ----     .60 

Zanerian  India  Ink — A  fine  drawing 
ink  and  best  for  preparing  script  and 
drawings  for  photo-engraving. 

1  bottle  by  mail,  postpaid $  .30 

1  dozen  bottles  by  express  - 2.00 

Arnold's  Japan  Ink—  Nearly  l£   pint 

bottle  by  mail  postpaid--- f  .40 

I  pint  by  express  — .45 

1  quart  by  express  — .75 

White  Ink— Very  fine. 

1  bottle  by  mail,  postpaid $  .25 

12  bottles  by  express  1.85 

Writing  Paper— Finest  12  lb.  paper 
made.  960  sheets  per  ream,  ruling  wide 
and  faint.     1  ream  by  express $2.25 

Writing  Paper  —  Same  quality  as 
above  mentioned  but  10 'lb.  per  ream. 
1  ream  by  express - $2.00 

Practice  Paper—  Best  for  the  money 

to  be  had.     1  ream  by  express $1.50 

Send  stamp  for  samples  of  paper. 

Envelopes — 
100  fine  blue  by  mail,  postpaid  .--.$  .40 
100  fine  white  by  mail,  postpaid  -  -  -     .40 
1000  either  kind,  by  express 1.50 


Cash  must  accompany  all  orders, 
iey  order,  or  stamps  for  small  amounts. 


Prices  are  too  low  to  keep  accounts. 


Address,     ZANER    O.    BLOS£R,    COLVMBVS,     OHIO. 


<^^l^7^€4A><^U^^^<^^*>€^^trr-   I 


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We  Have  Faith  in  Commercial  Education     ty 

***                          Because,  we  have  experienced  its  value  in  our  own  business  careers,  vl' 

and  in  Hie  careers  of  thousands  who  have  come  to  us  for  instruction.  "~" 

(y\                              We  are  experienced  business  men  ;   we  are  also  teachers,  and  we  should  \|/ 

/|\                           therefore  know  thai  training  which   will  best   prepare  young  men  and  ijj 

women  for  successful  employment  in  business.  "J. 

'f\  tit 

f)\  til 

J     Our  Commercial   Text  Books  jjj 

f#V                            Represent    the   careful    work   of  authors,   who   were  qualified  for  their  \*,/ 

Av                          work  as  we  were,  viz:    In    the   School    of   Experience.  *ij 

(ft  v»> 

9\     The  Budget  Systems  of  Bookkeeping  Were  the  First     \fe 

-*                               To   reveal    to   the   student    the   practical   details   of  office   work,  and  to  -k- 

'f*                           supply  a  vast  fund  of  information  in  regard  to  the  details  of  business  11/ 

fty                            and  office  practice,  which  before  were  thought   to  be  impossible  to  bring  lijf 

*!:                              within  the  school  room.     They  were  the  first  to  illustrate  to  the  student  -v- 

\'\                          the  actual  method  of  handling  the  various  business  papers  and  of  mak-  w 

fi\                            in-  the  proper   records  in  the  books  of  account    of  the   transactions  of  i|i 

'T;                            business;  so  that  the  student  could  go  directly  from  the  school  and  feel  -v- 

'"                           at  home  in  the  business  office.  "™* 

'f\  tit 

New  Rapid  Shorthand   Is  Progressive  tit 

li    stands   for  progress  in  the  art  of  recording  speech  by  the  use  of  ab-  w- 

'fl                          breviated  characters.     It  is  surprising  many  of  our  foremost  teachers  in  \|/ 

f&\                             the  fact  thai  it  is  a  much  better  system  than  they  had  given  it  credit  for  yk'i 

■J-                              before  they  had  examined  it.     A  whole  lot   of  schools  will  introduce  it  -v. 

*f\                            al    the    beginning  of  the   next    school    year.     If  it   is  a  good  system  for  If/ 

ft\                           others,  why  may  it  not  be  a  good  system  for  you?     It  cannot  be  learned  %k* 

•J-                            wilh  your  eyes  shut,  and  your  faculties  asleep,  bul  it  is  a  truly  scientific  . 

sysli  in   that  has  stood  the  test  of  fifteen  years.     Let  us  take  the  mailer  \|/ 

fk\                          in)  with  von  by  correspondence.     We  have  something  worth  your  eon-  vA, 

■}!  Sadler-Rowe  Company  «j 

Hy                              Baltimore,    Mel*  y^ 


IS  ^ 


^^t^u. 


9hc  fckulivc^  £tUv&ctWr   &> 


Cfc&v-esT&^esr^  cz^z^/  *Zt<s&ge4s6^<Td ^c<*t&.  £&<zs7?sfe  s^ott. 


Csfae.  7a^c<i<^t^d<i '  &c£c€*4>cz£trK.    I 


dfo&©M^.irM^£eU*&tf»tor   & 


Greatest  iHoney  -  Pfnauclng  industry  in  ttie  Worm 

January,  1899,  we  bought  for  a  lady   stockholder  in  our 
Company  this  cow  and  calf  for  $50.00.     See  results  lor 
four  years  :    Seven  head  of  cattle  worth  $190.00  and  I  lie 
cows  have  produced  milk  and  butter  worth  $170.00 
more.     $360.00  for  a  $50.00  investment. 

An  Opportunity  to  Share  in  An  Honest,  Conservative,  and  Dividend-Paying:  Business  Is 
Offered  the  Readers  of  The  Business  Educator  By  The  California  Cattle  and  Land  Co. 

COW  ^SSl  „ 

^rl£M_  _3  Year  Old  Cow  J^fc  2  Year  Old       .      . 


In  considering  an  invectment  there  are  three  things  to  be  demonstrated  to  the  satisfaction  of  the  investor : 

Is  It  A  Paying  Investment? 

The  Cattle  Industry  has,  does,  and  will  pay  larger  and  steadier  dividends  than  any  other  business.  It  has 
made  millions  for  the  cattle  and  beef  kings.  It  will  make  big  returns  for  you.  After  using  a  portion  of  our 
earnings  for  extensive  improvements  on  the  ranch,  we  are  NOW  PAYING  DIVIDENDS  of  12%  per  annum. 
When  these  improvements,  now  nearing  completion,  are  finished,  dividends  will  increase,  and  we  confidently 
expect  to  pay,  within  two  years,  dividends  of  not  less  than  20",,. 

Are  the  Managers  Experienced,  Capable,  and  Honest? 

Raisins  beef  and  dairy  cattle  on  a  California  ranch  with  grass  twelve  months  in  the  year,  is  no  experiment 
with  us.  During  our  six  years  in  this  business,  as  partners  or  as  a  company,  our  annual  profits  have  not  been 
less  than  10%.  As  to  our  responsibility  and  integrity,  we  refer  to  the  Mercantile  Agencies,  California  Banks, 
and  our  present  stockholders.  About  30  prominent  and  influential  Commercial  Teachers  are  among  our  200 
stockholders. 

Our  Company  was  incorporated  and  is  being  conducted  upon  the  principle  of  right  and  justice  to  all 
concerned,  and  we  welcome  the  closest  investigation  as  to  our  business  and  standing. 

What  Security  Has  the  Investor  for  His  Money  ? 

25,000  acres  of  land.     1,000  head  of  cattle  and  other  stock.     100  miles  offence. 

On  this  property  we  give  every  investor  a  first  mortgage  bearing  8%  interest,  certified  to  by  one  of  the 
strongest  banks  in  California  which  holds  all  of  our  property  in  trust  for  the  investors  as  security  for  their 
principal  and  interest.  In  additon  to  this,  the  investor  shares  in  all  the  profits  of  the  Company.  We  are 
now  paying  12",,',  and  when  our  ranch  is  comoletely  stocked,  the  dividends  will  exceed  20%  per  annum.  Where 
can  you  find  a  better  paying  investment  that  offers  as  good  security? 

Why  Do  We  Offer  Any  Stock  for  Sale  ? 

Treasury  stock  is  for  sale  at  par  value,  $1.00  per  share,  for  the  specific  purpose  of  immediately  increasing  the 
number  of  cattle  on  the  ranch  and  thus  more  fully  to  utilize  our  entire  25,000  acres  of  grazing  land.  All  money 
now  rece.ved  for  treasury  stock  goes  directly  into  grazing  stock,  and  comes  out  as  dividends.  That's  all  there  is  to 
our  proposition. 


togeth 


Our  prospectus,  descriptive  letters  from  persons  who  have  visited  the  ranch,  and  other  interesting  particulars, 
ler  with  a  list  of  teachers  who  ate  associated  with  us,  will  be  sent  by  our  representative  upon  receipt  of  request. 


At  adirectors'   meeting  held   April  30th  it  was  resolved  to  advance  the  price  of  stock  to  $1.20  on  June  25th. 


California  Cattle  and  Land  Company 

Home  Office  616  Hay  ward  Building: 

San  Francisco,  Calif. 


L  M.  THORNBURGH,  Representative, 

(Principal  Commercial  Hig-h  School) 

469  Broadway  Paterson,  N.  J. 


G&z^.  73^ctA^yt^d^> '  <£^e£cts€>cz£ir?*:   I 


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RE.  IDY  ABOU  T  ,/Y  TL  J '  FIRST. 
TH  E 

Phonographic  Amanuensis. 

A   Presentation  of    Pitman    Phonography,    More    Especially 
Adapted  to  the  Use  of  Business  and  Other  Schools  Devoted 
to  the  Instruction  and  Training  of  Shorthand  Amanuenses. 

By 
JEROME    B.     HOWARD. 

With  a  Prefatory  Note  by 

B  E  N  N    PIT  M  A  N . 

Cloth.          i2mo.          About  200  pages.          $1 

THE  PHONOGRAPHIC  INSTITUTE  COMPANY,  CINCINNATI,  OHIO. 

A  single  examination  copy  of  T/ir  Phonographic  Amanuensis  will  be  sent  to 
any  teacher  of  shorthand  who  will  fill  out  and  return  this  coupon  with  forty  cents 
in   stamps  or  silver.      Immediately  on  the  publication  of  the  book,    these  orders 
will    be   filled   in  the  order  in    which  they  are  received,  and  [hey  will   have  pre- 
cedence over  all  other  orders. 

Nome  nf  Teneher  nf  Shorthand 

c 

x 

■i 

The  Following-described  Features  are  Distinctive  of  this  Book : 

1.  It  contains  a  direct  and  simple  exposition  of  the   Penn   Pitman  System  of  Phonography,  with 

especial  reference  to  the  preparation  of  the  student  for  the  work  of  the  business  or  office 
amanuensis. 

2.  It  teaches  position-writing  from  the  beginning. 

3.  The  application  of  the  principles  of  abbreviation  to  each  part  of  the  system  is  taught  in  immediate 

connection  with  the  primary  presentation  ol  such  part. 

4.  The  book  consists  of  sixty  lawns,  each  one  of  which  may  be  mastered  in  a  single  school  day  by 

any  student  qualified  by  general  education  and  natural  aptitudes  to  perform  successfully  the 
work  of  the  business  amanuensis. 

5.  Outlines  for  words  are  given  in  the  first  lesson. 

6.  Sentences  are  written  in  1  lie  eighth  lesson. 

7.  Phrases  are  written  in  the  fifteenth  lesson. 

8.  Business   Letters  are  written  in  the  Hventy-second  lesson. 

/.     y. 

■0!l)0  'ubuuiduq 
'•0]  3|fU!isu|  ajqdBjBouoijd  aiy 

M0dfl03  N0I1VNIWVX] 

"  It  exactly  meets  the  requirements  " 

Modern  Illustrative  Banking 

WILLIAMS  (h  ROGERS  SERIES 

r  ■  "'IILS  is  a  brief,  practical,  and  attractive  course  in  banking  and  bank 
bookkeeping,    employing    vouchers    and    modern    forms    of    bank 
account  books. 
While  it  is  designed  to  be  used  as  supplementary  to  Modern  Illus- 
trative Bookkeeping,  and  possesses  the  strong  features  of  that  eminently 
successful  work,  it  may  be  used  with  any  other  bookkeeping  system. 

This  course  has  been  introduced  into  representative  business  schools 
throughout  the  country,  where  it  is  giving  complete  satisfaction. 

A  Trial  Will  Demonstrate  Its  Merits 

AMERICAN  BOOK  COMPANY 

New  York  :  Cincinnati  :  Chicago  :  Bosion  :  Atlanta  :  Dallas  :  San  Francisco 

I     Cfe&lS~£sT£t<££s?~J    eZsVZ*?'    &Ccd-<€c*4s£l£S??f  -44M^£  £/l4Zs?Zsfer  SU^t*' 


Cs^Lt-  73A4*d4sn^cd*4 ' &c£<Asc>cz£<rr'  I 


r*>lve  fJtu»>uccju£cUvou,Lvr   <S> 


ff 


Nothing   Succeeds   Like   Success 


* 


We  are  writing  May  14th.  Here  are  some  of  the  best  positions  we  have  rilled  during  the  last 
three  weeks:  Minneapolis,  commercial  and  penmanship,  $100;  Minneapolis,  shorthand,  $113;  Read- 
ing, Pa.  (High  School),  commercial,  $90;  Mansfield,  Ohio  (High  School),  commercial,  $100;  Lancaster, 
Pa.,  commercial,  $100;  Troy,  N.  Y,  penmanship,  $80;  Parkersburg,  W.  Va.,  penmanship  and  com- 
mercial, $75;  St.  Louis,  Mo.  (Yeatman  High  School),  commercial,  $1456;  Passaic,  N.  J.  (High  School), 
commercial,  $1500;  Trenton,  X.  J.,  commercial,  $1200;  and  we  should  have  the  announcement  in  any 
mail  of  at  least  a  dozen  others  equally  good,  with  some  much  better. 

Yesterday  and  to-day  we  have  had  nine  calls  for  teachers,  covering  territory  from  Colorado 
to  eastern  New  York,  and  including  some  of  the  largest  and  best  schools  in  the  United  States. 
Five  were  for  high  school  teachers,  at  salaries  of  from  $60  to  $100. 


OVR    PLAN 


To  nominate  candidates,  sending  personal  and  professional  data  to  school  officials  without 
letting  the  candidates  know  anything  about  it  until  we  are  told  which  ones  the  manager  or  super- 
intendent desires  to  correspond  with,  is  meeting  unbounded  praise  from  the  harried  school 
officials,  who  have  not  known  what  it  is  to  receive  considerate  treatment  from  the  Agencies. 
Many  of  the  candidates,  too,  recognize  that  this  plan  reduces  needless  correspondence  for  them, 
and  saves  them  much  unnecessary  disappointment  ;  some,  however,  prefer  to  get  into  the  general 
scramble  that  has  heretofore  characterized  Agency  work;  and  all  of  them  are  likely  to  become 
impatient  because  they  do  not  get  frequent  letters  telling  them  about  vacancies,  no  matter  whether 
they  stand  the  ghost  of  a  show  of  getting  the  place  or  not.  There  is  not  a  good  candidate  on  our 
list  who  has  not  been  recommended  to  from  one  to  fifteen  places,  but  he  does  not  know  it,  for 
he  is  asked  to  write  only  after  the  school  official,  having  looked  into  a  fair,  frank  statement  of 
his  qualifications,  requests  that   he  formally  apply.     Then  he  may  be  sure  that  there  is  "some- 


thi 


it  " 


THE     EMPLOYER 


Is  represented  by  the  following  extracts  from  letters  received  within  a  few  days:— 
"I  am  not  much  given  to  flattery,  but  I  do  think  one  ought  to  make  mention  of  the  original 
feature  that  you  are  embodying  in  your  employment  agency  work,  and  which  will  certainly  and 
most  forcibly  appeal  to  prospective  employers.  You  are  the  only  man  I  have  ever  had  any  deal- 
ings with,  in  this  line,  that  went  so  thoroughly  into  the  detail  of  describing  a  man's  peculiarities, 
together  with  his  good  and  bad  points;  and  this  is  the  thing  above  everything  else  that  is  most 
heartily  appreciated  on  the  part  of  those  who  engage  men,  for  it  affords  an  opportunity  to  weigh 
a  man  accurately  for  the  place  to  be  filled.  It  will  prevent  many  mistakes  on  both  sides,  and  it  will 
make  business  for  you."    (One  of  the  best  school  managers  in  the  East,  employing  a  large  force.) 

"I  wish  to  express  my  appreciation  of  the  thorough  manner  in  which  you  prepare  informa- 
tion about  candidates.  I  am  more  fully  convinced  than  ever  that,  if  you  follow  your  present  plan 
carefully,  it  will  be  only  a  question  of  time  when  you  will  have  one  of  the  largest  Agencies  in  the 
country.  Your  information  contains  something;  in  fact,  about  everything  I  care  for  except  a 
photograph."  (We  do  not  send  photos  because  we  do  not  have  enough  to  go  around.  Candidates 
send  them  if  they  are  asked  to  apply.) 

"It  may  be  encouraging  to  you  to  know  that  I  think  your  applicants  far  better  than  those 
named  by  any  other  Agency.      I  thank  you  for  helping  me  to  get  good  teachers." 


THE    TEACHER 


Is  always  pleased  when  well  treated.     Our  space  will  not  admit  extracts  from  the  many  apprecia- 
tive letters  we  receive  from  teachers. 

Send  for  our  handsome  new  Prospectus,  if  you  are  a  teacher  desiring  to  enroll,  or  if  you  are 
an  official  wishing  to  engage  a  teacher.  At  a  cost  of  a  good  deal  more  than  $1,000,  we  have  pub- 
lished a  Handbook  of  this  Agency  that  is  as  much  superior  to  anything  else  of  the  kind  as  our 
service  surpasses  that  obtainable  elsewhere.  Do  not  write  unless  you  mean  business.  We  are 
altogether  too  busy  to  waste  time  with  experimenters.  Furthermore,  steer  clear  of  us  if  you  are 
not  as  ready  to  pay  for  our  service  when  you  shall  have  had  the  benefit  of  it,  as  you  are  to  receive 
it.  We  spend  our  money  and  our  time,  and  we  stop  at  no  reasonable  sacrifice  to  help  our  candi- 
dates to  win  out— then  we  want  the  candidate  to  do  his  part,  promptly  and  cheerfully. 


The  National   Commercial   Teachers*  Agency 

A  Specialty  by  a  Specialist  iJ  E.  E.  Gaylord,  Manager  iJ  Prospect  Hill,  Beverly,  Mass. 


& 


M 


I  Cfc£v~esr£t<±£s?^  €2s?z4/  j£Ut^-££*ds£i4srrl  ^tv-t*££  £6s€Zs?zs&-  yz^-t^  /9-^  , 


C%*e.  73H*Cid<crt7^e<dd£<£<>c<*zl&r7' 


9Tve>  Jdu&fcrfce&b  £d»u&Gt>Wr  ^ 


School 
Advertising 


I  am  in  the  School  Advertising 
business.  Formore  than  ten  years 
I  have  made  a  specialty  of  the 
business  of  interesting  young 
people  in  educational  work. 

If  you  are  in  the  school  busi- 
ness, I  want  von  to  send  for  a  copy 
of  my  "I  Will"  Folder.  It  con- 
tains information  in  regard  to 
the  service  I  offer.  It  will  inter- 
est you.     It's  Free. 


Catalogues,  Booklets,  Ads,  Follow-up 
Systems  Designed,  Written,  Printed; 
right  placing  and  distribution  advised. 


C.    C.    REARICK 

School-Advertising  Specialist. 

Masonic  Temple,  CHICAGO,  ILL. 


A  Business 
Speller 


A  COMPREHENSIVE 
little  Book  on  Spelling,  120 
pages  of  words  most  frequent- 
ly seen  in  business  correspon- 
dence. Dividtd  into  lessons 
of  fifty  words  each.  Several  lessons  of  words 
pronounced  alike,  but  spelled  differently. 
Just  the  thing  for  the  school  room.  Sample 
copy  sent  postpaid  for  twenty-five  cents. 


Business 

Letter 

Writing 


ONE  OF  THE  NEATEST   AND 

brightest  little  works  on  Commer- 
cial Correspondence.     Unlike  any- 
thing else  published.      Write  for 
sample  pages.     Single  copy  sent 
postpaid  for  fifty  cents. 
Other  books  published  are  "Musselman's 
Practical  Bookkeeping,1'  "  High  School  Book- 
keeping," "  Commercial  Law,"  "  Commercial 
Arithmetic." 


Try  a  Box  of  Musselman's  Perfection  Pens,  25  cents 
D.  L.  Musselman  Publishing  Co. 

QUINCY,  ILLINOIS. 


As  a  Teacher's  Manual  and  as  a  Learner's  Guide,  This  is  the 
Most  Valuable  Work  on  Penmanship  Ever  Published. 


The  style  is  thoroughly  modern  and  practical*  combining  the  merits  of  the  vertical 
and  the  slant,  the  round  and  the  angular,  form  and  movement,  and  the  abbreviated 
and  the  complex  systems  of  writing  as  they  have  never  been  combined  before.  The 
instructions  are  so  explicit  and  complete,  the  copies  so  well  graded  and  executed,  and 
the  forms  so  simple  and  easy,  that  no  one  need  go  without  a  good  handwriting. 


The  work  is  much  more  than  a  mere  self  instructor  for  the  home  studt 
improve  his  penmanship.      It  is  also  intended  for  the  t€ 


—  o  wishes 

his  penmanship.      It  is  also  intended  for  the  teacher  of  writing  and  for  the 

one  who  wishes  to  prepare  as  such.      Movement  is  explained,  analysis  given,  exercises 

presented,  copies  and  instructions  written  in  such  a  logical  manner  that  it  is  difficult 

to  determine  what  might  have  been  added  or  omitted. 

It  contains  about  500,  copies,  all  of  which  were  written  freely,  and  which  are  most 
inspiring  models,  such  as  only  that  master  penman,  C.  P.  Zaner,  could  prepare.      In- 
structions accompany  every  copy  in  the  book,  and  these  instructions  are  unquestion- 
ably the  most  interesting  and  valuable  ever  prepared  for  the  benefit  of  the  learner  and  the- teacher.   It  begins  with  exercises  and  ends 
with    a    written   page,  covering  exercises,  principles,  figures,  letters,  words,  sentences,  business  forms,  etc.      It  gives  the  time  and 
movement  ;is  well  as  the  right  exercises  for  each  and  every  copy. 

also,  a  new   system  of  artistic  penman? hip,  a  new  commercial  roundhand,  and  alphabets  for  lettering  with  common 
It  presents  for  the  first  time  objective  anatomy  and  physiology  especially  suited  to  the  needs  of  penmen  and  teachers. 


It  contains 

or  broad  pen. 
A  complete,  si 
methods  of  te; 


i-hich  aids  alike  the  learner  and  teacher 


practical  work  on 


It  is  composed  of  upwards  of  a  hundred  pages  8x  S  inches,  is  printed  on  white  enameled  paper,  and  bound  in  art  linen  so  as  to 
opeti  tlat.  The  book  is  new  in  copies,  illustrations  and  text  from  cover  to  cover,  the  arrangement  is  original,  and  the  method 
progressive,  educational,  and  practical.  Xeither  time  nor  expense  have  been  spared  in  its  preparation.  In  r-act  it  is  the  product  of 
study,  observation,  experiment  and  skill  covering  a  period  of  more  than  two  decades. 

You  cannot  teach  writing  in  its  fullest  and  most  practical  sense  without  having  seen,  studied  and  practiced  from  this  book.  It 
explains  the  philosophy  and  mechanism  of  writing  as  have  never  before  been  attempted,  and  ail  in  all,  represents  the  author's  latest 
and  best  efforts  in  both  skill  and  thought. 

■  from  the  pen  of  the  author  is  given  to  those  who  follow  its  instructions. 


ZANEK    &    BLOSER,    Columbus,  Ohio. 


I   Cfe€si*4sr-Ct*±e^J  <zs??*€/  £Utd-£c*d>fa£srj  -*4*t*££-  £6*zsrL^  sT^mt^ 


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Sfe  Same  Old  Problem 


For  the  past  four  years  we  have  been  confronted  with  the  same 
problem  how  to  provide  teachers  of  Gregg  Shorthand  for  the  schools 
that  are  adopting  it  all  over  the  country.  This  year  the  demand  is 
greater  than  ever  before — and  will  keep  on  increasing  with  each  week 
until  the  beginning  of  next  season  because  more  schools  are  now 
making  their  preparations  to  adopt  Gregg  Shorthand  than  in  any 
previous  time  in  its  history. 

It  is  a  simple  fact  that  there  are  greater  possibilities  of  advance- 
ment for  teachers  —  and  infinitely  more  opportunities  for  securing 
positions  with  Gregg  Shorthand  than  with  any  other  system  for  the 
reason  that  it  is  now  taught  in  more  schools  than  are  using  any 
other  three  systems  combined. 


I'\fo 


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!  TUB  Present  Miioss  Explained  I 

li  r 

[>  Let  us  explain  the  conditions  confronting  us:  JJ 

'  The  demand  for  our  system  has  been  created,  ^ 
jj  and  in  many  sections  of  the  country  intending  5 
1/  students  of  shorthand  positively  demand  the  Gregg  *» 
|]  system.  The  schools  naturally  desire  to  secure  * 
jj  these  students,  and  the  introduction  of  Gregg  J 
b  Shorthand  follows  as  a  matter  of  course.  It  is  * 
jj  impossible,  however,  for  a  commercial  school  to  ** 
[j  change  systems  suddenly,  as  the  course  of  instruc- 
ts tion  in  the  old  system  must  be  completed  with  ^ 
y  students  already  enrolled  while  new  students  are  r 
jj  started  on  the  Gregg.  For  this  reason  we  are  I 
t,  bombarded  each  year  with  urgent  requests  for  T 
jj  teachers  of  Gregg  Shorthand  who  are  also  compe-  * 
jj  tent  to  give  instruction  in  some  other  system —  J 
li  Graham,  Pitman,  Munson,  Dement,  Cross,  or  what-  T 
jj  ever  the  system  may  be  which  has  previously  been  «»\ 
jj  taught.  As  the  adoption  of  our  system  by  an  im-  JJ 
li  portant  school  often  depends  upon  our  being  able  * 
y  to  supply  such  a  teacher,  it  is  naturally  very  dis-  •)> 
S  appointing  to  us  when  we  cannot  do  so.  I 
K  " 


8-3-3^-53-i-a-S-sV 


I  Special  Offer  lo  Teacners  | 

J  We  must  provide  teachers  or  lose  business.     To  * 

jjj  meet  the  demand  we  are  going  to  give  * 

I  Free  instruction  in  Gregg  Siiormand  l 

ip  * 

«  By  Mail  to  One  I  undred  Teachers  * 

£  * 

,{,  This   course   of   instruction    will   be   conducted  * 

m  under  the  direc'ion  of  the  author  of  Gregg  Short-  * 

*•  hand  and  will  consist  of  the  splendid  course  of  les-  <4i 

sons  and  exercises  prepared  for  the  use  of  schools  * 

iff?f  acd  teacher' desiring  to  develop  -.  mail  instruction  * 

J»  business.     Many  teachers  have  already  taken  the  <l< 

J,  course,    paying  the  regular  tuition  rates,  for  the  * 

H<  purpose  of  learning  our  methods  of  giving   mail  Jj 

j  instruction.  .i 

£  There  will  be  absolutely  no  obligation  on  any-  * 

v  one  to  adopt  Gregg  Shorthand  at  the  end  of  the  JJ 

[JJ  course  unless  he  desires  fo  do  so.     Our  sole  object  d/ 

^  is  to  pro\i<le  teachers  to  meet  the   demand    next  * 

T  season.     The  merits  of  the  system,  and  results  ac-  J 

J  complished,  will  do  the  rest.  vfc 

!J!  If  you   desire   to   avail   yourself  of  this   offer,  jjj 

r  write  us  promptly  as  the  instruction  must   begin  ^ 

J  immediately  in  order  that  the  teachers  be  ready  tfc 

[[,  for  next  season.  * 


^ 


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The  Gregg  Publishing  Company 

Chicago 


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1%. 


Straws  Show 
Which  Way 
the  Wind 
Blows 


THE  WELL-KNOWN 

MILLED   SCHOOL 


CHAS.    M.    MILLEK, 


NEW    YORK    CITY, 
Has  Added  to  Its  Curriculum  the 

ISAAC  PITMAN 
SHORTHAND 


SEND     FOR    COPY    OF    "REASONS    WHY.' 


The  first  issue  of  "  PITMAN'S  JOURNAL"  will  be  published  June  15th.     An  American  Magazine  for 
Isaac  Pitman  Teachers  and  Writers.     Yearly  subscription  postpaid,  25c.     Sample  copy  free. 

ISAAC  PITMAN  &  SONS,  Publishers, 

31   UNION  SQUARE  (WEST),     ^ 


NEW  YO^K. 


MF"Publishers  of  "Isaac  Pitman's  Shorthand  Instructor,"  $1.50.     Exclusively  adopted  by  the  Elementary  and  High 
i-  of  Greater  New  York. 


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Vol.    IX.     No.    10. 


COLUMBUS,   O..  JUNE.    1004. 


THE  BUSINESS  EDUCATOR. 
Entered  at  Columbus,  Ohio.  Post  Office  as  Second 


Published  Monthly  (Except  July  and  August,,  by 
Zaner  &  Blosek.  118  North  High  St.,  Columbus,  O., 
at  jl.00  a  Year      Foreign  Subscriptions,  30c.  extra. 


P.  Zan 
,  E.  Ga' 
.  W.  Bl 


,  Columbus,  O. 
ird,  Beverly,  Mass. 
lr,  Columbus,  O.     - 


Editor 
-  Associate  Editor 
Business  Manager 

o  Zaner  &  Bloser. 
depart- 


vhich  should  be  sent  to  Mr.  Gaylord. 

Change  of  Address.  If  you  change  your  ad- 
dress, be  sure  to  notify  us  promptly  (in  advance,  if 
possible),  and  be  careful  to  give  the  old  as  well  as 
the  new  address.  We  lose  many  papers  each  issue 
through  negligence  on  the  part  of  subscribers. 

Back  Numbers  cannot,  as  a  rule,  be  supplied. 

Postmasters  are  not  allowed  to  forward  journals 
unless  postage  is  sent  to  them  for  that  purpose. 

The  Business  Educator  is  devoted  to  the  pro- 
gressive, and  practical  interests  of  Business  Educa- 
tion and  Penmanship.  A  journal  whose  mission  is 
to  dignify,  popularize,  and  improve  the  world's  new- 
est and  neediest  education  It  purposes  to  inspire 
and  instruct,  both  pupil  and  teacher,  and  to  further 
the  interests  of  those  engaged  in  the  work,  in  pri- 
vate, as  well  as  in  public,  institutions  of  business 
education.  Your  co-operation  will  strengthen  us  in 
our  endeavor  and  thus  help  you  and  the  cause  we 
love  and  believe  in.  Good  penmanship,  aside  from 
a  good  character,  being  the  best  passport  to  a  good 
position,  is  given  the  space  and  attention  it  deserves. 


Rates  ro  Agents  and  Club  Raisers  sent  up- 
on application.  Be  sure  to  write  for  them,  whether 
you  are  in  a  position  to  send  few  or  many  subscrip- 
tions. Sample  copies  furnished  to  secure  sub- 
scriptions. 

Considering  the  fact  that  we  issue  no  incomplete 
or  cheap  editions;  that  our  journal  is  high-grade  in 
every  particular;  that  progressive,  practical  lessons 
in  penmanship  are  a  distinctive  feature  of  the  mag- 
azine; that  departments  of  interest  and  helpfulness 
to  students  and  teachers  in  subjects  relating  to 
Business  Education  are  found  only  in  the  Business 
Educator,  you  will  readily  see  that  the  Business 
Educator  is  not  only  the  best  but  the  cheapest,  when 
quality,  character,  and  quantity  are  considered. 


Advertising  Rates  furnished  upon  application. 
The  Business  Educator  being  the  highest  grade 
journal  of  its  class,  is  purchased  and  read  by  the 
most  intelligent  and  -well-to-do  among  those  inter- 
ested in  business  education  and  penmanship,  in  the 
United  States,  Canada,  England,  and  nearly  every 
country  on  the  globe.  It  circulates,  not  alone  among 
business  college  proprietors,  teachers,  and  pupils, 
but  also  among  orincipals  of  commercial  depart- 
ments of  High  Schools,  Colleges  and  Religious 
Schools,  as  well  as  among  office  workers,  home 
students,  etc.  It  is  preserved  as  is  no  other  journal, 
because  of  its  beauty,  practicality,  timeliness  and 
progressiveness.  Our  subscription  list  is  rapidly 
increasing,  though  our  advertising  rates,  for  the 
present,  are  not  nearly  so  high  as  those  of  other 
journals  n->t  nearly  so  widely  read  among  school 
officials.  If  you  want  to  get  in  on  the  ground  floor, 
apply  for  rates  early.  No  similar  journal  ever  in- 
creased in  substantial  advertising  patronage  so 
rapidly  as  Th 


notice  to  Subscribers. 

Remember,  friends,  we  publish  no  July  or 
August  numbers  of  The  Business  EducA- 
'i  ok.  We  publish  ten  complete  numbers 
and  take  a  vacation  so  as  to  be  on  time, 
interesting  and  helpful  when  we  are  most 
needed.  We  aim  to  make  each  of  the  ten 
numbers  worth  the  entire  subscription 
price. 


Announcements  for: 


=the  Coming  Year. 


"Looking  backward  "  over  the  past  year,  we  find  The.Business  Educa- 
tor has  gained  in  prestige,  subscriptions,  and  advertising  more  than  in  any 
previous  year.  We  have  never  "mushroomed"  our  product  nor  our  push, 
and,  as  a  consequence,  our  gain  has  been  steady  and  among  the  most  substan- 
tial, intellectual,  and  progressive  in  the  profession  we  represent.  Nothing, 
perhaps,  is  so  telling  and  convincing  as  to  what  The  Business  Educator 
has  accomplished  as  to  compare  commercial  school  journalism  as  it  was  in 
our  line  when  The  Business  Educator  entered  the  field,  and  as  it  is  to-day. 
We  think  that  we  can  justly  lay  claim  to  much  of  this  progress.  Except  by 
The  Business  Educator,  no  attempt  of  any  consequence  has  been  made, 
even  to  the  present  time,  to  conduct  editorially,  either  directly  or  indirectly, 
a  journal  that  would  be  to  the  commercial  teacher  what  the  penmanship 
periodicals  have  been  to  penmen,  or  what  other  special  or  trade  papers  have 
been  to  their  various  callings.  The  Business  Educator,  through  the  able 
direction  of  Mr.  Gaylord,  has  made  such  an  attempt,  and  only  those  who  have 
kept  in  touch  with  each  and  every  issue  published  since  that  time  know  how 
much  has  been  accomplished. 

But  it  is  not  alone  in  the  department  of  business  education  that  we  have 
exerted  an  influence,  or  made  progress.  In  the  penmanship  world,  changes 
have  been  and  are  being  made  in  line  with  that  which  we  have  championed 
from  the  beginning.  One-idea  methods,  one-movement  hobbies,  one-slant- 
for-all  theories  have  stubbornly  but  gradually  given  way  for  progress  and 
enlightenment  alike  in  methods  of  instruction  and  execution.  Plainer,  swifter, 
simpler,  easier  writing  is  abroad  in  the  land,  and  it  is  destined  to  make  even 
greater  headway  in  the  near  future  than  in  the  immediate  past.  The  Busi- 
ness Educator  shall  continue  to  champion  the  cause  of  good  writing  from 
the  primary  grade  in  our  public  schools  to  and  including  the  excellent  work 
being  done  in  private  and  business  schools. 

"  Looking  forward"  we  see  much  yet  to  be  done  and  if  you  have  any 
doubts  about  our  doing  more  in  the  future  than  in  the  past,  we  think  such 
doubts  can  easily  be  removed  by  reading  the  announcements  which  follow. 


After  reading  these  announcements,  ask  yourself  the  question,  "  Can 
I  afford  to  miss  any  of  these  timely  contributions  in  practical  knowl- 
edge and  skill?  or  allow  my  pupils  to  miss  them?" 


Associate  Editor's  Announcements. 


A  Word   of  Praise. 

We  cannot  close  this  last  number  of  the  year  without 
a  word  of  appreciation  for  the  faithful,  intelligent  pio- 
neer work  that  has  been  done  in  these  pages  by  our  staff 
assistants.  We  made  a  careful  selection  of  contributors, 
and,  in  some  instances,  did  the  hardest  kind  of  work  to 
induce  acceptance  of  our  proposition  to  take  up  this 
work.  To  those  who  sit  back  in  an  easy  chair  and  absorb 
the  result,  there  is  no  conception  of  the  intellectual 
straining  and  sweating  and  the  consequent  brain  fag 
that  is  the  price  of  much  of  the  conscientious  writing 
that  has  been  done  to  help  them  in  their  teaching.  Of 
course  we  know  that  the  effort  has  been  appreciated, 
and  therein  lies  the  compensation,  for,  after  all,  what  is 
there  in  life  but  honest  service  and  the  satisfaction  of 
having  it  recognized  as  such  ? 

Mr.  Carpenter's  Department  of  Geography  has  done 
possibly  more  good  than  any  other,  because  it  dealt  with 
an  unexplored  field.  Clear,  forceful,  logical,  he  has  gone 
right  to  the  heart  of  his  subject,  with  an  orderly  sequence 
that  has  been  praised  to  the  writer  in  many  a  letter.  We 
are  proud  of  Mr.  Carpenter,  and  are  glad  indeed  that 
we  can  announce  his  continuance  with  us  next  year. 

Mr.  Hookland  has  handled  with  masterful  ability  a 
subject  about  whjch  most  experienced  commercial  teach- 
ers have  some  practical  knowledge,  but  about  which 
many  others  know  but  little,  and  that  little  is  very  vague 
and  hazy.  Mr.  Hookland  has  been  practically  the  first, 
however,  to  put  into  a  series  of  articles  a  logical  exposi- 
tion of  the  subject  of  Office  Practice,  and  his  work  has 
evoked  high  praise  from  those  who  are  best  qualified  to 
judge  of  the  value  of  his  department.  It  is  not  often  that 
commercial  teachers  write  with  the  ease  and  clearness 
that  characterize  Mr.  Hookland's  style. 

Certainly  no  one  who  has  followed  Mr.  Barber's  close 
analysis  of  Commercial  Law  will  be  surprised  to  read 
his  splendid  peroration  in  this  number.  His  earnest, 
high-minded  view  of  the  importance  of  the  subject  and 
the  rare  opportunity  it  offers  for  character-building,  the 
true  end  of  all  teaching,  is  significant  of  the  spirit  that 
permeates  the  notable  institution  of  whose  faculty  Mr. 
Barber  is  a  member.  It  means  something  to  a  young 
man  to  come  into  contact  with  T.  B.  Stowell  and  his  ex- 
cellent teachers. 

Mr.  King,  in  his  didactic  articles  on  Commercial 
Arithmetic,  did  more  good  as  an  instructor  than  he  prob- 
ably realizes.  Hundreds  of  teachers  who  have  worked 
out  the  problems  in  various  text-books  were  in  need  of 
just  such  a  plain  set  of  lessons  as  Mr.  King  gave  in  the 
matter  of  presenting  these  everyday  topics  to  commer- 
cial students.  And  Mr.  White  is  following  with  similar 
work,  presented  from  a  somewhat  different  point  of  view, 
that  will  prove  of  inestimable  value  to  all  who  follow  it 
carefullv. 


The  Associate  Editor  has  written,  from  time  to  time, 
on  topics  that  appeared  to  be  of  sufficient  general  inter- 
est to  justify  such  treatment.  He  has  tried  to  be  honest 
with  himself  and  his  readers,  and  in  the  attempt  has 
succeeded  in  calling  forth  praise  from  some  and  blame 
from  others  —  the  lot  of  all  who  have  the  courage  of  their 
convictions.  This  page  has  not  in  any  way  been  under 
dictation  from  others,  the  freest  possible  reiri  having  been 
given  to  the  Associate  Editor. 

A  Glimpse  Ahead. 

Next  year  we  shall  have,  if  possible,  even  a  better 
menu  for  our  intellectual  banqueters  than  we  were  able 
to  provide  this  year.  Our  ideal  constantly  advances. 
We  are  never  satisfied.  We  think  it  not  best,  for  busi- 
ness reasons,  to  announce,  at  this  time,  all  the  desirable 
and  interesting  matters  connected  with  The  Business 
Educator  for  next  year,  but  here  are  a  few  hints: 

lUr.  Frank  O.  Carpenter,   of  the  English  High 

School,  Boston,  will  conduct  the  Department  of  Commer- 
cial Geography.  Further  comment  would  be  superfluous, 
in  view  of  what  he  has  done  this  year.  We  cannot  refrain 
from  saying,  however,  that  no  other  journal  of  this  kind 
has  ever  had  a  regular  contributor  of  Mr.  Carpenter's 
scholarship  and  ability.  His  work  next  year  will  be  new 
and  helpful. 

lllr.  Ul.  fi.  UJbiaam,  of  the  Metropolitan  Business 
College,  Chicago,  will  have  the  Department  of  Commer- 
cial Law.  We  have  seen  Mr.  Whigam's  manuscript,  and 
we  feel  perfectly  safe  in  predicting  that  it  will  be  regarded 
as  the  most  effective  presentation  of  the  subject  ever 
given.  We  are  not  excepting  any  text-book  of  which  we 
have  knowledge.  Mr.  Whigam  will  treat  Negotiable 
Paper.  Teachers  of  commercial  law  will  certainly  take 
a  lively  interest  in  this  Department. 

lllr.  UIHton  C  Ulbite,  of  the  Gem  City  Business 
College,  Quincy,  111.,  will  continue  his  excellent  series  of 
articles  on  Commercial  Arithmetic  ;  and  these  will  be 
followed  by  a  series  prepared  by  Mr.  E.  E.  Kent,  of  the 
Rider-Moore  and  Stewart  Schools,  of  Trenton,  N.  J.  No 
one  who  knows  anything  about  the  effective  teaching  of 
either  of  these  gentlemen  will  want  to  miss  a  single 
number  of  their  work. 

lllr.  Carl  COUtS  Jlltmaier,  of  Drexel  Institute,  will 
conduct  a  Department  of  Business  Correspondence.  Mr. 
Altmaier  is  an  authority  on  this  practical  subject,  having 
been  chosen  as  the  author  of  a  book  just  coming  from 
the  press  of  Macmillan  &  Company.  The  addition  to 
our  staff  of  a  regular  contributor  from  such  an  institu- 
tion as  Drexel  Institute  is  a  further  indication  of  our 
purpose  to  give  our  readers  only  the  best  obtainable. 


FRANK  O.  CARPENTER,   BOSTON, 
COMMERCIAL  RKOBRAPHY. 


W.  II.   WHIGAM,  CHICAGO, 

COMMERCIAL    LAW. 


W.  E.  WHITE,  UUINCY,  ILL., 
PRACTICAL  MATHEMATICS. 


CURRIER,  TRENTON,  N.  J. 
PRACTICAL  WRITING. 


H.  HINMAN,  WOOSTER,  JIASS., 
HISTORY  OF  PENMEN,  ETC. 


C.  ?IILLS,  ROCHESTER,  N.  Y. 
BUSINESS  SIGNATURES. 


Illr.  C.  111.  Cbornburgbt  of  the  Commercial  De- 
partment of  the  Paterson  (N.  J.)  High  School,  will  have 
a  page  of  inspiration  for  young  people  in  each  number. 
Three  years  ago,  we  did  our  best  to  get  Mr.  Thornburgh 
to  write  for  the  Educator,  but  his  time  was  already 
crowded  with  duties,  so  we  did  not  press  the  matter.  We 
are  happy  to  state,  however,  that  our  patience  has  been 
rewarded  by  our  being  able  to  secure  his  services  begin- 
ning with  September. 

Probably  no  other  man  in  the  entire  commercial 
teaching  profession  has  the  personal  magnetism,  the  high 
ideals,  the  unselfish  motives,  and  the  power  to  inspire 
young  people  with  an  aspiration  for  noble  living,  that 
God  has  given  to  L.  M.  Thornburgh.     In  all  parts  of  this 


broad  land  — though  he  is  yet  a  young  man— there  are 
those  who  thank  him  for  having  pointed  them  to  the  path 
of  true  success. 

With  the  addition  of  Mr.  Thornburgh,  we  feel  that 
we  have  taken  a  long  step  forward  in  the  climb  toward 
an  ideal  journal  for  commercial  teachers  and  commercial 
students. 

We  are  not  prepared  to  announce  the  staff  contributor 
for  the  Department  of  Office  Practice,  but  he  will  rank 
with  those  who  are  named.  Our  September  number  will 
contain  full  announcements  of  plans  that  will  be  of  the 
utmost  interest  to  commercial  teachers  everywhere.  Send 
us  your  name  and  address,  so  that  we  may  mail  you  a 
sample  of  that  number. 


Penmanship  Features. 


As  a  Penman's  paper,  The  Business  Educator  is 
verv  generally  considered  the  most  progressive,  practical, 
and  artistic  of  any  ever  published.  Excellent  as  it  has 
been  in  the  past,  the  coming  year  promises  to  eclipse 
any  thing  in  this  class  of  journalism  heretofore  achieved. 

Itlr.  K.  ۥ  Dotlcrt  Supervisor  of  Penmanship  in  the 
Public  Schools  of  Beverly,  Mass.,  is  at  work  on  a  series 
of  lessons  in  Business  Writing,  which  he  intends  making 
more  complete  and  practical  than  anything  heretofore 
from  his  skillful  pen.  Those  who  know  him  or  his  work 
realize  that  this  means  something  unusual.  Business 
Schools  will  do  well  to  plan  to  get  this  series  of  lessons 
from  A  to  .Z'and  place  it  before  their  students. 

Illr.  III.  II.  CurH«r,  penman  in  the  big  Rider-Moore 
and  Stuart  School  of  Business,  Trenton,  N.  J.,  whose 
Lessons  in  Practical  Writing  begin  in  this  number,  will 
be  with  us  with  his  intensely  practical  style  and  terse 
instructions  for  quite  a  year. 


Hit*.  F.  lit.  Camblyn»  Kansas  City,  Mo.,  the  spirited 
professional  penman  of  national  reputation,  will  appear 
before  our  readers  with  a  course  of  lessons  in  ornamen- 
tal penmanship. 

!HiSS  nitia  P.  RudSOtl,  whose  work  has  been  the 
cause  of  reviving  much  interest  and  enthusiasm  in  pen- 
manship, and  which  especially  emphasizes  the  fact  that 
women  can  learn  to  write  as  well  as  men,  will  contribute 
business  forms  and  papers  the  coming  year  along  the 
line  given  in  this  number. 

TOr.  F.  H.  *ZOUrttIcyf  recently  of  New  York  City, 
now  with  Towland's  Business  University,  La  Crosse, 
Wis.,  has  placed  in  our  hands  a  whole  bundle  of  prac- 
tical, instructive,  inspiring  script  sermonets,  together 
with  a  lot  of  bewildering  and  bewitching  superscriptions 
to  entertain  our  readers  for  an  indefinite  period  of  time. 
Already  these  sermonets  are  creating  no  small  talk  among 
wide-awake  teachers.      They  are  good  class  stimulators. 


F.  B.  COURTNEY,  LA  CROSSE,  WIS., 
SERMONETS  AND  SUPERSCRIPTIONS 


?IISS  NINA  P.  HUDSON, 
BUSINESS  FORMS  AND  PAPERS. 


C.  C.  CANAN,  BRADEORD,  PA., 
GEMS  IN  LINE  AND  SHADE. 


/v>ur/z/ /ussy sis  l3,233Utt5LLftq 


^%^^-8^SJ3%31X 


Jill  About  the  Election  of  the  Eittle  Letters  as  Announced  in  the  April  Business  Educator 

We  present  herewith  the  figures,  small  letters  and  capitals  that  have  received  the  most  votes  in  our  recent  penmanship 
elections.  Where  two  forms  are  given,  the  first  received  the  greatest  number  of  votes  and  the  second  the  next  largest  number  of 
votes.  In  many  of  the  small  letters,  the  first  was  voted  upon  as  the  initial  letter,  the  second  for  intermediate  use,  and  the  third 
for  final  use.  By  far  the  largest  number  voted  in  favor  of  medium  turns,  medium  length  loops,  medium  sized  forms,  and  medium 
lines.  The  vote  on  slant  averaged  sixty  six  degrees,  which  is  the  slant  at  which  the  forms  herewith  presented  are  executed. 
Prizes  In    the    recent    guessing  contest  on    the  small    letters  printed    in   the    April    BUSINESS    EDUCATOR,    Rev.    Pius    Meinz, 

Principal  of  the  Commercial  College  of  St.  John's  University,  Collegeville,  Minn.,  was  awarded  first  prize— Zanerian  Theory 
of  Penmanship;  E.  A.  Drown,  Seneca,  Kans.,  was  awarded  second  prize— Zanerian  Oblique  Holder,  and  P.  J.  Furr,  Greensboro,  N.  C, 
was  awarded  third  prize— one  dozen  written  cards. 


Ittr.  C  G.  Canan,  Bradford,  Pa.,  the  A.  D.  Taylor 
of  the  present  day,  has  prepared  for  us  a  series  of  designs 
and  superscriptions  unequaled  by  any  other  penman  of 
the  present  time. 

Itlr.  F).  B.  Ccbman,  Chicago  Business  College, 
Chicago,  is  preparing  some  inspiring  flourishes  for  our 
readers.  Those  only  who  have  seen  Lehman's  Compen- 
dium of  Ornamental  Penmanship  know  what  this  really 
means.     Watch  out. 

TOr.  6.  E.  Brown,  Rockland,  Me.,  the  Engrosser 
and  Diploma  man  will  remain  on  our  list  of  standbys  for 
an  indefinite  period. 

Itlr.  fi.  U).  Hibbc,  Boston,  Mass.,  is  at  work  on  a  new 
series  of  lessons  for  beginners  in  Engrossing  Script,  and 
later  on,  some  advanced  work  in  engrossing  and  illumin- 
ating will  be  given. 

Itlr.  P.  UJ.  GOStCllO,  Scranton.  Pa.,  will  be  repre- 
sented in  each  number  by  some  of  his  engrossing,  pen 
thawing,  etc.  When  it  comes  to  versatility,  skill,  and 
practical  excellence,  Mr.  Costello  occupies  a  front  seat. 

Itlr.  C  D-  Scribner,  Columbus,  O.,  whose  lessons 
in  lettering,  designing  and  illustrating  are  now  appear- 
ing in  these  columns,  will  continue. 

Itlr.  6.  C  ItlillSt  Rochester,  N.  Y.,  will  remain 
upon  our  staff  of  regular,  skillful  contributors.      He  will 


treat    our    readers   the   coming  year  to  Business  Signa- 
tures. 

Itlr.  31.  fi.  Hinmail,  Wooster,  Mass.,  will  continue 
his  interesting  History  of  Penmen  and  Business  Educa- 
tors, giving  more  attention  to  the  more  modern  men. 

Ve  Editor,  who  does  a  trick  now  and  then  with  a 
pen,  will  endeavor  to  continue  to  delight  our  readers 
from  time  to  time  with  examples  of  business  and  ornate 
writing,  lettering,  flourishing,  etc.  He  feels  alittle  "wee 
bit  frisky  "  now  and  then,  and  if  this  mood  continues, 
he  may  break  out  some  of  these  days  in  a  full  fledged 
course  of  lessons  in  flourishing,  the  like  of  which  is  not 
seen  every  day. 

llCW  Items,  School  Notices,  Specimen  Mention  will 
continue  timely,  terse  and  interesting. 

Cbe  Student's  Page  will  remain  a  welcome  and 
enthusiasm-breeding  part  and  parcel  of  our  monthly 
product. 

Other  Features,  not  yet  definitely  arranged  for, 
will  appear  from  time  to  time  together  with  gems  of 
practical  and  artistic  penmanship  nowhere  else  to  be 
secured. 

Each  Ilumber  of  The  Business  Educator  is  a  gem 
of  practicability  and  beauty.  Each  copy  is  as  good  as 
its  predecessor,  or  better,  that's  the  way  we  keep  im- 
proving.    Come  with  us,  and  bring  your  friends,  too. 


P.   \Y.  COSTEIXO,  SCRANTON,  PA., 
ENGROSSING  AND  PEN  WORK. 


W.  TAJIBIYN,  KANSAS  CITY,  MO., 
ORNAMENTAL  PENMANSHIP. 


C  D.  SCRIBNER,  COIUMBUS, 
LETTERING  AND  DESIGNING. 


,<*/ 1  ve  /ci  tuli %eb  b  £clcvccU,c  r   ^ 


DEPARTMENT    OF 

(Eommercial    (geography 

Frank   o.   Carpenter. 

77if  Editor  of  this  Department  may  be  addressed  directly  at  the 
English  High  School.  Hoston,  Mo~-  hut  <:onnnnnications  requiring  a 
reply  must    in    all   cases   enclose   return   postage  t,,  insure  attention 


7 


A 


Lectures  and  Calks 

The  last  important  means  of  in- 
struction which  should  be  used  in 
teaching  pupils  the  science  of  com- 
merce should  be  by  means  of  lectures 
and  talks  given  to  them. 

These  should  be  of  two  kinds,  by 
the  teacher  and  by  men  prominent  in 
trade  and  industry. 

1st.    by  the  teacher 

In  addition  to  the  talks  upon  each 
subject  that  the  teacher  would  natu- 
rally give  in  connection  with  the  reg- 
ular class  work,  he  should  give  to 
the  pupils  during  the  year  a  series  of 
practical  talks  upon  the  most  import- 
ant commercial  products  and  leading 
human  industries.  These  should  be 
illustrated  by  lantern  slides  so  far  as 
possible.  If  the  school  does  not 
possess  them,  a  series  may  be  hired 
at  a  slight  expense  from  some  one  of 
the  many  firms  in  the  United  States 
who  carry  slides  for  sale  or  to  let. 
Each  school  should  possess  a  stere- 
opticon  of  some  kind.  Solar  lanterns 
are  good  if  no  others  can  be  obtained, 
but  the  teacher  should  try  to  obtain 
from  the  school  committee  or  by 
private  subscription  enough  money 
to  procure  a  lantern  of  suitable  size'. 
If  such  a  lantern  should  be  bought, 
it  could  be  made  to  pay  for  itself  and 
to  provide  necessary  slides  b>T  being 
used  to  furnish  entertainments  at 
churches  and  clubs  for  which  a  reas- 
onable charge  could  be  made.  For 
this  purpose  lantern  slides  of  all 
kinds— historical,  religious,  artistic, 
geographical,  etc.— can  be  hired  for 
the  occasion  from  the  Commerce  & 
Industry  Co.,  50  Bromfield  St., 
Boston,  or  elsewhere.  These  talks 
can  be  given  by  the  teacher  or  others, 
the  purpose  in  this  case  being  to  earn 
the  cost  of  the  lantern  if  the  school 
authorities  are  not  able  or  willing  to 
afford  it.  However,  in  most  intelli- 
gent communities,  the  value  and  use 
of  a  lantern  for  such  work  is  so  well 
understood  that  the  objection  of  the 
school  committee  is  not  probable, 
except  on  the  ground  of  expense,  in 
which  case  the  plan  outlined  above 
can  be  followed. 

However,  with  or  without  a  lantern, 
these  talks  should  be  given  to  the 
pupils  in  connection  with  their  regu- 
lar work. 

In  addition  to  these  talks  to  the 
pupils  in  class,  the  teacher  should 
give  during-  the  year  several  talks  or 
lectures  outside  of  school  hours, 
preferably  in  the  evening,  to  which 
the     parents     and     friends     or    the 


general  public  should  be  invited  to 
be  present.  It  is  of  the  utmost  im- 
portance that  the  community  should 
be  interested  in  the  science'  of  com- 
merce, especially  as  it  is  a  new  study 
winning  its  way  to  recognition,  and 
the  more  fully  the  public  knows  its 
scope,  its  value  and  its  purposes, 
the  quicker  will  it  come  to  its  proper 
place.  There  is  no  better  means  of 
spreading  information  than  by  such 
public  talks.  For  this  reason,  the 
teacher  should  give  these  public  talks 
as  missionary  efforts  for  the  cause. 

The  editor,  however,  knows  from 
experience  the  great  interest  that 
such  talks  on  products  of  human 
need  and  industry  have  for  the  gen- 
eral public  and  how  quickly  they 
respond  to  opportunities  to  "attend 
such  lectures.  They  would  give, 
also,  in-  the  smaller  towns,  a  chance 
for  diversion  and  entertainment  to 
many  hard-working  people  to  whom 
such  chances  are  few.  To  them  the 
talks  and  views  of  other  lands  and 
other  forms  of  industry  bring  rest  and 
new  thoughts.    As  Whittier  puts  it, 

"The  weary  wheel  to  a  spinnet  turned, 
The  tallow  candle  an  astral  burned." 
So  if   the  teacher  can   do  this,   then 
Noblesse  oblige,   which,  freely   trans- 
lated would  be   "  Having  knowledge 
you  must  give  it  where  needed." 

These  talks  can  be  given  at  school, 
in  church,  vestry,  or  town  hall  or 
private  parlors  if  that  is  more  con- 
venient. It  matters  little  where  so 
long  as  the  talks  are  given.  The 
expense  of  hall  and  lights  should  be 
met,  if  possible,  by  private  subscrip- 
tion so  that  all  would  be  free  to 
attend,  for  often  the  persons  most  to 
be  benefited  can  not  afford  to  pay- 
even  small  sums  and  will  stay  away. 
In  any  case,  if  any  charge  is  made 
for  these  talks  it  should  be  only  to 
cover  the  actual  expenses  incurred. 
The  teacher  should  for  these  give 
his  services  free.  The  science  is 
often  taught  by  lady  teachers.  If 
they  at  first  should  shrink  from  pub- 
lic talks,  the  fear  would  soon  wear 
off  and  they  would  gain  a  greater 
confidence  from  the  practice  which 
will  help  them  in  their  work.  They 
could  also  begin  with  a  small  aud- 
ience though  generally  a  large  one 
gives  more  confidence.  Pupils  should 
be  urged  to  attend  these  talks  unless 
they  have  heard  them  at  school, 
though  no  direct  compulsion  should 
be  used  in  this  matter.  Test  theses 
on  the  lectures,  marked,  would  do  so 
indirectly.  The  editor  has  in  his 
memory  some  New  England  com- 
munities where  such  talks  would  have 


been  a  bright  spot  in  the  lives  of 
many  hard-working  people  and  light- 
ened their  dreary  toil. 

He  cannot  refrain  from  urging  on 
his  fellow  teachers  again  the  thought 
that  you  cannot  raise  the  children  of 
a  community  without  raising  the 
parents  with  them,  and  that  if  the 
parents  are  lifted  up  the  children 
go  all  the  further  and  higher.  Every- 
thing of  importance  that  happens  at 
school  is  .talked  over  in  the  homes. 
Everything  that  interests  the  pupil  is 
discussed  in  every  home  if  not  ap- 
proved and  accepted,  and  such  edu- 
cational bread  east  on  these  waters 
does  return  as  the  days  go  bv,  often 
at  once. 

So  much  for  the  work  of  the  teacher 
himself  (or  herself). 
_  There  remains,  however,  a  rich 
field  of  effort  and  help  in  the  com- 
munity outside  the  teacher  and  the 
school. 

In  every  community,  with  few  ex- 
ceptions, there  are  several  or  many 
men  who  could  give  practical  talk's 
on  their  own  industries  or  on  com- 
mercial products  of  various  kinds  or 
on  journeys'  they  have  made  in  foreign 
lands,  and  would  be  ready  to  do  so 
on  invitation  without  expense  or 
remuneration. 

Following  out  the  plan  of  the  editor 
that  the  home  industries  should  be 
studied  first,  so  these  talks  bv  man- 
ufacturers and  business  men  in  the 
towns  or  cities  should  come  first  on 
the  home  or  neighborhood  industries. 
The  teacher  will  be  surprised  to  see 
how  much  rich  material  lies  at  hand 
ready  for  mining,  so  to  speak. 

It  must  not  be  forgotten  that  the 
invitation  to  speak  is  usually  taken 
as  a  compliment  to  a  person's  self- 
esteem,  even  if  declined.  It  presup- 
poses the  person  invited  to  speak  to 
be  an  expert  on  that  subject,  which 
is  always  pleasing  to  the  person's 
pride.  So  that  the  shrewd  teacher 
will  gain  a  friend,  if  not  a  lecturer, 
by  the  invitations.  These  talks  can 
be  given  usually  in  the  school  in  the 
regular  hour  for  the  lesson,  or,  if 
possible,  at  an  hour  when  the  whole 
school  can  listen.  Talks  on  specially 
interesting  subjects  should,  however, 
be  made  public  as  described  above, 
especially  so  if  the  speaker  is  prom- 
inent. Often  the  teacher  will  be  told, 
"  I  cannot  speak  in  public,  I'm  not 
a  public  speaker,"  etc.  A  little  per- 
severance will  usually  overcome  this 
objection,  and  it  is  practical  infor- 
mation, not  oratory,  that  is  of  value. 
No  form  of  instruction  can  equal  or 
surpass  the  actual  description  of 
things  or  processes  given  by  the  men 
who  actually  do  the  things"  or  make 
them.  The  teacher's  knowledge  may 
be,  it  often  is,  wider  than  that  of  the 
business  man,  but  to  the  pupil  the 
talk  of  the  business  man  is  more 
real.  It  is  the  actual  throbbing  life 
into  which  he  is  presently  to  go, 
where,  to  his  rosy  dreams  of  life,  his 
fortune  and  happiness  is  to  be.  It  is 
not  work  that  disheartens  men  nor 
youth;  it  is  the  weary,  monotonous, 
uninteresting  toil  that  kills  and  dulls 
the  mind,  and  we  are  sure — sure  be- 
cause we  have  seen  it  tested — that 
knowledge  of  this  practical  sort 
infuses  a  breath  of  life  into  common 
everyday  tasks. 


g/fie  f^wuuvc*>*>£cUtcuX^r   ^ 


It  may  perhaps  interest  the  readers 
of  this  'department  to  know  that  the 
editor  has  prepared  a  series  of  talks 
for  the  general  public  along  these 
lines  as  a  natural  outgrowth  of  his 
work  and  as  a  result  of  requests 
which  he  did  not  plan  or  seek.  The 
following  are  some  of  the  titles  which 
are  copyrighted  as  applied  to  these 
lectures':  What  the  World  Eats ; 
rid  on  Dress  Parade;  Under 
the  Roofs  of  the  World  ;  The  Lights 
of  London  Town;  King  Cotton  and 
his  Kingdom ;  From  Cocoon  to 
Coquette";  Wheat,  the  Life  ot  the 
World  ;  Golden  Fleeces  of  Today. 

The  editor  was  asked  for  two  suc- 
cessive years  to  give  practical  talks 
to  the  clerks  and  employees  of  a 
large  dry  goods  establishment  in 
Boston,  and  it  is  from  watching  the 
effect  upon  those  clerks  of  ordinary 
education  of  these  talks  on  commer- 
cial topics  that  the  editor  gained 
much  of  his  belief  in  the  value  of 
these  topics  and  their  interest  to 
a  general  audience  when  presented 
in  an  interesting  way,  avoiding 
technical  terms  and  any  appearance 
of  teaching  which,  in  these  talks, 
should  be  thrown  aside  entirely. 
These  talks  to  working  men  and 
women  have  also  a  most  valuable 
effect  upon  the  teacher.  No  longer 
protected  bv  the  authority  of  the 
school  and  the  books,  the  informa- 
tion presented  must  bear  the  test  of 
the  practical  experience  of  the 
workers,  and  the  teacher  whose  talks 
pass  criticism  feels  a  just  confidence 
in  the  accuracy  of  his  knowledge. 
It  is  like  an  athletic  contest  in  which 
the  teacher  tests  himself  with  stan- 
dards of  real  life.  The  great  fault  of 
educational  work  of  today  is  that  the 
teachers  are  too  often  users  of  books 
only.  But  the  teacher  who  can  show 
his"  knowledge  of  real  things  of  life 
and  show  their  use  in  training  the 
youth,  will  win  far  more  than  the 
immediate  success.  He  builds  in 
that  community  an  opinion  that  a 
teacher  may  be  of  some  value  outside 
his  school  room,  that  he  has  real 
knowledge  which  can  be  matched 
against  workers  in  other  lines  and 
can  show  himself  the  equal  of  his 
constituents  or  the  townspeople. 

If  the  editor  has  repeated  this 
thought  many  times  in  these  papers 
it  is  because  he  feels  so'  strongly 
that  it  is  one  of  the  most  vital  points 
of  the  value  of  the  science  and  must 
always  be  kept  in  mind.  It  might 
almost  be  said  that  the  teacher  who 
is  not  of  value  out  of  the  school 
room,  is  not  of  full  value  in  it.  Men 
can  learn  to  work,  after  a  fashion, 
without  going  to  school,  but  with  the 
school  of  knowledge  they  do  better 
work  and  faster  work.  So  the  prac- 
tical knowledge  of  Captains  of  In- 
dustry added  to  the  skill  and  train- 
ing of  the  teacher  transmutes  itself 
in  the  pupil's  brain  into  real  and 
anent  wisdom  and  life. 


This,  then,  is  the  use  of  Commer- 
cial Geography  by  whatever  name  it 
is  called,  in  whatever  way  it  is  taught, 
to  make  the  pupil  see  the  forces  that 
underlie  human  life  and  action.  He 
learns  the  common  needs  of  mankind 
and  the  way  those  needs  are  satisfied 
and  supplied.  He  finds  that  trade 
and  commerce  are  only  the  methods 
by  which  men  exchange  with  each 
other  the  things  they  do  not  want  for 
the  things  they  need,  and  that  men 
in  all  cases,  except  in  the  most  prim- 
itive communities,  depend  very 
largely  for  their  existence  and  com- 
fort upon  the  fact  that  unknown  men 
in  far-off  lands  are  doing  their  work 
promptly  and  continuously  and  faith- 
fully, that  the  food  shall  be  ready 
and"  the  clothing  at  hand,  the  build- 
ings and  fuels  obtainable  when 
needed.  To  teach  this  clearly  and 
correctly  is  the  duty,  the  privilege, 
and  the  value  of  the  study  of  the 
science  of  commerce. 

To  those  interested  in  this  subject, 
who  go  to  the  fair  at  St.  Louis,  the 
editor  would  suggest  that  they  go  to 
the  educational  building,  and  the 
section  therein  assigned  to  Boston 
among  the  other  Massachusetts  cities, 
and  inspect  the  exhibits  in  the  case 
devoted  to  commercial  branches. 
The  editor  has  sent  for  that  exhibit 
theses  in  the  bound  volumes,  Com- 
merce and  Industry  maps,  charts  and 
diagrams,  a  small  case  showing  in 
the  small  space  given,  typical  sizes 
and  forms  of  commercial  products 
actually  used  in  the  English  High 
SchooL  in  Boston,  under  his  direc- 
tion; and  several  large  photographs 
showing  other  specimens  used  in  the 
course  that  could  not  be  sent  to  the 
fair.  They  will  show  better  than 
words  the'editor's  personal  method 
of  instruction  in  this  science,  accord- 
ing to  the  "  Boston  Method  "  that  is 
from  the  human  standpoint,  the 
needs  and  uses  of  products  and  trade 
to  man. 

The  editor  would  again  remind  his 
readers  that  the  Commerce  &  Indus- 
try Co.,  50  Bromfield  St.,  Boston, 
(address  the  Company  or  the  Editor 
therei  is  now  ready  to  furnish  at 
short  notice  or  at  once  all  supplies 
needed  in  Commercial  Geography  or 
in  geography  of  any  kind.  Several 
specialties  are  being  prepared  in  the 
way  of  blanks,  maps,  etc.,  which  will 
be  of  great  value  and  help  to  teachers 
of  all  grades.  This  notice  is  not 
given  here  as  an  advertisement  of  the 
company  but  to  inform  the  readers 
of  this  magazine  that  they  can  ob- 
tain needed  supplies  from  this  source. 
The  company  came  into  existence 
because  the  editor  could  not  person- 
ally attend  to  all  the  requests  and 
inquiries  that  came  to  him  but  which 
showed  a  need  of  supplies  of  various 
kinds  not  offered  for  sale  elsewhere. 
The  specimens  of  Commercial 
Geography  will  be  prepared  under 
the   direct'  supervision  of   the  editor, 


and  teachers  may  rely  with  entire  con- 
fidence upon  the  editor's  assurance 
that  whatever  they  buy  from  the 
company,  while  he  is  connected  with 
it,  will  be  the  best  of  its  kind,  hon- 
estly and  carefully  prepared  and  at 
the  lowest  prices  possible  in  each  case. 
Write  to  the  company  for  such  in- 
formation or  supplies  as  you  may 
need,  especially  those  you  do  not 
readily  find  near  at  hand.  Sugges- 
tions of  apparatus,  specimens,  etc., 
that  teachers  have  found  valuable 
will  be  gladly  received  and  carefully 
considered,  and,  if  possible,  will  be 
added  to  the  list  on  sale  by  the  com- 
pany. Especially  would  the  editor 
commend  to  your  attention  and  use 
the  blanks  for  Commerce  and  Indus- 
try maps,  now  in  press  and  ready  by 
the  time  this  article  will  appear  in 
the  June  magazine.  Every  teacher 
of  the  science  should  use  them  the 
coming  year. 

AFTER    WORD 

In  closing  this  series  of  articles  in 
The  Business  Educator  for  the 
year,  the  editor  wishes  to  his  readers 
a  pleasant,  restful  and  happy  vaca- 
tion. It  has  been  a  privilege,  which 
he  appreciates  most  fully,  to  address 
from  month  to  month  the  audience  of 
keen,  experienced  and  critical  minds 
which  read  The  Business  Educator, 
for  commercial  teachers  know  thor- 
oughly, more  than  others,  just  what 
kind  of  knowledge  is  practical  and 
sound. 

To  conduct  this  department  in  this 
experimental  stage  of  the  science  has 
seemed  at  times  to  the  editor  like 
the  attempt  of  Phaeton,  the  amateur, 
to  drive  the  horses  of  the  Sun 
through  strange  lands,  by  unknown 
paths,  but,  more  fortunate  than  that 
mythical  character,  the  editor  has 
been  permitted  to  finish  the  day's 
work  and  drive  the  horses  till  sunset. 
If  the  many  suggestions  seem  to 
you  sound  and  valuable  the  editor  is 
pleased.  If,  as  is  quite  likely,  you 
have  differed  much,  in  many  points, 
from  his  conclusions,  he  only  regrets 
that  you  did  not  more  freely  write 
him  your  criticisms  and  corrections. 
For  the  many  kind  words  and 
letters  from  strangers  and  friends 
regarding  the  articles  in  the  maga- 
zine, he  is  grateful. 

Swift  and  sure,  strongly  and  stead- 
ily the  tide  is  coming  iii,  the  flood 
tide  of  that  sea  of  practical  knowl- 
edge of  which  manual  training— the 
kindergarten  and  laboratory  study- 
were  the  earliest  waves.  And  of  that 
great  sea  of  knowledge  about  which 
Sir  Isaac  Newton  said  we  knew  so 
little,  the  highest  wave  yet  appearing 
to  mankind  is  this  new  science  of 
commerce,  the  ideal  showing  itself  in 
the  practical  for  the  use  of  men,  the 
faith  of  men  expressed  through  their 
works,  and  the  knowledge  of  men 
that  is  power. 
"  And  cast  in  this  diviner  mould, 
So  shall  the  new  cycle  shame  the  old." 


^^^  T^C^^cJy  ^JUtt^-  &JH-   &   JU&I^  JL^tf^   t£e^-  JU^^s. 


?$\%&  fi vUthvcj »>  CcLuvcctto  r   #» 


TV 

DEPARTMENT    OF 

' '  £^ 

practical  XTCatfyematics 

. 

\V.    E.    WHITE. 

^y 

Gem  City  Business  College. 
Quincy.  III. 

7 


4.     When  the  multiplier  is  two  significant 
figures,  one  of  which  is  1 — 

By  omitting  the  multiplier,  ind  set- 
ting the  product  of  the  multiplicand  and 
larger  figure  of  the  multiplier  in  proper  or- 
der under  the  multiplicand,  then  adding. 

KXAMFLES  ANALYTIC   OPERATIONS 

346  X  105     =    346~  product  by  100 

+     1730  product  by      5 

36330  product  byluT 


289  X  4001  = 


Rapid  Multiplication. 

In  this  lesson  I  wish  to  present  something  along  the  line  of 
rapid  and  practical  contractions  in  multiplication.  While  mul- 
tiplication is  a  comparatively  simple  process,  yet  the  actual  la- 
bor performed  in  arriving  at  results  is,  in  many  cases,  very 
great.  It  is  fortunate  therefore  that  advantage  can  so  often  be 
taken  of  expedients  whereby  the  necessary  labor  is  reduced  to 
a  minimum. 

There  are  so  many  different  contractions  that  unless  one  is 
very  careful  he  is  apt  to  fall  in  with  all  of  them,  and  become 
adept  at  none.  A  contraction  that  applies  to  but  a  few  numbers 
bearing  peculiar  and  unusual  relations  to  each  other  should  re- 
ceive little  or  no  attention,  while  those  of  a  general  application 
should  be  carefully  learned,  and  used  on  all  occasions  possible. 
The  person  who  can  do  practical  and  useful  things  and  do  them 
quickly  and  well  is  always  in  demand  and  always  busy.  A  great 
many  useful  principles  are  often  learned  and  then  neglected  or 
forgotten  by  the  student  because  they  have  not  been  made  a 
part  of  his  practical,  available  knowledge.  I  aim  to  overcome 
this  by  having  so  much  work  done  under  each  principle  that  the 
method  of  solution  is  indelibly  fixed  in  the  learner's  mind  and 
becomes  confirmed  as  a  habit  of  action  for  future  usefulness. 

A  contraction  is  useful  and  valuable  to  the  extent  that  it  ap- 
plies to  cases  usually  and  repeatedly  done.  Contraction  in  mul- 
tiplication is  accomplished  in  many  ways,  a  few  are  here  given: 
1.      When  the  multiplier  is  1  followed  by  ciphers — 

By  suffixing  the  ciphers  to  the  multiplicand,  or  by  moving 

the  decimal  point  as  many  places  to  the  right  as  there  are 

ciphers  in  the  multiplier. 

EXAMPLES 

326  X       10     =       326u         Remark.  —  The  small  ciphers  are  the  ones 
?97  X     100     =      29700      suffixed.    In  practice  ciphers  of  regular  size 
13X1000    =     13"""     areused- 
When  the  multiplier  can  be  changed  to  100,  1000,  etc.,  by  add- 
ing or  subtracting  a  small  number — 

By  suffixing  ciphers  as  above,  and  then  correcting  the  re- 
sult by  subtracting  or  adding  the  product  of  the  small  number 
and  multiplicand. 

ANALYSES 

100  X  246  =  246°" 

—  2  x  246  =      492 
98  X  246  =  24108 

1000  X  153  =153°°° 

—  10  X  153  =     153" 


289  product  by        1 
1156        product  by  4000 
*- - — '—' a  1156289  product  by  4U01 

5.  When   one  part  of  the  multiplier,  considered  as  units,  is  a 
multiple  or  divisor  of  another  part — 

By  multiplying  first  by  the  smaller  part,  and  then  that 
product  by  the  number  of  times  the  smaller  part  is  contained 
in  the  larger  part,  then  adding  the  partial  products,  care  be- 
ing taken  to  keep  them  in  order. 

ILLUSTRATED   EXAMPLES 

3478      , 
287  (28-7) 
24346  product  bv  7 
97384    4  X  product  by  7  or  28 
998186  product  by  287 

29783         4     3 

67218  (6-72-18) 

178698         product  by  6 

536094  3  X  product  by  6  =  product  by  18 

2144376 4  X  product  by  18  =  product  by  72 

2001953694  product  by  67218 

6.  When  the  multiplicand  and  multiplier  consist  of  two  figures 
each — 

By  first  taking  the  product  of  the  units,  then  the  sum  of  the 
product  of  each  tens'  figure  by  the  opposite  units'  figure,  and 
finally  the  product  of  the  tens,  carrying  as  usuaL 


Remark.  —  Observe  that  the 
right-hand  figure  of  each  par- 
tial product  stands  directly  be- 
low the  right-hand  figure  of  the 
part  of  the  multiplier  that  pro- 
duced it. 


EXAMPLE 

34 

76 

2584 


++x 


MENTAL  OPERATION 

Say,  (1)  6X4=24;  set  down  4;  carry  2 
u    I  t    u  c 

(2)  6X3=18;  +  (7X4=)  28=46;  +2=48;  set  down  8;  cany  4 
/    /  r 

(3)  7X3=21; +4=25;  set  down  both  figures 

HORIZONTAL  ARRANGEMENT 

Say.  3X7=21;  set  1;  carry  2 

.i    ;  =  15;+2=17;  +  (8X7-)56— 73 
8X5=40; +7=47;  set  both  figures 


t  x  ni    i  i  s 

246  X  98 

OPERATIONS 

=    24600 

—    492 

24108 

153  X  990 

=  153° 00 

—  153° 

151470 

129  X  1002 

=  129" 00 
+     258 

2        57X83=4731 

I  * — •"'I  _  This  contraction  is  a  very  valuable  one.  and 

* — •       '  multiplication  can  be  very  rapidly  performed  by  it 

when  the  student  is  familiar  with  the  steps. 
7.     When  the  multiplier  is  a  convenient  fractional  part  of 10, 100, 
1000,  etc.— 

By  increasing  the  multiplier  until  it  ends  in  ciphers,  suffix- 
ing the  ciphers  to  multiplicand,  and  then  taking  that  frac- 
tional part  of  the  result  that  the  true  multiplier  is  of  the  as- 
sumed one. 


990  X  153  =151470 
1000  X  129  =129000 

+__2_X  129  = 258 

129258  1002  X  129  =129258 

3.      When  Ihe  multiplier  can  be  changed  to  one  figure  followed  by 
ciphers,  by  adding  a  small  number — 

By  multiplying  the  multiplicand  by  the  resulting  round 
number,  and  then  correcting  the  result  by  subtracting  the 
product  of  the  small  number  and  multiplicand. 


EXAMPLES 

34X     2i 

176X  12* 

1506X333$ 

129X150 


OPERATIONS 
4)*M 

8)Hns 

a  \  i  5  o  ft  o  o 

)     50200 


EXPLANATIONS 

is  i  of  10;  hence  suffixing  a  cipher  and  divid- 
tig  by  4  uives  2i  times  the  number. 


X     333i 


m 

135XH6f  >y_Mli 


1163  is  Ik  times  100;  hence  suffixing  two  ciphers 
and  adding  h  the  result  gives  required  product. 


EXAMPLES 

OPERATIONS 

ANALYSES 

182  X  599 

=  182 

600  X  182     =     109200 

600 

—      1  X  182     =          182 

109200 

599  X  182     =     109018 

—      182 

10901S 

83  X  28 

=     83 

30     X     83     =     2490 

30 

—     2     X     83     =       166 

2490 

28    X    83    =    2324 

—     166 

2324 

249X  15 
348X  83£ 
285X  -08± 
219iX.16f 


3735 


l2)iffTT 

*  )  ^3" fi _^4  -J-      Change  the  fractio 
for  the  product,  i 


In  practice  discard  less  than  5  mills,  and  call  5  mills  or  more  another  cent. 

Consistent  practice  on  these  contraction-  develops  great  skill  and  speed. 
Practical  work  under  the  last  rule  is  possible  only  when  the  fractional  parts 
of  10  100.1000.  etc  are  fcti.-wii  nl  sinht.  The  tabl<  of  uiquot  parU  ot  |1  O00 
cents.)  is  given  in  this  lessen  tor  the  learner's  convenience. 


9fve©vUl^ei)i>£eUt&u?Wr   <$> 


Table  of  Aliquot  Parts  of  One  Hundred  ($1.00) 


\        50 

3    =  33  'i 

\  =  25 

*  =20* 

*  =161 
1        H  = 

4  =124 
4  =114 
A      in- 

TT=    9TV 


I  4 


74 

xV  =   6| 
tV=   6i 

1     Co 

TF  —  JJ 

1    c* 

SIT  —  3 

*=    4* 

X_  —     3* 

■5XT  —   ^ 
i  —    oi 

"55  ^8 

1    —    71 

To  compute  when 
the  multipliei  is  an; 

number  of  cents  in 
column  at  ritfht.  di- 
vide the  number  to 
be  multiplied  by  the 
denominator  of  the 
equivalent  fraction 
at  the  left;  the  quo- 
tient is  the  product 
required. 

:  better 
as  multipliers. 


A  1.1,  But  One 
Part 

$     <-■ 

4  =50 
I  =66| 

!  -  75 

f  =80* 
I  =  834 
f  =85? 


d=90* 
V      90H 
\      91| 
I  =92? 
4=934 

6  ~J4 

95* 


Intermediate 
Parts 


Indicated  (Operations 


2T> 

11=96* 
H  96| 
H  =96g 

tt=m 

f£  =  98* 

To  compute  when 
the  multiplier  is  any 
number  of  cents  in 
column  at  right,  di- 
vide the  number  to 
be  multiplied  b>  the 
denominator  of  the 
equivalent  fraction 
at  the  left,  then  sub- 
tract the  quotient 
from  the  n  umber; 
the  remainder  is  the 
product  required. 


374 ;  =  2  and  ~ 
=  624 ;   -=-  2  and  + 

41f;  ^3  and  + 
=  584;   =2  and  + 

18f;  ^4  and  - 
=  314;  =4  and  4- 
=  43f;  =2  and  - 
-5-  2  and  -f 


56| 
68|; 
=  81i; 


1  quotient 
4  quotient 
1  quotient 
4  quotient 
4  quotient 
4  quotient 
4  quotient 
4  quotient 
4«and  — TV  difference 
4  and  +  T2  difference 


To  compute  with  the    above   list,  follow 
signs  as  indicated  opposite  each  aliquot,  or  n 
tiply  by  the  numerator  and  divide  by  the  denom- 
inator of  the  equivalent  fraction. 


AUQUOTS  OF  10 

4  =5 
1   —  34 
1   —  ?i 

4      "2 

4  =2 
4  =11 

4  =i# 

1  —  -11 

~5     -U 

4  =14 

tV  =  1 


To  i 


upute  with 
above  aliquots  of 
lO.multiplj  the  num- 
ber by  10.  by  annex- 
ing a  cipher  or  mov- 
ing point  one  place 
to  riirht.  then  divide 
by  the  denominator 
of  the  equivalent 
fraction. 


Aliquots  of  1000 
4   =500 
s  =  333-$ 
i  =250 
4  =200 
4  =  166! 
$  =  142? 
4  =125 
4  =1114 
tV  =  100 
tt=    90{? 
11s  =    83* 


To  compute  with  the  list 
above,  annex  three  ciphers 
(or  move  decimal  point  to 
right  three  places),  then 
divide  the  result  by  the  de- 
nominator of  the  fraction. 


35  .161 
129       .12} 

58  ■»   .14$= 

64  v  .18f 
183    ■    .06| 

17  X  .Hi 

76  X  .034- 

289  X  .074= 

47  >'  .834= 

7  8  3 

28  X  .66|= 

9  3  3 

Rule  7 

36  X 
28  X 
15  X 
78  X 
13  X 
17  X 
53  X 
78  X 

65  X 
28  X 
91  X 

742  X 

93  X 

72  X 

38  X 

17  X 
180  X 

75  X 

65  X 

57  X 

35  X 


583 
1613 

829 
12 


2064 


39 


20 


53 


17 


27 X  29_8i? 

32 X  19  ,i4'.' 

78 X  49**?! 

65  X  393311 

28  X  4914,.,"h 

76 X  997,T,; 

87X  18XI^ 

16X  8i>' ';;; 
34X199**12 
56X  59™IS 
82  X  69^1?. 
91 X  797*fY 


=  1867 
137135 


.50 

=  18 

.33\ 

=   933 

.25 

=  3 

75 

.20 

=  15 

60 

.16! 

=  2 

17 

.14$ 

=  2 

43 

.124 

663 

.114 

=   867 

.10 

=   6 

50 

•  09TS 

=   2 

5.5 

.08} 

=   758 

.07* 

=  53 

.061 

=   620 

.064 

=   450 

.05* 

211 

.05 

=      85 

.04 

=   7 

20 

.034 

=   2 

5( 

.03* 

=   203 

.024 

=    1 

43 

.02 

= 

70 

75  X    98 


63  X 
35  X 
28  X 
35  X 
172  X 
23  X 
47  X 
38  X 
55  X 
63X 
82  X 
98  X 


19  -**#= 

35 

^•l        5  6 

— 3"5 

303xxreo  u= 

T.J°4 

299^$= 

1  7  2 


501115-^ 

-4-7 — 

1  1       ..  .. 

4  7 

39   erf!) 

49  1Tf#= 

■  ■;•'■ 
79  ,„,;; 


296w***= 

392 


Results 

=    7350 

=    6426 

665 

=       588 

=  10605 

51428 

11523 

=  23453 

=     1482 

=     2695 

4977 

7216 

29008 

157416 


Rule  7 
Small  fi 
27]    '"    1 

32\  fa 

65. V  Ca 

94!  (" 

641  '« 

294  '" 

83  \  Ca 

67 -t  (a 

124  (a 

321  (a 

824  (a  1 

73!  '•<  1 

544  (a  1 

27]  <<>  1 

651  r"  1 

69]  (a  1 

271  '"  1 

634  '"  1 

944  fa  r 

72^  (a  1 

314  '"  1. 

27  i  a  1. 
924  '"  1 
474  ("  1. 

244  fa  1. 


33  J 

50 

25 

124 

16! 

084 

06]- 


1 
1 
1 

1 

1 

1 

1.024  40) 

1 

1 


-  part  of  solution 

"SSJ       36133 

:  -    ::;:;     48  50 

1  6_1  (i.6_        -TO-JU 

'YITfl     8188 
"Ylfll  10650 


2>i    3  3  3 

2   4  4  4 

»  3  "3  3  3 


7554 
3l|78 
8854 
6936 


3  0  )  1  1 


03 

114  H>: 

16!  ,;,5 

124  *'" 

084  ",: 

334  :": 

50  '-'»! 
09  tV11" 

831  l2n 

75  8,Ti 

20  5M 

66^  e'T^ 

06!  L6)' 

14=  7i: 

06j  "[" 

91|  "J1 
374 


8241 


^s 


3633 

9H50 


75 


4987 


\Yt 


no 

113 
121 
33 
31 
98 
90 


3369 


3   0(i2  5^ 

171 : 


72 


55 


05 


Rule  7 

Small  figures  show  i 

2700      16! 


163  73 


76  X  16 
34  X  24 
27  X  75 
96  X  86 
47  X  35 
86  X  94 
93  X  72 
25  X  63 
57  X  79 
84  X  95 


63  X  74 

83  X  47 
94  X  56 
34  X  79 

63  X  84 
59  X  83 
42  X  28 

64  X  73 
29  X  87 
96  X  59 
83  X  47 


783 

608 

3822 

2535 

1372 

7524 

1566 

1424 

6766 

3304 

=5658 

=7189 

42551 

1216 
816 

2025 
8256 
1645 
8084 
6696 
1575 
4503 
TO80 
42796 

4662 
3901 
5264 
2686 
5292 
4897 
1176 
4672 
2523 
5564 
__3_901 
44538 


18700      331 
21 5 u"      834 

>  83  3  3 

19500      14, 
34800      25 
196° 00  125 
238°  o      663  = 

7  9  3  3  3  3 

7300      12x  =       yijso 


ital  operation 

450 
=    623333 
=  1791667 
=    278571 
=    8700 
=  24500 


98°"        8i 


I>i;i\v  vertical  1 

dividing.    'Tun 

X    50 


a)85 

:i)7800  X  334 
-t)2700  X  25 

X  16! 

X  14? 

X  124 

X  114 

9,\ 

X     84 
X     74 


6)53° 
7)19o 

B)35° 
9)16° 
l)28u 

-'  )  r6° 

l4)43u 


81667 

7S1S155 

ine  at  right 
1  up"  5  mills 
=  4250 

=  2600 
=    675 

883  33 

=  271 

=  437 

=    177 

=    254 

=  38333 

3i)71  t 

1024006 


Rule 

Change 

ractions  to  decimals 

nentallv  as 

work  progresses 

i6i 

X 

.14, 

2 

59 

94! 

X 

.33\ 

31 

56 

85] 

X 

.834 

6jfi  I?  71 

)4 

26J 

X 

.03', 

88 

984 

X 

.06! 

6 

54 

274 

X 

.124 

3 

41 

198 

X 

.084 

1 

64 

634 

X 

.074 

4 

51 

214 

X 

.25 

41825    00        5 

2  J  1  .'    fi  2  0     fi 

1    8  1  2 B"3 

$3 

62* 

X 

•  374 

r4 

374 

X 

•  91! 

12  13  7    2  0     2A 
J     S    10     '" 

10 

29i 

X 

.16! 

4 

88 

82| 

X 

.66! 

318  2  7  5        CC 

-127   55        JJ 

20 

76! 

X 

.50 

38 

33 

181 

X 

•  09TlT 

70 

724 

X 

.114 

8 

04 

84S 

X 

.024 

2 

12 

974 

X 

.75 

''Willi  12 
367 

84 
M5 

Not 

, 

The  ex 

amples  on  this  page 

a.   fus 

ue^tions  to  teachers. 

and  for  practice.  My  own  plan  is  to  dic- 

tate the  first   twt 

columns   of  one  of 

these 

to  the  class 

and  then  require  the 

p  ipils 

to  e 

xtend  the  several  items  and 

add  fi 

r  total.     I  ii 

sist  that    the   exten- 

be   1 

■  ade  n 

entally  so  far  as  pos- 

sible. 

and 

the  students  soon    develop 

great 

speed  and  accuracy  iu  obtaining 

results. 

£7R©  @i>Uirv<^>  it  £tlu.oci.lvr   ^ 


L 


DEPARTMENT  OF 

»  «*. 

* 

Commercial  Cattx 

J.    C.    BAKBER, 

^  -' 

Bryant  a  Stratton  Business  College, 
Providence.  R.  I. 

Cbe  Ccacbinfl  of  Commercial 
Caw. 

It  is  not  presumed  that  this  paper 
contains  ideas  new  to  the  able  and 
experienced  teachers  in  the  field. 
Believing  that  the  man  with  only  one 
talent  has  no  right  to  bury  it,  the 
writer  has  endeavored  to  express 
some  of  his  convictions  to  be  taken 
for  what  they  are  worth. 

OBJECT   OF   THE     COMMERCIAL    LAW 
COURSE 

The  successful  person  is  the  one 
who  has  a  clear  vision  of  some  defi- 
nite and  worthy  object  ahead  and  a 
fixed  and  unalterable  purpose  to  reach 
that  object.  The  teacher,  of  all  per- 
sons, must  have  a  definite  aim.  He 
must  never  for  an  instant  lose  sight 
of  the  fact  that  the  real  object  of  all 
teaching  is  the  making  of  the  Ameri- 
can—the building  of  character.  De- 
velop sterling  character  in  your  stud- 
ents and  they  will  acquire  ability  as  a 
matter  of  course.  In  enunciating  the 
great  principles  of  law,  there  are  a 
thousand  and  one  opportunities  for 
the  live  teacher  to  mold  the  character 
of  the  student. 

It  is  seldom  indeed  that  a  student 
comes  to  the  teacher  with  a  bad 
character.  He  may  be  undeveloped, 
but  it  is  difficult  indeed  to  find  one 
who  deliberately  purposes  to  do 
wrong.  He  is  in  the  valley  of  inex- 
perience; he  cannot  see  what  lies 
over  the  hill;  he  does  not  know 
whither  the  road  leads.  Is  it  any 
wonder  that  he  hesitates  at  the  part- 
ing of  the  ways,  or  chooses  the  wrong 
path  ?  He  does  pretty  nearly  right 
as  he  sees  it.  His  mental  horizon 
must  be  widened.  Herein  lies  the 
teacher's  golden  opportunity;  yes, 
his  solemn  duty.  It  is  not  enough 
simply  to  tell  the  student;  take  him 
to  the  heights  and  let  him  see  for 
himself.  Give  him  firm  footing  on 
the  enduring  principles  which  under- 
lie ethics  and  morals.  Show  him  that 
the  existence  of  the  race  depends 
upon  the  integrity  of  the  individual. 
Convince  him  that  downright  honesty 
pays  everv  time.  In  this  connection 
it  should  be  noted  that  the  mere 
words  of  the  teacher  are  the  least 
effective  means  of  teaching.  It  is  the 
man  behind  the  gun.  The  teacher 
teaches  more  by  what  he  is  than  by 
anything  he  can  say.  In  order  to 
accomplish  most,  he  must  give  his 
whole  self  to  the  student,  and  what 
he  gives  must  be  Al  quality.  The 
teaching  of  great  truths  in  connec- 
tion  with  the   law   lesson   is  doubly 


effective  because  it  comes  neither  as 
a  sermon  nor  as  a  reprimand;  but,  if 
rightly  handled,  it  comes  from  a 
logical  development  of  the  subject 
under  consideration. 

Some  may  ask,  "Where  can  I  get 
the  time  to  do  all  this?"  Take  the 
time.  What  is  to  become  of  this 
nation  if  the  schools  are  to  turn  out  a 
lot  of  moral  weaklings?  What  shall 
be  said  of  us  as  teachers  if  we  dodge 
the  issue,  on  the  pretext  that  we  have 
not  the  time  ?  Compared  with  char- 
acter-building, everything  else  is 
insignificant.  Send  the  student  out 
literally  stuffed  with  the  petty- 
details  of  every  study  in  the  curricu- 
lum, but  without  character,  and  he 
will  go  to  pieces.  Fortify  him  with 
strong  character  and  he  will  not 
leave  you  without  mastering  details, 
but,  even  if  he  does,  he  will  be  a  man. 
It  takes  very  little  time  to  make  these 
points  in  the  class.  They  should  not 
be  made  the  subject  of  atwo-hourtalk, 
but  rather  they  should  be  treated 
singly  as  opportunity  offers.  This 
can  be  done  without  perceptible  loss 
of  time  and  it  helps  to  fasten  the  prin- 
ciples of  municipal  law. 

THE    SCOPE    OF   THE    COMMERCIAL   LAW 
COURSE 

In  a  school  where  the  course  of 
study  is  laid  out  for  ten  months,  or 
less,  what  subjects  should  be  taken 
up  ?  How  thoroughly  should  they  be 
treated  ?  It  is  better  to  teach  a  few 
subjects  in  a  thorough  manner  than 
to  dabble  in  everything.  When  too 
many  subjects  are  attempted,  the 
average  student  gets  little  or  nothing 
out  of  any.  The  law  of  contracts  is 
the  basis  of  commercial  law.  As  it  is 
useless  to  build  on  a  poor  foundation, 
contracts  should  be  well  taught  even 
if  this  has  to  be  done  at  the  expense  of 
something  else.  Negotiable  contracts 
should  be  thoroughly  discussed  along 
practical  lines.  This  should  be  done 
in  such  a  way  as  to  make  it  insepar- 
able from  the  book-keeping  work. 
These  two  subjects  should  receive 
due  attention  first.  However,  there 
is  sufficient  time,  in  a  ten  months' 
course,  to  teach  agency,  partnership, 
sales  of  personal  property,  and  bail- 
ments. Of  course,  there  is  not  time 
to  go  into  the' technicalities  of  all 
these  subjects,  nor  is  it  desirable. 
In  addition  to  the  foregoing,  there 
may  be  lectures,  giving  general  ideas 
of  such  subjects  as  corporations, 
wills,  arbitration,  and  real  property. 
For  example,  it  takes  very  little  time 
to  show  the  student :  That  it  is  wise 
to   employ  a  good  practicing  lawyer 


in  incorporating  a  business  ;  what  a 
share  of  stock  means,  and  what 
rights  it  gives  the  holder,  ordinarily  : 
the  consequences  which  may  follow 
the  acceptance  of  stock  as  a  present ; 
and  other  such  plain  facts  as  every 
one  ought  to  know  for  his  own  pro- 
tection. The  average  student  could 
do  very  little  with  the  technicalities 
of  corporation  law,  even  if  he  had  the 
time,  but  it  does  not  require  much 
teaching  to  give  him  such  points  as 
those  above  mentioned.  If  they  are 
rightly  presented,  he  takes  to  them  as 
naturally  as  a  duck  does  to  water. 
The  business  course  does  not  aim  at 
turning  out  lawyers,  but  it  should 
turn  out  people  fairly  able  to  take 
care  of  themselves. 

METHODS    OF   INSTRUCTION 

To  repeat,  it  is  the  personality  of 
the  teacher  more  than  his  method  of 
teaching  which  counts.  Through 
mistake,  the  writer  has  been  repre- 
sented by  one  of  the  School  Journals 
as  being  opposed  to  the  class  method 
of  instruction.      It  is  a  poor  method 

indeed    which    has    not    some    ■■ ! 

features.  Why  not  get  the  good  out 
of  all  methods  that  come  within  one's 
knowledge  ? 

THE     LECTURE    METHOD 

It  is  contended  by  some: — (1)  That 
the  lecture  method  is  not  interesting. 

(2)  That  it  fails  to  provide  for  the 
dull  student  and  leaves  him  stranded. 

(3)  That  it  is  a  stuffing  process,  and 
does  not  draw  out  the  native  ability 
of  the  learner. 

The  answer  to  the  first  objection  is, 
it  depends  upon  the  lecturer  to  make 
it  interesting.  As  to  the  second,  if  it 
leaves  the  dull  student  stranded,  as  a 
rule,  the  teacher,  not  the  method,  is 
at  fault.  Very  many  students  cannot 
read  and  understand  the  text-book 
without  the  aid  cf  a  live  teacher. 
That  is  just  why  they  are  in  school. 
To  put  any  text-book  on  law  into  the 
hands  of  such  a  student  and  ask  him 
to  prepare  his  lesson  without  aid, 
may  be  easiest,  for  the  time  being,  for 
the  teacher,  but  what  about  the 
student?  He  does  not  and  cannot 
discriminate  between  generality  and 
detail.  He  has  nothing  to  tie  to.  In 
the  right  hands,  the  lecture  is  the 
most  efficient  means  of  directing  the 
efforts  of  any  considerable  number 
of  students  at  the  same  time.  The 
teacher  must  know  more  than  he 
expects  to  teach.  He  must  bring  to 
the  class  something  besides  the  text- 
book, no  matter  what  book  he  may 
use.  He  must  be  always  ready  with 
an  apt  illustration  on  every  important 
point  discussed.  He  must  picture 
principles  in  bold  relief,  using  illus- 
trations as  a  background.  Of  course 
common  sense  must  be  exercised. 
One  should  not  lecture. for  an  hour 
as  fast  as  he  can  talk,  and  expect  the 
student  to  take  in  and  assimilate  all 
that  is  said.  When  before  a  class,  it 
does  not  pay  to  be  in  a  hurry,  neither 
does  it  pay  to  beat  all  around  a  point 
and  weary  the  listener.  In  the  first 
instance,  the  speaker  runs  away  from 
the  audience;  in  the  second,  the 
audience  runs  away  from  the  speaker. 
It  is  best  to  require  every  student  to 
take  notes.  Even  if  this'  does  not  at 
first  amount  to  much  in  itself,  it  will 
prove  a  sure   means   of  develo] 


&UM&\\hWhG&*&dA*&W&inP     & 


to  the  student,  and  it  will  tend  to 
keep  the  teacher  from  going  too  fast 
for  the  slow  ones.  While  the  teacher 
must  not  dwell  on  the  condition  of 
the  weak  student  so  much  that  he  is 
liable  to  become  a  hopeless  pessimist, 
he  should  never  for  an  instant  forget 
to  provide  for  them,  for  they  are  an 
ever  present  quantity.  Take  proper 
care  of  the  weak  ones  ;  the  others  will 
almost  take  care  of  themselves,  and 
some  will  even  get  on  in  spite  of  the 
teacher.  Ideal  instruction  is  that 
which  is  simple  enough  and  yet  meaty 
enough  that  each  may  take  away  all 
the  mental  nourishment  he  can 
assimilate.  As  to  the  third  objection, 
it  is  true  that  the  lecture  may  be  made 
a  stuffing  process,  but  it  need  not  be. 
The  tactful  teacher  will  put  his  in- 
struction in  such  a  way  as  to  keep 
the  student  thinking.  Every  sentence 
that  he  utters  will  be  framed  with  a 
view  to  drawing  out  the  student,  even 
though  he  mav  not  expect  an  audible 
answer.  The  whole  secret  of  holding 
the  student's  attention  lies  in  keep- 
ing his  mind  actively  busy  on  the 
topic  under  discussion". 

THE    CLASS    METHOD 

There  can  be  no  question  about  the 
value  of  class  drills  and  quizzes. 
The  danger  lies  in  the  abuse,  not  in 
the  use  of  them.  Load  a  colt  with 
more  than  he  can  pull  and  before  long 
he  will  refuse  to  pull  what  he  can. 
It  is  about  the  same  with  a  student. 
If  the  teacher  begins  at  once  by  ask- 
ing individual  questions,  he  is  taking 
chances.  After  a  student  has  failed 
for  a  few  times,  he  loses  spirit  and 
becomes  balky.  Then,  too,  while  the 
dull  student  is  groping  about  in  the 
hope  of  blundering  on  the  answer, 
the  average  student  is  losing  his 
enthusiasm  if  he  is  not  becoming 
disgusted  altogether.  However,  the 
teat  her  must  in  some  way  question  his 
students  if  he  is  to  get  anything  like 
good  results. 

NO  METHOD  IS  MORE  THAN  A  MEANS 
TO  AN  END 

Xo  man  can  work  in  another  man's 
harness.  In  this  matter  every  one 
must  work  out  his  own  salvation. 
And  yet  it  does  not  follow  that  a 
teacher  cannot  select  the  good 
features  from  all  the  different  methods 
which  come  under  his  notice,  and 
incorporate  them  into  his  scheme  so 
as  to  make  them  his  own,  without 
being  the  slave  of  any  particular 
method.  This  is  just  what  every 
alert  teacher  will  do.  The  thoughtful 
instructor  very  often  finds  it  neces- 
sarv  to  change  his  tactics  in  order  to 
obtain  the  best  results.  He  may  have 
intended  to  lecture  on  a  certain  topic 
but  when  he  comes  before  his  class 
he  may  see  at  once  that  they  are 
hungry  for  a  free-for-all  discussion 
of  the  previous  lesson.  For  him  then 
to  act  arbitrarily  "according  to  his 
method,"  excellent  though  that  may 
be  in  itself,  is  to  pour  ice  water  on  the 
enthusiasm  of  his  class.  The  teacher 
must  go  to  the  student;  he  must  be 
able  to  look  at  things  from  the  stu- 
dent's point  of  view.  The  Great 
Teacher  set  the  example  once  for  all. 
He  did  not  simply  talk  to  men.  He 
came  as  a  man  among  men.  He  did 
not  begin  by  saying  to  the  fishermen, 
"Come,  I  have  laid  other  plans,"  but 


He  first  demonstrated  to  them  in  a 
practical  way  that  He  knew  when 
and  where  to  cast  the  net  for  fishes. 
The  physician  must  know  the  condi- 
tion of  his  patient  and  shape  his 
course  of  treatment  accordingly.  He 
must  also  be  quick  to  detect  a  change 
of  condition.  Likewise  the  teacher 
must  keep  in  mental  touch  with  his 
class  as  a  whole.  He  must  be  quick 
to  see  when  he  fails  to  get  mental 
response  and  he  must  be  equally 
quick  to  throw  pet  theories  to  the 
wind  when  necessary. 

A   COMBINATION    OF    METHODS 

Subject  to  the  above  qualifications, 
a  combination  of  methods  should 
work  well  in  any  case.  True,  it  is 
not  what  is  stuffed  into  theniind  of 
the  learner  that  makes  for  his  educa- 
tion, it  is  what  he  develops  within 
himself  by  his  own  efforts.  Yet,  he 
has  reasonable  ground  to  expect  that 
the  teacher  will  direct  his  efforts. 
No  student  should  be  questioned  on 
a  topic  that  has  not  first  been  dis- 
cussed bv  the  teacher,  any  more  than 
he  should  be  questioned  before  he 
has  had  an  opportunitv  of  studying 
the  lesson.  After  the  first  lecture  on 
a  subject,  in  which  the  class  should 
be  shown  how  and  what  to  study, 
each  period  should  begin  with  a  very 
brief  review  of  the  preceding  lesson 
or  lessons.  When  the  work  is  espec- 
ially hard,  the  teacher  should,  at  the 
close  of  the  review,  answer  questions 
and  help  to  overcome  any  difficulties 
that  may  have  been  encountered. 
This  done,  the  teacher  should  reverse 
the  process  and  ask  questions  of  the 
students  or  require  them  to  read 
their  notes.  It  is  better,  at  first,  to 
ask  questions  of  the  class  generally. 
The  diffident  student  can  then  answer 
without  drawing  the  attention  of  the 
whole  class,  and  by  this  means  he 
is  led  to  forget  himself.  Later  on, 
when  the  teacher  has  learned  to  know 
his  followers  thoroughly,  he  may,  by 
the  exercise  of  tact,  ask  individual 
questions  with  good  results,  but  it 
takes  skill  of  a  high  order  to  carry  on 
class  quizzes  and  obtain  maximum 
results  from  each  and  every  student. 
After  the  quiz  or  class  drill,  there 
should  be  a  lecture  showing  the  class 
what  to  look  for  in  the  study  of  the 
next  lesson.  In  this  part  of  the  work 
the  blackboard  is  an  invaluable  aid. 
It  makes  considerable  work  for  the 
teacher,  but  it  is  an  excellent  plan, 
to  surprise  the  class  every  little  while 
with  a  written  test.  It  is  well  to  note 
any  mistakes  which  seem  to  be  gen- 
eral and  bring  those  questions  in 
again  on  the  written  examination  at 
the  end  of  the  subject. 

There  is  an  old  saying  that  "mur- 
der will  out."  The  answer  is  bound 
to  indicate  the  moral  standard  of  the 
student.  If  the  teacher  is  not  careful 
to  correct  any  defect  in  moral  vision, 
that  may  be  evident  from  the  answers 
given,  the  value  of  the  exercise  will 
be  practically  lost. 

When  all  has  been  done  that  can  be 
done  by  lectures  and  quizzes,  there 
may  still  be  a  few  who  are  deficient. 
There  is  no  surer  way  to  kill  all 
ambition  in  such  students,  than  to 
compare  their  work  with  the  work  of 
others  who  can  outdo  them.  The 
only  way  to  bring  these  students  up 
to  the  average  is  to  meet  them  indi- 


vidually, even  if  it  requires  time  out- 
side of  school  hours.  If  the  teacher 
is  quick  to  see  who  needs  such  help 
and  equally  quick  to  apply  the  rem- 
edy, it  convinces  the  student  that  the 
teacher  is  with  him  ;  it  enables  him 
to  get  a  new  hold  ;  it  renews  his 
courage  and  creates  in  him  an  inter- 
est. Ever  so  little  help  at  the  critical 
moment  may  affect  his  whole  future. 
It  is  a  good  plan  to  review  the  note 
book  with  those  who  need  individual 
help.  It  is  also  a  good  plan  to  have 
them  formulate  and  'analyze  defini- 
nitions  and  statements  of  principles 
and  bring  their  papers  in  for  criticism. 
When  a  student  is  deficient  on  some 
topic,  it  works  well  to  suggest  to  him 
that  if  he  were  to  write  up  and  pass 
in  a  good  paper  on  that  topic,  he 
would  receive  due  credit.  It  is  often 
difficult  to  get  a  student  to  study,  but 
give  him  an  object  and  the  difficulty 
is  removed.  The  writer  has  yet  to 
meet  one  who  will  not  hunt  high  and 
low  for  material,  when  given  the 
privilege  of  writing  up  a  subject  in 
this  way.  But  it  should  be  suggested 
as  a  privilege  and  not  given  as  a 
command.  The  secret  of  success 
lies  in  keeping  the  student  cheerful 
and  hopeful.  A  word  of  praise  or 
even  aword  of  censure  given  at  the 
right  time  and  in  the  right  way  will 
perform  wonders  in  getting  results. 
The  teacher  can  make  little  headway 
unless  he  has  the  confidence  of  his 
students.  But  the  student's  confi- 
dence in  his  teacher  is  not  increased 
one  whit  by  making  him  believe  that 
the  teacher  was  born  with  faculties 
fully  developed  or  that  the  teacher  is 
"naturally  smart  "  or  that  he  "learned 
easily."  Quite  on  the  contrary,  such 
ideas  often  dishearten  and  completely 
discourage  the  diffident.  If  the 
student  can  be  made  to  feel  that  the 
teacher,  not  so  very  long  ago,  traveled 
the  same  rough  road  and  encountered 
the  same  difficulties  that  he  is  meet- 
ing, it  will  put  a  spirit  of  determina- 
tion into  him,  if  anything  will.  The 
teacher  can  lift  the  student  to  better 
advantage  if  he  gets  dozen  pretty  neat 
him  in  sympathy  and  fellow  feeling. 
And  what  teacher  can  afford  not  to  do 
this,  when  he  remembers  that  some 
of  the  greatest  men  who  ever  lived  in 
any  age,  were  considered  "block- 
heads "  by  teachers  whose  very  names 
are  forgotten.  "  Inasmuch  as  ye 
have  done  it  unto  one  of  the  least  of 
these,  my  brethren,  ye  have  done  it 
unto  me." 


mr.  earl  Cewis  Hltmaier, 

Who  will  have  charge  of  our  Department  of 
Commercial  Correspondence,  next  year, 
has  been  engaged  in  Commercial  Educa- 
tional work  for  the  past  twelve  years  in 
Drexel  Institute,  Philadelphia,  where  he  is 
professor  of  Commercial  Law  and  Instruc- 
tor in  Typewriting  and  Commercial  Corre- 
spondence. Prior  to  taking  up  teaching  he 
was  a  stenographer  and  student  at  law  in 
the  firm  of  Messrs.  Straw-bridge  &  Taylor, 
of  Philadelphia.  In  1889  he  won  in  three 
successive  contests  the  gold  medal  given 
by  the  Philadelphia  Stenographers'  Asso- 
ciation to  the  most  rapid  and  accurate  steno- 
grapher and  typewriter  in  its  body.  In  1889 
he  successfully  passed  his  final  ei  anima- 
tion to  the  Philadelphia  Bar.  of  which  he  is 
now:,  member.  He  is  author  of  "The  Model 
Tvnewritina  Instructor"  and  of  "Commer- 
cial Correspondence  and  Postal  Lnforma 
Hon"  iust  issued  by  The  Macmillan  Com- 
pany. 


ft  I've  li  i>u  Irkeit  S>  t  cltccciXo  r   **» 


T 


^^^% 


L 


DEPARTMENT     OF 

CDf f tee  (Training 

AS  A  PART  OF  THE  COMMERCIAL  COURSE 

S.   S.   HOOKLAND 
Banks  Business  College.  Philadelphia,  Pa. 


7 


Checks,  on  Students'  Work. 

The  first  requisite  in  maintaining-  a 
close  supervision  of  the  students' 
work  is  a  sufficient  corps  of  teachers. 
Yet,  given  the  necessary  teaching 
force,  there  are  still  difficulties  to 
overcome.  In  the  first  place,  stu- 
dents are  liable,  on  some  plea  or 
other,  in  transacting  business,  to  ex- 
change papers  without  submitting 
them  to  the  instructor  for  approval. 
Then  again,  to  require  students  to 
submit  every  paper  or  piece  of  work 
for  inspection  makes  a  large  demand 
on  the  teacher's  time,  and  unless  the 
plan  followed  is  economic,  there  is 
likely  to  be  a  waste  of  time  to  stu- 
dents in  waiting  their  turn  to  submit 
work.  Again,  when  business  is 
transacted  from  hand  to  hand  among 
students  or  between  the  students  and 
the  offices,  it  is  practically  impossible 
for  teachers  to  have  papers  held  back 
until  approved.  After  much  experi- 
ence, the  writer  has  come  to  the  con- 
clusion that  about  the  only  plan  that 
can  be  followed  successfully  and 
economically  that  will  enable  the  in- 
structors to  keep  a  check  on  all  work 
done  by  the  students  is  to  carry  out 
all  business,  except  with  the  bank, 
and  the  real  estate  and  freight  offices, 
bv  mail,  interspersing  business 
through  vouchers  and  exercises  in 
theory  to  keep  the  correspondence 
within  proper  limits,  which  plan  has 
been  adopted  with  excellent  results 
ic  the  school  with  which  the  writer 
is  connected. 

transactions  by  correspondence 
When  this  is  done,  the  problem  is 
very  much  simplified.  The  students 
at  the  desks  may  then  be  held  in  line 
and  no  papers  turned  into  the  offices 
until  passed  by  the  instructors  in 
charge  of  the  floor  work.  Irregulari- 
ties may  be  prevented  and  proper 
response  by  the  offices  insured  by 
having  all  correspondence,  needing 
replies,  registered.  The  mail  going 
out  of  the  offices  must  then  be  sub- 
mitted to  the  instructor  in  charge  to 
be  checked  off  on  the  register,  at 
which  time  it  ma}-  be  carefully  scru- 
tinized and  approved.  Registration 
of  the  business  passing  between  the 
students  and  the  offices  also  gives 
the  instructor  the  advantage  of  know- 
ing just  what  is  done  in  handling 
each  transaction. 

INSPECTING    WORK 

Too  much  emphasis  cannot  be  placed 
upon  the  manner  in  which  the  differ- 
ent parts  should  be  arranged  for  in- 
spection.   A  great  deal  of  time  may  be 


saved  and  difficulties  prevented  by  re- 
quiring that  the  different  papers  per- 
taining to  the  same  transaction  bear- 
ranged  together.  To  illustrate:  When 
an  order  is  received  by  a  firm,  the 
reply  might  require  a  letter,  a  bill, 
and  a  bill  of  lading.  These  should 
be  so  arranged  that  all  parts  may  be 
seen  at  a  glance — the  smallest  piece 
on  top,  and  the  larger  ones,  according 
to  size,  underneath.  Beneath  these, 
may  be  placed  the  letter  with  the 
order  to  which  the  reply  is  made. 
The  envelope,  properly  addressed, 
may  be  suspended,  face  up,  with  flap 
over  the  top  of  the  out-going  corres- 
pondence. The  instructor  should 
then  place  his  stamp  of  approval 
upon  each  part  going  out,  and  should 
cancel  old  letter  and  order.  Time 
may  be  saved  by  having  each  clerk 
bring  all  of  his  correspondence  at  the 
same  time,  saving  trips  back  and 
forth  from  the  offices. 

COPYING    LETTERS 

No  letter  should  be  permitted  to  go 
out  of  the  offices  without  either  a 
carbon  or  a  letter  press  copy.  This 
is  not  only  in  keeping  with  the  best 
business  usage,  but  is  an  absolute 
necessity  in  tracing  errors  and  irreg- 
ularities', which  should  be  followed 
up  in  a  business-like  way,  the  same 
as  in  business  houses  outside.  If 
letter-press  copy  is  taken,  it  is  a  good 
plan  not  to  approve  the  address  on 
the  envelope  until  after  the  copy  has 
been  taken,  at  which  time  the  various 
letters,  with  enclosures  and  envelope, 
may  be  again  presented,  arranged 
opposite  letter  in  copy  book.  If  the 
letter  and  copy  are  clear  and  not 
blurred,  the  pass  mark  may  then  be 
placed  on  the  envelope  and  the  copy 
at  the  same  time,  the  mark  on  the 
envelope  indicating  that  a  copy  has 
been  taken.  After  the  letter  has  been 
enclosed,  the  teacher  should  place 
his  mark  of  approval  on  the  back  of 
the  envelope  to  indicate  that  it  has 
been  properly  inserted. 

CHECKING    UP   BILLS 

Another  matter  that  needs  special 
attention  is  billing.  This  work  is  of 
the  utmost  importance  in  a  practice 
course,  as  it  furnishes  the  means  for 
the  development  of  two  important 
requisites  in  handling  figures —speed 
and  accuracy.  To  secure  the  best 
results,  prices  and  terms  should  be 
varied  so  as  not  to  permit  of  copying, 
and  all  amounts  should  be  proved  up. 
Unless  the  teacher  can  take  the  time 
to  go  over  each  individual  computa- 
tion, or  some  scheme  be  put  into 
operation  that  will  detect  errors  and 


enforce  absolute  accuracy,  fixed 
prices  should  be  used.  If  this  is 
done,  a  separate  price-list  might  be 
used  for  each  day  in  the  week,  or, 
what  is  better,  differing  price-lists  to 
be  used  by  the  students  outside  the 
offices.  When  differing  price-lists 
are  used,  the  following  scheme  has 
been  found  most  excellent: 

Let  the  price-lists  be  distinguished 
by  some  figure  inserted  as  one  of  the 
prices,  and  let  them  be  assigned 
according  to  seat  numbers.  When 
the  price-list  is  given  out,  give  the 
student  a  report  number  which  will 
give  the  key  to  the  price-list  number. 
To  illustrate  :  suppose  a  student  seat- 
ed at  desk  104  calls  for  a  price-list. 
The  teacher,  by  referring  to  his  pre- 
arranged chart,  finds  that  the  student 
at  that  desk  should  have  price-list 
No.  6.  He  now  selects  the  price-list 
having  6  as  the  price  of  a  certain 
article  not  used  in  the  department 
but  inserted  for  this  purpose.  As 
report  number,  the  student  is  given 
1294,  which  gives  the  price-list  num- 
ber by  adding  the  figures  in  the  unit 
|4)  and  hundreds  (2)  columns.  The 
instructor  in  charge  of  the  floor  work 
will  then  check  up  results  from  report 
numbers,  of  which  no  two  are  alike, 
the  key  being  a  perfect  blind  to  the 
student;  and  the  instructor  in  charge 
of  the  office  department  will  check  up 
amounts  from  the  desk  number  which 
is  used  in  connection  with  the  name 
of  the  street  as  the  student's  address 
in  his  correspondence.  The  students 
in  the  offices  could  enter  the  number 
of  the  price-list  for  each,  when  the 
first  order  is  received,  with  discounts, 
etc.,  on  alphabetically-arranged 
"terms"  cards,  for  leference  in  bill- 
ing. This  scheme  permits  of  any 
convenient  number  of  price-lists 
without  the  students  at  the  desks 
knowing  that  there  are  any  two  alike, 
and  it  makes  a  sufficient  variety  in 
the  offices  to  necessitate  actual  com- 
putation of  each  bill,  and  at  the  same 
time  furnishes  a  key  to  results  both 
in  and  out  of  the  offices. 

When  approving  bills,  the  instruct- 
or should  make  a  careful  examina- 
tion of  the  same  with  reference  to 
dates,  terms,  description  of  articles, 
quantities,  prices,  etc.,  and  should 
insist  upon,  proper  placing  and  ar- 
rangement of  gross  amount,  dis- 
counts, net  amount,  part  payment, 
and  balance.  If  the  bill  has  been 
paid  in  part  or  in  full,  he  should  see 
that  a  credit  is  shown  or  that  the  bill 
is  receipted. 

APPROVING   INTEREST   AND   DISCOUNT 

A  greater  difficulty  arises  in  con- 
nection with  interest  and  discount  on 
notes.  To  have  a  key  to  results  here 
necessitates  fixed  dates,  which  makes 
transactions  unbusiness-like  and  is 
therefore  extremely  undesirable. 
When  current  dates  are  used,  there 
seems  to  be  no  other  way  than  to  g_o 
over  the  computation.  In  doing  this 
the  instructor  should  keep  in  mind 
the  law  of  his  state  governing  the 
maturity  of  paper.  In  Pennsylvania, 
any  paper  falling  due  on  Saturday, 
Sunday,  or  legal  holiday,  carries  over 
for  payment  until  the  next  business 
dav,  and  interest  or  discount  is  in- 
cluded for  the  additional  day  or  days. 
The    same    rule    holds    in   New  York 


9hv&\A**'u\v*z&dA*<i>vitvr   & 


and  New  Jersey  and  some  other 
In  most  places  the  day  of 
discount  is  counted  in  computing 
the  bank  discount.  A  convenient 
time-saving-  chart,  giving  much  valu- 
able information,  has  been  arranged 
for  the  state  of  Pennsylvania  by  Mr. 
Win.  Post,  Assistant  Cashier  of  the 
Central  National  Bank  of  Philadel- 
phia: and  for  Pennsylvania,  New 
York  and  New  Jersey  by  Mr.  H.  J. 
Meixell,  Cashier  Xeversink  Bank,  No. 
SL'7  Perm  St.,  Reading,  Pa.,  copies  of 
which  may  be  secured  for  a  few  cents. 
Space  forbids  going  into  details  in 
regard  to  approval  of  books.  Some 
general  remarks,  however,  may  be 
helpful. 

EXAMINING    BOOKS 

To  begin  with,  inspection  of  work 
on  books  should  be  regular  and  sys- 
tematic. For  many  reasons,  the  best 
time  fur  this  work  "is  in  the  morning 
before  the  day's  business  is  begun. 
To  facilitate  checking,  students  may 
be  required  to  spread  their  books  out 
in  an  orderly  manner,  having  each 
open  at  the  page  to  be  approved. 
The  Cash  book  should  be  closed  each 
day,  and  a  Cash  statement  exhibited. 
In" approving  the  same,  it  is  a  good 
plan  for  the  teacher  to  place  his  stamp 
on  the  Cash  book,  the  Check  book, 
and  the  Cash  statement  (Figure  1,  in 
November  issue)  together,  one  not 
being  passed  without  the  others. 
Entries  made  in  other  books  ought 
also,  as  far  as  possible,  to  be  proved 
by  statements.  At  the  end  of  each 
week,  or  whenever  promotions  are 
made,  in  addition  to  a  trial  balance 
ami  Cash  statement,  there  should  be 
placed  on  file,  as  a  permanent  record, 
Bills  and  Accounts  receivable  and 
payable  proofs,  i  for  Bill  proof  see 
figure  2  in  November  issue),  or  such 
other  statements  as  will  be  required 
to  prove  up  all  work  in  the  particular 
office.  Occasionally,  the  teacher 
could  run  over  additions  to  assure 
himself  that  they  are  correct.  As  a 
safeguard  against  deception,  the 
students  may  be  required  to  sign 
their  names  to  work  done  both  on 
books  and  statements.  This  enables 
aher  to  trace  mistakes  back, 
should  any  come  to  light  in  the 
future,  to  the  persons  responsible, 
placing  them  on  their  honor, 
ire  certifying  to  the  correctness 
i.  records,  from  day  to  day,  a 
ete  audit  should  be  made,  ex- 
tending to  invoices  and  other  papers 
involved.  If  invoices  and  sales  are 
numbered,  and  numbers  of  all  papers 
are  inserted  in  the  record,  quick  ref- 
erence may  be  made,  and  verv  little 
lim  taken  for  this  detail  work."  This 
will  disclose  any  errors  in  discounts, 
interest,  etc.,  and  in  payments  or 
settlement  of  bills  or  notes,  and  will 
insure  a  complete  record  of  each 
transaction,  such  as  an  auditor  would 
expect  to  find  in  any  good  business 
house. 

|  Another  paper,  a  most  practical 
article,  mii  this  important  topic,  by 
Mr.  J.  M.  Itavis,  of  Heald's  1'.; 
College,  San  Francisco,  is  in  hand 
and  will  be  published  in  one  of  our 
autumn    numbers. —Associate 

OR.] 


Report  and  Program  of  the 

Central  Commercial  Teachers' 
Association, 

WATERLOO,   IA.,   MAY  12,    13,   14,   1904. 

The  second  annual  meeting  was 
called  to  order  by  Mr.  B.  F.  Williams, 
President,  Thursday  evening  with  a 
good  sized  audience  in  attendance. 

The  meeting,  as  a  whole,  was  a  very 
successful  one,  being  both  social  and 
intellectual,  as  such  meetings  should 
be. 

The  address  of  welcome  was  deliv- 
ered by  Rev.  F.  L.  Loveland,  Pastor 
of  the  First  Methodist  Episcopal 
Church  of  Waterloo.  The  address 
was  cordial,  brainy,  enthusiastic,  up- 
lifting, and  complimentary. 

Mr.  C.  D.  McGregor,  Des  Moines, 
responded  on  behalf  of  the  commer- 
cial teachers  in  away  that  was  highly 
creditable  to  the  cause  as  well  as  to 
himself. 

President  Williams  then  delivered 
his  address,  which  was  full  of  sound 
sense  from  beginning  to  end,  being 
sincere,  practical,  and  suggestive;  so 
much  so  that  a  committee  was  ap- 
pointed to  consider  and  report  upon 
the  recommendations  made  by  Presi- 
dent Williams,  relative  to  the  improve- 
ment of  commercial  courses. 

Following  this  part  of  the  program, 
refreshments  were  given  in  one  of  the 
school  rooms.  The  young  lady  stu- 
dents of  the  school  served  at  the 
tables. 

General  meetings. 

FRIDAY    MORNING. 

"What  Constitutes  a  Well-Rounded 
Course  in  Bookkeeping?"  by  Mr.  S. 
H.  Goodyear,  proved  to  be  a  valuable 
contribution.  Those  familiar  with 
Mr.  Goodyear  as  a  teacher  and  as  an 
author  know  that  he  does  not  fly  off 
at  a  tangent  upon  topics  he  endeavors 
to  discuss,  and  that  what  he  says  is 
as  practical  as  it  is  far  reaching  and 
progressive. 

Discussion  followed  by  G.  W. 
Brown,  Jr.,  Sioux  City,  and  A.  W. 
Dudley,  Das  Moines. 

"Shorthand  and  Typewriting"  by 
Mr.  A.  C.  Van  Sant,  Omaha,  Neb., 
was  presented  with  such  eloquence 
and  effectiveness  that  made  it  one  of 
the  most  entrancing  numbers  pre- 
sented before  the  Convention.  Mr. 
Van   Sant    is    somewhat    of   a   word 


B.   F.  WILLIAMS,  DBS  MOINES,  IOWA, 
PRESIDENT. 


painter  and  dreamer,  as  well  as  a 
thinker  and  practictioner.  His  ripe 
experience,  enthusiasm,  and  gift  of 
speech  make  him  an  entertaining 
talker. 

"The  Problem  of  Progress"  was 
presented  by  President  H.  H.  Seerley, 
of  the  State  Normal  of  Waterloo.  It 
proved  a  most  stimulating,  as  well 
as  complimentary  address  to  com- 
mercial teachers. 

FRIDAY    EVENING. 

A  trolley  party,  which  proved  to  be 
extensive  as  well  as  enjoyable,  was 
given  by  the  Remington  Typewriter 
Company  to  the  entire  Association, 
after  which  a  banquet  at  Douglass 
Inn  was  enjoyed  by  all. 

SATURDAY'    MORNING. 

"The  Pedagogy  of  Commercial 
Branches,"  by  J.  A.  Lyons,  Chicago. 
This  was  just  such  a  talk  as  commer- 
cial education  has  been  needing  and 
one  that  was  appreciated  by  all  those 
who  heard  it.  If  pedagogy  is  worth 
anything,  it  is  worth  as  much  to  com- 
mercial teachers  as  any  one  else. 
Hence  the  need  of  help  along  this  line 
such  as  Mr.  Lyons  is  giving. 

"English  in  the  Commercial  School" 
was  ably  handled  by  G.  A.  Rohr- 
bough,  'Omaha,  and  L.  A.  Jester, 
Des  Moines. 

"The  Intellectual  Side  of  Classifi- 
cation Systems,"  by  G.  A.  Sahlin, 
Sycamore,  111.,  was  the  next  number 
on  the  program. 

SATURDAY  AFTERNOON. 

Business  meeting,  election  of  offi- 
cers, etc. 

The  following  officers  were  elected 
for  the  ensuing  year: 

GENERAL   OFFICERS 

A.  C.  Van  Sant,  President,  Omaha  ; 
A.  W.  Dudley,  Vice-president,  Des 
Moines;  J.  A.  White,  Secretarv, 
Moline,  111.;  Clay  D.  Slinker,  Treas- 
urer, Des  Moines. 

BUSINESS   SECTION 

A.  W.  Dudley,  President,  Des 
Moines;  Erl  Tharp,  Vice-president, 
Des  Moines;  L.  M.  Wold,  Secretary, 
Cedar  Rapids  ;  G.  E.  King,  Member 
Executive  Committee,  Cedar  Rapids. 

SHORTHAND  SECTION 

Clay  D.  Slinker,  Chairman,  Des 
Moines  ;  Mary  S.  Horner,  Secretary, 
Waterloo ;  John  R.  Gregg,  Member 
Executive  Committee,  Chicago. 

EXECUTIVE   COMMITTEE 

E.  K.  Eberbart,  Des  Moines  ;  A.  N. 
Palmer,  Cedar  Rapids;  B.  J.  Heflin, 
Clinton. 

Shorthand  Section. 

FRIDAY    AFTERNOON 

The  following  interesting  and  help- 
ful program  was  enthusiasticallj- car- 
ried out. 

"  What  Should  be  the  Requirements 
for  Graduation,"  by  E.  K.  Eberbart, 
I  >es  Moines. 

"  How  to  Change  from  the  Sight  to 
the  Touch  Method  of  Typewriting," 
by  J.  Clifford  Kennedy,  Chicago. 

(Continued  on  page  41) 


£7Re  @u^in?d^  &d^&<feWr   &> 


G.  history  of  penmen,  (Early 

Business  (Education,  anb 

(Educators  in  Ctmerica. 

By  A.  H.  HINMAN,  Worcester,  Mass. 


7 


Charles  Hlexander  Ulalwortb. 

Any  historical  sketch  of  commercial  edu- 
cation in  America  would  be  incomplete 
without  including  Charles  Alexander  Wal- 
worth. He  was  the  originator  of  the  method 
of  teaching  bookkeeping  now  in  general  use 
called  the  "  Budget  "  system. 

Mr.  Walworth  was  born  in  Rome,  New 
York,  in  1839  and  died  in  1893.  His  early  edu- 
cation was  obtained  in  the  Rome  Academy. 
In  1856,  he  attended  Bassett's  Business 
College  at  Fulton,  N.Y.,  where  he  completed 
both  the  regular  course  and  the  Spencerian 
course  in  ornamental  penmanship.  For  a 
time,  he  was  employed  in  several  business 
houses  and  in  a  railroad  office.  A  desire 
for  further  education  impelled  him  to  take 
up  law  and  he  entered  the  Ohio  State  and 
Union  Law  College  at  Cleveland,  and  was 
graduated  with  the  degree  of  LL.  D.,  in 
July,  1861.  However,  he  never  practiced 
law,  but  chose  the  profession  of  teaching. 
He  established  the  Utica  (X.  Y.)  Business 
College  and  the  Walworth  Business  Insti- 
tute (N.  Y.),  which  are  still  in  existence. 
Also  he  taught  in  a  number  of  prominent 
schools,  among  the  number  being  Ma yhew's 
Business  College,  Detroit;  The  Bryant, 
Stratton  &  Fairbank's  Philadelphia  Busi- 
ness College,  and  the  Packard  Business 
College,  New  York  City. 

EARLY  COMMERCIAL   EDUCATION   IN 
PUBLIC  SCHOOLS 

The  New  York  Board  of  Education  decided 
in  1871  to  add  a  commercial  department  to 
the  College  of  the  City  of  New  York.  Mr. 
Walworth  was  placed  at  the  head,  where  he 
remained  for  ten  years  teaching  stenog- 
raphy, bookkeeping  and  penmanship.  This 
was  one  of  the  first  successful  efforts  to  give 
commercial  instruct  ion  in  the  public  schools. 
He  introduced  the  methods  of  the  private 
business  schools  into  the  college.  It  may 
be  added  that  Benjamin  F.  Willson,  who 
still  lives  in  New  York  City,  and  who  is  one 
of  the  old  business  school  men,  assisted  Mr. 
Walworth  in  the  teaching  of  bookkeeping 
in  the  college  for  a  number  of  years.  Mr. 
Walworth  still  maintained  his  private 
business  school  and  in  1881  resigned  from 
the  New  York  College,  to  assume  the  head 
of  Walworth's  Commercial  Institute. 

The  method  of  using  business  papers  from 
the  beginning  in  the  teaching  of  bookkeep- 
ing was  initiated  by  Mr.  Walworth  in  his 
Business  Practice  Drawer  which  he  pat- 
ented February  18, 1869.  Before  beginning  a 
set  in  bookkeeping  all  the  incoming  papers 
—which  had  been  completely  written  up  in 
advance  by  the  teachers  — were  placed  in 
the  compartment  of  the  drawer  back  of  the 
arch  marked  "From  others."  As  transac- 
tions involving  notes,  checks,  bills,  etc., 
received  from  others  arose  in  bookkeeping, 
the  papers  were  placed  in  the  front  com- 
partment   marked    "Safe."      When    notes, 


checks,  bills,  etc..  were  issued  to  others 
they  were  written  by  the  student  and 
placed  in  the  compartment  back  of  the  arch 
marked  "To  others."  Of  course,  concur- 
rently with  the  handling  and  writing  of  the 
various  business  papers,  the  necessary 
entries  were  made  in  the  books.  The  drawer 
could  be  used  with  any  of  the  bookkeeping 
books  of  the  time.  Among  numerous  busi- 
ness schools  which  used  the  device  were 
Mayhew's  Business  College,  of  Detroit, 
Mich.;  Brown's  Business  College,  Brooklyn, 
New  York,  and  Packard's  Business  College, 
New  York  City. 

WALWORTH,  CORTELYOU'S   TEACHER 

Mr.  Walworth's  teaching  was  forceful  and 
fascinating,  and  he  presented  bookkeeping, 
shorthand  and  penmanship  with  equal 
interest  and  success.  Mr.  Packard  said  that 
his  class  drills  in  bookkeeping  surpassed 
anything  of  the  kind  that  he  had  heard. 
As  a  penman  his  range  was  exceptional, 
because  he  could  write  many  different  sizes 
and  styles,  including  a  rapid  and  beautiful 
business  hand.  In  the  office  of  the  Wal- 
worth Institute  in  New  York  City  there 
now  hangs  a  fine  specimen  of  his  engross- 
ing which  received  the  first  prize  at  the 
New  York  State  Fair  in  competition  with  a 
number  of  famous  penmen  of  the  time.  It 
is  a  matter  of  pride  to  the  private  schools  of 
the  country  that  George  Bruce  Cortelyou, 
successively  a  stenographer  in  the  White 
House,  Assistant  Secretary  and  Secretary 
to  the  President,  and  now  of  the  President's 
Cabinet  as  Secretary  of  Commerce  and 
Labor,  was  graduated  from  the  Walworth 
Institute  about  1885,  and  taught  there  a 
number  of  years.  Mr.  Walworth  left  three 
sons.  Two  are  still  conducting  the  Wal- 
worth Institute  and  one  is  a  bookkeeper  in 
a  banking  house  in  New  York  City.  Mr. 
Walworth's  wife  survives  him. 

One  of  Mr.  Walworth's  sons  possesses  five 
albums  containing  letters  and  specimens 
of  penmanship  collected  by  his  father,  and 
in  it  are  represented  nearly  all  the  famous 
penmen  of  the  early  days.  In  the  collection 
are  letters  from  P.  R.  Spencer,  the  author  of 


the  Spencerian  System  of  Penmanship. 
One,  too  faded  to  reproduce  engraved,  is 
printed  below. 

Geneva,  Ohio,  Feb.  12, 1863. 
C.  A.  WALWORTH, 
Dear  Sir: 

As  to  my  gold  pen,  of  which  I 
send  circular,  you  can  have  them  at  22% 
from  retail,  but  it  is  difficult  to  procure 
their  manufacture  any  more  rapidly  than 
they  are  called  for  singly  by  letter.  Califor- 
nia uses  them  up  rapidly.  There  is  only  one 
artist  who  can  manufacture  them  in  all 
their  parts. 

The  derangement  in  my  business  and 
correspondence  consequent  upon  the  de- 
cease of  my  life's  companion  has  been 
general  and  almost  beyond  disentangle- 
ment. I  have  had  little  heart  to  embark 
again  in  the  cold  channels  of  business  life, 
but  necessity  and  a  regard  for  my  health 
admonish  me  to  make  the  effort. 

I  received  your  circular  and  accompany- 
ing note  of  October,  announcing  your  pres- 
ence again  at  the  old  primitive  halls  of 
operation,  where  I  presume  you  feel  your- 
self quite  at  home  and  felicitate  yourself 
on  the  consciousness  of  "doing  good."  I 
bid  you  the  largest  success. 

Home  is  a  sweet  word  but  the  angel  spirit 
that  made  mine  a  miniature  heaven  is  gone 
to  a  better  home  and  I  am  desolate,  "cast 
down  but  not  destroyed,"  for  much  of  the 
secondary  tie  remains  to  console  and  Hope 
looks  cheerfully  and  confidingly  beyond 
the  bounds  of  mundane  things. 

Yours  truly, 
P.  R.  Spencer. 


Piatt  Rogers  Spencer 

Is  known  as  the  originatorand  author  of 
the  Spencerian  style  and  system  of  Pen- 
manship. In  him  were  combined  the 
elements  of  genius  which  enabled  him  to 
happily  blend  the  practical  and  artistic  and 
thereby  give  to  the  world  its  most  practical 
and  beautiful  system  of  writing.  His  intui- 
tive insight  into  the  philosophy  of  art 
enabled  him  to  revolutionize  all  that  was 
past  in  hand-writing,  and  evolve  a  system 
for  America  that  surpassed  those  of  all 
other  countries  for  legibility,  ease  of  execu- 
tion, beauty  of  forms  and  adaptation  to  the 
needs  and  tastes  of  cultivated  and  practical 
people. 

Much  of  his  work  in  improving  the  art  of 
writing  was  under  difficulties  and  discour- 
agements incident  to  pioneer  life  in  the 
wilds  of  northern  Ohio,  in  the  first  half  of 
the  nineteenth  century.  As  a  penman, 
teacher  and  author,  Mr.  Spencer  combined 
with  high  regard  for  practical  utility  the 
glow  and  warmth  of  generous  and  tender 
sympathies.  He  wrought  unselfishly  and 
with  enthusiasm  for  the  benefit  of  the 
masses. 

In  a  secluded  spot  on  a  farm  in  the  Fish- 
kill  Mountains  near  Stormville,  New  York, 
Piatt  Rogers  Spencer  was  born.  He  was 
the  youngest  of  a  family  of  eleven,  nine  of 
whom  were  boys.  In  Piatt's  third  year,  the 
family  removed  to  the  vicinity  of  Wapping- 
ers  Falls.  Their  next  home  was  at  Wind- 
ham, New  York. 

GOOSE  QUILLS   AND   BARLOW  KNIFE 

It  was  here  in  Windham,  at  the  age  of 
seven,  that  Piatt  began  to  exhibit  a  fond- 
ness for  his  favorite  art.  His  taste  mani- 
fested itself  almost  before  he  had  begun  to 
handle  the  pen,  in  his  observations  and 
criticisms  of  the  hand-writing  of  the  public 
notices  posted  at  the  door  of  the  school- 
house. 

I  Continued  on  page  41) 


&K&  &  u4li  vea  *>  £cltvcctlvr    <**> 


Wessons  in  Practical  tDrtttno;  by 


TRENTON,  N  J. 

Rider-Moore  and  Stuart 

Schools  of  Business. 


~^/xU<^^^^^^( 


Students'  Specimens  Criti- 
cised through  the  B.  E.. 


Ccsson  One. 


.1  writing  is  an  acquisition  much  to  be  desired  by  the  average  practical-minded  person,  one  which  has  a  decided  commer- 
cial value.  To  be  of  the  greatest  utility  it  must  have  the  elements  of  legibility,  ease  of  execution,  and  speed,  and  for  the  benefit  of 
tin-  student  1  would  place  them  in  the  order  given  for  practice,  as  we  should  have  a  thorough  foundation  laid  in  the  way  of  form 
and  movement  before  attempting  speed  to  any  extent. 

Be  in  earnest— work.    These  features  can  not  be  acquired  in  a  day.    To  be  successful  one  must  be  a  persistent,  vigorous  worker. 
Writing  is  a  mental   and    physical    growth,  and   system  is   the  keystone  of  the   whole  structure.    Never   scribble.    It  is  not  how 
much,  but  how  well,  we  plan  and  labor. 

MATERIALS 

A  good  workman  finds  the  best  tools  the  cheapest.  Use  a  medium  pen.  cork-tipped  holder,  jet-black  ink  and  good  paper; 
foolsi  ap  i-  the  best.     Never  waste  time  with  poor  ink  or  cheap  paper. 

POSITION 

This  is  of  vital  importance.  Sit  facing  desk  with  hands  nearly  meeting  directly  in  front  of  you  and  the  right  arm  bearing 
only  its  own  weight.  Have  paper  so  that  the  edge  is  parallel  with  right  arm  or  lines  at  right  angles  with  arm.  The  hand  should 
r--~t  on  the  hist  two  ringers  curled  under  the  hand  slightly;  pen  should  rest  just  under  knuckle  joint  and  point  just  below  right  shoulder. 

PLATE  I 

This  plate  requires  a  great  deal  of  practice.  For  Line  1  push  and  pull  the  arm  back  and  forth  in  the  sleeve  without  the 
Clothing  changing  its  position.  Numbers  2-4-9  are  modifications  of  this— the  backward-and-forward  principal  of  the  arm  movement. 
The  rolling  motion  is  exemplified  in  Line  3,  with  5-6-7-8-10  as  modifications.  Let  the  arm  roll  in  the  sleeve  lightly.  Don't  leave 
this  until  you  eiio  get  light  lines.    Form  the  habit  of  finishing  each  line  you  start  systematically. 


TV^/eJ- 


Line  1  is  :i  \r i    movement   developer.    Do  not   grip    the   holder  in  making    O   retrace.    Try  to  do  the  work  with  a  rotary  motii 

of   the  arm.      At   first,  with  Number  2,  it  will    help  you   to  pause  slightly  at  the  top  before  making   the  loop.      Aim  to  get  letters  in 
form  in  spacing  and  conquer  them  one  by  one. 


T^/aZ-esTZ 


y^/o/-e/Z 


PLATE  III 


This  introduces  the  hinge  or  lateral    movement  of   the  ai 
glides  from  left  to  right.    This  should  be  written  across  lines 


[l  and  is  an  important  one  in  connection  with  so 
Watch   beginning  and  ending  lines  carefully. 


SHe  @ttkirfce&>  &dLM&&&w  & 


PLATE  IV 


Practice  many  lines  of  1  and  2  before  taking  up  the  letters.  Avoid  a  jerky,  spasmodic  movement.  The  small  a  should  have 
down  strokes  close  together  and  of  the  same  slant.  The  if  needs  much  attention.  Note  width  of  last  division  and  retrace.  Is  the 
spacing  of  your  writing  regular? 

P/ef/-e.  TE 


PLATE  V 

The  curvature  of  line  is  the  opposite  of   Plate  IV.      For  1  and  2  roll   the  arm  gently  and  steadily  to  the  right.    Have  patience; 
you  may  not  succeed  the  first  time.    Keep  letters  narrow  and  round  at  the  top.    Small  2C  should  be  crossed  upward. 


P/a/-&_ 


^^?7^^^???^^^^ 


BY  W.  C.  WOLLASTON,  WILDER,  MINN. 


#  a  e.  j$.  <?.  ^. 


^ 


£i  he  & fcUirtc^  %>  CcUtcctlc r   ^ 


Cessons  in 

Uptofcate  Justness  P 

enmansfytp 

BY 

J^  CZ^/<^^^^^^^^^/'. 

TROY,  N.  Y. 

Write  the  draft  with  confidence  and  sureness  and  write  it  in  reasonable  time.  Keep  capitals  plain  and  uniform  in  size  and  be 
particular  about  punctuation.  Work  of  this  nature  demands  planning  and  forethought  in  order  to  secure  uniformity  throughout. 
Write  easily  and  gracefully— at  least,  business-like. 


y^k^ 


7_y  _Xt<7  ^Z^Ley  &^€%ie~<^  d?y    ' 


Ziw^X^L^7 


Plate  70 

The  mere  acquirement  of  a  good  hand-writing  is  ample  reward  for  the  individual  who  pursues  sincerely  a  course  in  this 
"School  of  Good  Writing,"  yet  it  is  only  one  of  many  valuable  qualities  acquired  by  those  in  attendance.  The  essentials  of  system 
and  neatness  are  recognized  early  by  the  student  of  writing,  and  he  soon  finds  himself  applying  them  in  all  branches  of  labor  and 
learning.    They  are  applicable  in  every  line  of  human  activity,  whether  it  be  for  knowledge,  pleasure  or  profit. 

Investigation  of  detail,  attention  to  little  things,  digging  to  the  bottom  for  cause  and  reason— these,  too,  are  furrows  turned  by 
those  who  are  schooled  in  good  writing.  The  ability  to  see,  to  plan  and  to  act  are  mighty  factors  in  this  world  of  progress,  and 
there  is  no  surer  source  to  deduct  their  value  than  this  "School  of  Good  Writing." 


^^/<^y tx-<^ey- 


^J^r- \^tk^^c^t^dy>. 


^c<t-z^i  _^^A^y^<d^^c^^^r- 


£JFve  f^itu*  li  vc^  b  £clu,cctWr   & 


Plate  71 

Other  things  being  equal,  the  good  writer  usually  lands  the  position.  The  human  eye  is  quick  to  notice  and  tongue  ever  ready 
to  comment  favorably  or  unfavorably  concerning  your  qualifications.  The  writing  that  you  do  is  always  under  the  gaze  of  others 
and  open  to  consideration.  You  cannot  conceal  it.  See  that  you  write  well,  then,  and  it  will  be  a  feather  in  your  cap,  commercially 
and  socially. 


Plate  72 

A  good  hand  once  acquired  is  easily  lost.    Hurry,  indifference  aud  inattention  are  the  main  causes.    Look  out. 


-4<  /<?<7AS. 


'tZ^yc     A^y    /# 


ll^J^ 


/v?^^-  -^&£<r7-/-- 


^^^Itl^^J- 


e  tried  to  be  sincere  in  giving  copies  and  instruction,  and 
The  specimens  that  you  have  sent  me  from  time  to  time 


Plate  73 

With  this  lesson  my  efforts  for  better  writing  come  to  a  close.  I  hi 
I  sincerely  hope  that  all  who  have  been  following  the  work  are  satisfied 
reveal  the  fact  that  the  tree  is  not  without  fruit. 

The  certificate  promised  in  Lesson  1  will  be  sent  to  the  student  who  has  made  most  improvement.  Your  initial  specimens 
have  been  carefully  preserved  for  this  purpose.  Prepare  Plate  73  in  your  present  best  style  and  forward  to  me,  dated  and  signed. 
We  will  announce  the  winner  in  the  September  number.    Good  Bye. 


&Rvfo\Abir\c<>i>&dAAiC<AX>vr   ££» 


BUSINESS  CAPITALS  BY  MR.  W.  C.  SWEENEY,  PUPIL  OF  MR.  J.  E.  LEAMY,  PENMAN,  TROY,  N.  Y.,  BUSINESS  COLLEGE. 
[This  plate  was  run  by  mistake  in  the  May  BUSINESS  EDUCATOR  as  one  ot  the  plates  of  Mr.  Learn y's  lessons.    Editor. 


BY  R.  G.  SHELLER,  PUPIL  OF  E.  G.  ?IILLER,  MT.  MORRIS,  ILL.,  COLLEGE, 


BY  J.  A.  PROWINSKY 


9H&  & tUli %eh «>  CcUvcctlc r   &> 


Practical  Business  JDriting  as  Ctpplteb  to 

Business  5^rms. 

BY 


TIME  NOTE. 


JOINT  ANIi  SEVERAL  NOTE. 


)$i3<?—z> 


CHATTEL  NOTE. 


£JI%e  &bULrM^>i>  Cfclu^ttWr   ^ 


^^r~s- 


Students' 

Specimens 


A  large  bundle  of  specimens  of  students' 
writing  from  the  Public  Schools  of  Corpus 
Christi,  Texas,  Miss  Bernice  Palmer,  Super- 
visor of  Writing  and  Drawing,  is  received, 
and  show  practical  results  in  form  as  well 
as  in  movement.  Those  indicating  more 
than  usual  merit  were  written  by  the  fol- 
lowing: Olive  Caldwell,  Walter  P.  Smythe, 
Philip  W.Philihert,  Li  Hie  Cayce,  Marguerite 
Sanford,  and  Mattie  Bingham. 

Mr.  J.  M.  Ward,  a  home  student  in  writing, 
of  Brockton,  Mass.,  favored  us  with  some 
of  his  work,  which  discloses  exceptional 
ability. 

Specimens  of  business  writing  have  been 
received  from  Miss  Nina  P.  Hudson,  New 
Britain,  Conn.,  showing  improvement  made 
by  students  under  her  instruction.  The 
improvement  is  much  more  than  is  usually 
made  by  students  in  business  schools,  indi- 
cating that  Miss  Hudson  is  not  only  a  good 
penman,  but  a  good  teacher  as  well.  Our 
readers  will  be  pleased  to  know  that  we 
have  work  on  hands  for  the  coming  year 
from  her  graceful,  skillful,  practical  pen. 

Specimens  of  business  writing  handed  us 
from  the  students  of  Bliss  Business  College, 
this  city,  show  excellent  results.  They 
were  in  "the  form  of  capitals,  two  or  three 
sets  having  been  made  on  each  page.  Those 
having  done  the  best  work  were  as  follows: 
C.  M.  Timmons,  G.  Harrod,  Truman  Kim- 
ball, Anna  Haldv,  Nathan  Baker,  and  Lucy 
Follen.  The  work  throughout  is  unusually 
plain,  easy,  and  rapid.  It  is  needless  to  say 
that  The  Business  Educator  circulates 
freely  in  this  institution.  Mr.  McFadyen, 
the  teacher,  is  an  enthusiastic,  practical 
penman.  * 

Miss  R.  A.  Murray,  Teacher  of  Penman- 
ship in  the  eighth  grades  of  the  Joseph 
Wood  School,  Trenton,  N.  J.,  favored  us 
with  a  large  lot  of  specimens  of  students' 
writing,  which  reveal  an  unusually  free 
and  orderly  movement.  The  work  as  a  whole 
is  among  the  best  we  have  ever  seen.  The 
pupils  are  instructed  in  vertical  writing 
until  the  eighth  grade,  during  which  time 
Miss  Murray  succeeds  in  changing  from  a 
cramped,  vertical  hand  to  forward  slants, 
some  slanting  their  writing  but  little,  and 
others  considerably,  all,  however,  using  a 
free,  graceful  arm  movement.  Among  the 
best  may  be  mentioned  the  following:  J. 
Mc<  ruigan,  Albert  W.  Moore,  and  Jno. 
O'Connell.  The  last  mentioned  does  excel- 
lent work,  revealing  either  an  unusual 
amount  of  industry  or  considerable  talent. 

A.  R.  Whitniore,  of  the  firm  of  Buck  & 
Whitmore,  Scranton,  Pa.,  Business  College, 
submits  a  bunch  of  specimens  rarely 
equaled  by  students  in  business  colleges. 
Thev  are  unusually  systematic  and  rapid. 
Mr.  Whittemore  is  getting  the  maximum 
amount  of  order  and  accuracy  with  the 
maximum  rate  of  speed.  Few  there  are 
who  are  capable  of  doing  this.  The  speci- 
mens are  so  uniformly  good  that  it  is  out  of 
the  question  to  mention  names,  as  all  are 
"best".    They  are  all  tip-top. 

S.  C.  Beddinger  of  the  California  Business 
College,  San  Francisco,  Calif.,  mailed  us  a 
package  of  specimens  of  students  writing, 
making  it  very  plain  that  practical  writing 
is  being  taught  in  that  institution.  The 
work  is  quite  free,  plain  and  systematic. 
The  work  compares  favorably  with  the  best 
received  at  this  office. 

C.  A.  Pease,  Findlay,  O.,  student  of  Sam 
Mover,  Penman  in  Yocum'a  Business  Col- 
lege, submits  specimens  which  reveal  ex- 
cellent ability  in  business  writing.  Mr 
Pease  can  easily  become  a  professional  if 
he  so  minds. 

Mr.  J.  A.  Prowinsky,  pupil  of  the  Northern 
Illinois  College,  Dixon,  111.,  submits  speci- 
mens of  his  various  styles  of  penmanship, 
showing  him  to  be  master  with  the  pen, 
even  though  he  is  still  a  student.  His  or- 
namental penmanship  is  unusually  free 
arid  graceful,  as  well  as  bold  and  accurate. 
His  business  writing  is  remarkably  strong. 


^^fC  ^t*csi*c-c*s-t>C&y  ^-^-^t^-z-z-z-t^- 


BY  C.  W.   RANSOM,  KANSAS  CITY,  MO. 


>*/lvc  fJcujutc^£cUvcuXvr   <**> 


Mr  Prowinsky  can  become  a  professional 
penman  of  the  first  class,  and  we  hope  that 
he  «ni  do  it. 

Mr.  A.  W.  Cooper,  Jackson,  Minn.,  sends 
specimens  of  ovals  and  other  exercises, 
business  writing,  etc.,  from  three  of  his 
pupils  which  show  that  the  work  that  may 
1,,-  secured  in  the  country  public  school, 
compares  favorably  to  that  in  commercial 
schools  Miss  Mertie  Kamey,  Petersburg, 
Minn.,  being  exceptionally  fine.  Mr. Cooper 
is  a  success  at  teaching  practical  writing. 

.Mr  (I.  I".  Roach,  who  has  been  with  the 
ll,,lilrege  Business  College,  Holdrege,  N'eb., 
the  past  \  ear,  fa\  ored  us  with  a  large  pack- 
age oi  spei  imens  of  business  writing,  show- 
ing first  and  last  efforts  of  pupils.  Mr. 
Ilarrv  Engrnan  was  awarded  first  prize— 
/.up n  in  Script  Alphabets,  price  $2.50— for 
having  made  most  improvement.  Mr.  Wil- 
liam Lindstrom  received  first  prize  —  Pro- 
gress, price,  50c.  -for  having  done  best 
work.  Mr.  Roach  presented  these  prizes 
anil  the  editor  passed  judgment  upon  the 
specimens.  The  amount  of  improvement 
made  is  considerably  more  than  is  usually 
show  n  in  specimens  which  come  under  his 
watchful  eve.  We  therefore  wish  to  con- 
gratulate Mr.  Roach  upon  his  teaching  qual- 
ific.iti',- 


Specimens 

Received 


Mr.  James  D.  Todd,  Salt  I^ke  City,  Utah, 
swings  a  pen  of  more  than  usual  grace  and 
accuracy.  He  has  it  in  him  to  become  onp 
of  America's  finest  penmen,  and  will  doubt- 
less d"  so  ;i~  lie  is  greatly  interested  in 
penmanship,  as  well  as  business  education. 

\  splendidly  written  letter  in  ornamental 
stvle  came  from  C.  R.  Tate,  penman  in 
Bartlett's  Commercial  College,  Cincinnati, 
(  lliio.  Mr.  Tate  is  bringing  his  work  up  to  a 
very  high  standard  of  excellence,  and  if  he 
continues  to  improve,  it  will  not  be  long 
until  he  will  be  one  of  the  really  few  fine 
penmen. 

Mr.  II.  L.  Darner,  Superior,  Wis.,  writes  a 
hand  which  has  the  ear  marks  of  superi- 
ority uponit.  Mr.  Darner  can  easily  become 
one  "I  America's  finest  penmen  if  he  will 
I. ut  persevere..  The  work  he  enclosed  is  very 
graceful,  artistic  and  accurate,  unusually  so 
considering  the  fact  that  he  is  working  in 
an  office.and  has  but  little  time  for  practice. 

Some  very  breezy,  effective  signatures 
are  at  hand  from  the  nimble  pen  of  C.  W. 
Ransom,  now  located  with  the  Central  Col- 
lege,  No  1312  Grand  Ave.,  Kansas  City,  Mo., 
where  he  is  conducting  the  Ransomerian 
t  orrespondence  School  of  Penmanship. 

Mr.  M.  W.  Morron,  Hartford.  Conn.,  by  the 
aid  of  Uncle  Sam,  dropped  into  our  mail 
l>o.\  some  very  graceful,  artistic  cards  of 
many  hues  and  shades. 

When  it  comes  to  graceful,  artistic  card 
writing,  Mr.  II.  IS.  Lehman,  of  the  Chicago 
Business  College,  need  not  take  a  back  seat 
foi  anj  .itic  His  penmanship  is  noted  not 
only  for  its  grace  and  delicacy,  but  for  its 
as  well.  It  is  a  distinct  pleasure  to 
look  at  the  cards  he  swings  off. 

Some  verj  graceful  and  accurate  script 
..on.--  from  II.  J.  Ennis,  Portland,  Ore.; 
also  some   very   accurate  old  English    let- 


Cbornburgh's  mail. 

Aim  mail  intended  for  Mr.  L.  M.  Thorn- 
burgh,  between  July  and  September  1st,  of 
tin-  \,in,  should  be  addressed  to  L.  M. 
i'hornburgh,  616  Havward  Building,  San 
Krancisco,  (alii.,  care  California  Cattle  & 
i  Mr.  Thornburgh  will  spend  the 
summer  in  tin-  land  where  nature  knows  no 
limit  in  her  Iavishness  of  sunshine,  flowers, 
fruits  and  foitiiues,  looking  into  and  over 
Hi.-  properties  Of  the  company  of  which  he 
is  mi  Kn-teiii  agent.  The  report  of  the 
President.  Mr.  K.  I).  Baker,  to  the  stockhold- 
ers is  before  us,  and  is-,,ne'Vif  the  "most 
straightforward, non-technical  communica- 
tions of  the  kind  we  have  ever,read. 


manship  in  the  famed  Spencerian,  Cleve- 
land, O.,  and  is  now  owner  of  a  third  interest 
in  the  York,  Pa.,  School  of  Business  and 
Telegraphy,  Messrs.  Geo.  R.  Powell  and 
W.  H.  Bowman  being  the  other  proprietors. 

Mr.  Brown  writes  an  uncommonly  good 
engrossing  hand,  is  fine  on  text  and  other 
lettering,  and  does  good  color  work  besides. 
His  business  and  ornamental  penmanship 
are  up-to-date,  and  his  teaching  is  the  same. 

Personally,  Mr.  B.  is  as  handsome  as  his 
photo.  He  has  the  manners  of  a  polished 
gentleman,  and  is  one,  winningfriends  from 
first  sight.  He  enjovs  good  health,  due,  in  a 
large  measure,  to  the  fact  that  he  abstains 
from  strong  drinks,  tobacco  and  coffee,  and, 
when  last  we  associated  with  him.  was 
adhering  to  the  two-meal-a  day  plan,  ex- 
cept, of  course,  when  he  went  home  to  visit 
mamma.  And  be  it  said  to  his  credit  in 
closing  this  short  sketch  that  he  is  a 
"  home  "  boy  if  there  ever  was  one,  and.  you 
may  depend  upon  it,  ere  long  he'll  have 
one  of  his  own,  or  we  misjudge  events. 


Mr.  \\\  LeR,.y  Brown,  whose  physiog- 
nomy anil  signature  appear  herewith,  is  a 
Buckeye,  born  November  20. 1880,  in  Colum- 
biana County.  Since  the  age  of  thirteen  he 
has  lived  in  Alliance.  His  education  was 
secured  in  the  public  schools  and  in  the 
commercial  department  of  Mt.  Union  Col- 
lege. Alliance  He  attended  the  Zanerian, 
worked  his  way  through,  and  graduated  in 
'93,  previous  to  which  he  assisted  in  the 
office  engrossing  resolutions,  making  and 
filling  diplomas,  etc..  a  position  requiring 
no  small  amount  of  skill. 

Mr.  Brown  began  as  a  news  boy  when  he 
first  went  to  Alliance,  later  ran  an  ice 
wagon,  then  kept  books  in  a  factory,  always 
ready  to  do  any  kind  of  honorable  work. 

During  the  past  year  he  has  taught  pen- 


Ira    T.  mountz. 

The  many  friends  of  Ira  F.  Mountz  will  be 
pained  to  learn  of  his  death,  which  occurred 
Wednesday,  May  11th. 

Mr.  Mountz  has  been  proprietor  of  the 
Carlisle  (Pa.)  Commercial  College  for  a 
number  of  years,  and  by  close  application 
succeeded  in  building  up  quite  a  large  and 
successful  institution.  He  was  twice  a  stu- 
dent in  the  Zanerian  College,  having  at- 
tended in  1896  and  in  1902,  and  was  a  penman 
of  no  mean  ability. 

He  hailed  from  the  same  part  of  Cumber 
land  County,  Pa.,  which  produced  the  fol- 
lowing named  well-known  penmen:  H.  J. 
Minnich,  C.  E.  Doner  and  E.  W.  Blower. 

We  know  that  his  many  friends  will  join 
us  in  extending  to  his  family  our  deepest 
sympathy.  

Stands  First 

Enclosed  find  $1.00  for  which  please  renew 
uiv  subscription  to  THE  BUSINESS  EDU- 
CATOR for  another  vear. 

I  think  The  Business  Educator  is 
worth  many  times  the  price  asked,  and  am 
frank  to  say  that  it  stands  first  in  its  en- 
larged field.  The  department  feature  is 
something  that  no  one  who  desires  to  keep 
abreast  of  the  times  in  business  education 
can  afford  to  miss.  There  is  much  of  inter- 
est to  both  beginners  and  the  ones  who 
have  been  at  it  for  some  time. 

H.  J.  Houi, 

Massey  Bus.  College.  Louisville,  Ky. 


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Office  of  the   President  of   the   national 
federation  of  Commercial  teachers 

Milwaukee,  Wis.,  April  18, 1904. 
Editor  of  The  Business  Educator: 

My  attention  has  been  drawn  to  a  marked 
article  in  the  April  number  of  THE  BUSI- 
NESS Educator,  headed  "Federation 
Finances,"  urging  such  management  of 
the  finances  of  the  federation  as  to  enable 
it  to  publish,  in  form  for  permanent  preser- 
vation, full  report  of  its  annual  meetings 
which  I  deem  important  to  the  interests 
and  progress  of  the  cause. 

For  many  years,  dating  from  the  meeting 
held  in  Chicago  in  1865,  the  Association  of 
Commercial  Teachers  which  have  suc- 
ceeded one  another  under  different  names, 
published  in  pamphlet  form  reports  of  their 
proceedings  which  do  not  suffer  by  com- 
parison with  those  of  the  National  Fed- 
eration. 

It  is  cause  of  regret  that  the  Federation 
should  have  allowed  the  custom  of  publish- 
ing in  pamphlet  form  the  proceedings  of 
the  annual  gatherings  to  lapse.  But  for  the 
timely  and  enterprising  efforts  of  the  pro- 
fessional periodicals  in  furnishing  reports 
of  the  annual  conventions,  they  would  be 
lost  to  the  profession  at  large  and  their 
benefits  would  be  enjoyed  only  by  those 
who  attend.  In  coming  time  the  trans- 
actions of  these  meetings  will  be  regarded 
as  invaluable  contributions  to  the  history 
and  literature  of  commercial  education. 

I  desire  to  thank  you  for  urging  this  ■ 
matter  upon  the  attention  of  the  Federa- 
tion and  the  profession  in  general,  and  I 
hope  that  suitable  reports  will  be  published 
of  all  future  meetings  of  the  Federation  and 
the  local  associations.  In  this  connection 
I  desire  to  suggest  that  much  good  to  the 
cause  may  be  accomplished  by  some  ar- 
rangement by  which  the  proceedings  of  the 
National  Federation,  the  Eastern  and 
other  associations  may  be  published  to- 
gether in  one  volume,  thereby  gaining 
wider  circulation  and  influence. 

Again  thanking  you  for  your  timely 
article,  I  am,  Faithfully  yours, 

ROBERT  C.  SPENCER, 

Pres.  Nat'l  Fed.  of  Commercial  Teachers. 


Mr.  S.  M.  Blue,  whose  work  and  photo 
appear  on  this  page,  is  again  in  the  office  of 
The  Business  Educator,  having  charge 
of  the  subscription  department.  Our  read- 
ers will  be  pleased  to  know  that  from  this 
on  more  of  his  work  will  appear  in  The 
Business  Educator.  He  has  several  sur- 
prises in  store  in  the  way  of  attractive 
specimens  that  will  be  sure  to  delight  the 
many  admirers  of  his  fine  penmanship. 

Mr.  Blue  was  recently  married,  securing  a 
most  estimable  helpmate  in  the  person  of 
Miss  Maude  Jacobs,  of  New  Helena,  Xebr. 
Mrs.  Blue  is  alsoa  lover  of  fine  penmanship, 
and  with  her  encouragement,  we  predict 
that  Mr.  Blue  will  now  turn  out  finer  work 
than  ever  before.    Watch  for  it. 


Hn  Error. 

In  the  "Convention  Notes"  of  the  E.  C.T.  A. 
in  the  May  number  of  THE  BUSINESS  EDU- 
CATOR, oiircorrespondent  said:  "Meanwhile 
the  ubiquituous  and  irrepressible  John  F. 
Soby  bestowed  a  cheerful  word  here  and  a 
hearty  hand  clasp  there,  adding  to  his 
already  handsome  collection  of  friends." 

That  is  the  way  our  correspondent  wrote 
it,  but  through  a  mistake  of  the  printer, 
irrepressible  was  changed  to  irresponsible. 

The  copy  was  all  right,  Mr.  Soby  is  always 
all  right,  but  the  typesetting  and  proof 
reading  were  all  wrong.  Ye  editor,  in  proof 
reading,  read  what  was  in  his  own  mind 
rather  than  what  the  "irresponsible"  type 
setter  put  on  paper  — hence  the  embarrass- 
ing and  inexcusable  error. 


Book  Reviews 


_J> 


"World's  Commerce  and  American  In- 
dustries," Graphically  Illustrated  by  86 
plates,  prepared  by  John  J.  Macfarlane, 
A.  M.,  Librarian  of  the  Philadelphia  Com- 
mercial Museum,  published  by  the  Phila- 
delphia Commercial  Museum,  Philadel- 
phia) Pa.  Price  50c.  The  book  contains  112 
pa^es  and  is  printed  on  the  finest  cream 
plate  paper  and  profusely  illustrated  by 
carefully  prepared  plates.  The  book  pre- 
sents in  the  tersest  manner  possible  the 
relative  proportion  of  the  world's  trade  of 
many  of  the  more  important  nations  as  well 
as  of  the  leading  cities  of  the  United  States. 
To  manufacturers,  as  well  as  to  teachers  of 
commerce,  the  book  is  a  valuable  and 
unique  contribution. 

Isaac  Pitman  &  Sons,  31  Union  Square, 
New  York,  will  issue  on  June  15,  "Pitman's 
Journal,"  devoted  to  the  Isaac  Pitman 
Shorthand,  Typewriting,  and  Commercial 
Education.  It  will  be  an  American  Maga 
zine  for  Isaac  Pitman  teachers  and  writers, 
issued  quarterly  on  March  15th,  June  15th, 
September  15th,  and  December  15th.  Each 
number  of  the  Journal  will  consist  of  from 
twenty  to  twenty-four  pages,  size  7'L.x!i;l4, 
and  will  include  six  or  more  columns  of 
beautifully  engraved  Phonography.  Cur- 
rent topics  of  interest  will  appear  by  contri- 
butors of  reputation  and  experience, making 
the  Journal  of  the  highest  usefulness  to 
both  the  beginner  and  experienced  teacher. 
It  will  be  printed  by  J.  J.  Little  A-  Co.,  print 
ers  of  the  "Standard  Dictionary,"  and 
"Pearson's  Magazine,"  which  is  a  guarantee 
of  typographical  excellence.  The  yearly 
subscription  is25cents  postpaid.  "Pitman's 
Journal"  has  been  selected  by  the  National 
Association  of  Isaac  Pitman  Shorthand 
Teachers  as  its  official  organ. 

"Letter  Gauge,"  by  Mr.  G.  II.  Bntchen- 
kircher,  Lafayette,  Itid.,  price  25c,  is  a  very 
simple  novel  device  for  block  lettering.  A 
well  written  letter  in  shaded  base  writing, 
fresh  from  the  pen  of  the  author,  accompan- 
ies the  device. 


^)l*ef^u^Ln^i>£<4^&a>Wr  & 


Draughon's  Prosperity. 

On  May  1,  one  year  ago.  Prof.  J.  F.  Drau- 
ghon, who,  lifteen  years  aen,  established  the 
first  one  of  Draughon's  Practical  Business 
Colleges,  merged  his  schools  into  a  Stock 
Company  with  a  capital  of  $300,000.00. 

PROSPEROUS  YEAR. 

This,  the  tirst  vear  of  the  company,  has 
been  a  verv  prosperous  one;  the  net  earn- 
ings would  permit  the  company  to  pay  a 
dividend  of  fourteen  percent.  It  will  next 
week  mail  out  checks  to  its  stockholders, 
paying.eight  percent  dividends  in  cash  and 
place  the  balance  to  credit  of  Surplus  Fund 
to  help  meet  the  cost  of  the  new  three-story 
building  at  the  home  office,  which  will  cost, 
Including  a  front  extension,  over  $20,000.00. 
RECEIPTS  PAST  YEAR,  $99,775.72. 

The  total  receipts  of  the  company  during 
the  past  year  for  tuition  and  text  books 
published'  by  the   Company  amounted    to 

$99,775.72. 

The  net  earnings  of  the  company  for  the 
past  vear  are  exceedingly  encouraging,  es- 
pecially so  considering  the  fact  that  a  great 
deal  of  extra  expense  has  been  incurred  by 
reason  of  it  tiling  its  charter  in  eleven  states 
where  the  Company  has  schools,  and  the  fur- 
ther  fact  that  the  Company  has  opened  four 
new  schools  during  the  past  year.  In  addi- 
tion to  the  above  and  other  expenses,  the 
ly  pays  to  the  teachers  and  other 
iployes  salaries  which   exceed  $30,000  per 


obstruction  of  the  intestines  six  weeks  ago, 
states: 

"I  am  now  feeling  exceedingly  well.  I 
feel  that  the  result  of  the  operation  is  the 
second  coming  of  Draughon.  That  my 
physical  condition  has  sufficiently  im- 
proved to  back  up  the  new  energy  recently 
taken  on ;  hence  it  is  needless  to  "say  that  I 
have  taken  on  new  hope  and  anticipations 
for  the  future."— NashiiiJe  (Teno.J  Amer- 
ican.  

national   Association  of  Isaac 

Pitman  Shorthand 

Ceachcrs. 

One  of  the  most  enthusiastic  gatherings 
of  commercial  teachers  representing  the 
adherents  of  a  particular  system  of  short- 
hand, was  held  in  the  Miller  School,  New 
York,  on  Saturday,  April  22,  to  elect  officers 


for  the  number  who  had  announced  their 
intention  of  being  present.  Professor  F.  E. 
Wood  kindly  offered  the  use  of  the  immense 
auditorium  of  his  school,  and  the  teachers 
met  there  on  the  following  Saturday  to 
make  further  preparations  and  report  pro- 
gress, after  which  they  were  royally  ban 
queted  at  the  Harlem  Casino  as  the  guests 
of  Professor  Wood. 

The  adherents  of  the  Isaac  Pitman  system 
of  shorthand  in  America  have  long  felt  that 
they  should  be  represented  by  an  associa- 
tion and  when  a  call  was  sent  out  to  the 
teachers  of  the  Eastern  States,  it  was 
scarcely  a  surprise  to  the  promoters  of  the 
association  to  have  it  received  so  enthusi- 
astically and  to  have  theleading  exponents 
of  the  system  unanimously  offer  to  devote 
not  only  their  time,  but  whatever  funds 
were  necessary  to  make  the  association  a 
success. 

The  aim  of  the  association,  while  it  also 
provides  for  writers  of  the  system,  is  mainly 
for  the  uplifting  and  elevating  of  the  stand- 
ard of  the  teaching  profession.  For  this 
purpose  normal  classes  have  been  formed 
under  the  supervision  of  the  Dean,  and 
regular  examinations  will  be  held  for  the 
awarding  of  certificates  of  various  grades, 
and  a  Summer  School  is  also  proposed  for 
the  benefit  of  teachers  living  at  a  distance. 


When  the  Company  was  organized  one 
year  ago  it  began  business  without  a  dollar's 
assets,  with  the  exception  of  college  fix- 
tures and  the  established  business.  When 
the  Company  was  organized,  Prof.  J.  F. 
Draughon,  the  founder  of  the  schools  and 
now  president  of  the  Company,  accepted 
$175,000.00  worth  of  stock  for  the  established 
business.  Since  that  time  about  $30,000.00 
worth  of  the  stock  has  been  contracted  for 
by  teachers  and  managers. 

(  me  of  the  main  objects  in  organizing  the 
Stock  Company  was  to  require  teachers  and 
managers  to  purchase  a  reasonable  amount 
oi  stoi  k  in  order  to  guarantee  personal  in- 
terest, and  to  make  the  business  co-opera- 
tive. The  stock  has  never  been  put  on  the 
market  for  sale,  although  quite  a  nu  ruber  in 
different  states  who  are  not  connected  with 
the  schools  have  purchased  stock. 

STOCK   NOW  AT  A  PREMIUM. 

Stock  has  previously  sold  at  parfor$25  per 
share,  but  will  not  afterthis, except  to  those 
who  ba\e  previously  contracted  for  it,  be 
Bold  for  less  than  live  percent  premium, 
and  the  Company  has  no  desire  to  sell  a 
large  block  of  stock  to  any  one  person.    The 

i  I v.  which   now  has  twelve  schools. 

will  soon  open  schools  in  Knoxville.  Mem- 
phis. Richmond,  Evansville,  Waco  and 
other  places. 

Prof.  J.  F.  Draughon,  who  is  now  back  in 
bis  office  after  undergoing  an  operation  of  a 
very  serious   nature    for    appendicitis    and 


BY  A.  R.  BURNETTE,  BOWLING    CiREEN,  KY. 


and  revise  the  constitution  of  the  National 
Association  of  Isaac  Pitman  Shorthand 
Teachers.  Almost  every  seat  in  the  Com- 
mercial Hall  of  that  large  school  was  occu- 
pied by  adherents  of  the  system,  many  of 
whom  had  made  great  sacrifices  to  be 
present,  while  the  secretary  received 
numerous  communications  expressing  re- 
gret on  the  part  of  others  on  their  inability 
to  be  present.  On  the  two  preceding  Satur- 
days, meetings  were  held  for  the  purpose  of 
organizing.  The  first  was  held  in  the 
Assembly  room  of  the  Harlem  Commercial 
Institute,  67-69  West  125th  Street,  but  the 
attendance  was  so  large  thatit  was  thought 
best  to  select  a  place  for  the  next  meeting 
that  would  have  adequate  accommodations 


The  association  meets  at  stated  periods, 
and  an  annual  meeting,  at  which  it  is  ex- 
pected delegates  will  be  present  from  all 
quarters  of  the  United  States  and  Canada, 
will  be  held  in  April  of  each  vear. 

The  official  organ  of  the  Association  will 
be  PITMAN'S  Journal,  which  will  be  issued 
quarterly  for  the  first  year  and  monthly 
thereafter. 

The  following  is  a  list  of  the  officers  for 
the  present  year:  President,  William  Hope, 
A.  M.,  Harlem  Commercial  Institute;  Vice- 
presidents,  J.  C.  Roberts.  Wood's  .New  York 
School  of  Business  and  Shorthand  ;  Miss  M. 
Y.  Smvthe  Merchants  &  Hankers'  School, 
and  Miss  E.  V.  Bovlan.  DeWitt  Clinton  High 
School;  Secretary,  Robert  A.  Kells,  Kelts' 
School  of  Shorthand;  Treasurer,  Arthur 
Sennett,  Merchants  &  Bankers'  School; 
Dean  of  Education,  William  Hope,  A.  M. ; 
Corresponding  Secretary,  Miss  Florence  M. 
Pindar,  31  Union  Square.  The  following 
are  the  committees:  Executive  —  Charles 
E.  Smith,  Wood's  Brooklyn  School;  Charles 
T.  Piatt,  Kagan's  Business  College,  Hobo- 
ken,  N.  I. ;  George  K.  Hinds, Girls'  Technical 
High  School.  Examining- Charles  M.  Mil- 
ler, The  Miller  School;  Abram  Rosenblum, 
High  School  of  Commerce;  Thomas  J.  Man- 
ning, Manhattan  School  of  Commerce. 
Membership—  F.  S.  Maxwell,  Wood's  New- 
York  School  of  Business  and  Shorthand; 
George  W.  Bird,  Bronx  Borough  Business 
Institute;  Charles  Edwards,  Central  Busi- 
ness School,  Brooklyn,  N.  Y'. 


■/4C-0*A 


"L^T  ~££>a^^Ls&7- 


^- 


■^r^^ 


^^-v 


Interesting 

News  Items 


K.  A.  Grant,  of  the  commercial  depart- 
ment of  the  Rockford  illl.i  High  School,  has 
been  elected  first  assistant  in  the  new 
Yeatman  High  School, St. Louis.  Mr.  Grant 
is  one  of  the  best  teachers  and  one  of  the 
finest  young  men  in  the  profession.  He  is 
going  to  a  field  worthy  of  his  best  labor. 
Both  parties  to  this  engagement  are  to  be 
congratulated. 

F.  W.  Martin,  a  well-trained  Zanerian  of 
ome  years  ago,  has  just  been  engaged  to 
andle  penmanship  and  the  commercial 
Ubjects- in  the  Troy  (N.  Y.t  Business  Col- 
?ge.  Mr.  Martin  has  been  working  this  vear 
nth  E.  L.  Brown,  of  Rockland,  Me.,  where 
ie  has  had  much  practical  en  grossing  work, 
in  which  lie  shows  superior  ability. 

F.  M.  Booth,  of  Madison,  Tnd.,  will  handle 
the  shorthand  department  of  the  State 
Business  College,  of  Minneapolis,  next  year. 
This  is  a  new  school,  organized  by  Geo.  A. 
Colder,  C.  S.  Atkinson,  and  M.  A.  Albin.  D. 
S.  Hill,  of  Evansville,  Ind.,  will  have  charge 
of  the  commercial  and  penmanship  work. 
The  combination  is  a  strong  one,  and  is 
sure  to  win. 

Atlee  L.  Percy,  recently  of  Marion,  Ind., 
has  been  substituting  in  the  Reading  (Pa.) 
Boys'  High  School,  but  not  being  pleased 
with  conditions  there,  he  has  accepted  an 
appointment  as  head  of  the  new  commercial 
department  to  be  established  in  the  Mans- 
field (Ohio)  High  School 'next  fall.  Mr. 
Percy  is  a  well-trained  teacher,  and  he  goes 
to  an  excellent  school. 

J.  E-  Plummer,  of  Muncie,  Ind.,  has  re- 
cently begun  teaching  for  A.  G.  Sine,  of  the 
Mountain  State  Business  College,  Parkers- 
burg,  W.  Ya. 

E.  O.  Folsom,  of  Milwaukee,  will  have 
charge  of  the  commercial  department  of  the 
Fitchburg  (Mass.)  Business  College,  next 
year.  One  of  the  best  commercial  teachers 
and  a  school  manager  of  high  ideals  have 
come  together,  most  fortunately  for  both. 

J.  J.  D'Arcv,  who  has  had  charge  of  the 
shorthand  department  of  H.  C.  Clark's 
Coatesville  (Pa.)  Business  College,  began 
June  1,  to  teach  for  J.  J.  Egan,  in  his  new- 


New  York  school.  Mr.  D'Arcy  is  a  well-edu- 
cated gentleman,  and  an  expert  shorthand 
writer  and  teacher. 

W.  A.  Arnold,  of  Temple  College,  has  been 
re-elected    for    next    year,  at  an   increased 


Miss  T.  Louise  May,  of  Tillsonburg,  Ont., 
has  taken  charge  of  the  shorthand  depart- 
ment of  the  Knoxville  (Tenn.)  Business 
College,  and  is  giving  excellent  satisfaction. 

Mr.  Geo.  G.  Wright,  of  Yassalboro,  Me., 
has  been  appointed  assistant  commercial 
teacher  in  the  Department  of  Commerce,  of 
Rohert  College,  Constantinople.  He  will 
sail  in  August.  Bis  superior,  Mr.  I.  E.  Dwyer, 
sailed  last  month.  Mr.  Wright  is  a  grad- 
uate of  Burdett  College,  Boston,  and  is  well 
prepared  for  his  work. 


A.  T.  Scoville,  of  Brown's  Business  Col- 
lege, Galesburg,  111.,  will  have  charge  of  the 
commercial  department  of  the  Pennsyl- 
vania Business  College,  Lancaster,  Pa., 
next  year.  He  is  one  of  the  most  promising 
of  the  younger  teachers,  and  he  is  sure  to 
make  a  good  record  in  the  Keystone  State. 

C.  A.  Gruenig,  of  Roanoke.  Va.,  has  en- 
gaged with  S.  I.  Wood,  of  Newark,  N.  J. 

T.  W.  Ovens,  of  Sheboygan,  Wis.,  has 
bought  the  Minnesota  Normal  and  Business 
College,  of  Minneapolis. 

The    Central    College   Journal,  of 

Denver,  comes  to  us  full  of  short,  interest- 
ing paragraphs,  the  kind  that  lure  one  on 
from  thought  to  thought,  until  unconscious- 
ly he  has  read  it  all.  L.A.Arnold  is  an  aggres- 
sive school  manager  who  knows  the  busi- 
ness thoroughly. 

"The  Man  and  the  Machine"  is  the  title  of 
a  handsomely  illustrated  booklet  that 
comes  to  our  desk  from  the  Smith  Premier 
Typewriter  Company.  They  are  doing  a 
mammoth  business,  to  judge  by  the  magni- 
tude of  the  buildings  they  occupy. 

R.  J.  Maclean,  the  dynamic  Business 
Manager  of  the  Goldey  College, Wilmington, 
Delaware,  keeps  the  business  men  from  go- 
ing to  sleep  down  there-  As  Chairman  of 
the  membership  Committee  of  the  Board  of 
Trade,  he  has  full  swing  for  that  part  of  his 
energy  which  is  not  used  up  In  making 
Goldey's  one  of  the  foremost  schools  in  the 
East.  " 


Look 


it    for 


;  tli< 


mnouncements 
September  number.  There  will  be  a  shak- 
ing up  of  the  bones  that,  though  not  so  dry 
now  as  they  were  when  we  started  in  three 
or  four  years   ago   to   show   the   profession 


what  it  was  possible  to  do  in  the  way  of 
getting  out  a  professional  journal,  worthy 
of  the  cause,  are  still  dry  enough  to  do  a 
little  rattling.  When  you  see  the  Septem- 
ber number,  you  will  be  with  us,  and  all 
your  friends  and  students.  Next  year  will 
be  the  banner  vear  for  THE  EDUCATOR. 


march  numbers  Desired. 

Friends  having  copies  of  the  March  Bus 
NESS  EDUCATOR  that  can  be  spared  wi 
confer  a  favor  on  the  publishers  by  mailin 
them  to  the  publication  office. 


Business  education  at  the  World's  ?air. 

We  are  conducting  a  "  live  school  "  at  the 
World's  Fair  with  teachers  and  students 
present  and  at  work.  We  are  illustrating 
our  methods  of  teaching,  as  well  as  the 
skill  of  our  students.  We  also  exhibit  the 
leading  commercial  text  books  now  in  use 
in  the  business  colleges  of  the  country.  We 
also  show  a  large  and  interesting  collection 
of  written  work  by  students  in  the  various 
branches  of  our  course. 

We  occupy  the  entire  south-west  corner 
of  the  Palace  of  Education,  floor  space  and 
walls.  Our  location  is  ideal  and  stands 
nearer  to  the  "  great  central  picture  "  of  the 
Fair  than  any  other  exhibit.  We  extend  to 
all  commercial  teachers  of  the  country  a 
most  cordial  invitation  to  make  our  exhibit 
their  headquarters  while  visiting  this  most 
wonderful  fair.  G.  W.   BROWN, 

Pres.  and  Manager.  Brown's  Bus.  College. 
World's  Fair,  St.  Louis,  Mo  . 
June  1,1904. 


The  Salem  Commercial  School,  Salem,  Mass., 
requires  the  services  of  a  thoroughly  capable 
man  to  manage  its  Commercial  Department. 
Address,  giving  full  information  and  refer- 
ences, Geo.  P.  Lord,  Prin.,  Salem,  Mass. 


Oy 

r 

5 

The  Card  Writer 

Writes    cards    at 
15c.     per     dozen. 

Mt. 

sure     to 

Morris, 

please. 

/// 

Orde 

r    tod 

e.     Fine  i 

n,l 

TEACHERS  WANTED! 

We  have  twelve  colleges  established  and  expect 
to  open  more, 
ugers,  solicitoi 
the  Graham  s> 

DRAUGHON'S  PRACTICAL  BUSINESS 

COLLEGE  CO., 
NASHVILLE,  -  -  -  TEHN. 


?f  I  ve  fii  tUli %ebb  i^UtcciXk  i  *   &> 


School  and 

Professional 


The  Northwestern  Business  College.  Chi- 
cago, 111..  1.  I''.  Fish,  Principal,  reports  :i 
prosperous  condition  of  their  school.  Nearly 
one  hundred  new  desks  have  recently  been 
added  to  the  Business  and  English  depart- 
nietits,    I, ringing    the    seating    capacity    to 

aearl]    I hundred.      This  is  the  natural 

result  of  conscientious  endeavor.  Brother 
li-h  hns  a  hosl  of  friends  throughout  the 
profession,  due  to  the  enthusiasm  which 
has  always  characterized  his  relations  to 
penmen  and  business  educators. 

William  B.  Curtis  has  been  retained  as 
Principal  of  the  Commercial  Department  of 
the  Dunkirk  High  School  for  the  year  1901-5 
at  a  very  material  advance  in  salary.  This 
is  the  thi til  increase  in  salary  that  the  Board 
of  Education  has  given  Mr.  Curtis  during 
the  three  years  that  he  has  been  connected 
with  their  Commercial  department,  and 
tin-  fad  certainly  speaks  well  of  the  success 
of  his  w.nk  as  a  commercial  teacher. 

On  April  '-'.  1904,  the  second  annual  prize 
contest     of     Yocum's     Practical     Business 

SC1 1   was    held    at    the    Massillon,    Ohio, 

Business  College.  There  were  a  great  many 
contestants  and  there  were  a  large  number 
of  valuable  prizes  given  to  the  successful. 
Contests  were  given  in  shorthand,  type- 
writing, spelling,  penmanship,  and  rapid 
calculation. 

The  Mansfield  Business  College  and  Ohio 
Business  College,  of  Mansfield,  Ohio,  have 
been  consolidated.  The  new  institution  will 
be  known  as  the  Mansfield-Ohio  Consoli- 
dated I  ollege,  under  the  management  of 
Mr.  P.  \V.  Frederick,  of  Mansfield,  and  Mr. 
II    '..  ■locum,  of  Massillon. 

This  consolidation  business  seems  to  be 
the  order  of  the  day.  Bliss  Business  Uni- 
versity and  the  Anderson  Business  School, 
of  Anderson,  linl.,  have  been  merged  into 
one  institution  under  the  management  of 
the  Indiana  Business  College  Company. 
Mr.  \V.  H.  Carrier  remains  at  the  head  of 
the  institution. 

Mr.  D.  W.  Hoff,  Supervisor  of  Writing  and 
Drawing  in  the  Lawrence,  Mass.,  Public 
SchoolB,  in  April  gave  a  talk  to  the  teachers 
of  A  tlili.ro.  M;i-s..  and  in  May  addressed 
the  teachers  of  Pawtucket,  R.  I. 

Mi  (J.  P.  Selvidge,  of  The  Gainesville, 
Texas,  Business  College,  has  established  a 
ii,  w  -.  hool  ut  Ardmore,  Ind.  Ty..  which  he 
reports  has  opened  with  very  fine  prospects. 
We  learn  that  the  school  is  elegantly 
equipped  and  in  a  splendid  territory  to 
Inn  Id  up  a  large  and  flourishing  institution. 

Mr.  C.  A.  Wessel,  the  well-known  commer- 
cial teacher,  who  lias  for  many  years  been 
connected  with  the  Ferris  Institute,  Big 
Rapids,  Mich.,  has  purchased  a  half  interest 
in  the  Lansing  Business  University,  Lans- 
ing. Mich.,  and  will  move  there  in  August. 
Mr.  Wrssel  N  an  exceptional  man,  both  as 
,  oncerns  character  and  qualifications,  and 
we   predict   for  the   institution   unbounded 

The  Massachusetts  College  of  Commerce 
has  recently  been  organized  and  incorpor- 
ated.  The  officers  are:  II.  W.  Pelton,  Presi- 
dent: George  P.  Lord,  Vice-President;  C.  C. 
Dexter,  Secretary-Treasurer.  Messrs.  Pel- 
ton  and  Dexter  have  been  associated  as 
proprietors  oi  the  Lynn  Business  College, 
Lynn, for  the  lasl  ten  years,  and  Mr.  Lord 
ha-  been  the  proprietor  of  the  Salem  Corn- 
School  for  about  the  same  length 
of  time. 

It  i-  their  plan  to  develop  a  thoroughly 
first-class  business  school  in  Huston,  and 
they  have  interested  sufficient  capital  to 
enable  them  to  hire  thoroughly   first-class 

Thev  have  secured  a  lease  of  one  floor  of 
One  of  the  most  beautiful  buildings  in  the 
nh  ..I  Boston  in  Huntington  Chambers, 
opp,  isite  <  .opley  Square. 

Thej  shall  i  ontinue  to  conduct  the  Lynn 
and  Salem  schools  as  in  the  past.  Mr. 
Pelton  will  In-  resident  manager  of  the 
Massachusetts  College  of  Commerce.  Mr. 
Dexter  will  have  charge  of  the  Lynn  Busi- 


iii.-- School,  and  Mr.  Lord  will  remain  in 
his  present  position  a  -  manager  of  the  Salem 
Commercial  School. 

This  is  the  day  of  big  things  and  quick 
work,  and  we  doubt  not  that  these  capable 
and  enterprising  gentlemen  will  soon  have 
established  in  Boston  one  of  the  largest  and 
finest  business  colleges  in  this  country. 

Mr.  J.  A.  Prowinsky,  Dixon,  111.,  has  ac- 
cepted a  position  with  the  Williams  Busi- 
ness College,  of  Oshkosh,  Wis.,  as  instructor 
of  penmanship  and  commercial  branches. 


..r-^yTs 


/^^•fc.. 


Catalogs 


and  Circulars 


For  September. 


We  have  on  hand  for  the  September  num- 
ber, a  beautiful  full  page  engraving  of  a 
handsome  piece  of  engrossing  from  Mr.  P. 
W.  Costello,  Scranton,  Pa.,  with  accom- 
panying instructions  to  do  that  line  of 
work. 


FOR  SALE 


Good  reas 

DOMINION.  C 


less    School    in   New- 
State.       Good     loca- 
tion.     Will  be  sold  cheap, 
for  selling.    Address, 

:  Business  Educator, 
bus.  Ohio. 


The  Waterloo  (la.)  Business  College,  A.  F. 
Harvey,  President,  is  issuing  a  4K  page  cata- 
log advertising  that  institution.  The  read- 
ing matter  and  illustrations  are  of  such 
character  as  to  create  the  impression  that 
the  school  is  an  up-to-date,  practical  insti- 
tution ;  and  such  it  is. 

The  Auto  Pen  &  Ink  Mfg.  Co.,  Chicago, 
111.,  are  sending  out  an  excellent  line  of 
folders  advertising  their  specialties.  This 
firm  is  by  all  odds  the  most  extensive  of  its 
kind,  due  to  three  causes;  first,  to  the  right 
kind  of  goods;  second,  to  hustle;  and  third, 
to  straight  forward  dealing. 

The  Northwestern  Business  College,  Chi- 
cago, 111  ,  issues  a  very  neat,  well  written, 
and  illustrated  20  page,  envelope  size,  circu- 
lar. 


AUTO  PEN  &,  INK  MFG.  CO. 

40  DEARBORN  ST.,  CHICAGO,  ILL. 

WE     MANUFACTURE 

FAUST'S  AUTOMATIC  SHADING  PEBS  AMD  INKS,  they  are  the  best  that  skill  and  exper- 
ience can  produce,  and  are  used  by  thousands  of  artists  and  students  all  over  the  world. 
Many  schools  are  using  our  special  outfits  in  their  classes  with  the  best  of  results. 


SPECIAL     $5.00     OUTFIT 

supplies  are  especially  selected  with  the  view  of  placing  : 
variety  of  valuable  and  usable  material  at  a  minimum  cot 


the   hands  of  Aitti 


natic  Fen  Let- 


1  25 

1  00 


All  the  above  goods  sent, 


One  bottle  Gold  Ink         - 
One  bottle  Adhesive  Ink,  1  oz. 
One  bottle  White  Ink,  1  oz. 
One  Screw-head  File        - 
One  Pencil  Compass         - 
One  Stick  Lecturer's  Crayon 
Fifty  sheets  Cross  ruled  Practice  Paper, 
doaole  guide  lines         - 

s  charges  prepaid,  for  85.00. 


SPECIAL     $2.50     OUTFIT 


Kaii>t'-  Compendium  of  Automati 

teringand  Design!)  (same  as  ah 

:t  Si/.t->  i»t  Automatic  Pens,  making 


liffei 


91  i 


35 


1  Bottle  of  Adhesive  Ink      - 

1  Bottle  of  Gold  Ink         ...         - 

2  Packages  of  each  —  Metallu-.-..  Flock  and  ( 


3  Colors  of  Automatic  Shading  Pen  Ink 

This  outfit  sent,  express  charges  prepaid,  for  $2  50 

SPECIAL     $1.00     OUTFIT 

I  Bottle 


1  Set  of  Instruction  sheets,  showing  alpha- 
bets, and  correct  term  of  letters,  pen  hold- 
ing, etc.       -  .-___.• 

1  si/esut  Automatic  Pens,  making  3  differ- 
ent strokes        

2  Colors  of  Automatic  Shading  Pen  Ink 


IS 


1  Ha 


lllls 


■ith 


s-Ruled   Pra 


This  outtit  sent,  express  charges  prepaid,  tor  81  00. 

All  those  who   desire  to  buy  only  single  articles,  and  would,  therefore,  not  be  interested  In  the 
outfits,  will  find  the  following  list  of  interest: 

Metallies.  Bronzes.  Flocks,  10  different 


$1.25 

above 


Faus 

fails 


Col, 


■:. I  «■ 


■  lines 


nk.  in 


Itlank  i '..lined  Paper. 8x11,  for  «  Into,.,  k., 

mk.  nm  Bheota 

Cross  l.iil.d   Practice   Paper,  50  -feet-.  ."', 
Im  sheets         ------- 

Pastel  '  loloi  -    inn    .  nl'ii    pel  stick 

Lecturer's  Crayon,  nnv  color,  per  stick 


1   package,  12c, 


e.  loc.  3  for 

Ashbv    Combination    Hard    Rubber  Oblique 

Holder,    Professional,    tinest    made 
Ki.i'kii  Holder,  best  business  holder 
Writing    Pens.    "Fine    Writer,  F."  for  tine 

penmanship,  gins. 
Wi  iting  Pens 


•  Student 
business  writing,  gro: 
s.ieiinecken   Pi 

Soeiinccken  Pens.  Double  1- 

Imiia  Ink',  for  dr 


Choice,  T." 
Single   Pointed,  any  I 
d, any  i 
ing.  water  proof 


If  you  do  not  see  on  this  list  the  artie'e  you  want,  write  to  us  at  once.     We  can  g. 
anything  that  is  in  the  market  and  will  serve  you  promptly  and  faithfully. 

We  make  a  specialty  of  executing  orders  in  all  lines  of  pen  v  - 
sing  diploma  work,  etc  ,  and  shall  be  pleased  lo  furnish  estimates. 

We  want  to  hear  from  von  with  orders       Remember  when  yc 
what  the  goods  w  11  cost  you.    Wi  pav  the  ,xpr---  c>-arq»-:  n»m  competitor-  o  .  n  i 

Do  not  order  on  a  postal  card.     No  accounts  opened  lor  small  amounts  or 
unknown  to  us.    Stamps  taken.     Prices  for  large  quantities  sent  upon  applicat 
SEE  OUR  ANNOUNCEMENT   IN   THIS    NUMBER 


card  writing,  c 
nber  when  you  buy  of  us  you  kne 


ItrjIlSt 

duals 


AUTO  PEN  &  INK  MFG.  CO. 


40    DEARBORN    ST., 
CHICAGO,    ILLINOIS 


|   CfUv-tsrUtLcsrrl  <z^W  Jg^£^^Lg>^--<*>-^,£<i.3-^^  c^^73^^U^n^u€^cCi^c^^<rr-   | 


ENVELOPE  SUPERSCRIPTION  BY  FRANCIS  B.  COURTNEY,  LA  CROSSE,  WIS.,  WHOSE  PENMANSHIP  IS  FAMOUS  FOR  DASH  AND  DAINTINES 


King's  Business  College.  Raleigh,  N.  C  is 
issuing  a  splendidly  illustrated,  well  print* 
ed,  8  page  circular  "in  the  interest  of  their 
institution. 

Jacobs  Business  College,  Dayton,  Ohio,  is 
issuing  a  'K)  page  catalog,  coyered  in  green 
with  embossed  title  in  gold,  printed  on  fin- 
est coated  paper.  The  illustrations  are  very 
telling  and  not  too  numerous.  From  it  we 
get  the  impression  that  the  institution  is 
well  furnished,  practically  equipped,  and 
the  course  of  instruction  thorough  and 
practical. 

The  Forty-seventh  Annual  Prospectus  of 
the  Packard  Commercial  School,  of  New 
York  City,  is  before  us,  and  a  model  booklet 
it  is;  model  in  size,  in  shape,  in  quality,  in 
text,  and  in  illustrations.  Rich,  reddish 
brown  top  and  side  headings  instead  of  red 
would,  we  believe,  have  been  more  in  har- 
mony with  the  brown  colored  cover. 

Diplomas  and  Certificates,  Kinsley  Studio, 
New  York,  is  the  title  of  a  profusely  illus- 
trated, twenty-page,  cream  colored  circular, 
advertising  diplomas,  engrossing,  and  sta- 
tionery as  put  out  by  this  modern,  progress- 
ive, reliable  firm.  Any  one  interestsd  in 
these  lines  would  do  well  to  secure  a  copy 
of  this  catalog. 

Circulars,  journals,  folders,  blotters,  etc., 
etc.,  were  received  from  the  following: 
Trainer  &  Calvert's  School.  Perth  Amboy, 
N.  J. ;  Dubois,  Pa.,  College  of  Business ;  Par- 
sons, Kas.,  Business  College;  Call's  College, 
Pittsburgh,  Pa.;  Beald's  Business  College, 
San  Francisco,  Calif.;  Nebraska  Business 
and  Shorthand  College,  Omaha,  Xeb. ;  Cen 
tral  Business  College,  Denver,  Col. ;  Holmes 
Business  College,  Portland,  Ore.;  Caxton 
Engraving  Company,  Cleveland,  Ohio; 
McAllen's  Business  College,  Knoxville, 
Tenn.;  Selvidge  Business  College,  Ardmore, 
Ind.  Ty.;  Miller  School  of  Business,  New 
York;  Hammond  Publishing  Company, 
Lansing,  Michigan  ;  Great  Western  Normal 
and  Business  College,  Webb  City,  Mo.; 
Rasmussen  Practical  Business  School, 
Stillwater,  Minn.;  McGill  University,  Mont- 
real; Brown's  Business  I'niveraity,  Adrian, 
Mich.;  McPlierscn  College.  McPherson, 
Kas. ;  Mosher  Shorthand,  ( imaha,  Neb. 

A  32  page  Prospectus  of  the  100  page  hand- 
book, which  is  being  issued  by  the  National 
Commercial  Teachers'  Agency  of  Beverly, 
Mass.,  E.  E.  Gaylord,  Manager,  is  before  us, 
and  it  is  a  most  complete,  convincing, 
artistic,  straightforward  presentation  of 
the  methods  and  aims  of  the  Agency.  If 
quality  is  the  criterion,  then  this  handbook 
bespeaks  high-grade  service.  Commercial 
school  proprietors  and  teachers  would  do 
well  to  secure  a  copy  of  it  without  delay,  as 
it  contains,  besides  information  relative  to 
the  Agency,  beautiful  vignetted  portraits 
and  facsimile  signatures  of  about  one  hun- 
dred of  the  foremost  commercial  school 
men,  teachers,  and  penmen  in  America. 


WANTED 

Two  young  men,  one  first-class  in  com- 
mercial branches  and  the  other  first-class 
in  Eclectic  Shorthand,  to  take  an  interest 
and  teach  in  a  splendid  school  in  the  East. 
Only  small  cash  investment  required.  Send 
references  and  full  particulars  will  be  sent 
at  once.    Address 

M.  S.  S., 
Care  Business  Educator,  Columbus,  O. 


PAPER, 

Embossed  Stationery 

(Name  of  school,  etc.),  put  up  in  handsome  special  boxes, 
(24  sheets  and  24  envelopes),  in  various  grades  and  shades, 
sold  as  low  as  25   cents  a  box  and  upward. 

Practice  Paper 

$1.30  a  ream  (960  sheets)  ;  $1.20  a  ream  in  5  ream 
lots. 

Artist  Penman's  Paper 

$2  a  ream  (960  sheets)  ;  $1.90  a  ream  in  5  ream  lots 
and  upward.  Various  qualities  and  shades.  Unruled, 
ruled  and  wide  ruled. 

Type-writer  Papers 

I'm  up  in  boxes,  500  sheets  to  ream;  8xl0£,  34c  a  ream 
and  upward;  8x13,  43c  a  ream  and  upward.  Send  for 
free  sample  of  papers. 

Sten  >np   her's    Note  Books 

No.  1,  for  pencil,  2  cents  each  in  1000  lots  :  $2.50 
a  100.  No.  3,  for  pen,  3'2  cents  each  in  1000  lots; 
$4  a  100.  Size,  160  pages,  4J.\9  in.  Larger  sizes  in  pro- 
portion.    B®"Send  6c  each  (for  postage)  on  sample  books. 

Headquarters   for  School   Papers. 


"Che  Kinsley  Studio* 


220  Broadway,  NEW  YORK. 


THE 

KINSLEY 
COMMERCIAL 
TEACHERS' 
BUREAU 

AND 

SCHOOL 
EXCHANGE. 


Commercial,     Shorthand,     Drawing:,     Telegraphy 

Penmanship    and    Langfuag-e    Teachers 

exclusively. 

Twenty  years'  experience  as  teacher,  proprietor,  business 
man,  editor,  wide  travels  and  personal  acquaintance  have 
made  our  manager  familiar  with  needs  of  schools  and  teachers 
in  all  sections  of  our  country. 

No  charge  lo  proprietors  for  teachers  furnished,  and  the 
lowest  charge  to  teachers  of  any  agency.  Personal  attention 
given  to  each  applicant. 

We  can  place  a  large  number  of  teachers 
this- season  at  salaries  as  high  as  $1200, 
$1500,  $2000.  Write  for  registration 
blanks   and    circulars. 

We  also  negotiate  the  Bale  of  school' property.  If  you 
have  a  school  or  a  part  interest  for  sale,  or  wish  to  buy  or  to 
form  a  partnership,  write  us  for  information  about  our  methods. 


WM.  ).   KINSLEY,  Manager, 


220  Broadway, 


NEW  YORK. 


J    C^z^-r£c^£-^l  cz,t<sc/  TScc^-t^tiusTx)  ^,-r^Jl  j^gsns/e.  /j^m,  ^9-y  svrz^n^y-ri^i-i^    cTA*.  73.<^U^ZJ^U)  Scti^c^itrr  \ 


9f*&  Wtulito«>  ^Uvccklu  r  & 


itiurmtiilH'fiUnnlinthni 
Til  B  ClTVOKXKWYOIHi 

IO.K/-11MV, 


An  Album  Page  with  Portrait  done  in  Wash  with 
Brush;  the  lettering  only  having  been  outlined  with 
the  pen,  the  rest  being  brush  work. 


CD  CQ 
si  ?' 

£ 


/—BARNES— % 

The  best  shorthand  text-book  teaches  a  system  which 
is  equal  to  everv  demand  made  upon  it.  Barnes  writers  do 
the  most  difficult  work -Court,  Convention,  Medical,  Phar- 
maceutical Association,  Legislative  and  Sermon  reporting 

OF   GREAT  IMPORTANCE 


The  pupil  must  become  a  stenographer  without  loss 
oi  //is  or  his  teacher's  time.  "Arranged  along  pedago- 
gical lines,"  is  what  teachers  appreciate  most  in  Barnes' 
Shorthand  by  the  Sentence  Method.  Some  teachers  can 
get  fairly  quick  results  from  any  book  by  re  arranging 
the  work  so  as  to  make  it  progressive,  eliminating  the 
non-essential,    and    introducing    interesting     expedi 


-tart.     [Recommended  by  practical  reporte 
practical  book. 

"  How  to  Become  Expert  in  Typewriting" 


I  ii  $1.00,  and  50c  editions.  More  than  a  treatise  on 
Touch  Tvpewriting,  but  excels  in  that  because: 

1.  Hie  studenl  begins  by  writing  without  looking. 
"Occasional  glances"  are  unnecessary. 

2.  Very  lir--t  word  carefully  chosen.  "All"  has  only 
two  different  letters  but  three'strokes,  is  an  easy  combi- 
nation, and  employs  both  hands. 

::.  Cultivates  an  even  touch  by  training  the  weaker 
fingers  first . 

1.    Scientific  and  invariable  method  of  fingering. 

5.  Every  day  business  words  selected  for  repeated 
pi  i.  ii.  e 

6.  Results:     Highest    uniform  speed  and  accuracy. 

It  has  paid  others  to  examine  our  books.  Probably  it 
would  pa  v  you.  Sample  pages  free  to  teachers  and  school 
proprietors.     Special  examination  terms.     Write  us  today. 

The  Arthur  J.  Barnes  Publishing  Co. 

4-46    Century    Bldg.  St.    Louis,    Mo. 


—  For  Sale  — 

ess  College  in  Ohio,  Seventh  year. 
this  season  with  handsome  profit. 
lion  \  1,  a  large  following  of  loval 
students.  ( >wner  lias  taught  lifteen 
nd  desires  to  enter  other  business. 
rice  to  a  reputable  man.  Address, 
Gregg  School, 

Business  Educator,  Columbus,  (  l. 


WANTFH  Experienced  shorthand  and 
" n"  '  **"  typewriter  man  to  take 
charge  of  department  and 
purchase  half  interest  in  school  in  southern 
city  of  60,000.    Address,  I.  B.  C. 

Care  Business  Educator,  Columbus.  O. 


MAIL    INSTRVCTION 

In  Rusiness  Writing.  Artistic  Writing,  Card 
Writing.  Flourishing,  and  Engrossing.  Courses 
thorough  and  charges  low. 

Satisfaction  Guaranteed. 

Supplies  :    Ink.  pens,  paper,  blank  cards. 

Circulars  and  information  free. 

F.  W.  TAMBLYN. 
1114  Grand  Ave.,  Kansas  City.  Mo. 


All  orders  for  cards  less  than  loon  sent  postpaid 
llnn.l  fut  cards—  eerlOOu    FerSOOO    PerSuOl 

3l'!v  A  No.  1  Wedding  Bristol,    $0  75  $2  10  (3.11 

3-Ply  Superfine       ■•  "         1  io  3  15  5  01 

3-Vly  Colored  or  Tinted       "  85  2  40  3  7." 

Free!  Send  for  catalogue  ol  printed  Bird  A:  Kinlilein  cards 

w.  McBEE,  19  Snyder  St.,  Allegheny,  Pa. 


Wanted:  — Young  men  and  women  who 
write  good  business  hands  to  accept  per 
manent  positions  in  our  office,  addressing 
envelopes,  etc.  Address  Draughon's  Prac- 
tical Business  College  Co.,  Nashville,  Term. 


jail  Mare  t;tq  II  1903 


fc||l^()THf!if|()()I)I{llT:- 

^Mficsiiiiersiuiieo  ItlUKlUUT«  c,  the 


f«f  more  iVoplii  qraleFuf  Hum  u-c  ;,,b  express  for  [fit  ,,.ii(,vuj  .adi.-lo 
^•"fo^liospiMnii  an*  royof  cutciM.unicul  cxivuoc'o  to  us  I- 

iuiivUluiu'iiiiff  ,,io  ;|o;„,,o  i,:  iijiini"  iijill  SiiiiY. 

'i'oui  spirit  oT\,rdKo  o.ooo:vilVai!o  auoff«fcJTii7i.>iicss.  slioa-i: 

:jea au» :jo-tv  iulctvsts. Mi  nunV  as  M'Hud  w  luuc  ii:  tl.c ^ITiUlHur 
ofoui  compauiiafeitttaaKal  iiflllU'r  tut*  a srariii  pcrsoitof 'fruuTo  " 

cote  uieiuoi-x)  of  our  stay  ii:  this  odulhrfai  spot  ;cil'l  alii, 
main  exit  o| 'I  Liu  uiUvsf  pictures  in  our  fives  a\:e  K«rcuficr  for 
us  rfic  latest  Urucror  on  ffic  fioinpl'cre  kcaHoai-f  of  pl'o.is. 

ivii-.o  i;.ipiu,i"  k; 


< 

— \    -    , 


Q.Qa,^ 


Example  of  Pen  and  Brush  Engrossing  done  on  grav 
cardboard.  The  signatures  were  made  facsimile.  The 
original  was  probably  18x24  inches. 


I  ^dnt-esrCctttsrJ  ezsrz*/  ^cc^^c^i^i^^d ~-at>£&  £&^zs?isfe'  ste&iC' 


<^^ /2<<^-«>i»^i^£^^  I 


^4.1.  • 


m^ 


^yf^^^cc^^c^^^y^z^^^^^tz^ 


^y 


t^e^T^&i/'. 


r 


AS  A  SPECIMEN  OF  PERFECT  PENMANSHIP  AND  PERFECT  PHOTOENGRAVING,  THE  ABOVE  "GEMS   IN   LINE  AND  SHADE"    BY   C.  C. 
CANAN,  BRADFORD,  PA.,  IS  BETTER  THAN  ANYTHING    YE  EDITOR  HAS  EVER  SEEN. 


/^*^r^. 


News  Notes 

and  Notices. 


\V.    I).    MclianieN 
lauship  and  the  co 


linercial  branches 
ness  College,  has 
engaged  with  Williams'  Business  College, 
of  Oshkosh,  Wis.,  as  teacher  of  penman- 
ship. 

Mr.  F.  R,  Chapman,  Fremont,  Ohio,  an 
old  graduate  of  the  Gem  City  Business  Col- 
lege, has  accepted  a  position  with  Cole- 
man's National  Business  College,  Newark, 
N.  J.,  to  teach  for  them  the  coming  year. 

J.  i  >.  Wise,  the  Chicago  chalk  entertainer, 
is  busy  rilling  engagements  in  the  northern 
part  of  United  States  and  Canada.  As  a 
humorist  and  comedy  cartoonist,  there  is 
no  question  but  that  Mr.  Wise  stands  in  a 
class  by  himself. 

In  the  Rockingham,  Vt.,  school  report,  we 
notice  examples  of  students  work  in  draw- 
ing under  the  instruction  of  Miss  Mary  E. 
Baker,  Supervisor  of  writing  and  drawing. 
Miss  Baker  is  to  be  congratulated  upon  the 
work  she  is  securing.  When  it  comes  to 
skillful  writing,  progressive  methods  of 
teaching  drawing,  and  a  gracious  manner, 
Miss  Baker  easily  stands  in  the  front  ranks. 

Mr.  H.  G.  Schuck,  who  has  been  located 
with  the  Ft.  Smith,  Ark.,  Commercial  Col- 
lege has  engaged  for  two  years  as  principal 
of  the  commercial  and  special  penmanship 
departments  of  the  Great  Western  Normal 
and  Business  College,  of  Webb  City,  Mo. 
We  congratulate  the  good  people  of  Webb 
City  for  having  secured  the  services  of  one 
so  capable,  courteous,  enthusiastic  and 
skillful  as  is  Mr.  Schuck. 

We  learn  that  the  Houston,  Texas,  Busi- 
ness University,  of  which  G.  B.  Frasher  is 

principal,   is   meeting  with    much   success. 


They  already  have  an  attendance  of  58 
students  and  have  done  no  soliciting.  Pro- 
fessor Garrett  Hall,  President  of  the  Gregg 
Association  of  America,  has  just  been  se- 
cured to  take  charge  of  the  shorthand  de- 
partment. 


J.  F.  Ba 


of 


at  1. 


lhart.  the  well  known  pen 
.  Ohio,  will  have  charge  of  the  Este 
brook  Pen  Company's  exhibit  at  the  World's 
Fair.      No    better    man    could    have    been 
selected  for  the  place. 

Mr.  W,  L.  Prince,  a  graduate  of  the  Busi- 
ness and  Shorthand  Department  of  the 
Gem  City  Business  College,  who  has  been 
in  charge  of  the  Commercial  Department 
'  -a  Wesleyan  University,  Mt.  Pleasant, 
has  accepted  a  position  with  the 
Martin  Business  College,  Martin,  Tenn.,  as 
principal  of  the  Shorthand  and  Typewriting 
Department. 

Mr.  Hv.  C  Walker,  the  well-known  en- 
grosser," of  St.  Louis,  Mo.,  informs  us  that 
he  is  prepared  to  accommodate  a  limited 
number  of  visitors  to  the  World's  Fair  in 
his  new  home  at  5585  Vernon  Ave.,  which 
has  all  modern  conveniences,  situated 
within  ten  minutes  walk  of  the  main  en- 
trance, and  convenient  to  all  car  lines  to 
the  great  Fair. 


The  Massachusetts  College  of  Commerce, 
a  business  training  institution  on  broad 
lines,  controlled  by  H.  W.  Pelton  and  C.  C. 
Dexter  of  the  Lynn  Business  College  and 
George  P.  Lord  of  the  Sa'em  Commercial 
School,  requires  the  services  of  a  large  fac- 
ulty of  experienced  and  capable  instructors. 
Application  for  positions  should  be  ad- 
dressed to  H.  W.  Pelton,  Lynn,  Mass.,  or 
George  P.  Lord,  Salem,  Mass. 


Lettering  Made  Easy 


by  the  use  of  ru 
pie,  Clean,  Accui 
and  directions  2;" 


LETTER  GAUGE.    Sim- 
ate,  Reliable.    Two  Gauges 


J.  H.  BACHTENKIRCHER, 
Lafayette,   Indiana. 


Francis  B.  Courtney 

Handwriting  Specialist 

ner  of  Forged 


Expert  Microscopic  Ex 
and  Questioned  Writing. 


LACROSSE.  WIS., 

Care  F.  J.  Toland. 


FOR  SALE 
Half     iriterest    in     Business    College     in 


E.  H.  BARROWS,  Arkansas  Ciiy.  Ka 


WANTED 

For  1901-OS,  Teacher  of  Penmanship,  Rapid 
Calculation,  Mathematics,  Spelling,  En- 
glish, Commercial  Law  and  Bookkeeping: 
or,  will  substitute  Shorthand,  Cross  Ec- 
lectic, for  Bookkeeping. 

TUSCOLA  BVSINESS  COLLEGE. 

Tuscola.   Ills. 


SHORTHAND,  %%£&£&£#  J2M 

on  request. 
FRANCIS  J.  STEIN,  PUBLISHER 
31st  and   Cumberland   Streets,  Philadelphia,  Pa. 

PENMANSHIP  BY  MAIL 

All  copies  fresh  from  the  pen. 

Red  ink  criticisms.  Complete  instruc- 
tions for  every  copy.  No  failures.  Good 
hand  guaranteed  or  money  back.  Business 
writing,  $5.00:  Ornamental,  $7.00. 

Send  for  free  circulars. 

HARMAN  ®  ELLSWORTH, 
Strayer's  Bus.  College.  BALTIMORE,  MO. 


C^^7RtCd€^Z^<4j£<ZZ6t*XZ'£r7~    I 


I  Cfc&i*-&r£c<4^rJ  <^rt^/  £U<^£c*i4L£s7tf  ^o*t&.  £6*czsn,£>  sz^^rvc*  / 


In  this  lesson  we  introduce  two  head  or 
tail  pieces.  The  one,  delicate,  denoting 
gracefulness  and  simplicity;  the  other 
strength  and  solidity.  Proceed  with  pencil 
first,  then  ink  carefully.  Many  pen  lines 
and  strokes  in  this  kind  of  work  look  to  be 
rapidly  drawn.  But  do  not  be  deceived, 
they  are  slowly  and  carefully  drawn.  Pencil 
the  faces  first.  In  the  profile  start  at  fore- 
head, then  nose,  mouth,  chin,  then  the  hat, 
hair,  and  finally  the  finishing  strokes.  An 
endless  variety  of  these  can  be  made.  Do 
not  copy  too  much,  take  suggestions  from 
these,  draw  an  original  for  yourself.  This 
is  tlie  way  to  learn. 

Do  not  be  discouraged  with  the  first  few 
attempts.  Keep  at  it  and  I  am  sure  the 
result  will  be  worth  the  time  and  trouble. 

The  Society  design  is  shown  as  an  exam- 
ple for  newspaper  heading,  and  was  drawn 
double  the  size  of  the  reproduction.  Get  a 
good  pencil  copy  first,  then  apply  ink  with 
care.  Make  the  letters  first,  and  then  add 
the  light  outline  around  them.  Keep  the 
senilis  well  balanced  and  graceful.  Make 
;iti  original  from  this  idea 

Send  on  your  work  forcriticism,  including 
return  postage. 

FIFTY  GOmmEBGIHL  TEACHERS  WANTED. 


STRONG 
TESTIMONY. 

METHC 


struct  ion 
ZIE  GRADY. 


young  girl,  LIZ- 

as  tiooii  a  ousiness  writer 
as  am  professional  penman 
hi  the  Tinted  States.  Tally 
again    for   the    MADARASZ 


sill!-  UT.ui-r  Tin-  MAI'AKAS/,  METH<»I>  IS  PRACTICAL— 
it  b  writing  for  keeps,  There's  no  play  about  it,  all  the 
niniM-n-e  i-  i. nutted.  That's  why  Madarasz's  pupils  are 
developing  good  business  penmen  in  one-half  the  usual 

time  taken  l>y  other  teachers.  I  know  this  has  the  ap- 
pearanee  of  bra.',  but  my  offer  to  prospective  pupil 


they  say.  after  completing  my    teachers 
satisfied."   removes  the  egotism.    Just  t 

■s  of  teachers  who've  been  under  mv  instruction 

LIKTNEY.  La  Crosse    I  Wis  ]  Bus. 


We  have  one  hundred  openings  for 
first-class  commercial  teachers,  and 
are  needing  more  good  men.  We  can 
place  all  good  commercial  teachers 
who  are  willing  to  work  for  a  reason- 
able salary.  We  can  also  place  twenty 
good  solicitors. 

Free  registration  if  you  mention 
tliis  paper.    Write  today. 


CONTINENTAL    TEACHERS'  AGENCY, 
Bowling  Green,  Ky. 


e  Pratt  Teachers'  Agency,  \ 

70  Fifth  Avenue,  Hew  York, 

Recommends  college  and  normal  jjradu-      F 
ate*,  specialists,  and  other  teachers  to  col-      t 

leges,  schools,  and  families. 


The  Agency  receives  many  calls  for  com  r 
marcial  teachers  from  public  and  prirate  £ 
schools,  and  business  colleges. 

WM.  O.   PRATT,  Manager  [ 


pay  only  wli 

few 

B    COURTNEY.  Lacrosse   I  Wi 

THE')  COURTNEY,  Albany 
(N  Y]  Bu-.  Col.;  H  G.  HEALEY.  Editor  of  the  PEN- 
MAN'.-* ART  JOURNAL,  New  York;  W.  C.  HENNING, 
Cellar  Rapids,  la.;  E.  E.  GAYLORD.  Beverly,  Mass.; 
R.  ti.  LAIKD.  Cum.  Hiu'h  School,  N.  Y.;  L.  E.  STACY, 
Camden  [N.  J.]  Com  Coll.;  J.  H.  RACHTENKIRCHER, 
Sup.  of  Penman-hip,  l.afavette.  Ind.;  I  H.  Lipaky.  Comer 
Coll,  Boston;  F.  A  Curtis,  Sup.  of  Penmanship,  Hart- 
ford.Conn.;  L.VIOLA  WALLER.  Charles  Citv.  la.;  E  A. 
CAST,  Merrill  Coll.  Stanford.  Conn.;  WM.  BILLINGS, 
Dover.  N  J;  J.  M  VINCENT.  Packard  Coll.,  New  York, 
and  L,  C    Horton.  4n;i  Fifth  Ave  ,  New  York. 

IF  YOU  BELIEVE  IN  THESE  PEOPLE  AS  I  DO,  YOU 
WILL  GET  THEIR  OPINION  I've  not  got  their  permis-  - 
sion  to  use  their  names  in  this  manner,  but  they've  been 
with  me  and  I'll  abide  with  their  verdict.  My  teachers' 
course  begins  July  1,  at  Hefflev  School  Brooklyn,  and 
continues  -J4.  forenoons.  Persons  from  Manitoba,  Texas, 
Connecticut.  New  Y'ork,  Ohio.  Pennsylvania,  West  Vir- 
irinin  District  nf  Columbia,  Massachusetts  und  Rhode 
Island  promise  to  lie  in  attendance.  It  you'd  write  me  for 
particulars  1  may  interest  you.     DO  IT  NOW 

L.  MADARASZ. 
1281  Third  Ave.,  New  York. 


GILLOTT'S  PENS, 

THB  MOST   PERFECT  OF   FBNS, 

HAVE  GAINED  THE 

GRAND    PRIZE, 

Paris  Exposition,  1900. 


TiU  Is  the  Highest  IT,. 


-  Awarded  to  Pen* 


CafeL   Cases!!! 

In  Russet,  Pearl,  Drab,  and  natural 
leather,  beautiful  burnt  design,  any  name 
burnt  on  free,  35c  postpaid.  (Send  silver). 
Hand  Painted  50c,  very  fine. 

Cards  written  15c  per  dozen. 

Colored  Cards,  white  ink,  20c  per  dozen. 

Flourished  bird  cards,  any  name  35c  per 
dozen. 


IS  MY  SPECIALTY 

I  will  write  your  nnme  on  1  doz.  cards  for  15c. 
A  pack  of  samples  and  terms  to  agents  for  a  red 
stamp.     Agents  wanted. 

10O  blank  cards  16  colors,  15c.  postpaid.  1,000 
blank  cards  by  express.  $1.00.  1  bottle  black, 
Rlossv  ink,  15c.  1  bottle  white  ink,  15c.  1  oblique 
pen  holder,  10c.  W.  A.  BODE, 

27th  St.,  S.  S.,  Pittsburg..  Pa. 


BLfll^K  CflfllOS! 


i  t 


ifor 


££ 


Best  quality— Six  color 

1000.    White   90c    per   lfKHi.     Sizes    2x3%, 
,  and  314xl34;  cut  to  order  25c  extra. 

Samples  free— assorted  100,  15c  postpaid. 

fl.  J.  STEVENSON, 
18  Lafayette  St.      -      HOME  CITY,  O 


I    Cfa&Z*~£s?-£ct4-£sr-d   OsVZ^f  /z44*&-£t*ds£lJsrzf  -s€4S1*££-  £6sCtsrZsfe  /U*0%£, 


<0%~&.  73^£<Usrz^A<4 '  £<dst4sC>cz£&?~  j 


9K&  &Whhrhebh  fieUfc&GbUn*    &> 


BOOKS — GOOD  BOOK 


FOR    THE    SHORTHAND   COURSE 

Clark's  Graham-Pitmanic  Shorthand 

The.  Model  Dictation  Course 

The  Complete  Guide  to  Touch  Typewriting 

The  Pocket  Shorthand  Dictionary 

The  New  Business  Correspondence 

Williams's  English  Grammar 

The  New  Business  Speller 

Modern  Commercial  Penmanship 

Note  Books,  Paper,  Pens,  Etc. 


Sample  copies  will  be  billed    to  teachers  for  examination  at  half  the  retail  price  and  may  be 
returned  if  not  adopted.     Correspondence   solicited. 

;We  Have  Books  For  The  Commercial  Course 

THE   COMMERCIAL   TEXT   BOOK   CO., 

Des  Moines,  la. 


MILLS'S 
CORRESPONDENCE   SCHOOL 

OF  PENMANSHIP 
Is  helping  scores  of  ambi- 
tious people  to  acquire  a 
fine  style  of  penmanship  at 
home.  We  are  ready  to  help 
YOU  also.  Send  stamp  for 
information. 

E.  C.   MILLS 
1  95  Grand  Ave  ,  Rochester,  N.  Y. 


TExeceHaenceal°f    STEEL    PENS 
over  forty  years   ======^^==^= 


Select  a  pen  for  your  writing  from 

a  sample  card  of  special  numbers  for  cor- 
respondence.   12  pens  lor  10c,  postpaid. 

SPENCERIAN  PEN  CO. 

349  Broadway,  NEW  YORK  Cm 


TEACHERS  OF  COMMERCIAL   BRANCHES   WANTED 

Advance  Fee  Not  Required 

rh  Schools  and  Colleges.      Penmanship,  I'ommercial  Branches,   also  teache 


Positions 
Stenography. 

Anna  M.  Thursto 


s,  $600  to  $1,500.     Register  early.    Send   for  circulars. 

.  Mgr..  378  Wabash  Ave..  Chicago  THURSTON  TEACHERS-  AGENCY 


FOR  SALE 

First  class  college  building,  boarding  hall  and 
large  campus.  Cost  over  $30,000,  but  will  sell  at 
greatly  reduced  price.  Reason  for  selling,  ill 
health  from  overwork.  Must  change  vocation. 
School  in  good  condition  and  has  splen-lid  repu- 
tation. Is  located  in  the  most  healthful  region 
of  the  most  healthful  and  prosperous  southern 
state.  Elevation  over  1500  ft.  above  the  sea.  Is 
an  ideal  location  for  a  high  grade  se'ect  school 
for  boys.  Great  opportunity  fur  this  class  of 
school,  as  there  are  but  few  schools  of  this  char- 
acter in  the  state.  Good  location  for  almost  any 
class  of  school.  Practically  no  competition 
within  a  radius  of  100  miles  in  any  direction 
Terms  cash,  or  part  cash  and  balance  on  time  in 
easy  payments.     Reference, 

THE   BUSINESS   EDUCiT^R 
rZTT  Addres? 

"THE  OPEN  DOOR" 


Good  Enough  For  Madarasz 

L.  MADARASZ  has  written  more  strictly 
high  grade  unequalled  cards  than  any  other 
man  living,  and  he  knows  a  good  quality  of 
cards  when  he  sees  it.  Moreover  he  does  not 
bestow  his  praise  indiscriminately.     Read  this: 

"  I  hope  you  will  coin  some  money  in  your 
card  business,  for  you've  a  fine  quality  of  cards 
for  fine  penmanship."  L.    MADARASZ 

English  Bristol,  13  colors,  per  1, 000  $     90 

Norway  Wedding  Bristol,  white,  per  1,000     I  IS 
Sample  100,  assorted 25 

F.  S.   HEATH, 
50  Dunklee  Sf.      =       Concord,  N.  M. 


Good  enongh.for  yon. 


Know 
How  to 
File 

— Docu 

—Legal  Bl 

CardRe^.. 
—Credit  Reports 
— Deposit  Tickets  , 
—Insurance  Policies 
— Books  —Report: 
—Samples  -Chec 
— Clipping-  ...,„.w».- 

—Notes— Letters— Paper: 

Simply  check  ft-  !i- 


te.ir  out  this  adve 

That's  the  first  step  in  simplifying  vur  ->liice 

or  factory  detail.     And  do  it  NOW. 

THE  SHAW-WAX.KKR  pOHPANY,  Hnsfcegon,  Mich.  ^ 

Branch  at  Chicago  in  the  Marquette  Building. 


I   Cfav*£sr£^u/r~J  c^rz^  ~&6c^-£cds/i^rd \*tis*&  £foczsnsfe,  stem*   /zrr  srrL&^isCc* 


C7%L£.  73,tcd4s9^4^L4 '  £c£t<s(>cz£tr7~ 


°/Fvc  ^tUtivcju£tUvoctWr   & 


\    r ; 


Questions  Answered  and 

Criticisms  Offered  by 

C.  P.  Zaner. 


(intended  for  subscribers  only.) 

Under  this  headini.*  Mr.  Zaner  criticises  specimens 
1:1  hip,   drawing,   etc.,   submitted    to   him. 
bould  be  enclosed  if  specimens  are  to  be 
returned.     He  will  also  endeavor  to  answer  any  and 
ill  questions  pertaining  to  penmanship  matters,  or  if 
thought  best,  questions  may  be  submitted  through 
this  department  to  the  readers  of  our  journal  for  vol- 
unteer  answers.      This  gives   the   readers   of    The 
i  Kducator  the  benefit  of  the  experience 
i>r  one  who  has  made  this  work  a  life-time  study,  as 
well  as  of  those  who  contribute  thereto. 

Uertical  Repudiated? 

EDITOR:  I  understand  that  the  vertical 
system  "f  writing  has  been  repttdiated  in 
Chicago  liv  the  Hoard  of  Education;  also  in 
New  York.  Can  you  tell  me  if  this  be  true? 
Also  briefly  give  me  vour  opinion  regard- 
ing the  value  of  the  vertical  as  compared 
with  the  "  slant  "  stvle  of  writing. 
Yours  trulv, 

Rochester,  X.  Y.  E.  C.  BOSWORTH. 

I  Yes,  vertical  has  been  repudiated,  if  by 
that  you  mean  it  has  been  discarded  as  a 
fad  and  that  it  has  been  largely  superseded 
by  the  medial  slant,  not  only  in  Chicago 
arid  New  York,  but  many  other  leading 
cities.  This  is  due  to  a  number  of  causes; 
tirst,  the  business  men  do  not  like  the  looks 
of  it,  preferring  the  hand  they  were  taught. 
The  style  of  vertical  that  was  taught  and 
the  method  of  teaching  it  also  had  much  to 
di,  with  this  abandonment,  for,  as  we  said, 
when  vertical  came,  if  it  could  stand  the 
kind  of  teaching  it  was  receiving  it  would 
stand  more  than  we  expected.  All  of  this 
does  not  mean  that  vertical  has  no  merit. 
Its  merit  is  plainness.  It  is  suited  to  some 
people  better  than  any  other,  but  the 
average  person  prefers  to  slant  his  writing 
somewhat  The  majority  prefer  to  slant  it 
forward  rather  than  backward.  Hence,  the 
decline  of  vertical.  In  its  wake  is  found  a 
better  stvle  of  writing  than  the  world  has 
ever  known,  inasmuch  as  it  is  plainer, 
faster  and  easier  than  any  other.  Vertical 
must  receive  its  share  of  this  credit  for 
having  gotten  teachers  of  penmanship  out 
oi  some  ruts  into  which  they  had  fallen, 
and  from  which  they  saw  no  need  of  extri- 
cating themselves.  The  abandonment  of 
vertical  is  not  a  backward  step,  but  a  for- 
ward step-  Editor.] 


J.  M.  \V.,  Brockton,  Mass  —Your  penman- 
ship  has  many  excellent  points  and  but  few 
bad  ones.  You  doubtless  write  the  small 
letters  too  fast.  Learn  to  be  deliberate 
without  being  sluggish.  You  have  a  ten- 
dency to  shade  too  many  of  the  down 
strokes  in  the  small  letters.  You  make  an 
excellent  t  and  d. 

A.  Ii.  E  ,  Jackson,  La.  — You  write  too  fasi 
to  wi  ite  professionally  or  accurately.  You 
must  think  more  of  each  letter  as  you  tire 
about  to  make  it.  ami  to  do  this  you  must 
nol  go  so  rapidly  from  one  letter  to  another. 
Lenrn  to  be  more  deliberate  and  more 
by  exercising  more  care  in  all  of  the 
work  that  you  do. 

I..  M.  Y  ,  Jeannette.  Pa.  — Your  penman- 
ship is  above  the  average  received  at  this 
office  from  student-..  You  are  developing 
an  intensely  practical  hand  and  are  to  be 
congratulated  upon  the  same.  In  finishing 
words,  we  would  suggest  that  von  raise  the 
pen  while  it  i-  in  motion,  to  avoid  a  dot  at 
lie  end  ot  the  line.  Some  of  the  turns  in 
the  mall  letters,  and  usually  of  the  final 
lettei  of  the  word,  are  too  rounding.  The 
last  upper  turn  of  such  letters  as  n  and  ill 
are  too  Darn  iw. 

J.  1!  .  Minn.-  Your  si  ecimens  reveal  both 
natural  and  acquired  ability.  I'se  India 
Ink  in  your  text  lettering.  In  vour  pen- 
manship, endeavoi  to  writ.-  a  trifle  more 
slowly,  ii  you  \\  i  -Ii  to  increase  the  accuracy 
of  \our  product  Watch  more  carefully  the 
beginning  and  ending  of  words  in  your 
sentences  and  page  writing.  Small  a  in 
igrossing  is  too  wide.  The  same  is 
true  of  d,  gt  and  q.      You  can  become  a  fine 


-s=^2L 


Z^^- 


DO  YOU   NEED   A   TEACrER? 


00  YOU   WANT   A   POSITION? 


GLICK'S    TEACHERS'     AGENCY 

E.  L    GLICK.  Mqr  ,  Concord.  N.  H. 


ing  mi   is  populai  atj  les,  postpaid,  u 
cents,  and  give  you 

fl/r^Wi 

make 
ot  10 

FREE  a  Handsome  Penholder 

C.HOWARD  HUNT  PEN  CO., 

Camden 

N.J 

Lessons  in  Wash  Drawing 
and  Engrossing. 

E.  L.  BROWN,       ROCKLAND,  MAINE. 


number  Four 

STUDY  OF  APPLE  BLOSSOMS.  First 
pencil  in  the  form  and  arrangement  of  the 
blossoms  and  leaves,  suggesting  the  dark- 
est values.  The  action  of  the  design  may 
be  obtained  with  a  few  rapid  strokes.  Do 
not  attempt  to  draw  the  design  in  detail 
until  you  have  obtained  the  arrangement 
and  general  proportions. 

Add  the  washes  to  the  pencil  drawing, 
working  carefully  and  at  the  same  time 
quickly.  Aim  for  soft,  delicate  values  in 
treating  the  blossoms.  The  leaves  should 
be  treated  in  a  broad  manner  for  the  best 
results.  

ebange  of  Date. 

The  Private  Commercial  School  Mana- 
gers' Association  has  changed  its  date  of 
meeting  at  St.  Louis  to  June  28  to  July  5. 
All  persons  who  intend  to  be  at  this  meeting 
and  desire  to  take  advantage  of  the  special 
hotel  rates,  should  communicate  with  K.  H. 
Fritch,  Chairman  Executive  Committee,  MU 
Olive  Street,  St.  Louis,  before  June  15. 


VHY  GO  TO  "COUEfiE"  —i 
TO  LEARN  BOOK-KEEPINC 
^\f-.    WHENI  WILL  MAKE  A 

E]  Jirst-Class  Book-keeper 


AT     VOIR    OWV 

a  oi 
ugh' 


I'RKK!     Ilavei.liev.l  TIKit'SAND 
TOO,   ton!     e.743 


WE  THIS  A XI)  WRITE. 

t     \i-"iilllil:nit.     RilOlll 
i.   IK1V    YORK.   X.  V. 


Rl    ANk  A  new  lot  just  received.  Fine  stock; 

a*a-""  ■*  choice  colors;  cbeap  prices.    Sam- 

CA  R  n  Q  Ples  an{!  Price  list  free. 

HnUO  p.  w    TaMBLYN,      Kansas  City,  Mo. 


Catalogue  Covers 
Letter  Heads 
Business  Cards 


Resolutions  Engrossed 


Address, 

Hy.  C.  WALKER, 

5585  Vernon  Ave..  St.  Louis.    M< 


A  FLOOD 

of  applicants  is  not  turned  loose  on  you 
when  you  ask  us  to  recommend  a  commer- 
cial or  shorthand  teacher  for  vour  school. 
If  you  will  state  just  the  kind  of  teacher 
you  desire,  and  give  us  an  idea  of  the  work 
you  want  done,  we  will  either  put  you  in 
touch  with  just  such  a  teacher,  or  tell  you 
franklv  that  we  are  unable  to  do  so. 

We  have  a  number  of  excellent  teachers 
available  now,  and  shall  be  glad  to  corres- 
pond with  you  regarding  them. 

CENTRBL  TEACHERS'  AGENCY 

ADAMS  &  ROGERS,  Managers., 

COLUMBUS, OHIO 


I    Cfe6v~£sr£€*:L£s7*4    £Z*VZ*f   &UcJL£tdsfL£srJ  ^€4*l££  £6sOs??sfc>  /U^rtt*  jfar  .^^^^^Z^k^TT^t^Z^    C?%L£,  73*>td4s9?U^  <£*&*^>&^  I 


dKe&u^lrv&^£clu?&M»tor   & 


Report  of  Central  Association  meeting— 
Continued  from  Page  19. 

11  How  May  We  Bridge  the  Period 
Between  Principles  and  Note-Tak- 
ing1?" by  Miss  Carrie  A.  Clark,  Des 
Moines. 

14  Advanced  Shorthand  Dictation," 
by  W.  N.  Philips,  Cedar  Rapids. 

Business  Section. 

FRIDAY   AFTERNOON 

With  three  such  names*  as  Palmer, 
Nettleton,  and  Giesseman  upon  the 
program  for  a  joint  lesson  in  penman- 
ship, it  is  needless  to  say  that  much 
interest  was  manifested  in  this  part 
of  the  program,  which  was  as  fol- 
lows. 

Composite  Penmanship  Lessons  :— 
(1.)  "  Breaking  up  Finger  Move- 
ment," by  A.  N.  Palmer,  Cedar 
Rapids. 

(2. j  "  Development  of  Muscular 
Movement,"  by  G.  E.  Nettleton, 
Mankato,  Minn. 

(3.)  "Application  of  Movement," 
by  W.  F.  Giesseman,  Des  Moines,  la. 

CRITIC 

A.  H.  Burke,  Kirksville,  Mo. 

"  How  Much  and  What  Commer- 
cial Geography  May  be  Profitably 
Taught?"  by  J.  C.  Grason,  Council 
Bluffs,  la.  Discussion,  by  C.  D. 
SHnker,  -Des  Moines,  A.  F.  Harvey, 
Waterloo. 

Kinman  History-Continued  from  Page  21 

His  first,  and  it  seems  his  only  instructor 
in  writing,  was  Samuel  Baldwin,  the  dis- 
trict school-master,  who  taught  him  the 
making  of  quill  pens  while  seated  upon  a 


slab  bench  in  the  Windham  school-house, 
and  armed  with  goose  quill  and  Barlow 
knife. 

HIS  FIHST  SHEET 

Nothing  will  better  illustrate  the  inten- 
sity of  his  boyish  passion  for  his  art  than 
the  story  of  his  first  whole  sheet  of  paper, 
in  his  own  words.  He  says,  "  Up  to  Febru- 
ary, 1808,  I  had  never  been  the  rich  owner  of 
a  whole  sheet  of  paper.  At  that  time,  be- 
coming the  fortunate  proprietor  of  a  cent,  I 
despatched  it  by  a  lumberman  to  Catskill, 
which,  though  twenty  miles  distant,  was 
the  nearest  market,  and  instructed  him  to 
purchase  the  desired  paper.  He  returned 
at  mid-night  and  the  bustle  wakened  me, 
and  I  eagerly  inquired  for  the  result  of  his 
mission.  He  had  been  successful,  mid 
brought  the  sheet  to  my  bed-side,  rolled 
tightly  and  tied  with  a  black  linen  thread. 
Having  carried  it  the  entire  distance  in  his 
bosom,  it  was,  of  course,  much  wrinkled.  I 
at  once  arose,  and  having  smoothed  it, 
commenced  operations.  Before  its  arrival, 
my  imagination  had  pictured  to  me  what 
beautiful  work  I  could  do  thereon.  But  the 
trial  proved  a  failure.  I  could  not  produce 
a  single  letter  to  my  mind,  and  after  an 
hour's  feverish  effort,  I  returned  to  my  bed 
disappointed,  to  be  haunted  by  feverish 
dreams." 

Paper  being  to  Piatt  a  luxury  rarely  at- 
tainable in  those  days,  he  had  recousre  to 
other  materials.  The  bark  of  the  birch 
tree,  the  sand  beds  by  the  brook,  and  the 
ice  and  snow  in  winter,  furnished  his  prac- 
tice sheets.  One  of  his  favorite  resorts  also 
was  the  shop  of  his  indulgent  old  friend,  the 
shoe-maker,  whose  depleted  ink-horn  and 
sides  of  the  leather  covered  with  the  efforts 
of  the  young  enthusiast,  gave  frequent 
proof  of  his  boyish  zeal. 


WESTWARD  HO  ! 

Piatt  had  lost  his  father  in  his  sixth  year, 
and  the  care  of  the  family  devolved  "ti  tin- 
mother,  a  woman  of  much  energy  and  per- 
severeuce,  and  upon  the  elder  brothers. 
The  pioneer  spirit  seized  the  family  and 
quitting  their  mountain  home  they  turned 
their  faces  toward  the  new  state  of  Ohio  in 
the  then  far  western  wilderness. 

After  a  tedious  journey  of  fifty-one  days 
iu  wagons,  they  arrived  in  Jeffesron,  Ashta- 
bula County,  Ohio,  on  the  5th  day  of  Decem- 
ber, 1810.  The  family  gradually  separated, 
settling  in  the  shore  towns  of  Kingsville, 
Ashtabula  and  Geneva. 

Piatt  had  left  his  eastern  home  with  re- 
luctance. He  feared  that  even  the  meager 
advantages  of  school  and  education  he 
there  enjoyed  would  be  denied  him,  and 
the  hope  that  had  begun  to  dawn  in  his 
young  breast  be  doomed  to  disappointment. 
In  the  many  privations  and  rugged  labors 
of  the  pioneers  he  had  to  bear  his  part,  but 
his  love  for  his  pen  and  desire  for  learning 
were  too  deeply  rooted  to  die  out.  Of  books 
there  were  few.  and  teachers  almost  none, 
yet,  without  repining  for  denied  advan- 
tages, he  made  industrious  use  of  those  at 
hand.     The  poet's  injunction, 

"  That  is  best  which  lieth  nearest. 
Shape  from  that  thine  works  of  art." 
found  an  early  lodgment  in  his  art. 

The  shore  of  Lake  Erie  near  which  he 
dwelt  had  a  peculiar  fascination  for  him. 
There  he  loved  to  spend  his  leisure  hours 
and  its  broad  beautiful  beach  from  Spring 
till  Autumn,  and  its  expanse  of  ice  in 
winter,  he  covered  with  endless  chiro- 
graphic tracings. 

While  a  lad,  his  tastes  were  of  an  intel- 
lectual and  artistic  nature,  yet  the  oppor- 
tunities for  cultivating  them  were  meagre. 


Four  Pvblishers 


Who  have  large  schools  of  their  own  have  voluntarily  abandoned  their  books  on  Spelling,  to  introduce  ours.  That  is  a 
testimonial  worth  having.  The  largest  schools  in  this  country  are  using  this  complete,  convenient,  and  helpful  text- 
book, and  others  are  continually  being  added  to  the  list.     Only  a  few  days  ago  we  received  an  order  for 

4,000    SPELLERS 

from  one  school.  What  do  you  think  of  that?  Better  "look  in  the  book  and  see"  what  is  the  cause  of  all  this  popularity. 
Meanwhile,  give  our  other  English  books  a  thought.     They  have  no  real  rivals  in  the  text-book  field. 

1,000  POCKET  DICTIONARIES 

went  to  a  single  Eastern  school  the  other  day,  with  their  own  matter  printed  on  the  fly  leaves.  It  is  great  advertising  ! 
It  is  not  expensive,  either.  Tell  us  how  many  you  can  use,  if  the  price  is  not  too  high,  and  let  us  quote  rates.  Do  not 
wait  until  it  is  too  late  to  use  these  books  effectively.     Do  it  now. 

We  have  practically  everything  in  the  way  of  commercial  text-books.     To  teachers  or  school  officials,  catalogues, 
special  circulars,  etc.,  are  sent  for  the  asking. 

THE  PRACTICAL  TEXT  BOOK  CO., 

479  Euclid  Ave.,  CLEVELAND,  O. 


I   Cfc&t^esT£c4L£s?*J  tzsTZscf  &cc&£t<dsfaes?J ~*c<s-i&!,  £fa&srisfe  /u^tsC* 


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MA    DESIGN    HV   E     I..    IlliOW.V,    Rl  IL'KI.A  X  I),   MB.,    DONE   ENTIRELY    WITH    THE   PEN. 


THIRTY   MILES  FOR   AN  ARITHMETIC 

A I  mut  tb e  age  of  eleven  year?,  late  in  the 
. ■  1 1 1 1 1  in  1 1 ,  lie  walked  thirty  miles  with  bare 
fei  I  through  the  forests  to  borrow  an  Arith- 
metic, being  too  bashful  to  ask  for  board 
and  lodging,  he  satisfied  his  hunger  from  a 
turnip  field,  and  crept  into  the  straw  in  a 
log  barn,  where  he  slept  till  morning  and 
then  resumed  his  homeward  journey.  His 
-tn.lv  hour  came  after  his  toils  of  the  day 
in  assisting  to  clear  away  the  forest,  when, 
1  I  ii  i  o re  an  open  log  fire  and  assisted 
l.v  an  older  brother,  he  gained  a  knowledge 
of  Arithmetic. 

In  his  twelfth  year,  Piatt  enjoyed  for  a 
time  t  lie  privileges  of  a  school  opened  by  Mr. 
Harvey  Nettleton,  at  Conneaut.  In  order 
1l1.1t  he  might  not  be  disturbed  by  the 
mi  -,  1 1  i,i  loving,  or  lose  a  grain  of  this  gol- 
den opportunity,  he  partitioned  off  from  the 
rest,  his  desk  in  the  corner,  and  there 
applied  himself  eagerly  to  his  studies. 
lies  and  instructions  required  in  the 

hool  were  furnished  by  him. 

In  this  school  occurred  an  incident  which 
called  furt  h  his  tirst  preserved  attempt  at 
verse.  The  school  house  "was  a  rude  struc- 
ture "i  unhewn  logs  chinked  with  strips  of 

w 1,  and  plastered  with  mud  to  keep  out 

the  wind  and  cold.  The  roof  was  of  gourd- 
seed  shingles  held  in  place  by  weight  poles, 
and  the  floor  was  of  puncheon  or  flat  strips 
of  split  wood  laid  across  the  timber  that 
served  as  supports.  Beneath  the  floor  was 
ivation  in  the  earth.  But  the  rhymes 
tell  the  story  and  picture  the  scene  tinder 
the  title  of 

THE   MASTER  IX  THE  CELLAR. 

( >ur  master  is  a  faithful  man, 

A  ,  onstant  man  is  he, 
'Tis  prominent  in  all  his  plans, 

That  learned  we  must  be. 
And  to  ensure  it  —  constant lv 

lb-  walks  the  puncheon  floor, 
( in,-  eye  on  rogues  and  idlers 

And  one  on  Webster  Noah. 
Thus  works  he  through  his  classes, 

To  I. end  the  iron  right. 
K.ii  1 1    pilgrimage  a rou i id  the  r n, 

A  pilgrimage  of  light. 
Ala-  !  that  e'er  a  cellar  deep, 

To  school  house  should  belong. 
Alas!  t  hat  board  anil  puncheon 

Should  not  provesound  and  strong. 


A  puncheon  crushes  neath  his  feet, 

And  faithless  proves  the  floor. 
Yes!  there  came  a  crash,  an  awful  en 

Might  make  the  bravest  bow, 
And  our  cautious,  honored  master, 

Is  in  the  cellar  now. 
He's  in  the  cellar,  now,  boys, 

The  master  whom  we  love, 
One  eye  on  Uncle  Xoah 

And  one  on  light  above. 
Alas  !  that  laughter  hath  deep  lungs 

Ready  at  once  to  bray, 
Then  poetry  had  never  sung 

The  tragedy  to-day. 
Our  master  is  a  constant  man, 

He  walks  around  the  wall. 
One  eve  on  rogues  and  idlers, 

And" one  on  Nat  Daboll. 
A  faithful  sentinel  is  he. 

He  walks  his  constant  round, 
But  all  admit  that  he  trod  to-day, 

On  very  dangerous  ground. 
He  struggles  up-he's  out  again, 

Greeted  with  sturdy  roar, 
A  shout  that  burst  our  paper  panes. 

And  died  on  Erie's  shore. 
Collected,  calm -he  shook  himself, 

Then  on  his  rounds  once  more, 
One  eye  on  the  mischievous  ones, 

And  one  upon  the  floor. 
Come  till  you  faithful  students, 

In  all  life's  hooks  and  crooks. 
Keep  one  eye  on  the  mischievous, 

And  one  upon  your  books. 
(To  he  Continued.) 


\U  A  M  TSTn  •  A  vounS  man  who  is  a 
ff  nit  I  XLxJ  ■  g°od  penman  and  who 
has  had  experience  in 
teaching  penmanship,  to  work  for  the  Wil- 
liams Business  College,  Oshkosh,  Wis. 
Send  specimens  of  plain  and  ornamental 
penmanship,  together  with  references,  if 
you  would  like  to  engage.  Good  salary  to 
the  right  man. 


Peterson's  Teacners'  Bureau 

SCOTTDALf,     PA. 

Teachers  for  all  departments  furnished 
Business  Colleges.  Correspondence  invited. 
Teachers  should  enroll  now. 


MILLS'S  Correspondence 
School  of  Penmanship 
Is  conceded  by  the  leading 
penmen  of  this  country  to  be 
the  most  thorough  school  of 
its  kind.  You  cannot  do  a 
better  thing  than  to  send 
stamp  today  for  full  particu- 
lars concerning  our  courses. 

E.   C.    MILLS 
1 95  Grand  Ave.,  Rochester.  N.  Y. 


WANTED 


1 


and 

People  Who  Advertise 

To  send  for  our  new  book  of  original 
designs  and  cuts  adapted  to  all  down 
to  date  advertising.  Illustrations, etc., 
mailed  for  2c.  stamp.    Write  to-day. 

Address, 


I  Scribner   (&.    Payne, 

[     Lock  Box  463  Columbus.  0 


^J 


HIGH  GRADE  PENMANSHIP 

Cards,  artistic,  50c;  plain,  35c.  Artistic  caps, 
75c  ;  business, '.Tic.  Artistic  letter,  75c  :  artistic 
signatures,  50c.  Any  signature,  artistic  style, 
5  different  ways,  75c.  Thorough  mail  courses 
in  ornamental  and  business  penmanship.  A 
few  sample  copy  slips,  25c.  Circulars  free. 
A  few  good  agents  wanted.  Write  for  partic- 
ulars.   Address, 

E.  M.  BARLER,  Llano,  Texas. 


Cfc£v~esr£t^L£sTj  exsrz*/  /2u*&-&<l4z*£^/  ~*4*i-&-  £&*zsrufc<  sz/*t?i<C'  t 


c?/i4.7&tcd<o<nu<U&<£t*^>cz£c~7' 


*/kc  fiu,Aitc^£cUvocilcr   & 


WE    ARE    LEADERS    in    the 

line  of  high  grade  DIPLOMAS  and 
CERTIFICATES  for  schools  and  col- 
leges. Our  designs  cannot  be  excelled 
in  harmony  and  artistic  beauty.  Di- 
plomas furnished  filled  out  complete, 
or  in  blank  form.  Catalogue,  showing 
the  finest  line  of  stock  Diplomas  on  the 
market,  mailed  free.  Resolutions  En- 
grossed—Catalogues Illustrated. 
HOWARD  ®  BROWN, 

Rockland,    Maine. 


YOU    CAN    EARN 


Ti 

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ucha  i 

ear  as  the  best 

Commerc 

Teacher,  be 

vn   master  and 

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WEAVER'S  Correspondence  School  of  Pen 

manship  and  Drawing,  Mt.  Morris,  Ills  , 

Oners   the  best  instructions  in  the  variou 

branches  of  Penmanship  and  Drawing. 

Write  today  for  full  particulars. 


ESTERBROOK'S  NEW  PENS  i: 


No.  702 
707 


MODIFIED   SLANT   OR 
"MEDIAL"    WRITERS. 


702     Slightly  Elastic 


JR.ESTERBHOOK&CO'S 
J.£0B^1ER.S 

707    Elutic 


AMONG  PEXMEX  there  is  a  demand  for  a  pen  that  is  adopted  to  the  Modified 
Slant  or  "Medial"  Writing,  to  combine  increased  speed  with  the  legibility  of 
the  Vertical.    To  meet  this  we  present  our  Modified  Slant  Pens.    These  Pens 
are  made  from  the  highest  grade  steel  and  are  finished  with  the  same  care  that 
has  made  Esterbrook  Pens  the  Standard  for  nearly  half  a  century. 

THE    ESTERBROOK    STEEL    PEN     MANUFACTURING    COMPANY, 
26  John  Street,  New, York.  Works,  Camden,  N.  J. 


l^Z^^L^^ 


/?£P/?ODVCf£>  /A/  /7P57-  ClASS  STy/_£  BY 


^^fe&^^^Z; 


3U6-3SO  0£A/?8O/?/V   sr/?££r 


^u^a^t^ — 


FINEST    PENMANSHIP    SVPPLIES    OBTAINABLE. 


On  goods  listed  below  we  pay  post 

course  th 


on  those  that  go  by 
L     ipest  way  is  t« 


nail  and  purchaser  pays  carriage  charges  on  those  that  go  by  express  or  freight.    Of 
rder  in  fair  sized  quantities  and  have  them  go  by  freight. 


PENS  AND    HOLDERS.       BY  MAIL,  PREPAID. 


Zanerian  Fine  Writer  Pen— The  be; 
and  finest  tine  writing  pen  made— be: 
for  engrossing,  card  writing  and  all  tin 
script  work.     Gross  $1  00,  %   gross  25< 


Zanerian  Ideal  Pen— One  of  the  best 
pens  made  for  general  penwork — busi- 
ness or  ornamental.  One  of  the  best 
pens  for  beginners  in  penmanship. 
Gross    75c,    H  gross   25c.    1    dozen    10c 

Zanerian  Medial  Pen— A  high-grade 
medium,  extra  smooth  pen  for  business 
writing.  None  better.  Hist  right  foi 
students  and  accountants.  Gross  75c, 
H  gross - 25c 

Zanerian  Business  Pen— A  smooth, 
durable,  common  sense  business  pen. 
For  unshaded  business  writing,  it  has 
never  been  excelled,  if  equaled.  Gross 
75c ,    :  j    gross    25c .     1    dozen 10c 

Gillott's  Principality  No.  1  Pen— A 
tine  writing  pen.  Gross  $1.00,  %  gross 
25c,  I  dozen - 12c 

Gillott's  Double  Elastic  E.  F.  No. 
604  Pen— A  medium  fine  writing  pen. 
Gross 75c,   l*  gross  25c,  1  dozen      -  10c 


Gillott's  Magnum  Quill  E.  1 
601  Pen— A  business  pen.  Gros: 
'+    gross    25c,    1    dozen 


$1.00, 


Gillott's  No.  305  E.  F.  Pen— Used 
largely  for  drawing  purposes.  Gross 
$1.00,    %    v-'ross   25c,    1    dozen 12c 


Gillott's  Lithographic  Pen  No.  290 
—One  of  the  finest  pointed  drawing 
pens  made.     6  pens  25c,  3  pens 15c 


15c 


Soennecken  Lettering  Pen  —  For 
making  German  Text,  Old  English,  and 
all  broad  pen  letters.  Set  of  12— num- 
bers  I.  I1.',  2.  2'-.  3,  3M,  4.  5  and  6 
single  pointed  and  10,  20  and  30  double 
pointed - 25c 


Zanerian  Oblique  Penholder— hand- 
made, rosewood,  12  inches  long,  a 
beautiful  and  perfect  holder.  1  holder 
- 50c 


Fine  Art  Oblique  Hoidei — Inlaid 
and  fancy,  hand-made,  rosewood,  and 
by  far  the  most  beautiful  holder  made. 
1  holder  sent  in  a  small  wooden  box. 
$1.00 


Excelsior  Oblique  Holder—The  best 
low-priced  oblique  holder  made.    Many 
hundieds  of  gross  have  been  sold. 
1  holder--- - $  .10 


Straight  Penholder  —  Cork  tipped 
and  best  for  business  writing,  flourish- 
ing, etc.  1  holder  10c,  6  holders  40c,  12 
holders  -. 65c 


CARDS,  INK,  PAPER,  ETC. 


Blank   Cards—  White     bristol     with 
finest  surface  for  fine  penmanship. 

100  by  mail  postpaid 28c 

500  by  express 75c 

1000  by  express. -$1.35 

Black  Cards—  Best  made  for  white 
ink. 

HK>  by  mail  postpaid 28c 

500  by  express --75c 

1000  by  express $1.35 


White  Cardboard- -Wedding  Bristol 
for  tine  pen  work.     Sheets  are  22x28. 

6  sheets  by  express $  .60 

12  sheets  by  express 1.00 

2  sheets  by  mail  postpaid 50 

White  Cardboard— -With  hard  finish, 
much  like  ledger  paper.  Sheets  are 
20^x83 

6  sheets  by  express $  .40 

12  sheets  by  express - 70 

3  sheets  by  mail,  postpaid .50 

ivhite 


6  sheets  by  express. - 

12  sheets  by  express    

2  sheets  by  mail,  postpaid- 


Mi 


Wedding  Paper— Finest  for  penman- 
ship or  drawing.     Sheets  are  21x33. 

6  sheets  by  express $  .50 

12  sheets  by  express --     .70 

3  sheets  by  mail,  postpaid     .50 


Zanerian  Pen,  Pencil,  and  PalntinS 
Pad,  and  Portfolio,  for  sketching, 
drawing,    and    water     color    painting. 

Contains  40  sheets  for $  .40 

By  mail  20  cents  extra    ---     .60 

Zanerian  India  Ink— A  fine  drawing 
ink  and  best  for  preparing  script  and 
drawings  for  photo-engraVing. 

1  botlleby  mail,  postpaid $  .30 

I  dozen  bottles  by  express 2.00 

Arnold's  Japan  Ink—  Nearly  H  pint 

bottle  by  mail  postpaid $  .40 

I  pint  by  express 45 

1  quart  by  express 75 

White  Ink—Vety  fine. 

1  bottle  by  mail,  postpaid $  .25 

12  bottles  by  express 1.85 

Writing  Paper— Finest  12  lb.  paper 
made.  960  sheets  per  ream,  ruling  wide 
and  faint.     1  ream  by  express $2.25 

Writing  Paper  —  Same  quality  as 
above  mentioned  but  lOilb.  per  ream. 
1  ream  by  express $2.00 

Practice  Paper— Best  for  the  money 

to  be  had.     1  ream  by  express $1.50 

Send  stamp  for  samples  of  paper. 

Envelopes — 

100  fine  blue  by  mail,  postpaid $  .40 

100  fine  white  by  mail,  postpaid--.     .40 
1000  either  kind,  by  express 1.50 


We  handle  the  best  and  can  save  you  money. 


i  accompany  all  orders. 

)r  stamps  for  small  amounts. 


Prices  are  too  low  to  keep  accounts. 


Address,    ZANER    <a    BLOSER,    COLVMBVS,     OHIO. 


I  C?£&v<^7-Ciei^rJ  o^n^/  l*2ic&£c44i^rj \*oi*t&-  £6*&snsfe  sifexi-  firr  /m^n-Ct*msisrz^  c??Le.7]Ut<it^zud<4£^£i*-<><&&rr 


8  1 


We  Are  Not  Philanthropists 

Bui  it  is  a  business  maxim  that  it  always  pays  to  extend  a 
favor  to  a  customer  or  friend,  whenever  you  have  the  oppor- 
tunity, and  il  is  to  carry  out  this  simple  desire  on  our  part 
thai  we  extend  helps  to  our  large  list  of  friends  and  ac- 
quaintances among  the  teachers  and  officers  of  the  commer- 
cial schools  in  the  way  of  placing  teachers  in  positions.  \\\ 
charge  no  fee  to  either  party,  and  are  glad  to  extend  the  favor 
gratuitous.  One  good  turn  begets  another.  While  we 
never  try  to  place  anyone  under  obligations  to  us,  human 
nature  is  responsive,  and  we  receive  ample  pay  in  the  in- 
terest of  teachers  in  our  commercial  publications. 

POSITIONS  OPEN 

We  have  a  call  for  three  first-class  teachers  in  a  first  class 
\ew  England  Commercial  School  at  good  salaries;  a  lady 
teacher  of  Benn  Pitman  Shorthand  in  a  Pennsylvania  School; 
a  young  man  who  is  competent  to  teach  the  commercial 
blanches  in  a  good  Pennsylvania  School  ;  four  young 
commercial  teachers  who  are  good  penmen  in  four  good 
schools  thai  we  can  recommend  ;  one  expert  teacher  of  book- 
keeping and  penmanship  in  a  Western  City.  One  inside 
superintendent  at  $1500. 

The  Matter  of  Text  Books  for  the  Coming  Year 

1>  an  important  one  for  progressive  teachers.  Every  year 
brings  some  advancement  in  teaching  methods  ;  every  year, 
our  books  and  publications  show  these  advancements. 

Teachers  who  will  write  us  stating  their  wants   clearly,   will 
lull  information  by  return  mail. 

SadIer=Rowe  Company 

Baltimore,  Md. 


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